Paper and Paper Making

C O N T E N T S .

P AG E .

P R E F A C E

I N T R O D U C T I O N

H A T R I C P E . — - — IN TR OD U CTIO N Language Origin of the A rt of Writing Various — modes of recording events which preceded it Materials upon

w ic ﬁ w — ricks ki In h h men rst rote Stones , B , Metals , S ns and — t estine s of i L . . An mals , Tablets , eaves , Bark , etc , etc The

E s f w ic was ﬁ gyptian Papyru , rom h h Paper (so called) rst made — — Proces s of Manufactur e U sual dimensions and extreme du — — rability of Papyri Modern Paper Its general advantages to — — mankind Supposed period of its Invention The Introduction o f

- — Paper making into Europe Historical incidents connected there — — wi th James Whatman The superiority of hi s manufacture — Adoption of the Fourdrinier -Machine General advantages o f

a M chinery over the Original Process , etc . , etc . vi CO NT E NTS .

C H A P T E R I I.

P A G E . On the Materials employed in the Formation of Paper—Method of — i W i . Preparation Processes of Comm nution , ash ng , Bleaching , etc

i — - — - i er descr bed . Paper making by Hand Paper making Mach n

z n - — - — 0 h Si i g Apparatus Cutting Machine , etc . explained General — se rvation s on what are termed Water - Marks Mann er o f effecting

— — ’ the same Importance frequently att ached to them Irel and s

S ak —Diﬁicul in i Fabrication of the h sp e are MSS . ty procur ng — suitable Paper for the purpose Ou the perfecti on to which

W - in l ater Marks have now atta ed , especial y with reference to

L an d Ne w - the production of ight Shade , as seen in the Bank Note ,

etc . , etc .

C H A P T E R I I I.

— Anecdote of an over - curious enquirer Its probable appli cation to many

— i a a readers Paper Mak ng , when str ightforw rd , extremely simple , but ordinarily involving considerable chemical and practical skill— Brief — revi ew of artiﬁcial ai ds Anecdotes of the deleterious effects of bleaching

of ff —U a and imparting colour to the stu ltram rine , its use and abuse

fa its —E t Manu ctured Paper , varieties and peculiarities xcise Regula ions — — Paper Duty General Observations Conclusion . P R E F A E C .

A Se E e e s e s fe w w s cond dition n d , p rhap , but ord to

the introduce it to re ader .

The volume is founde d upon Le cture s re ce ntly

e i e e the L I s the S s d l v r d at ondon n titution , and yllabu furnishe d on those occasions is he re re taine d a s a he ad in the two ﬁ s e I e e be e s g to r t Chapt rs . f l it to a pl a ing duty to avail myse lf of the pre se nt Opportunity to acknowle dge the kindne ss and assis tance which was re nde re d me in the illustration of those Le cture s by

e s se e wi the many fri nd , particularly tho in conn ction th

n s I C As S e the H o . E R oyal iatic oci ty, a t ndia ompany,

B G e n s K ew the L the Royal otanical ard at , ondon

M ss M se the B k E . i ionary u um , and an of ngland viii PREFACE .

SO far as it has bee n found practicable to illustrate

s w k ef has e e s e the e se thi or , no fort b n par d, and in pr nt e i w e the e Of S e d tion , hil adding to original numb r p ci

e s I ve s s e e the w e m n , ha al o tudi d to introduc upon hol

a more use ful sele ction .

R . H .

T T WA LING S REET , LONDON ,

1 85 6 . JANUARY , I N TR O D U CTI O N .

L D . BY THE REV. G EORGE CRO Y, LL.

HAVING been present at the delivery of these l Lectures, and fee ing an interest in them, as the

a performance of my intelligent friend, and p

rishioner . I , Mr Herring, have added, at his

lim v request, a few pre inary Obser ations, on the

of chief employment paper in our day, namely, in PRINTING .

and fi It is a striking, perhaps a signi cant, coin cidence h l , t at the art of making paper from inen fi di bre, and the art of printing, were scovered nearly at the same time, and were coeval with the fir st preaching of the Reformation by Huss

Of u was l and Jerome Prag e, of Whom Luther on y — the more eminent successor the whole three events dating from the ﬁfteenth century .

was in It is certain, that printing the great strument of the Reformation in Germany, and of spreading it through Europe ; and it is equally

of of certain, that the making paper, by means INTRODUCTION .

o ﬂaxe n ﬁ l the c tton or bre, supp ied the only teria l hi has n t , w ch been fou d ex ensively available

was for printing . Whether this coincidence

a or was ff of simply accident l, the e ect that high

r an for i hi so a r gement h gh purposes, w ch we

f ﬁnd i of O ten in the h story Providence, may be h left to t e consideration Of the Christian .

a if n had But, it is evident, th t pri ting been i ed th e l ul nvent in any Of ear ier ages, it wo d have be en comparatively thr own away . The Chinese

ar of a or E b k the b mboo, the rice straw ; the gyp

u or man tian papyr s, and the Greek Ro parch

h too f or too ex en ment, would ave been eeble, p

for s . B ut sive, the rapid demand Of the Press ,

d was to at the exact perio , when Printing given

was l i was the world, the fabric a so given , wh ch to meet the broad es t exigency Of that most ill us trions invention .

i in That the Ch nese, ages almost beyond his

ad o tory, had m e paper Of cott n , and even Of

and or hemp ; that the Arabians either borrowed,

d u invente , the man facture, in the eighth century,

. d for is known But, the discovery perishe want INTRODUCTIO N. xi

of the Press ; as the Press would have perished

for r want Of the vigour, yet to be created in eve y f o n . faculty human adva ce, by the Reformation

l not irst It shou d be forgotten , that the f printed

“ l as l Pau erum works were re igious ; the Bib ia p ,

ll l of u a sma fo io, forty leaves, each with a pict re,

and a text of Scripture under it ; and the Spe

culum humanae Salvationis of , a similar work

pictures and texts, in Latin ; and that the last,

hi of has and noblest, ac evement Printing, been

l a l the renewed publication of the Gospe , in ne r y every language of the globe ! The actual origin Of Printing has been matter of l learned controversy . From the ear iest ages, impressions had been taken from seals . There

u of im are in the British Muse m blocks lead, pressed with the name or stamp of the Roman hi authorities . The C nese, who seem to have had

of of u a glimpse every invention E rope, produced

- n mul blocks of wood engravi g, with which they

i lied i as t p copies , by impress on at least, so early the tenth century ; and even appear to have ap plied it to a species of bank note . Whether the inve ntion was introduced into Europe by Marco xii INTRODUCTION .

hi i u Polo, (who visited C na in the th rteenth cent ry) or by others, it is known, that printed playing cards

d l ac s an devotiona tr t , (though Of the simplest

r u not infre st uct re, generally a single page), were

a n . 1 400 . quent, from the year Still , the opera

was so ls ufﬁ tion expensive, and, a o, so ins cient, that the Art of Printing cannot be said to have

i . For s i been yet d scovered thi d scovery , the f m l t essential was the use o oveab e yp es .

ur of hi l The hono t s most simp e, yet most

ml dis comprehensive, change, has been war y

ute d l . p by Ho land, and Germany But, though l l Coster, a Hollander, adopted it ear y ; genera

n to opi ion gives it Gutenburg, a printer at

r 1 436 1 442 . Strasbu g, between and Guten burg was originally a block - printer ; at length

r him of the fortunate idea occu red to , getting rid

l n hi s Of the so id page, and maki g types separate ;

ﬁ out of . those, in the rst instance, were cut wood

Returning to Mayence, his native city, a partner ship with Faust supplied him with capital .

Faust mad e a second step in the mechanical l portion Of the art, by casting the types in meta .

’ A e Schoe ffer subsequent partn rship with , Faust s INTRODUCTION . xiii

n - in - law l all n n so , supp ied that was wa ti g to the

of u for art, in his invention the P nch making the

u ll types . The partners subseq ently quarre ed,

u u 1 458 f d i and G tenb rg, in , orme a new establ sh

i Of ment in Mayence . The storm ng the city by

of 1 462 d d Adolphus Nassau, in , isperse the work

d u u . men , and thus sprea the art thro gh E rope It was l n thenceforth practised in Ita y, in Fra ce, in

n Spai , and in England, (at Westminster, in

The olo ne Chronicle C g , printed in states, ﬁ l l that the rst arge vo ume produced by printing, was l ul the Bib e, (an edition of the V gate, )

hi of a work w ch cost a preparation ten years .

’ di is or This e tion without date, printer s name, l but is supposed to have been comp eted in 1 455 .

was In an age, when the European mind only d emerging from a thousand years of arkness,

as everything w tinged with superstition . The p rinting of the Bible shared the general charge ; l and the comparative cheapness, and sti l more, the

u ﬁ sing lar delity Of the copies to each other, were l attributed to sorcery . Faust, who probab y had

to so was no objection a report, by which much xiv INTRODUCTION .

hi ah to be gained, and w ch was favoured by the sence of date and name ; has since been made the

of and a hero German mysticism ; is immort lized, as of the philosopher, and master magic, in the celebrated poem Of Goethe .

all The Newspaper, the most inﬂuential of i is crea t on . human works, the of Printing It is

i n to the honour Of England, that in th s cou try,

ll n ll l it approaches nearest to exce ence, in i te ectua

of vigour, in variety knowledge, in extent of information , and in patriotic principle . It has ,

ik all l e the works of man , occasional imperfections, and perhaps among the most prominent, are its too minute details Of Offences against public

u p rity . But, there is scarcely a newspaper in i l th s age, which wou d not have been regarded as

m li . a triu ph of abi ty in the last In fact, the newspaper of England is the great practical

a teacher of the people . Its constant and univers l teaching alone accounts for the superior intelli

of ul - gence the pop ation . Schools, lecture rooms,

as all and universities , important they are, alto

l ff or ﬁnd gether fa l behind it in public e ect, , that INTRODUCTION . XV

ll i to retain their inﬂuence, they must fo ow ts steps . Those steps may now and then turn from the right road, but their native tendency is, forwards and upwards Thi s intellectual giant l a ways advances, and carries the country with him , to a height which no other country, ancient or r or mode n, ever attained, perhaps , ever hoped to attain .

I of speak Of this form publication, in no

r f n litera y avoritism ; but, as a great i strument, ff o ered to nations for the safety, the speed, and the security of national progress ; an intellectual

l our rai road, given to era, to meet the increased exigencies of intellectual intercourse ; and equal

d . to any weight, and any rapi ity

The most hopeless feature of foreign govern

l ress . ments appears to me, their hosti ity to the p

l an d Thus, they prohibit the menta air exercise , whi ch would rectify the peccant humours

l r of their peop e ; thus, they aggravate popula l l d stagnation into po itica isease ; thus, casual i passion is darkened into conspiracy, and pass ng disgust is compressed into rebellion . xvi INTRODUCTION .

lan has ill - Eng d her humours, but the press ventilates them away ; the vapour s are not suf fered to lie n d l on the grou , unti they condense

al . fac into m aria There may be folly, and even

us tion, among , and the press may be the trumpet

of of a d . both ; but, the width the are is the reme y

A NO whole nation is always right . sound can i stir it, but the sound which is in accord with ts own feelings ; the trumpet which is overwhelm

hi all ! ing wit n four w s, is unheard at the horizon

If of c uls , in an age foreign onv ion, England has u s in ll of ndergone no cata trophe ; if, the fa

n hi s she has ed i a mo arc e , preserv her hered t ry

e ﬁ l su e rsti throne if, in the mingl d in de ity and p

of tion the Continent, which, like the mingled

n e of una a fre zy and fett rs a l tic hospit l, have, in our hi umili of hu day, ex bited the lowest h ation man nature ; she has preserved her fr eedom and

l i all to her re ig on I attribute , under God, the

ur lli c vigo , and inte gen e Of public investigation ; the in cessant urgency of appeal to the public

i of i m nd the living organization , wh ch the heart is the P RESS Of England ! P A P E N E NG R A D P A P R M A K I ,

AND ANCIENT MODERN .

H C A P T E R I .

— — — a . 0 r f Introduction . Langu ge rigin of the A t o Writing Various — i modes of recording events which preceded it . Materials upon wh ch

ﬁ — i Men rst Wrote Stones , Br cks , Metals , Skins and Intestines of i — An mals , Tablets , Leaves , Bark , etc . , etc . The Egyptian Papyrus , from — which Paper (so called) was ﬁrst made . Process of Manufacture U i d i i — sual d mensions and extreme urab l ty of Papyri . Modern Paper . d — i Its general advantages to mankin Supposed period of its Invent on . — The Introduction of Paper - making into Europ e Historical incidents — W — . J of connected therewith ames hatman . The superiority his manu — - . a of facture Adoption of the Fourdrinier Machine . General adv ntages

. e tc . Machinery over the Original Process , etc ,

Amongst the numerous and diversiﬁed Objects of human investigation and research , it would , h difﬁ ul per aps , be c t to single out one, more curious di and interesting, than that Of the me um which bears the symbols Of language whi ch retains the regi ster Of circumstances and events of past

and to ages, which hands down us the transactions

of . primeval time, with its intervening periods Undoubtedly the noblest acquisition of man d kind, perhaps the greatest a vantage which we

Of . possess, is that the faculty of speech Without ul speech , man , in the midst Of crowds, wo d be 2 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

a . s the solit ry The endearments Of friend hip , and

m n s co mu ication Of wisdom , alike would become

l man unavai ing ; , in fact, without speech, could hardly be accounted a rational being. That the use Of speech or language was given to Adam immediately upon his formation , we have no reason to doubt ; for from the testimony

n ot Of Moses it appears, that he only gave names

n r to every livi g creatu e, to every beast Of the

ﬁ of as eld, and to every fowl the air, they were

l o as was brought to him, but that a s soon as Eve made he could say Thi s is now bone of my

sh fir bone, and fle of my flesh , the st sentence

i is hi wh ch recorded Of his uttering, and w ch is fﬁ su cient to show, that even then, he possessed a competent stock Of words to declare the ideas or

of conceptions his mind . Thus was man at once re ndered as superior to the brute creation , as in after times by the aid Of

or o writing, the art Of drawing those ideas int i u vision , he was especially dist ng ished from the condition of un civilized savages . For of all the arts that contribute to the comfort and

n one happiness Of ma kind, no , perhaps , is more

wi our al or intimately connected th soci habits, more closely entwined with the best and purest

i our a of feel ngs Of nature, th n that writing . And yet to conceive or to account for the origin E A O F W TH RT RITING . 3

Of an art so invaluable in its tendency to elevate

of hi and improve mankind, as that ex biting to hi sight the various conceptions Of the mind, w ch have no corporeal forms, by means Of hiero l hics diﬂi ul t g yp or legible characters , is still as c l and perp exing, as in past ages it has ever proved f to the sagacity o mankind . With the poet of Old we have yet to enquire

did art a Whence the wondrous mystic rise , k Of painting speech , and spea ing to the eyes That we by tracing magic lines are taught ” H ow to embody , and to colour thought . Notwithstanding the great and manifold bles sings which men have received from this ul curious and wonderf invention , it is very m di ui re arkable, as a sting shed writer observes ,

i immor that writ ng, which gives a sort of al all t ity to other things , should, by the disposal

i of Of Div ne Providence, be without any trace i ﬁ o ts . the mem ry of rst founders Indeed, the invention of letters and their various combina i is tions in form ng words , amounting, it computed, to without re peating any combination capable of being made from so small a number Of letters as that now com

l has in s o prising our a phabet, someth g extremely ingenious and surprising in its application , that most men who have treated the subject, can hardly forbear attributing it to a divine original .

B 2 4 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

Many have conceived that the theatre Of this importa nt legacy to man was Mount Sinai . But it is observable, that previously to the arrival

li r Of the Israe tes at Mount Sinai , Scriptu e makes mention Of writing as an art already un derstood

: s write by Moses And the Lord said unto Mo es , ”

s for 1 1 4 . thi a memorial . (Exodus, 7th ch . th v )

Now fﬁ , Moses seems to have expressed no di culty Of comprehension when he received this com

n or mand, does anything appear to induce the

s on hi slighte t doubt ; the contrary, I t nk we may safely conclude that Moses was even then well a art i or cquainted with the Of writ ng, otherwise l he wou d have been instructed by God, as in the case Of Noah , when he was required to build the

Ar k ll . ﬁn d a And further, we that Moses wrote

s a the word , nd all the judgments Of the Lord , containe d in the twenty - first and two following chapters Of the Book Of Exodus, before the two written tables Of stone were even so much as

not promised . The delivery Of the tables is

ll 1 8 h 3 1 st mentioned ti the t verse Of the chapter, after God had made an end Of communing with him not upon the mount . Nevertheless , I am prepared to dispute the probability of a divin e

s o l origin to wonderfu a medium , any more than I am di sposed to que stion the possibility Of its resulting merely from what Aristotle terms the

6 PAPER. AND PAPER MAKING . was invented (be the period when it may), various material s have from time to time been made use of for u , the p rpose Of transmitting to posterity

of . the discoveries and deeds their ancestors Thus , for instance, the most ancient remains of writing

hi us w ch have been handed down to , are upon

an d hard substances , such as bricks, stones,

hi for all metals , w ch were used by the ancients matters Of public notoriety ; abundant proofs of i which we have in the recent d scoveries Of Mr .

Layard . And Josephus , in the third chapter Of

ﬁr us the st book Of Jewish Antiquities , tells

of l that, the descendants Seth, eading a happy

lif out and quiet e, found by study and Observa

di or of tion the motions and stribution , order, di di the heavenly bo es ; and, that their scoveries might not be lost to men (knowing that the destruction of the world had been foretold by

ﬁre Adam, which should be once by , and once by

ill — of and water,) they made two p ars one brick,

of or the other stone, and wrote engraved their discoveries thereon ; so that if the rains should

of of destroy that brick , the other stone might to continue show mankind their Observations .

In the sacred text we are further informed, that great stones were directed to be set up by

of of he the children Israel, after the passage t

Jordan, and being plastered with plaster, O N . WRITING B RICKS , STONES, ETC 7 which appears to have been a very common practice thereon were to be written all the words of the law very plainly . In the book

Of Job , which some suppose to have been written by Moses, we have an Obscure intimation of the method employed in registering upon the rock , graven with an iron pen and lead

rOck . l in the for ever But, a though there is apparently a want Of clearness in our translation of ff the passage , by no means does it a ect the idea

’ Of Job s de sire to give the greates t possible per man n e ce to the words he then uttered . He exclaims , Oh that my words were now written , or n , (though probably not an exact translatio ,) Oh that they were printed in a book ; and more (he adds) that they were even graven with an iron pe n and le ad in the rock for ever which latter clause Some take to be in refe rence to the leaden tablets which are found to have been in very early use . But I rather favour the inter

retation p , for which I am indebted to my much as esteemed friend the Rev . Dr . Croly ; that a still more indelible and effectual mode of per ’ e tuatin was p g his thoughts , it Job s conception that his words should be graven in the rock with

or o f an iron pen , t ol , and the interstices a ter ﬁ l in wards lled with ead, order that the contrast occasioned there by might render them the more 8 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . readily intelligible to those who happe ned to travel tha t way . Herodotus als o mentions a lette r engraven on l t t p ates of s one, which Themis ocles , the Athenian

ﬁve general, sent to the Ionians, about hundred

a of t. d ye rs before the birth Chris Lea , however, and s imilar metals being less diﬂicult to write i C upon, and more s mple and onvenient, afterwards superseded to a great extent the us e Of such u w an n ieldy subst ces as bricks and stone . And subsequently we ﬁnd others of a still more pliable

as Of i als texture employed, such the skins an m ,

a . bark, wood, and the le ves of trees Solomon , for instance, in the Book Of Proverbs, in allusion

of n i i of to the practice writi g upon th n sl ces wood , advises hi s s on to write his precepts upon the abl of hi t es s heart . And the prophet Habakkuk was commanded to write a vision and make it

i tables e pla n upon , that he may run that read th

. as l it Solomon, you are aware, ived a thousand

r years , and Habakkuk about Six hund edand twenty six , before the Christian era. At a later period,

Z a r the cha ias , father of John the Baptist, when enquired Of as to what he would have his child

for writin ta ble called, asked, we are told, a g , ” i hi s and wrote, say ng, name is John . Amongst the was for Romans, it customary the public affairs Of every year to be committed to writing AND V 9 TAB LETS, BOARDS, LEA ES .

h l on by the igh priest, and pub ished a table ; d such tables being expose to view, either in their

- or market places temples , in order that the people mighthave an opportunity Ofbecoming acquainted with their contents .

At an early period in their history, both Greeks and Romans appear to have commonly used either

or those plain wooden boards , boards covered

. is ﬁ with wax It probable, that at rst the tables were written upon just as they were planed, and that the overlaying them with wax was an

on improvement that invention . A very decided ad vantage being thus Obtained, in the facility afforded for erasing any inaccuracies that might

of have occurred, and consequently correcting the manuscript . The practice of writing upon

l of one or not tab ets kind another, appears

as to have been entirely laid ide, until the com me nceme nt in of the fourteenth century ; and, in deed, even our day, tablet books Of ivory are occasionally used, for writing upon with black lead pencils . The use of boards was in some measure super sede d of of by that the leaves palm , olive, poplar ,

. all and other trees And , although in Europe, these disappeared upon the introduction of the papyrus and parchments , in some countries the use of them remains even to this day . Perhaps 1 0 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . a record of this old custom may still be found in

lea hi to the word f , w ch we continue apply to sheets of paper, when sewed up into the form Of

d of a book . Accor ing to the account Pliny, the ﬁ l Egyptians were the rst to use the palm eaf, and books written on it are still preserved in the

d as l of East In ia Museum, a so in the Library the

British Museum .

The mode of preparation , after cutting into

of r strips the length and width requi ed, is simply to soak them for a short time in boiling e water, after which they are rubb d backwards and forwards over a smooth piece of wood to l make them pliable, and then careful y dried . The letters or characters being written or rather l engraved thereon with an iron sty e, which, pier l cing the outside covering, makes indelib e letters and by afterwards rubbing the writing over with

l or some dark co oured substance, such as soot

l or charcoa , the parts etched scratched, have greater relief imparted to them : and the writing is more easily read . Notwithstanding many paper mills have been

fre erected in India, the natives, I understand, l f quent y pre er this method, not only for the

of ordinary purposes correspondence and accounts, but even in some quarters for government do c umen ts of importance . WRITING ON LEAVES . 1 1

I must here express my sense Of the kind as sistance which has on several occasions been ff . l of a orded me by the Rev Benjamin Bailey, ate

Cott am Alle ie a has not y , p , Madr s , who only given to the world a translation in Malayali m of the l l l d lum entire Bib e, but has a so compi e two vo inous d dictionaries , for ren ering assistance in the study f l l o that anguage . This gent eman has recently afforded me an opportun ity Of in specting many

of : great curiosities the kind indeed, before me is now lying a very neat little specimen written in i ’ Malayal m by him (St . Paul s Second Epistle to i Timothy) , wh ch shows , in a remarkable degree, the astonishing di stinctness which may be pro

l of duce d by this singu ar mode writing. The style with which the letters are engraven upon the leaf is usually worn in the girdle as a prominent ornament of dress . The case which protects it containing also a small knife employed l i in preparing the s ips, and likewise a l ttle l instrument which is used for piercing the eaves, in order that cords may be passed through them for the purpose of securing the manuscript, as may be seen in the instance of various docu ’ cuments both in the East India Company s m l of Museu , and a so in the Library the British

Museum . i Ka mma A work wh ch I possess, termed the 1 2 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . vak am l a in g , written in the Pali angu ge, Burmese

a lm l r be char cter, upon pa eaf, is thus secu ed tween very handsome covers . It is a Catechism of u hi Sacred Rites, used by the B dd st priest hood in the examination of a candidate for admis sion to that order . A translation Of it here, ul n however, wo d be no more consistent in poi t Of m ul atter contained, than it wo d be in reference to the subject I am treating . Its character and language throughout are truly humiliatin g to human nature . In the British Museum there are many very

l m one ul singu ar docu ents Of the kind, in partic ar,

r 3 90 which is w itten upon leaves , bound, as it

r were, in a f ame Of gilt copper in the form Of a tortoise, screws being passed through the strips

ad instead Of cords, the fastenings, with some di

of . tion, representing the limbs the animal And in the East India Museum may be seen a smaller one , protected by stout wooden covers , which has been carved to represent some animal, apparently

r l a pig . The custom Of w iting upon eaves of

ad trees , appears to have given rise to the option also Of the interior bark ; the outer being se ldom ma use of of de , in consequence its extreme coarseness . When employed, it is customarily

ad of folded over, to mit its being written upon

of both sides . The only documents this kind,

1 4 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

h or of r Parc ment, the skins beasts , d essed and prepared in a manner rendering them ﬁt for

i r wr ting upon , appea s to have been employed at

Di doru i u a very early period . o s S c lus informs

of old all us, that the Persians wrote their records on skins ; and Herodotus also alludes to sheep

Skins, and goat skins , as in general use among the Ionians about 440 years before the Christian hm era . The word Parc ent is a corruption Of the

i P er amena P er amus hi Lat n g , from g , w ch some l allege to have been the p ace of its invention . But it is very probable that in the time of

m of am 2 00 Eu enes, who was king Perg us, (about

Of years before Christ,) the circumstance in creased consumption merely occasioned the dis covery Of a better method Of dr essing the skins ; i f l fﬁ from wh ch act a one, and perhaps with su cient reason, the origin of the present term was derived .

r e n Eumenes, about that period, appea s to have de avoured i to form a l brary at Pergamus, which should surpass that of Ptolemy Philadelphus at

Al and exandria, in so doing enraged Ptolemy to di that degree, that he imme ately prohibited any

of r further exportation from Egypt the papy us, which by that time was coming into very general ’ use ff u , and thus e ectually put a stop to E menes

ul in . em ation that particular It may be, however, that this prohibition was not solely occasioned PARCHMENT AND PAPYRUS . 1 5

’ a his by je lousy, but by Ptolemy s fearing that

s o dominions , which were much improved in arts , sciences , and civilization , since the discovery and

d of of l a option the papyrus , ( which we Sha l pre s entl y speak) , would be again reduced to a state of ignorance for want of it ; the plant sometimes f i nf l i ail ng in u avourab e weather, wh le the supply l invariably proved unequa to the demand . The

Of people Pergamus , therefore, were obliged to

manufac devise other means, and the improved ture Of parchment would seem to have been the

u . on a in res lt But, that Eumenes this occ sion vented the art Of making parchment is exceed ingly dubious ; for in the books of Isaiah , Jeremiah ,

ﬁnd Ezekiel , and other parts Of Scripture, we mention made of rolls Of writing : in all proba

Of bility rolls parchment . The manner Of reading such rolls may be gathered from a passage extracted from Hartley ’ s

i eluci Travels in Greece, wh ch serves also to date the peculiar scriptural expression Of their

. You being written within and without began , f di d (says he) to read by un ol ng, and you continue

r l to ead and to unfold, ti l, at last, you arrived at the stick to whi ch the roll was attached ; then

r n and you tu ned the parchment rou d, con

to d on Of tinned rea the other side the roll, folding it gradually up until you completed 1 6 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

the writing, thus were they written within and without . was Papyrus , from which the term paper

of derived, is the name a celebrated plant, once extensively used by the Egyptians for making

of li various articles uti ty, such as baskets , shoes ,

of cordage, and the like . Some writers state that this plant the little ark was made, in which the parents of Moses exposed him upon the banks of i the Nile, and of th s it was that the most . ancient paper was manufactur ed Not as would

ﬁr now be customary, by st reducing it to a pulp ,

e nor, indeed, in any way as r sembling modern l ﬁ paper, except that in both , vegetab e bre is the

. so useﬁi l for basis That a plant once , and ages

l al l ul in Egypt so commercial y v uab e, sho d have ll tota y disappeared, being altogether unknown to

s modern botanists, appears carcely credible ; yet

For so it is . the ancient descriptions of the

' or ul papyrus , as a ﬂag bulrush, with a triang ar i stem that could barely be spanned, and wh ch

of or grew to the height ten feet, even consider ably more, in the immense marshes occupying a large part of the surface Of lower Egypt ; a

one leaﬂess wood, as it were, or as writer describes it, a forest without branches , the bare stem being

l of surmounted on y by a head long, thin, straight ﬁ w bres , is certainly quite irreconcilable ith the THE PAPYRUS . 1 7

of am e nature the plant which now bears that n , and of which one of the stoutest growth has been very kindly furnished me by Sir W . J . Hooker,

al K from the Roy Gardens at e w. In the prophecy of Isaiah a very remarkable

to prediction occurs with reference this plant . u The paper reeds by the brooks , by the mo th of the w brooks , and everything so n by the brooks ,

l r Shal wither, be d iven away, and be no more . l Doubt ess , we may believe that this prophecy l ﬁ has iterally received its ful lment . With reference to the mode in which the paper was u i man factured from this plant, two d stinct d opinions have been hande down to us . One , that the epidermis being removed, the spongy part was hin cut into t Slices , which were steeped in the

of i waters the Nile, or in water slightly mbued with gum after which two layers were placed one above another, carefully arranged in contrary w directions, that is, length ise and breadthwise , ﬁ which, after being dried, were nally smoothed

ﬁt for and brought to a surface receiving writing, by being rubbed with a tooth or piece of poli shed ivory. Another method said to have been adopted i in preparing th s material , was simply that of i n separat ng the thin co centric coats , or pellicles of the plant which surrounded the 1 8 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

of or stock, by means a needle pointed shell (on l an average about twenty from each sta k), and afterwards extending them longitudinally side by

on a side a table, a similar layer being pl ced across them at right angles ; in which state they i were moistened with water, and wh le wet put under pressure, being afterwards exposed to the

of sun ﬁ li rays the , and nally po shed as in the f as ormer case , with some hard substance, such

or ll of a tooth she , not merely for the purpose improving the surface, but to prevent its absorb i ing the ink . The saccharine matter with wh ch the whole juice of the plant is said to have been fﬁ impregnated, being usually su cient to cause the

of adhesion the strips together . So great was the importance of thi s manufac

ur of t e at some periods, that Gibbon informs us one of Pirmus, who raised the standard revolt in Egypt against the Emperor Aur elian ; that he boasted he woul d mainta in an army solely from ﬁ m the pro ts of his paper trade . At another ti e,

of in the reign Tiberius , there happened such a

of not scarcity paper, from causes that are men tioned , that the Senate, in order to prevent a riot, were obliged to appoin t commissioners t o di s tribute paper to the applicants according to their respective demands . Papyri vary much more in length than in 1 9 USUAL DIMENSIONS OF PAPYRI .

h f l breadth, and upon t is act I would dwe l, as decidedly favouring the conception that the outer coat merely was employed in preparing the n writi g material . Indeed, in every specimen

of which I have examined, I have found the slips which it is composed rarely exceeding twelve or ﬁ fteen inches even lengthwise . Whereas, if they had been produced from the pithy par t of the stem, after being cut into slices, there would have been no difﬁculty whatever in manufacturing of t i the paper the entire leng h, wh ch, as I have

a . lready stated, sometimes exceeded ten feet The breadth of papyri seldom exceeds eighteen inches, sometimes they are not more than four h inches in width, which I imagine to ave been determined by the length of the outer coats or ll l of pe icles taken from the plant ; the ength , i course, being carried to any extent, s mply by

a fastening one sheet to another . The l rgest hi specimen of w ch I have heard is one at Paris ,

as i in me uring th rty feet in length . The most te resting which we possess in this country is one which may be seen in the Manuscript Depart

of ment the British Museum , which appears to

a 5 2 u have been written in Latin in the ye r 7 , pon

of e f a roll papyrus, eight f et and a hal long, and twelve inches wide . It is a deed relating to the sale of a house and land at Ravenna. 2 0 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

Though papyri found on mummies are Often

of s r in a good state preservation , it is nece sa y to

ar . be very c eful in handling them The roll , owin g to its being pressed under the swatliings of u the m mmy, being completely ﬂattened, and from the unvarying high temperatur e of the tomb to which it has for so long a time been subjected

e so if is frequ ntly dry and brittle, that any attempt be made to unroll it without previous

e l i l ll Offl precaution , small pi ces wi l cont nua ly fa

ll li a Sti , the durabi ty of this writing materi l is

one li . i a Of its best qua ties It can , in some nst nces, be rolled and unrolled after the lapse of many centuries without any detriment to it ; but the complete preservation of such specimens is gene rally to be attributed to their being kept ﬁ om

or n fre the air either in wooden earthe vessels , quently in the interior of the Idol to which the mumm was hi s ff v once wont to present O ering,

i of or wh ch is usually some grotesque, even

i n of h deous form, altogether u worthy mention as

s n i repre enti g any created th ng, either upon the

a of or f ce the earth , in the waters beneath . Not

s one nin l of long since I was hown , contai g a ro l

had ou f papyrus , which been roughly carved t o

i ca t wood, somewhat resembl ng an overgrown in

s . so a sitting po ture And this called god, as

to wa appears have been customarily the case , s

2 2 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

l our ill sp it just as qu pens at present are, but with a point not qui te so Sharp . I have in my possession some very ﬁn e speci ll mens of what is usua y called Bark Cloth,

i its a m wh ch, in manuf cture, approxi ates more nearly to that of modern paper than any other hi n substance with w ch I am acquai ted . It is

r of or r formed from the ba k a small tree, Sh ub,

l l mora s a r era cal ed the Paper Mu berry ( p p y if ) , whi ch grows wild in the southern provinces of

China, in Ava, in the Burmese country, and in

i as all Ind a, as well in the Asiatic and Polynesian islands from Japan to Otaheite . If a strip of hi ﬁn this bark , w ch is remarkable for the eness of r t its textu e, af er being soaked in water, be l on aid a smooth stone, and then carefully beaten

or ll r of i with a bat ma et, the su face wh ch is cut

ﬁn e ﬁ into ribs, the bres will become separated

or l one more ess from another, and if the beating be carefully conducted, the bark will ultimately

s m the of of ﬁn e a su e appearance a web linen , two pieces of bark bein g made to incorporate

. with one another simply by laying them so as

to n . overlap a little, and then beating agai In this simple way the material is formed ; and by u n a short expos re to the su shine when wet, ﬁt becomes perfectly white . To render it for w riting, it is afterwards polished in a manner BARK CLOT H . 23

similar to the papyrus, by rubbing it with a shell or other hard substance until it has very much the appearance of parchment ; and that it bears ink perfectly well, may be seen by an

of h inspection some Javanese works , w ich are

n s di contained in the library of the Ho . Ea t In a

Company . The bat or mallet employed by the natives in preparing thi s material is usually about 1 5 inches l in length, and from two and a ha f to three inches

one square, side being grooved very coarsely, fi i fin e another somewhat ner, a th rd exceedingly , and the fourth generally cut in Chequers or small squares . The bark is first beaten with the

of coarsest side the instrument, and then , in turn , ﬁn with those parts which are er, the resinous matter contained in it being usually found sufﬁ cien l t y adhesive . lin hi Without, however, dwel g longer upon t s

of our hi i l not portion subject, w ch t me wi l per mit, let us now proceed to trace out, in some

r hi e measu e , the story and progress of that mor

i perfect and ingen ous invention , MODERN PAPER ;

a and in so doing, I can hardly forbear m king some allusion to the incalculable advantages which have resulted to mankind from the introduction of so ingenious and extraordinary a discovery .

a ul It cert inly wo d appear very remarkable, that 24 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

m n not only amongst anki d generally, but even with those intimate ly as sociated with that bran ch of l ul n commerce, so ittle interest sho d be fou d to exist in an ac quain tan ce with its origin and

e e i advanc ment, beyond the bare knowl dge wh ch i directly concerns them . It s true that with l them , no less than with people in genera , the very indispensableness of the material renders famili arity at once an unconscious stumblin g

c an of r of its blo k, to y conception the grandeu i e or its l n e i mportanc , vast y i t rest ng, and varied Y i ﬁ i assoc iations . e t what n n te trouble and

h ui of m has labour , w at fr tless consumption ti e, n o of How t been saved by the invention paper . many toilsome and dangerous experiments have n ot hi i al W p losoph c projectors been spared . hat laborious investigations and study have not thus ’ a been abridged, by the f cts Of others researches — c e e being so onvey d to post rity knowledge, more than any one man coul d have attained to

u c l in a tho sand years , though born with fa u ties in u mat rity . To enumerate all the advantages whi ch the invention of paper has afforded man

i d t for k nd, it were , indee , useless to at empt ; ,

the l whether we look at travel er, traversing sea

la of and nd, without the knowledge geography

u of and navigation , without those beautif l charts

a i to ed the oce n, by wh ch he is now enabled proce MODERN PAPER . 2 5

e di i with saf ty, and even to pre ct with certa nty, hi s al di or arriv at the most stant ports ; , whether

of we look at the man science, who being neither

fa r artist nor manu ctu er, is thus enabled to com mun icate his plan and projects with accuracy and d ease, for mechanics afterwar s to improve e or i and p rfect ; , ndeed, whether we View the d li gron youth, educate with such faci ty in the

of principles their duty, backward even to bar f l barous states, so tened and en ightened by means of l l the discovery ; its va ue, in the applicabi ity of an its purposes, st ds out alike in each, declaring

d all it istinctly above other inventions, as truly l m hi the most wonderful, usefu , and i portant, w ch has ever yet transpired in any age of the world ; i s as di na much without it, every other scovery must necessarily have continued comparatively

to . For useless society , be it remembered, that i in contrasting the results Of this nvention , with

of the productions former periods, we are, in fact,

our i of arraying in tra n, the mighty arm the press against the feeble efforts of an unwieldy d u a style, or the te ious and ncert in process of the

- slow paced pen , which prior to an acquaintance

of with the art printing, were the only means mankind possessed for spreading the inﬂuence and advantages of learning amongst their fellow

u . i hl creat res And, again , how h g y . interesting is 2 AN 6 PAPER D PAPER MAKING .

o s d it, t Observe the prodigiou a vancement result ing from an in genious and successful appli cation of a h one m c inery in the case, serving at the same time to develop to our wonder and amaze ment the extraordinary capabilities of production which have since be en reveal ed by the Prin ting

r Machine . T uly may we now pronounce

The Pres s ! the venerated Press ! Freedom ’ s impenetrable Shi eld i The sword that w ns her best success ,

The only sword that man shoul d wi eld .

It is stated that the daily aggregate printed

u f Times l c uall eds s r ace Of the a one, a t y exce that of i t Illus tra ted London News th r y acres , and the , on one c o casion, sent forth no less than

or one ll . In double numbers, mi ion sheets fact,

2 000 ams edi o . re , exce ng seventy t ns in weight The man ufacture of four or ﬁve hundred square

of mi e s feet paper per nut , and impression

of - per hour , are now matters every day occur i rence, although it should be borne in m nd, that wi h a er machine its t out the p p , pouring forth

l of di e mi es web , these correspon ng advantag s in i pr nting coul d not have been developed .

a as i of o We may t ke an nstance, that book b oks, which Pollok very beautif ully describes as The only star B y whi ch the b ark o f man could navi gate

s e a i th e s i The of life , and ga n coa t of bl ss Securel y ! ADVANTAGES OF MODERN PAPER . 27

l h now A t ough a handsome copy, printed on

l ﬁne l tolerab y p aper, gi t edged, and bound in

one i embossed roan, may be purchased for sh lling, of hi in the reign Henry the T rd, it is recorded that two ar ches of London Bridge were built for a less sum than that for which a Bible could be

u . An d ill proc red , as we continue the search st further back , the contrast becomes increasingly interesting . For let it be remembered, that the

t - of l six y Six books which the Bib e is composed, were not always contained in so convenient 'a form . During the sixteen centuries which were occupied in making known this revelation to hi man , not only were the advantages w ch we l n possess a together unknow , even in their rudest

l far i form , but substitutes, apparent y less prom s ing than many we have referred to, were also at one period and another directed to be employed .

As for n instance, to Ezekiel, Jehovah o ce said,

a son of a tile Thou lso man, t ke thee a , and lay it before thee, and pourtray upon it the city,

l . even Jerusa em And elsewhere, Moreover,

son of one stick thou man, take thee , and write ah i of upon it, for Jud , and for the ch ldren Israel , his companions . Of cour se there have been occas ions when certain portions of the Scriptur es were very beautifully inscribed (more particularly of the 28 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

of ld New Testament) sometimes in letters go , ll on parchment of the richest purple . Sti they

manuscri t and n were p , , as such, not u frequently occupied the labour of individuals for years . ﬁft Instances are upon record, of y years in the life of one man being engaged in the execution of a single copy of the Scriptures . In the present l day it is, perhaps, impossible for us proper y to

ll r appreciate the Ski , the labou , and the immense

For expenditure employed in such productions .

of now, by the aid the printing machine, we have an entir e copy struck off in the space Of one minute ; and such were the almost miracul ous efforts of the British and Foreign Bible Society

l e last year , that they actual y issued, in n arly

1 50 u l of known lang ages, an average circu ation a copy for every minute throughout the year . It is much to be regretted that in tracing the origin of so curious an art as that of the

Of ﬁ manufacture modern paper, any de nite con clusion as to the precise time or period of its adoption shoul d hitherto have proved altogether

of unattainable . The Royal Society Sciences at 1 55 1 63 ff Gottingen , in 7 and 7 , O ered considerable

unfortu premiums for that especial Object, but natel all di y researches , however rected, were utterly fruitless . The most ancient manuscript on cotton p ap er appears to have been written in

3 0 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . of making paper from vegetable matter reduced to pulp was known and understood there long did before it was practised in Europe, which not

a la n 1 1 th t ke p ce u til the century, and the Chi nese have carried it to a high degree of perfec

i of i tion . Several k nds the r paper evince the ui t d greatest art and ingen y, and are applie with to much advantage many purposes . One espe ciall of y, manufactured from the inner bark the l ff bamboo, is particularly ce ebrated for a ordin g the clearest and most delicate impressions from

hi l inolia copper plates, w ch we ordinari y term

roo s . of p f The Chinese, however, make paper

of of various kinds, some the bark trees , espe ciall l hi y the mu berry tree, and the elm, but c eﬂy of al the bamboo and cotton tree, and occasion ly

or from other substances, such as hemp , wheat,

of rice straw . To give an idea of the manner

ff a fabricating paper from these di erent subst nces,

ill fﬁ n r it w su ce, (the process bei g nea ly the same

ac to ﬁ our in e h,) con ne observations to the method adopted in the manufactur e of paper

— a n of or from the bamboo, ki d cane hollow reed,

s and divided by knots, but larger, more ela tic, more durable than any other reed. The whole substance of the bamboo is at times employed hi hi by the C nese in t s operation , but the younger stalks are preferred . The canes being OF CHINESE MODE MANUFACTURE . 3 1

ﬁrst cut into pieces of four or ﬁve feet in length , are made into parcels, and thrown into a

of for reservoir mud and water about a fortnight,

out to soften them ; they are then taken , and

l one carefu ly washed, every of the pieces being ﬁl again cut into aments , which are exposed to f un o s . ft the rays the to dry, and to bleach A er i l th s they are boiled in arge kettles , and then

of reduced to pulp in mortars , by means a ham mer with a long handle ; or as is more commonly

of the case, by submitting the mass to the action

on stampers, raised in the usual way by cogs ul n a revolving axis . The p p bei g thus far pre pared, a glutinous substance extracted from the shoots of a certain plant is next mixe d ' with it mi in stated quantities, and upon this xture chieﬂy depends the quality of the paper . As soon as thi s has taken place the whole is again beaten together until it becomes a thi ck viscous hi liquor, w ch, after being reduced to an essential

of state Of consistency, by a further admixture

or water, is then transferred to a large reservoir vat r , having on each side of it a d ying stove, in

of of the form a ridge a house, that is, consist ing of two sloping sides touching at top . These sides are covered externally with an exceedingly

of smooth coating stucco, and a ﬂue passes e through the brickwork , so as to keep the whol 3 2 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . of each side equally and moderately warm . A vat and a stove are placed alternately in the manufactory, so that there are two sides of two i d fferent stoves adjacent to each vat. The work i ul man d ps his mo d, which is sometimes formed

ul s out in merely of b ru hes , narrow strips , and mounted in a frame, into the vat, and then raises

out Off r it again, the water passing th ough the in perforations the bottom , and the pulpy paper

i of stuff remain ng on its surface . The frame the mould is then removed, and the bottom is pressed

one of as against the Sides of the stoves , so to

of ad ur make the sheet paper here to its s face, ll and a ow the sieve (as it were) to be withdrawn .

of dil The moisture, course, spee y evaporate s by

of the the warmth the stove, but before paper is

u dr on q ite y, it is brushed over its outer surface

of i al with a size made rice, wh ch so soon dries , and the paper is then stripped off in a ﬁnished

one state, having surface exquisitely smooth, it being seldom the practice of the Chinese to

of Whi write or print on both sides the paper . le all thi s is taking place,the moulder has made a

of second Sheet, and pressed it against the side the other stove, where it undergoes the operation

as of sizing and drying, precisely in the former case . i l hi The very del cate materia , w ch is brought ITs PROGRESS IN EUROPE . 3 3

l few from China in pieces on y a inches square ,

e rice a er and commonly, but erron ously, termed p p is in reality but a membrane of the bread - fruit t ll ree, obtained by cutting the stem spira y round the axis , and afterwards flattening it by pressure . That it is not an artificial production may very readily be perceived by contrasting one of the more translucent specimens with a piece of the fi f u nest manu act red paper, by the aid of the microscope . The precise period at whi ch the manufactur e of paper was first introduced into Europe appears to be rather a matter of uncertainty . Paper mills , moved by water power, were in operation in Tuscany at the commencement of the four tee nth century ; and at Nuremberg, in Germany ,

was 1 3 90 one established in , by Ulman Stromer, who wrote the ﬁrst work ever published on the art of paper making . He seems to have employed

of a great number of persons, all whom were obliged to take an oath that they would not teach

ne of any o the art paper making, or make it on l n their own account . In the fol owi g year, when

of anxious to increase the means its production , he met with such strong opposition from those he employed, who would not consent to any

ar enl gement of the mill, that it became at length

a a e s requisite to bring them before the m gistr t , 34 N PAPER AND PAPER MAKI G .

hi by whom they were imprisoned, after w ch they

or submitted, by renewing their oaths . Two ﬁnd three centuries later, we the Dutch in like

so manner, extremely jealous with respect to the u u man fact re, as to prohibit the exportation of moulds, under no less severe a penalty than that of death . Fuller makes some exceedingly curious obse r vations of hi s respecting the paper time, which may, perhaps , be introduced here with advantage . He says Paper participates in some sort of the character of the country which makes it ; the

s Venetian being neat, ubtile, and court like ; the

s French light, slight, and lender ; and the Dutch thick, corpulent, and gross, sucking up the ink with the sponginess thereof. He complains that the paper manufactories were not then sufﬁciently

of encouraged, considering the vast sums money

our out Of expended in land for paper Italy,

France, and Germany, which might be lessened , were it made in our nation . To such who

e “ obj ct, says he, that we can never equal the perfection of Venice paper, I return , neither can u we match the p rity of Venice glasses, and yet ﬁ many green ones are blown in Sussex, pro table

our to the makers , and convenient to the users ,

- fi home spun paper might be found bene cial . With reference to any particular time or p la ce INTRODUCTION INTO ENGLAND . 3 5 at which this inestimable invention was first adopted in England, all researches into existing u records contribute little to o r assistance . The first paper mill erected here is commonly attri l buted to Sir John Spie man , a German , who estab lished one 1 588 for in , at Dartford, which the honour of knighthood was afterwards conferred upon him by Queen Elizabeth, who was also pleased to grant him a licence “ for the sole

f r o &c. gathering ten years of all rags, , necessary for the making of such paper . It is, however, quite certain that paper mill s were in existence ’ Sh k . a s e are here long before Spielman s time p , in the second part of his play of Henry the Sixth, the plot of which appears laid at least a century previously, refers to a paper mill . In fact, he introduces it as an additional weight to the charge which Jack Cade is made to bring against Lord

Say, Thou hast most traitorously corrupted ,

“ of says he, the youth the realm , in erecting a

our grammar school, and whereas , before, fore fathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used, and, contrary to the king, his crown and dignity, thou hast built a paper mill . Understanding that some ﬁve - and - thirty or forty years since it was asserted by the then

of t occupier North New on mill, near Banbury, 3 6 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

hi was ro in Oxfordshire, w ch at that time the p

of was perty Lord Saye and Sele, that such the ﬁrst erected in thi s country for the manufacture of l was to ll paper, and a so that it that mi Shak speare referred in the passage just quoted I recently communi cated with Lord Saye and Sele as to the plausibility of the supposition ; remark

m l n ow ing at the same ti e as I wou d , that although it was of course quite impossible to award the immortal bard grea t credit for chrono

al a r dmi e logic ccu acy , it must, I thought, be a tt d,

nl a that so marvellous an invention , u ess re lly in

x ul li conce e istence, co d not by any possibi ty Of p tion have been conjured up even to supply the ’ l of un imited necessities the poet s strain . His ds i e lor h p , however, at once terminat d the pro babilit hi ll y of t s mi taking the precedence, even ’ Sir n Of Joh Spielman s, by informing me that the ﬁrst nobleman succeeding to that title who had i property in Oxfordshire, which he acqu red by

r was son Of ﬁ ma riage, the the rst Lord Say, to whom Shakspeare makes reference . The earliest trace Of the manufactur e in this i country occurs in a book pr nted by Caxton ,

1 490 in of about the year , which it is said John Tate

W i hath e h ch late in England doo make thys paper thynne ,

E n l ssh k i t That now in our g y thys boo e is pr n ed inne .

A PAPER ND PAPER MAKI NG .

’ an s i h of 1 588 con Sir John Spielm establ s ment , cerning whi ch we ﬁn d it said

him Six hundred men are set to work by ,

a That else might st rve or seek abroad their bread ,

W ho l now ive well , and go full brave and trim

An d who may boast they are with paper fed .

Be the introduction or establishment of the

so as invention , far this country is concerned, when it may ; little progress appears to have

s so as mi dl of re ulted therefrom , even late the d e 1 695 the seventeenth century . In , a company

“ was formed in Scotland for manufactur ing white hi writing and printing paper, relating to w ch,

“ Articles concluded and agreed upon at a general ” di 1 9 of s meeting at E nburgh, the th day Augu t,

s in the same year, may still be seen by tho e who

fﬁ in ar are su ciently curious, the Libr y Of the i British Museum . It s also recorded in the Craftsman that William the Third granted the Huguenots refuged in England a patent for h f establis ing paper manu actories, and that Par liament lik to ewise granted them other privileges,

li e amongst which, in all probabi ty, that v ry unsatisfactory practice of putting up eac h ream with two quires composed entirely of sheets n spoiled in course of production . Their u der

of a taking, however, like that many others , p

a e pe rs to hav met with very little success . J AMES WHATMAN . 3 9

f of In act, the making paper here scarcely reached any high degree of perfection until about

1 7 60 - 5 e e , at which p riod the cel brated James

i his Whatman establ shed reputation at Maidstone . The report of the Juries of the Great Exhibi — tion of 1 8 51 a work from whence information

ll one might very natura y be sought, and which would have supposed to be unexceptionable in

— sa point of authenticity, contains, I regret to y, a very unfortunate misstatement with reference

f . to the position o Mr . Whatman at that time It is there stated that he gained his knowledge of the manufacture prior to establishing these well

“ known mills, by working as a journeyman in most of the principal paper manufactories of the ” an Continent, which is altogether erroneous assertion ; for Mr . Whatman previously to his f u fﬁ being engaged as a manu act rer, was an O cer K l in the ent Mi itia, and acquired the information, ll ul which eventua y rendered him so successf , by travelli ng in the suite of the British Ambassador

e to Holland, wh re the best papers were then made, and the insight thus Obtained enabled his genius to effect the great improvements after wards so universally admitted . ’ Whatman s so At the present time, papers (

ar e f two l called) manu actured at mi ls, totally

are distinct, both of which still worked by the 0 4 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

’ Wh n descendants of Mr . atma s successors ; the paper in the on e cas e being readily distinguished ”

e . by the wat r mark , J Whatman , Turkey Mill , in “ t s . and the other, by the wa er mark imply J

a n the Whatman , but be ri g upon upper wrapper of ac n l - n w a e h ream the origi a and well k o n st mp ,

. i containing the initials L V. G wh ch are those

of . . Gerrevink L V , as celebrated a Dutch manu ’ Wha m c to . t an s t fa turer prior Mr improvemen s , Wh ’ as Mr . atman s name has since become in all parts Of the world . In making so marked an allusion to this par ticular u u to man facture, I am bo nd, perhaps, qua lify it in some measur e by directing attention to the comparatively recent appli cation of con tinuous or hi has i rotatory motion w ch , ndeed, effected no more wonderful or extraordin ary res ul ts than in the singular conversion Of pul p into paper .

l now ad e d i The argest paper m by han , wh ch is s 53 termed Antiquarian , mea ures inches by

3 1 is of l ui l , and so great the weight iq d pu p

o of n empl yed in the formation a si gle sheet, that

a i no fewer th n nine men are requ red, besides additional assistance in raising the moul d out of the vat by means Of pulleys ; while by the aid of

a er machine e the p p , the most perf ct production ma be d of y ensure , a continuous length, and 1 ADVANTAGES o r MACH INERY . 4

eight feet wide, without any positive necessity for personal superintendence . The principle of paper making by machinery

of n is simply this , instead employi g moulds and

e d f lts of limited imensions , as was originally the

l of practice, the pecu iar merit the invention con sists in the adaptation of an endless wire gauze to receive the paper pulp , and again an endless felt, to which in progress the paper is transferred ; and thus by a marvellously delicate adjustment, while the wire at one end rece ives but a constant

ﬂ ow of liquid pulp , in the course of two or three full on minutes we may have, care y wound a roller at the other extremity, the most beautiful and d serviceable of fabrics . Instea of counting sheets

f or in course of production as ormerly, even t measuring the leng h by yards, we may actually

dr out n have the paper awn as it were, and wou d

l . n Exhi up , mi es in length In the recent Dubli

was hi was bitiou , a sheet ex bited which said to have been of sufﬁcient length to wrap round the

not world ; but, I must confess, that I am in a position to vouch for the ac curacy of the state

. of ment An anecdote , however, is told (the truth whi ch I have no reason to doubt) of the patente e of i or of this mach ne , and a relative friend his , of some considerable standing and inﬂuence in the pottery district, who were dining together 42 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . about the period at which thi s machine was ﬁrst adopte d ; when the one speaking of the advantages which he conceived the new mode would prove

e s to to his friend, alluded above all oth r the remarkable capability which it possesse d Of pro ducing paper of any length that could possibly

’ “ his i . be requ red Well, said friend, I very

ou ve much doubt that, but if y can make me ﬁ miles all of the quality I require , I sh certainly have little hesitation in admitting all the per fe ction and suitability whi ch you have laboured to impress upon me . The very next day the

a i was set to i m ch ne work , and t med, in order to as certa in the required length woun d upon the

af reel, which, ter being charged with Excise duty, was forwarded without delay to its destination ; and as , may be conceived, to the utter astonish

of ment his incredulous friend .

l to It is a fact, which certain y deserves be noticed for its singul arity as well as for the strong point of view in which it places the

of i an Of merits th s invention , that art such great importance to society as that of the manu

of facture paper, should have remained for at least eight centuries since paper Is ﬁrst believed 2 00 to have been in use, and that upwards of of those years shoul d have elapsed Since its ﬁrst

En land without an a introduction into g , y mech nical ADOPTION OF MACH INERY 43 improvement whatever as regards the processes which were then employed . It is true, that various attempts from time to time were made , but in eve ry instance they appear to have met

e . with very littl success In France, an ingenious artist (Monsieur Montgolﬁer) contrived three ﬁ gures in wood to do the work of the vatman , the coucher, and the layer ; but, after persever

for six ing months, and incurring considerable e ll xpense , he was at length compe ed to abandon his scheme . And although paper was previously

f and manu actured in China, in Persia, indeed

s throughout all A ia, sometimes of considerable

so length, I might mention that it was , not by

of Of machinery, but by means a mould the size of i the paper intended to be made, suspended l ke a swing, and having men placed at the distance of of about every four feet, for the purpose pro ducin g an uniform shaking motion , after the mould had been immersed in the vat, in order to compact the pulp . Such then was the rude state of thi s important

c manufa ture, even up to the commencement of ll the present century, when a sma working model of a continuous machin e was introduced into m F . e this country from rance by Mr John Ga bl ,

- in - the a brother law to Monsieur Leger Didot, proprietor at that time of the paper manuf actory at Essonne . 44 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

The individual to whose genius we owe that i u i beaut f l contrivance, wh ch has since been adopted wherever the want whi ch it was designed to e hi has rem dy has been truly felt, and w ch contributed in an eminent degree to the advance was in ment Of civilization , an unassuming clerk

of ur uis the establishment Monsie Didot, named Lo t his of Rober , who following favourite pursuit

an d i n not f e had inventing mprovi g, un r quently to bear the reproach of wasting time on an inven tion that could never be brought to perfection .

un e Fort ately, however, the patience and att ntion of this perseverin g man were at length sufﬁciently rewarded by the completion of a small model not

ed larger than a bird organ , which enabl him to produce pape r of a continuous lengt h although but

the width of a piece of tape . So successful was

hi s ad this performance that employer, inste Of

o i to his c ntinu ng thwart progress, was now induced to afford him the means Of making a model upon h a larger scale, and in a few mont s a machine was completed capable of making paper the width

of 24 for i consum Colombier ( inches), wh ch the p

tion in France was very great. After a series of experiments and improvements Louis Robert applied to the French Government for a patent

’ or bre vet d invention i 1 99 , wh ch he Obtained in 7

for . of ﬁft was a h a term een years, and aw rded t e

46 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

The ﬁrm alluded to was that of the Messrs . — Fourdr inier a name which has in deed become — alike famous and unfortun ate and this transac tion it was whi ch ﬁrst connected them with the 1 0 1 8 . paper machine . In the year Mr Gamble

r to retu ned Paris, and concerted measures with i Monsieur Leger Didot and Lou s Robert, to have

hi was the working model, w ch then at Essonne, sent over to England to assist in the construction f l n o other machines ; and the fol owi g year M .

r n was Didot a rivi g in London introduced by Mr .

to . Gamble the Messrs Fourdrinier, when a series of experiments for improving the machine was considered desirable and at once commenced . But in order to accomplish the arduous object hi w ch those gentlemen then had in View, they appear to have laboured without intermission for

r nearly six years , when after incu ring an expense of which was borne exclusively by the

r Messrs . Fou drinier, they at length succeeded in giving some further organization an d connection l i to the mechanica parts, for which they l ke

a ﬁ wise obtained patent, and nding eventually that there was little prospect of being re com

ensed ur p for labo and risk , or even reimbursed

l a i their expenses, unless Par i ment Should th nk

e proper to grant an extension Of the pat nt, th e y determined upon making a fresh application TH E FOURDRINIER MACH INE . 47

to the Legislature for that purpose . But, it would appear that although in the Bill as it passed the House of Commons, such prolonged period extended to four teen years in the Lords it was l n imited to seven , with an understa ding that such term should be extended to seven years more in the event of the patentees proving, upon a future

had not fﬁ application , that they been su ciently NO u . l rem nerated such app ication , however, was made, in consequence of a Standing Order Of the

on House of Lords, placed their Journal subse quently to the passing of the said act ; whi ch ff regulation had the e ect of depriving the Messrs . Fourdrinier of any beneﬁt whatever from the ul diﬂi invention ; and timately, so great were the cultie s so en they had to encounter, and little coura ement did the g or support they receive, that time and attention required to matur e thi s valua

ar al hi ah ble invention , and the l ge capit w ch it sorbed, were the means of reducing those wealthy and liberal men to the humiliating condition of bankruptcy and only within the past few months the surviving brother, Mr . Henry Fourdrinier, to whom mainly we owe the success of the inven

our i tion, and as unquestionably present h gh

of was position in the scale nations , carried to his grave , in his ninetieth year, comparatively a

Times 1 7 beggar . A leading article in the , June , 48 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

1 84 Of . ourdrinier 7 , speaking Mr Henry F , thus concludes by advocating hi s claims Three l days on y are past since an assembly, illustrious for im rank and station, met to celebrate and

of mortalize the memory Caxton . What more ﬁtting or graceful opportun ity of paying a tri bute of respect and justice to his fellow - labourer in an adjoining ﬁeld ? the one the father of

2 of printing, the other the inventor ( ) a process by which the full beneﬁts of printing have been realized to the civilized world . And in the case of hi n Mr . Fourdrinier t s advantage is fou d, that

’ he can receive in person the tribute of a nation s ll l gratitude ; an octogenarian, he sti ives ; unlike

Caxton , he is not yet a subject for posthumous honours . It is not a monument he wants ,

no but justice . The world, doubt, according to ancient precedent would rather pay its tribute

m if sa of ad iration, we should not rather y its

of . l debt homage, after death But it is fortunate y in the power of the present age to point to a mo dern example of tardy but full reparation made l to a iving man, a great improvement upon the old ul f l r e, the mockery of a national unera , and

’ Dundon d Westminster Abbey . Lord al s case will always stand as a brill iant exception to the

of common neglect contemporary merit, and by his l side it would be well to p ace, at no great N 49 CONCLUDING OBSERVATIO S .

in interval , the man who a humbler sphere, but has beneﬁtte d better suited to an age of peace,

diff of humanity, by facilitating the usion letters, and the acquisition of knowledge . Powerful and inﬂuential as is that journal, however, this worthy man was still left to combat so bitter a

of reverse, without even the means procuring comfort in his declining years . But I am happy to say that an appeal has lately been made to that particular branch of trade so materially beneﬁtted manufac by the invention , the paper turers ufﬁ n , in the hope, that thus a s cient fu d may be raised to furnish the surviving claimants upon the public gratitude with a competent

of annuity for the remainder their days . And I Sincerely hope that the results of this laudable effort may speedily prove to be as worthy the

as on spirit of its originators , the part of the ll public genera y it deserves consideration , as

u e . For being s prem ly a national duty , be it

al remembered, that while the v ue and importance of such an invention to the paper maker is

ﬂi i n l of su c e t y clear and conclusive, from the fact its general adoption throughout the united king 7 00 f ave ra dom , by no less than manu acturers ( g of ing, probably, twice that number machines) ;

o on s the other hand, we surely cannot remain unmindful of its effects and beneﬁts upon our 50 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

i selves, when , in contrast ng the results Of the pap e r - making machin e with the productions of

e ﬁnd d a form r period, we the cost reduce to

One - the consumer considerably more than half, in r some instances to actually a fou th . l Thus then , it will be seen , that as civi ization i i has advanced, the facil ties for record ng and l transmitting facts, have uniform y improved and

l l now of di mu tiplied, unti , instead oral tra tion , necessar ily uncertain ; instead of the bark and

s or i of leaf, peri hable frag le ; instead the papyrus,

a so so brittle ; the p rchment, costly ; the raw

n inscri cotton paper, so expensive ; i stead of p tions by the un wieldy style and by the slow paced pen , we have now a cheap, serviceable material manufactur ed from the most useless of

u of o fabrics , and even from the very ref se ur

in i ointl cloth g, wh ch, conj y with that art which

e all s preserv s other art , enables us far to surpass i in record ng and transmitting power, even the

’ s i greate t demands in the world s h story . P A P E R A N D P A P E R M A K I NG ,

ANCIENT A ND MODERN .

C H A P T E R I I .

— On the Materials employed in the Formation o f P aper Method of — W . Preparation Processes of Comminution , ashing , Bleaching , etc — — — - described Paper- making by Hand Paper - making Machine Sizing — — Apparatus Cutting Machine , etc . explained General observations — on what are termed Water- Marks Manner of effecting the same Importance frequently attached to them— Ireland’ s Fabrication of the Sh aks e are —D iﬂi ult p MSS . c y of procuring suitable Paper for the purpose — Ou W - the perfection to which ater Marks have now attained , especially the with reference to the production of Light and Shade , as seen in N w e k . Ban Note , etc etc .

In the present chapter it will be my Object to take as general a glance at the principles of

was paper making, as in the former it my endeavour to treat its hi story .

of First then, we have to notice the nature An d some of the materials employed . although e verbody is supposed to know that paper is made from rags, it may, perhaps , be excusable to consider of what the rags themselves originally were composed . Unquestionably, the simplest

ﬁ one ul of de nition co d give would be, fragments

- hi an d hi worn out clot ng ; by clot ng no doubt, we

E 2 52 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . all fﬁ or su ciently understand the dress , vesture garments usually adopted by man . Still we have to ask ourselves of what are these articles of cloth ing composed ? It has been somewhat shr ewdly r of i of emarked, in every instance, a someth ng which man has previously denuded something

one else . At time (as we all know) he cunningly

di l of fox entraps innumerable in vidua s , the , we azel of r , and squirrel tribes, to strip them thei

. s warm and valuable fur At another, he hatche

of and feeds legions caterpillars, that he may rob them Of the defensive padding whi ch they spin to protect their helplessness while passing through the Chrysalis state . Sometimes he pastures the Sheep for its skin and its wool, occasionally setting so little store by the carcase

l or ur as to melt it into ta low, b n it as fuel . And even mother earth herself is treated with no greater forbearance, by alternately feeding i her up with manure , and teazing and torment ng her surface with tillage , she is coaxed and com

elle d p to send forth a living vegetable down , which is shorn , plucked and plundered from her bosom , in the Shape of cotton, ﬂax, and hemp . An d l all those, silks , wool ens , ﬂax, hemp , and

all cotton , in their varied forms, whether as cam bric , lace , linen , holland, fustian , corduroy, bag

or are or ging, canvas, even as cables, can be

54 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . or P rints (as they are te rmed by the paper l n maker) , which are coloured rags, and a so in u me rable foreign rags , distinguished by certain

- di u e cu well known marks , in cating their vario s p

i i al liar t e s . I might mention , however, that though by far the greater portion of the materials employed are such as we have already alluded

n s to, it is not from their possessi g any exclu ive suitableness— since various ﬁbrous vegetable

a d subst nces have frequently been use , and are — indee d still successfully employed but rather on c of fl n al ac ount their comparatively tri i g v ue, arising from the limite d use to which they are hi w i . other ise appl cable The agitation of late, w ch was - war an d partly occasioned by the , partly by n a sudden and u precedented demand, that there was a great scarcity of fibrous materials fit to be used in paper making, coupled with an advance of t l in the price at least twenty per cen , and sti l further heightened by the Offer of to any one who could procure an advantageous substi

has su e s tute , necessarily called forth many gg e f d o . tions , but, to quot the wor s Dr Forbes Royle , The generality of m odern experimentalists seem to be wholl y un acquainted with the labours of i their predecessors , many of them commenc ng improvement by repeating experiments which

had ah'ead n a n e ts y bee m de, and an ouncing r sul WEST INDIAN PRODUCTIONS . 55

had o as new, which long previously been as er

tain e d. The latest suggestion of the kind, and

to indeed the only one worth referring , is that which Lord Derby recently brought forwar d in the

ﬁ a Bill House of Lords . He rst referred to before the other House of Parliament for incorporating a company established for the manufacture of paper

a r l frcm flax str w. Of cou se there is ittle new in

or l a this . The rags materia s alre dy employed , are composed, as every body knows , to a very

of ﬁ of great extent, the bre ﬂax , and besides , hi possess t s great advantage, that they have been repeatedly prepared for paper making by the numerous alkaline washings which they

r of necessarily receive du ing their period use ,

if l - as ul which, eft to the paper maker, wo d be

al l the case with ﬂax in its raw state, to be done

and be ﬁ at once, ( it must done before the bre ﬁt u is for use ,) would add so fearf lly to the

for expense , as to render its adoption printing H or writing paper altogether unadvisable . ow ever, Lord Derby proceeds It was proposed to employ the ﬁbres of various plants indige

i as nous to the West Ind es , such the plan tain, the aloe , and others , which grow in vast u i l ab ndance , and wh ch were utterly va ueless at

e n . sa the pr sent mome t He need not y, that an immense abundance of this material could be 5 6 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

wi s to produced ; and he hed only mention , that on one estate in Demerara no less than plantain trees were cut down every year , the

to as trees going waste, they were cut down only for the purpose of getting at the fruit ; and this

s a 2 50 of ﬁ wa ted material cont ined tons bre,

f r i capable o being manufactu ed nto paper .

Now mi n a ll i , ad tti g th s, which Lord Derby is re orted to s p have aid, I can again assert, that there hin is not g whatever new in it . I have specimens of r e i paper f om the same mat rials, wh ch were

a al m de sever years ago . The cost, however,

Of i i ﬁ reduc ng the plantain nto bre, coupled

was with the expense of freight, found, and will

ill n i u as st be fou d, to br ng up the price so m ch, to effectuall y exclude it from the manufacture of

for i i a of ne ce s paper ; th s s mple re son, that rags, sit u ll y, m st continue accumulating, and before itwi answer the purpose of the paper - maker to em — ploy new ma terial which is not so well adapted — for hi s purpose as the Old he must be enabled to purcha se it for considerably less than it would in f be worth the manufacture o textile fabrics . All that can be said as to the suitableness of fibre in general may be summed up in very few words ; any vegetable fibre having a corrugate d e l s s dge, which wi l enable it to cohere in the ma , is fit for the purpose of paper making ; the SUITAB ILITY OF VARIO US FIBRES . 57 extent to which such might be applied can solely be determined by the question of cost in its pro t duction ; and hitherto, every hing proposed has

of lantain or been excluded, as in the case the p banana of , either by the cost freight, the cost of

or . preparation, the expenses combined To convey some idea of the number of sub stances whi ch have been really tried ; in the Li brar of y the British Museum may be seen a book , i n pr nted in low Dutch, contai ing upwards Of Sixty

m of a of ff l speci ens paper, m de di erent materia s, ’ l Of a lone the resu t one man s experiments , so

1 2 . m far back as the year 77 In fact, al ost every

of ﬁ species tough brous vegetable, and even ani mal one substance, has at time or another been

e : employ d even the roots of trees , their bark ,

of l the bine hops , the tendri s of the Vine, the

k the stal s of the nettle, common thistle, the stem of ll the ho yhock, the sugar cane, cabbage stalks ,

s w ll wood havings, saw dust, hay, straw, i ow, and the like . all At the present time straw is occasion y used, sometimes in connection with other materials,

as l or such inen cotton rags, and even with ad a i considerable vant ge, provid ng the processes of n preparation are thoroughly u derstood .

Where such is not the case, and the silica con taine d in the straw has not been destroyed (by 58 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

of means a strong alkali) , the paper will inva riably be found more or less brittle ; in some cases so much S O as to be hardly applicable to any of l li purpose whatever practica uti ty . Specimen

NO . 2 2 aﬂi xe d of i w , at the end th s work , as

u as as 8 0 manufact red from much per cent. s tr w 2 0 a . ro e a and per cent p , and cert inly, as r n ll N . O . 2 1 rega ds tough ess , is exce ent , is

r l ﬁ om whea t s traw manufactu ed a most entirely ,

ﬁr e which is st bleach d to the utmost, and then

dmi of ul a r . blued by an xture trama ine The waste, i d however , wh ch the straw undergoes , in a di

of tion to a most expensive process preparation , necessarily precludes its adoption to any great extent .

2 3 i of NO . is a spec men paper made entirely ﬁ li from wood . The process consists in rst boi ng the wood in caustic soda ley in order to remove in the resinous matter, and then wash g to remove the alkali ; the wood is next treated with chl orin e gas or an oxygenous compound of chl orine in a

ui a r m s table pparatus , and washed to f ee it fro the hydrochloric acid formed : it is now treated

l Of hi with a smal quantity caustic soda, w ch con

a hi has verts it inst ntly into pulp , w ch only to be

ir washed and bleached, when it will merely requ e to be beaten for an hour or an hour and a half in

- the ordinary beating engine , and made into paper. T W W D RAG s . 59 S RA , OO , , ETC

An ingenious invention has recently been patented for converting large blocks of wood into paper pulp but to what extent it is likely to receive favourable attention at the

of im hands paper makers generally , is quite

sa . possible to y The invention is very Simple , consisting merely of a wooden box enclosing a

i r grindstone, wh ch has a roughened su face, and against which the blocks of wood are kept in close

of contact by a lever, a small stream water being

l s a lowed to ﬂow upon the tone as it turns, in order

of l to free it the pu p , and to assist in carrying it

off e . through an outl t at the bottom Of course, it is not expected, that the pulp thus produced shoul d be employed for any but the coarser kinds

f of i of paper, in the manu acture wh ch there has hitherto been foun d the greatest scarcity of ma

ri For W te al . all riting and printing purposes ,

m no which manifestly are the most i portant,

hi di l al t ng has yet been scovered , to essen the v ue of all ll rags , neither is it at probable that there wi i be ; indeed, the value of paper for some t me past has considerably declined , while during the most

of t exciting period last year, the scarci y so much

k of f ﬂi . tal ed , was, in act, comparatively tri ng The annual consumption of rags in thi s coun

far - try alone exceeds tons , three fourths of which are imported, Italy and Germany 60 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

furnishing the principal supplies . That the condition in which the rags are imported furnishes any crite rion of the national habits of the people

hi as has from w ch they came, been frequently e e l assert d, howev r plausib e in theory , must, at least, be received with caution . But that is n n f by no mea s importa t . The specimen o

- N 2 n O . 4 was f printi g paper, , manu actured from

far in c was a selection from cleanly ; fa t, there hi i n not a w te rag employed, wh le even fustia s,

r corduroy, and colou ed rags formed a consider able proportion . In considerin g the various processes or stages

uf of ﬁr of the man acture paper, we have st to

l n notice that, Of carefu ly sorting and cutti g the hi rags into small pieces, w ch is done by women ;

ac i r e h woman stand ng at a table f ame, the upper surfac e of whi ch consists of very coarse wire cloth ; a large knife being ﬁxed in the

al . centre of the table, nearly in a vertic position The woman stands so as to have the back of i the blade opposite to her, wh le at her right

on hand the ﬂoor is a large wooden box, with several di visions . Her business consists in ex aminin in g the rags, opening the seams , remov g

i of d rt, pins, needles , and buttons, endless variety,

hi to u a in w ch would be liable inj re the m ch ery, or damage the quality of the paper . She then

62 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

Accelerator . The process adopted is simply that of placing the rags in their dirty state in

as d water, and employing that a me ium for car

off di in . rying the dust and rt, preference to air The in vention has not yet been very extensively used, and, consequently, I am not in a position i to say much as to ts merits . l The rags being thus far c eansed, have

alk l n or next to be boiled in an a i e ley solution ,

or made more less strong, as the rags are

or n more less coloured, the Object bei g to get rid of the remaining dirt and some Of the colouring matter . The proportion is from four to ten pounds of carbonate of soda with one - third of quick lime to the hundr ed weight Of material .

hi l for al ao In t s the rags are boi ed sever hours , cording to their quali ty . The mode now adopted as the most recent im provement is that of placing the rags in large li hi cy nders, w ch are constantly, though slowly , l in n revo v g, thus causi g the rags to be as fre

l n hi of quent y turned over, and i to w ch a jet steam is cast with a pressure of something near 3 0 lbs . to the square inch .

ft i of n A er th s process cleansi g, the rags are considered in a ﬁt state to be torn or mace rated until they become reduced to pulp , which was ac complished some ﬁv e and thirty or forty

63 RAG EN G INE .

n years since , by setti g them to heat and ferment l for many days in close vesse s , whereby in reality f they underwent a species O putrefaction . An other method subsequently employed was that of i n beat ng them by means of stampi g rods, shod

oak or with iron , working in strong stone mor

- a l . t rs, and moved by water whee machinery So ff rude and ine ective however was this apparatus , that no fewer than forty pairs of stamps were required to operate a night and a day in prepar

one ing hundred weight of material . At the pre

of sent time, the average weekly consumption ill 3 0 . rags , at many paper m s, exceeds even tons The cylinder or engine mode of comminuting rags into paper pulp appear s to have been in

in ll m of l vented Ho and, about the iddle the ast century, but received very little attention here for some years afterwards . The accompanying dr awing will serve to convey some idea of the wonderful rapidity with which the work is

NO twelve at present accomplished . less than tons per week can now be prepared by means of

a thi s simple contrivance . The horizont l section

l of represents an ob ong cistern , cast iron , or l hi wood ined with lead, into w ch the rags ,

fﬁ of . with a su cient quantity water, are received

i w re It is d vided by a partition , as Sho n (A), to

ul The g ate the course of the stuff. spindle upon

e 0 e i s which each cylind r ( ) moves , ext nd ng acros 6 A 4 P PER AND PAPER MAKING .

n the engine, and bei g put in motion by a band i e or B . e whe l p nion at the point ( ) One cylind r, is made to traverse at a much swifter rate

an in th the other, order that the rags may be the more effectually triturated . The cylinders

c as s w in t fur ( ), ho n the ver ical section, are nished wi m e n i ar ll th nu erous cutt rs , ru n ng p a el to ax e l the is , and again ben ath them simi ar cut t a i ers are mounted (D) somewh t obliquely, aga nst

hi in r w w ch, when motion, the rags are d a n by

of n re the rapid rotation the cyli ders, and thus duce d to all ﬁlam ui e the sm est ents req sit , some times n ot exceeding the sixteenth Of an inch in length ; the distan ce between the ﬁx ed and

d s n of u moveable bla e bei g capable any adj stment, simply by e levatin g or depressing the bearings

of upon which the necks the Shaft are supported .

of to When in operation, it is course necessary

l as E enclose the cy inders in a case, Shown ( ) ,

l of a l otherwise a arge proportion the r gs wou d, h inevitably, be t rown out of the engine . I should ﬁ mention , that the rags are rst worked coarsely, wi th a stream of water running through the e n

d ff to as gine, which ten s e ectually wash them , also to open their ﬁbres ; and in order to carry

Off d t t is washi n the ir y wa er, what termed a g drum ll of is usua y employed , consisting simply

ﬁne z a framework covered with very wire gau e,

of i n ft in the interior wh ch, con ected with the sha B 65 PROCESS Y HAND . or i d h ll are sp n le, w ich is ho ow, two suction tubes , and on of by this means , the principle a d syphon, the irty water constantly ﬂows away

r through a la ger tube running down outside, i wh ch is connected with that in the centre, with ou r n t ca ryi g away any of the ﬁbre . Af t hi l er t s, the mass is p aced in another engine, where, if necessary, it is bleached by an

of of admixture chloride lime, which is retained un il i in the engine t ts action becomes apparent. The pulp is then let down into large slate cisterns e ui to st ep , prior to being reduced to a s table

n l ad consistency by the beati g engine, as a re y

. l or l of described The rol s cy inders, however, the beating engin e are always made to rotate much faster than when employed in washing or hi i f 1 20 1 50 bleac ng, revolv ng probably rom to

c lin times per minute, and thus, supposing the y 48 s ders to contain teeth each , pa sing over eight as ff others, shown in the drawing, e ecting no fewer than cuts in that Short period . From this the great advantage of the modern

old hi engine over the fas oned mortar machine, in

r n l tu ni g out a quantity of paper pu p , will be at once apparent .

af The operation of paper making, ter the rags or materials to be used have been thus reduced and prepared, may be divided into two kinds ; 66 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

on - ll that which is carried in hand mi s, where the formation of the Sheet is pe rformed by manual labour ; and that which is carried on in machin e mill d s , where the paper is produce upon the ma

- o we b chine wire cloth in ne continuous .

- a With respect to hand m de papers, the sheet ’ is formed by the vatman s dipping a mould of ﬁne

r ﬁ ﬂ wi e cloth xed upon a wooden ame, and having

t i of what is termed a deckle, to de erm ne the size

n of has the sheet, i to a quantity pulp which been

' previously mixed with water to a requisite con sistency ; when after gently Shaking it to and fro

l ﬁ so in a horizonta position, the bres become

one connected as to form uniform fabric, while the water drains away . The deckle is then

ul of a removed from the mo d, and the sheet p per

r Off tu ned upon a felt, in a pile with many others, a felt intervening between each sheet, and the whole subjected to great pressure, in order to displace the superﬂuous water ; when after being dried and pressed without the felts , the sheets

of fin e i l are dipped into a tub an ma Size, the superfluity of which is again forced out by an o ther pressing ; each Sheet after being finally

careﬁIl min dried, undergoing exa ation before it ﬁ i is n shed . 2 3 4 5 in Specimens , , , and , serted at the end of ll ff the work, serve to i ustrate the di erent stages

68 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

which is so adjusted as to produce the intended ff i e ect with unerring precision , a process, wh ch in

ol of - the d system paper making, occupied about

weeks minutes . three , is now performed in as many

The paper - making machine is supplied from

or E h the chest reservoir ( ), into whic the

- pulp descends from the beating engine, when sufﬁciently groun d ; being kept in constant

of motion, as it descends, by means the agitator

G in ll . hi ( ), order that it sha not settle From t s reservoir the pulp is again conveyed by a pipe into what is technically termed the lifter

R hi of - ( ), w ch consists a cast iron wheel, en closed in a wooden case, and having a number

fﬁ r f Of buckets a xed to its ci cum erence . The

I d trough ( ), placed imme iately beneath the end less wire (K) is for the purpose of receiving the water which dr ains away from the pulp during

f r hi the process of manu actu e, and as t s water is frequently impregnated with certain chemicals

- used in connexion with paper making, it is re

a i turned again by conducting spout, nto the

l of ifter, where, by the rotation the buckets, both the pulp and back - water become again tho d roughly mixe , and are together raised by the lifter through the spout (L) into the trough (m) where the pulp is strained by means of a Sieve or ” f knotter, as it is called, which is usually ormed METHOD O F STRAINING TH E PULP 69 of ﬁne li in brass, having s ts cut it to allow the hil comminuted pulp to pass through, w e it retains all lumps and knots ; and so ﬁne are these open

an ings, in order to free the pulp entirely from y thing which would be liable to damage the

of quality the paper, that it becomes necessary to

of apply a means exhaustion underneath, in order to facilitate the passage of the pulp thr ough the strainer. I have frequently examined a mass of these um l k l ps col ected upon the top of the notter, more particularly when printing papers are being ma nufactured ll n , and have genera y fou d them com

of posed, to a very great extent, India Rubber, which is a source of much greater annoyance to

dil . the paper maker than is rea y conceived For, ﬁ in the rst place, it is next to impossible in s orting and cutting the rags to free them entirely

so hi la di from the braiding, and forth, with w ch es n will insist upon ador ing their dresses , and in the

a lin to n of next, the bleach f i g act upon a substa ce ual e s that character, the q ity of the pap r become l l greatly deteriorated, by the arge b ack specks hi which it occasions, and w ch, by the combined l an d l heat and pressure of the rol s cy inders, e nlarge considerably as it proceeds . Passing from thi s strainer the pulp is next made to distribute itself equally throughout the entir e 70 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

hi d l width of the mac ne, and is afterwar s al owed

l li or l ul to ﬂow over a smal p edge, in a reg ar and even stream , whence it is received by the

of dl r K upper surface the en ess wi e ( ), upon which the ﬁrst process of manufacture takes place . Of course the thi ckness of the paper depends in some measure upon the speed at whi ch the ma

a n chine is m de to travel, but it is mai ly deter mined by the quantity of pulp allowed to ﬂow upon the wire, which by various contrivances can be regulated to great nicety . Among

the ou wi ﬁnd one NO . specimens at the end, y ll , 7 , hi ad hi hi w ch was m e by t s mac ne, and which is considerably less than the thousandth of an inch

hi —a in t ckness, thousand sheets measuring but three quarters of an inch . And I would call your

so attention to the fact, that although thin, it is

of capable being coloured, it is capable of being

- glazed, it is capable of receiving a water mark ; and what is perhaps still more astonishing, a strip i ll not exceed ng four inches in width , wi be found capable of sustaining a weight of twenty pounds so great is its tenacity . l But, to return to the machine itse f. The quantity ofpulp required to ﬂow from the vat (i t ) being determined ; it is ﬁrst received by the conti n K nuo s woven wire ( ) , upon which it forms itself l into paper . This wire gauze, which resemb es a OF H E MODE COMPACTING T PAPER . 7 1

- ll jack towel, passing over the sma copper rollers

l one o (N) , round the arger marked ( ) , and being kept in proper tension by two others placed un d rn e eath . A gentle Vibratory motion from Side

to to Side is given to the wire , which assists d ul li sprea the p p evenly, and also to faci tate the

r of sepa ation the water, and by this means, aided

d ﬁ ad by a suction pump , the pulp soli i es as it

on vances . The two black squares either side of

“ the dandy roller (P) indicate the position of

f hi air all two wooden boxes, rom w ch the is parti y exhausted, thus causing the atmospheric pressure in n to operate compacting the pulp i to paper, the water and moistur e being drawn through the wire and the pulp retained on the surface .

Next, we have to notice the deckle or boundary ul straps (a) which reg ate the width of the paper, travelling at the same rate as the wire, and thus limiting the spread of pulp . The dandy

P to roller ( ) , is employed give any impression to the paper that may be required . We may sup

for f pose instance, that the circum erence of that roller answers exactly to the le ngth or breadth Of hi the wire forming a hand mould, w ch, supposing wi ﬁ such re to be xed or curved in that form, would necessarily leave the same impression as when be employed in the ordin ary way . Being placed tween the air boxes, the paper becomes impressed 72 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

alf by it when in a h formed state, and whatever d will ff marks are thus ma e, the paper e ectually 2 3 4 retain . The marks seen in Specimens , , , . 5 and , have been occasioned by a hand mould, those

6 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 and 14 ar e m in , , , , , , , i pressions given by a dandy roller . The two rollers following the

an R u i d dy, marked ( ) and are termed co ch ng l n ro lers, from their performi g a similar operation

r of - a in the manufactu e machine m de papers, to the business of the coucher in conducting the l process by hand . They are simply wooden rol ers

. a covered with felt In some inst nces, however, the upper couch roll (R) is made to answer

n or a double purpose . In making writi g other

l l and papers, where sma ts, u tramarine, various r d ff ll colou s are used, considerable i erence wi frequently be found in the tint of the paper when

of the two sides are compared, in consequence the colouring matter sinking to the lower side,

r l of by the natu a subsidence the water, or from the action of the suction boxes ; and to obviate

hi of l t s, instead emp oying the ordinary couch

ll er of ro , which acts upon the upp surface the ll one paper; a ho ow is substituted, having a hi d suction box wit n it, acte upon by an air pump , which tends in some measur e to coun teract the ff d e ect, justly consi ered Objectionable . Merging from those rollers the paper is received from the E 3 UTILITY O F TH FELT . 7

f l s u wire gauze by a continuous e t ( ), which cond cts

of and f it through two pair pressing rollers, a ter Y ’ ll i linders . wards to the dry ng p y ou wi observe, ﬁ that the paper, after passing through the rst f l pair o rollers, is carried a ong the felt for some i u d stance, and then t rned over, in order to receive a corresponding pressure on the other i Side, thus obviating the nequality of surface ul l which wo d otherwise be apparent, especia ly if

for the paper were to be employed books . The advantage gained by the use of so great a l of l ne ength felt, is simply, that it becomes ess ce ssary to stop the machine for the purpose of hi l was ng it, than wou d be the case if the felt l l n l were imited in e gth to its abso ute necessity .

In some instances, when the paper being made is sized in the pulp with such an in gredient as resin so l , the felt becomes complete y clogged in nl the space of a few hours, that u ess a very great and apparently unnecessary length of felt be em of ployed, a considerable waste time is constantly hi incurred in was ng or changing the felt . To — obviate all this whether waste of time or waste of f — I one or two r elt have suggested in qua ters,

as the propriety of passing the felt, it returns l n from conducting the paper to the heated cy i ders, l through a trough of water, and whi e travelling through the water to apply suction boxes to both 4 . 7 . PAPER AND PAPER MAKING

l r ac of i the upper and ower su f e the felt, wh ch by mi ufﬁ an alternate action, ght be made s ciently

u to all i an powerf l remove mpurity, without in y way obstructing the progress Of the felt ; which if n mi l fou d necessary, ght be assisted, whi e at the same time the felt woul d be restored to its origi nal n roller condition, by employi g a suction to whi ch a steady motion was given in conn exion with the mac hin e . The operation of the manufactur e will now ul in be apparent . The p p ﬂow g from the re servoir l ft r into the i er, and thence th ough

n a al the strai er, p sses over a sm l lip to the

n n a ll com conti uous wire, bei g there p rtia y

ac ted p by the shaking motion , more thoroughly so on its a p ssage over the air boxes, receiving any desired marks by means of the dandy roller pas sing over the continuous felt between the ﬁrst

to pressing rollers, then turned over receive a

on corresponding pressure the other side, and

ﬁ'om Off d i li d hi thence to the ry ng cy n ers, w ch are heated more or less by injected steam ; th e hi ﬁ cylinder w ch receives the paper rst, being

e h heated l ss t an the second, the second than the

i on e s th rd, and so ; the paper aft r pa sing over li ﬁn those cy nders, being ally wound upon a reel, unl i i as shown , ess it be pr nting paper, wh ch can

suﬂi cientl ul dmi e be sized y in the p p , by an a xtur

SIZING APPARATUS . 75 of al d or l hi um, so a, and resin, the ike ; in w ch case it may be at once conducted to the cutting hi mac ne, to be divided into any length and width

u . he req ired But, supposing it to intended for ﬁ writing purposes, it has rst to undergo a more ff l of as ao e ectua method sizing, shown in the d companying rawing . The size in this instance

fr n d being made om pari gs obtaine from tanners,

an d - curriers, parchment makers , as employed in

- the case of hand made papers . Of course, sizing in the pulp or in the engine offers many ad van

l or i al hi tages, but as ge atine, an m size, w ch is ll l all l rea y essentia for good writing qua ities, cannot at present be employed dur ing the pro cess of manufacturing by the machine without

r injury to the felts, it becomes necessa y to pass

of the web paper, after it has been dried by the

l i . cy inders, through th s apparatus

In most cases , however, the paper is at once

i as hi gu ded it issues from the mac ne, through

of the tub size, and is thence carried over the l u of i ske eton dr ms shown , inside each wh ch are a number of fans rapidly revolving ; some times there are forty or ﬁfty of these r ﬁ d ums in succession , the whole con ned in a chamber heated by steam . I have seen a paper - machine with the Sl zmg apparatus

i f i - attached, wh ch rom the w re cloth where the 76 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

l ﬁ on c in pu p rst ﬂows , to the cutting ma h e t i r at the ex rem ty, measu ed no less than one d i thousand feet . The a vantage of dry ng the paper in this manner over so many of these m out dru s is, that it turns much harder and

r d stronger, than if d ied more rapi ly over heated

u a uli cylinders . Some man f cturers adopt a pec ar

of hi a process sizing, w ch in f ct answers very

l l r much better, and is a ike app icable to pape s

or a i made by hand by m ch ne, provided the latter description be ﬁr st cut into pieces or sheets of the

of required dimensions . The contrivance consists

two revolving felts, between which the sheets are carried under several rollers thr ough a long trough

of t r Size, being af erwa ds hung up to dry upon l l in ines, previously to ro l g or glazing . The paper

thus sized becomes much harder and stronger, by reason of the freedom with which the sheets can contract in drying ; and this is mainly the reason why paper mad e by hand continues to be

so a i much tougher than that made by the m ch ne, in consequence of the natural tendency of the pulp

to i n contract in dry ng, and consequently becomi g, ff n where no resistance is o ered, more entwi ed or ad s entangled, which of course d very considerably li to the strength and durabi ty of the paper .

k a hi e ou In ma ing by the m chine, t s t ndency, y ll l . wi observe, is comp etely checked CUTTING MACHINE . 77

to ﬁr It may be interesting mention , that the st experiment for drying paper by means of heated ’ cylinders was made at Gellibrand s Calico Print l Of ing Factory, near Stepney . A ree paper, in a moist state, having been conveyed there

f . rom Dartford, in a post chaise The experiment was tried in the presence of the patentees of the

Mr n . i paper machi e and Donkin, the eng neer, and

hl of proved hig y satisfactory, and the adoption n was copper cyli ders, heated by steam, thence n forth considered i dispensable . i The next operation wh ch we have to notice, ﬁ n now that the paper is nished, is that of cutti g

. ll u it into standard Sizes Origina y, the reel pon

hi ﬁ ll so w ch it was na y wound, was formed that its diameter might be lessened or increased at

r di i re pleasu e, accor ng to the sizes wh ch were

T for n quired . hus, instance, supposi g we wanted to cut the web of paper into sheets of 1 8 inches i in length, we should either lessen the d ameter of 6 the reel to inches, and thus the circumfer to 1 8 ence inches, or if convenient increase it to 3 6 n inches, afterwards cutti g the paper in two k f l with a large ni e, simi ar in size and shape to that employed by a cheesemonger ; the width of the web being regulated by the deckle straps (Q ) to either twice or three times the width of the

as a i . rd sheet, the c se m ght be However, in rega 8 7 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

of to the length, considerable waste, necessity, f arose, rom the great increase in the circumfer ence of the reel as the paper was woun d to is al upon it, and remedy th , sever contrivances

variOus have been invented . To dwell upon their

ul or a pec iarities separate st ges Of improvement,

ul d to ad of wo , no doubt, prove the general re er l l e all itt e comparative int rest, I sh , therefore, conﬁn e my attention to a brief explan ation of the

n c of hi ll cutti g ma hine , w ch I have given an i us fr hi is u ation, and w ch nquestionably the best, as as n u of well the most i genio s, invention the in k d. The ﬁr st movement or operation peculi ar to this machine is that of cutting the web of paper l ll hs as ongitudina y, into such widt may be re — quired and this is effected by means of circular l c e s hi blades, p a ed at stat d di tances, w ch receive the paper as it issues direct from the other ma ft chinery, and by a very swi motion, much greater

a l th n that at which the paper trave s, slit it up with unerring precision wherever they may be ﬁxed A pair of those circular blades is shown in the

a one drawing ( ), the upper being much larger hi is al than the lower, w ch essenti to the smooth

l is ness Of the out. And not on y the upper

l d umf is l b a e larger in circ erence, but it a so made to revolve with much greater rapidity, by means

0 8 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

d al e n suspen ed, having an t rnati g motion given to it, in order to make it approach to, and recede

- is l from, a stationary presser board ; it taken ho d of as r l it descends from the d um, and the ength

fr s is off pendant om the pres er, instantly cut by the moveable knife to which motion is given by the crank (f ) , the connecting rod the

l h rod i . ever ( ), and the connecting ( ) The com hined ds dmi Of motion of these ro and levers , a ts

l nif e n uie s the moveab e k e ( ), remaini g nearly q d l l cent for a given time, and then spee i y c osing

ﬁx k Off upon the ed knife ( ), cutting the paper in a

i of im sim lar manner to a pair shears, when it

l l w or in mediate y S ides do n a board, in some stances is carried along a revolving felt, at the extremity of which several men or boys are di placed to receive the Sheets, accor ng to the number into which the width of the web is divided. As soon as the pressers are closed for a length of paper to be cut off; the motion of the gather

hi ou ing drum is reversed, smoot ng t the paper

hi is upon its surface, w ch now held between l l the pressers ; the tension rol ( ), taking up the

l ul ra s ack in the paper as it accum ates, or l the ther bearing it gently down, unti movement of the drum is again reversed to furnish another dl m length . The han e ( ) , is employed merely to

82 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

had as as instance, its Sign , well every public

as house, and those signs were not then, they l a Often are now, on y painted upon board, but were invariably actual models of the thin g — which the Sign expressed as we still occasionally see as - hi - e some such Sign a bee ve, a tea canist r,

or ik . a doll, and the l e For the same reason n hi pri ters employed some device, w ch they put upon the title pages and at the end Of their l books, and paper makers a so introduced marks, by way of distinguishin g the paper of their ma nufactur e ﬁ om that of others ; which marks

mi rall beco ng common, natu y gave their names to different sorts of paper . And since names often remain long after the origin of them is

m are n forgotten and circu stances cha ged, it is

r n ﬁn d old ill not su prisi g to the names st in use, though in some cases they are not applied to i the same things wh ch they origin ally denoted .

One of the ill ustrations of ancient water - marks hi w ch I have given in the accompanying plate,

to that of an open hand with a star at the p,

hi as 1 53 0 w ch was in use as early , probably gave the name to what is still called hand paper.

- sub Another very favourite paper mark, at a

1 540 - 60 or sequent period , was the jug pot, which is also shown, and would appear to have TH E 83 DE RIVATION OF NAMES OF PAPER .

The originated the term p ot paper . foolscap

e was a later device , and does not appear to hav been near ly of such long continuance as the former . It has given place to the ﬁgure of

Britannia, or that of a lion rampant, supporting the cap of liberty on a pole . The name, however, has of continued, and we still denominate paper l of oolsca . a particu ar size , by the title f p The ﬁ u has an d of original g re the cap bells, which

old we so often read in plays and histories , as r - the pa ticular head dress of the fool , who at ’ one time formed part of every great man s establishment .

- I have met with the water mark of a cap , much Simpler than that which we have just

- of noticed, somewhat resembling the jockey caps

or the present day, with a triﬂing ornamentation ﬁ di addition to the upper part . The rst e tion of

Shaks e are Isa ac Ja a rd do E d. p , printed by gg

B lount 1 62 3 i hi , , w ll be found to contain t s mark , interspersed with several others of a different character . No doubt the general use of the term cap to various papers of the present day owes its hi origin to marks of t s description . The term imp erial was in all probabili ty deri ﬁn i ved from the est spec mens of papyri, which were so called by the ancients . Post paper seems to have derived its nam e

G 2 84 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

- hi one was its from the post horn, w ch at time distinguishing mark . It does not appear to have been used prior to the establishment of the general post - ofﬁce when it became the

born i custom to blow a , to which c rcumstance no doubt we may attribute its introduction . The

ar ll n m k is sti frequently used, but the same cha ge which has so much diminished the number of painted signs in the streets Of our towns and

- r of cities, has nearly made paper ma ks a matter ’ antiquarian curiosity ; the maker s name being

all ar now gener y used, and the m k, in the few i instances where it st ll remains, serving the

r of pu pose Of mere ornament, rather than that di stinction .

- d Water marks, however, have at various perio s

of r been the means detecting f auds, forgeries and

our u positions, in co rts of law and elsewhere , to say nothing of the protection they afford in alr d the instances ea y referred to, such as l bank notes , cheques, receipt, bil , and postage stamps . The celebrated Curran once distin gui shed himself in a case which he had under

r dl - taken, by sh ew y referring to the water mark, i d which effectually determ ned the ver ict . And hi another instance, w ch I introduce merely in

of the form an amusing anecdote, occurred once as at Messina, where the monks of a certain mon

8 6 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

a of i pl nation , that the sheet paper wh ch he used was t of l on of the ou side severa others, some which accoun ts had been kept in the reign of Charles the First ; an d being at that time wholly unac quainted with the water - marks used in the

of l u reign Queen E izabeth, I caref lly selected

- r (says he) two half sheets, not having any ma k

on hi ﬁr ff . whatever, w ch I penned my st e usion A few pages further on he writes Being thus urged forwar d to the production of more manu ul scripts, it became necessary that I sho d possess a suﬂi cient quantity of old paper to enable me to

s i i proceed, in con equence of wh ch I appl ed to a ’ am in bookseller, n ed Verey, great May s Build ’ of ﬁve ings, St . Martin s Lane, who for the sum

hill uff ta all i S ings, s ered me to ke from the fol o

hi s and quarto volumes in shop , the ﬂy leaves hi i hi w ch they conta ned . By t s means I was amply stored with that commodity ; nor did I

a of r m fe r any mention the ci cu stance by Mr . un i d Verey, whose quiet suspect ng isposition, I was n a well convi ced, would never le d him to

a i make the trans ction public, in addition to wh ch he was not likely even to know anything con cerning the supposed Shaksperian discovery by l i myse f, and even if he had, I do not imag ne that

s of Old in ul my purcha e the paper question, wo d have excite d in him the smallest degree of sus ’ ’ 8 IRELAND S CONFESSIONS . 7

picion . As I was fully aware from the variety of water - marks which are in existence at the present day , that they must have constantly i of li been altered s nce the period E zabeth , and being for some time wholly unacquainted with

- of the water marks that age , I very carefully produced my ﬁr st specimens of the writing on such sheets of old paper as had no mark what ever . Having heard it frequently stated that the appearance of such marks on the papers would have greatly tended to established their li li va dity, I stened attentively to every remark i d wh ch was ma e upon the subject, and from thence I at length glean ed the intelligence that a jug was the prevalent water - mark of the reign of l of E izabeth, in consequence which I inspected

of all the sheets old paper then in my possession , and having selected such as had the jug upon di them, I produced the succee ng manuscripts n upon these, bei g careful , however, to mingle

of with them a certain number blank leaves, that the production on a sudden of so many water marks might not excite suspicion in the breasts of those persons who were most conversant with the manuscripts .

hi r Thus, t s notorious litera y forgery , through

n of r ul the cu ning ingenuity the perpet ator, ti mately proved so successful as to dece ive many 88 M PAPER AND PAPER AKING . l o f . d earned and able critics the age Indee , one n ﬁ was r w occasion a ki d of certi cate d a n up , stating that the undersigned names were afﬁxed by gentlemen who entertained no doubt what ever as to the validity of the Shaksperian pro duction, and that they voluntarily gave such public testimony of their convictions upon the subject . To this document several names were appended by persons as conspicuous for their erudition as they were pertinacious in their opinions .

- ar f of The water m k in the orm of a letter p ,

l r which I have given an il ustration, is taken f om ’ Caxton s - of well known work, The Game the

Che sse ac s imile of hi is to , a f w ch about be pub h lished as a tribute to hi s memory . Paper as

a s for recently been m de expres ly the purpose,

of i l in exact representation the orig na , and con

i hi - ll ta ning t s water mark, which wi be found i him common in works pr nted by . The ordinary mode of effecting such paper marks as we have been describing is that of aﬂixing a stout wire in the form of any object to be represented to the surface of the ﬁne wir e

u hi - l or a ga ze, of w ch the hand mou d, m chine dan dy roller is constructed .

i e - The perfection, however, to wh ch wat r marks

i e n have now atta n d, which in ma y instances is

90 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

n ul d gauze formi g the mo , would produce a corresponding impression in the paper supposing perfect identity to be essential , as in

of the case a bank note, we might engrave the

of di e design upon the surface a steel , taking care to out those parts in the die deepest whi ch ff are intended to give greater e ect in the paper,

a and then , after having h rdened, and otherwise

di e l properly prepared the , it wou d be placed under a steam hammer or other stamping

of apparatus, for the purpose producing what is

“ n al tech ic ly termed a force, which is required to assist in transferring an impression from the die i to a plate of sheet brass . Th s being done, the

ul - ul die, with the mo d plate in it, wo d next be

or taken to a perforating cutting machine, where — the back of the mould - plate that is the portion — which projects above the face of the die woul d was im be removed, while that portion which l pressed into the design engraven, wou d remain untouched, and this being subsequently taken fr om the interstices of the die and placed in a

of ﬁne - frame upon a backing wire cloth, becomes a mould for the manufac ture of paper of the

i or pattern wh ch is desired, for the production

- Of any water mark , autograph , crest or device, however complicate .

a as . 1 1 7 1 8 Light and Sh de, seen in Nos , , and , are 9 1 METHOD OF EFFECTING LIGHT AND SHADE .

l one occasioned by a very simi ar process, but which l l and perhaps requires a itt e more care, necessa n rily becomes somewhat more tedious . For i in ul stance, the former case the p p is distributed equally thr oughout the entire surface of the wire

n now formi g the mould, whereas we have to con trive the means of increasing to a very great nicety

or d the thickness istribution of the pulp , and at the same time to make provision for the water ’ s

n has i drai ing away . This been accompl shed, as

ﬁr of NO . 1 8 n in the case , by st taki g an electro

of u type the raised s rface of any model or design, an d f i ar again rom that, forming in a s mil man

or u hi sub ner a matrix mo ld, both of w ch are

l d or sequently mounted upon ea gutta percha, in order that they may withstand the pressure which is required to be put upon them in giving impression to a sheet of very ﬁne copper wire i of gauze, wh ch, in the form a mould, and in the

of an fﬁ m l to hands the vatm , su ces ulti ate y produce such beautiful transparent effects in paper pulp ll as those to which I have ca ed your attention . By Similar means a portrait of the Emperor

Napoleon was produced for the Paris Exhibition . m 1 1 The other speci ens, and 7 , are produced in ” the same manner as the word Five in the centre of f an the new Bank o Engl d note . The deepest shadows in the water - mark being occasioned by 92 AND PAPER PAPER MAKING .

die the deepest engraving upon the , the lightest, by the shallowest, and so forth ; the die being employed to give impression by means of the stamping press and force to the ﬁne wire - gauze

hi h i die itself, w chby t is means, provid ng the be pro u perly cut, is accomplished far more successf lly than by any other process, and with the addi i n l t o a advantage of securing perfect identity . It may be interesting to call attention to the contras t as regards the method of moul d - maki ng

ll has origina y practised, and that which recently been adopted by the Bank of England . In a pair

ﬁve ul of pound note mo ds, prepared by the old pro

8 s 1 6 ﬁ r 1 68 cess, there were curved border , gu es , e 240 i large wav s, and letters, wh ch had all to be separately secured by the ﬁnest wire to the

s waved surface . There were wire , twists, and the same repetition where the stout wir es were in troduced to support the under sur face . Therefore, with the backing, laying, large

ﬁ l and i waves, gures, etters , borders, before a pa r of

d was moul s completed, there were some hundreds of an Of of hi thous ds stitches, most w ch are now

. fu avoided by the new patent But rther, by this

di hi s r multitu nous stitc ng and ewing, the pa ts

a were never placed precisely in the s me position, and the water - mark was consequently never

l die identica . Now, the same gives impression

K N G P A P E R A N D P A P E R M A I .

ANCIENT A ND MODERN .

C H A P T E R I I I .

— Anecdote of an over - curious enquirer Its probable application to many — i i readers Paper Making , when stra ghtforward , extremely s mple , but — ordinarily involving considerable chemical and practical skill Brief review of artiﬁcial aids—Anecdotes of the deleterious effects of bleaching of i ff —U and mparting colour to the stu ltramarine , its use and abuse — R Manufactured Paper , its varieties and peculiarities Excise egulations — — Paper Duty General Observations Conclusion .

Not long since I heard of a very inquisitive l him gentleman, as some peop e would term ,

of i who wrote to a friend mine, ask ng him to obta in certain information respecting the manu facture of isinglass and although the questions

s l l put, were by no means es entia to genera

r hi s knowledge, my f iend complied with request, and forwarded the application to the party immediately interested in its production ; who, with Similar promptitude undertook to furnish

r of the answers per retu n post, upon receiving from the anxious applicant a repetition of the

u for inq iry, accompanied by his cheque three

thousand pounds . 96 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

all l Now, it is not at improbab e that many into whose hands this book may fall will be d l dispose to charge me with simi ar motives, as concealing secrets connected with paper l making. It is, however, a reliab e fact, that nothing can be more simple or straightforward

of than the manufacture of that, which, for want

denomi a more comprehensive expression, I must

enuine a er. nate g p p Chemical aid, combined with ll l l great practical Ski , is abso utely indispensab e, m l I ad it, to enab e one to keep pace with compe tition in the present day ; when even the rags

a off and tatters , c st by the very poorest of

now ar the poor, may be forw ded after sunrise,

l and many mi es distant, before sunset, received back again converted into a becoming ground

n bill - o ll for et d use . work the most enchanti g Sti ,

hi e productions of t s character, when contrast d with the results of a slow and simple manipul a

ﬁ al n tion of ner materi s, even to the u practised

ll inf as ar one eye, wi be found far erior, reg ds the

iz. dura il t v b i . grand test of superiority, , y The Slower the process of manufacture is conducted

from beginning to end, from the trituration of ff ” the stu in the rag engine, to the formation

of r an d the sheet, its sizing, d ying, rolling, the stronger and more durable will the paper ulti

out. . 2 0 m mately turn No , which is a speci en of

98 PAPER AND PAPER M AKING . inconveniences which must have re sulte d ‘ from this are alto gether incalculable . Mr . Hansard “ hi a u : l Typograp , th s writes Who e

of ni s u piles quired stock, mea ng book nbound, are alr eady crumblin g to dust in the warehouses of to to l booksellers, never come ight as books , and many a volum e designed to enr ich the library of its to as - possessor, and descend an heir loom e to ﬁ wn to post rity, now presents the morti ed o er its elegant prin t sur rounded by a margin of tan l i co our, wh ch in some instances forms, as it were,

e a complete frame round ach page, the Oil var ni sh in the composition of the ink seeming to preserve the interstices between the prin t from

m k of the sa e ind dis coloration . School books

t on is of ll (he adds) prin ed th species paper, wi

out d ﬁ om one scarcely last their destined perio , in vacation to the next . Another gentleman

us of of l forms , speaking a quantity Bib es, which were printed for the British and Foreign Bible

one Society, that in his possession , printed at the ni 1 8 1 6 i U versity press at Oxford in , (wh ch had

was a or never been used) then, within a ye r t i two af erwards , literally crumbl ng into dust.

“ Al most the entire book Of Genesis (says he) has

f not in mouldered away, and le t a trace beh d. of i Of course, paper th s description (if it deserves the name at all) would prove very bad stock in 99 ARTIFICIAL AIDS .

i ur like manner for the stationer, be ng for any p pose whatever as utterly useless as it was worth

one of less, with but exception , which in the case a l of hi d large parce t s escription, I understand, was once adopted, viz . , that of shipping it in very common cases , thus securing the drawback , which ,

far at that time, was more worth consideration than it would be now, and eventually consigning it to the fate of innumerable other treasures within the boun dless limits of the ocean . If to speak of the various artiﬁcial aids whi ch the manufacturer has recourse to in the present ll day be necessary, it surely cannot but be equa y advisable, to point out their main cause ; and if

all or blame exist at , fault be found, it cannot, I

af apprehend, be rested with greater s ety than

ul own with those who, stip ating their terms , must of necessity be suppli ed in their own way . The paper maker requires to be remunerated ; and with competition to grapple with and con

n all tend agai st, not only the improvements which mechanical science is capable of supply hi m ing, must be adopted by , but even in many

s case , however much to be regretted, he is tempted to an intermixture of noxious and heterogenous materials, in order that the mini mum price may be attained . Some specimens of paper will be foun d to 1 00 PAPER AND PAPER MAK ING . contain as much as one - fourth their weight of

s e l as gyp um ; and in fact, even worse mat ria , a

a n e is as a af t me s of adult ration, e gerly sought er

f of by the manu acturer paper, as the public

ll to ﬁ of li genera y, the sacri ce qua ty, seek the cheapest article whi ch it is possible to procur e . as to n I need but refer, an instance, the packi g

th e of hi one papers Of present day, w ch sheet properly made (3 0) contrasted with one of the

of u ll w ll same weight the sort sua y selected, i be foun d to possess three times the amount of

t al not 1 0 hi . streng h, though per cent gher in price With a ﬁner class of papers common materials are as e l m d th e as r adi y e ploye , through sistance of t hi e d to a some colouring mat er, w ch t n s conce l

i . l fﬁ ul the mperfection Indeed, it wou d be di c t to name an instance of apparent dece ption more forcible tha n tha t whi ch is accomplished by the

of i l us e ultramar ne . Unti very recently the ﬁne bluish tinge given to many writing papers was derive d from the admixture of tha t expensive

u of all mineral bl e, the oxide cobalt, gener y

e smalts hi has ill ad t rmed , and w ch st the van tage over the Ultramarine of imparting a colour which will endur e for a much longer

of l period. One pound u tramarine, however, going further than four of smalts at the same

e a wi pric , the former necess rily meets th more

1 02 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

The practice of blueing the paper pulp had its n l d origi in a singu arly acci ental Circumstance, i as wh ch not merely an historical fact, but as

m is for ing an amusing anecdote, perhaps worth

. r 1 46 mentioning It occu red about the year 7 ,

l . B uttenshaw at a paper mil belonging to Mr ,

on was whose wife, the occasion in question ,

in in of ﬁne n superintend g the wash g some li en ,

ll of when, accidenta y, she dropped her bag pow dered blue into the midst of some pulp in a

of SO forward state preparation , and great was the fear she entertained of the mi schi ef she had done, seeing the blue rapidly amalgamated all w with the pulp , that allusion to it as

’ l on Bu ten ha studious y avoided ; until, Mr. t s w s inquiring in great astonishment what it was that

l r had imparted the pecu iar colou to the pulp , his wife, perceiving that no very great damage had r di l been done, took cou age and at once sc osed

was r the secret, for which she afterwards rewa ded l in a remarkab e manner by her husband, who being naturally pleased with an advance of so ill dl much as four sh ings per bun e, upon submit

im roved ting the p make to the London market, i l l mmediate y purchased a costly scar et cloak, l (somewhat more congenia to taste in those days, n hi it is presumed, tha it would be now) , w ch he ll carefu y conveyed home, and presented with much satisfaction to the Sharer Of his joy . 1 03 ANECDOTE OF THE ORIGIN OF BLUEING .

l of A though the practice blueing paper is not,

so as perhaps, customary now was the case a few i years back, the extent to wh ch it is still carried may be a matter of considerable astonishment . ﬁ On its rst introduction , when, as regards colour,

was hi so the best paper a nyt ng but pleasing, striking a novelty would no doubt be hailed as a great improvement, and as such received into

rst- class general use, but when we contrast a ﬁ paper now without any colouring matter

an d whatever, without any superﬂuous marks w upon its surface, ith the miserable blue tints one so frequently sees, it becomes a source of

of surprise, that the superior delicacy the former is not more generally appreciated. The only Objection which can be urged against

use of its the a colourless paper is, comparative transparency when glazed in the ordinary way ﬁn but this is by no means essential . A ished surface imparted by calendering, when contrasted

one hi hl i with more g y glazed, w ll be found w for un ob ec holly superior a writing paper, and j tionable as regards opaqueness . n In paper maki g, there has seldom, perhaps, arisen a greater difﬁculty than in furnishing a

u o supply s ited to the purposes of phot graphy.

Unquestionably, great care is requisite in the selection of the materials, their preparation , and

subsequent manufacture . But the difﬁculty is 1 04 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . owing more to the want of positive information to lu on the part Of the photographer, than fai re in the exertions Of the Paper Maker . I have recently been informe d by a gentleman who has devoted much time and atte ntion to thi s

l as of t d n particu ar cl s paper, that af er forwar i g specimens to many score members of that pro fe ssion vi s u e s , and in ting Observations and gg him tions thereon , not one in ten favoured with an of did u y reply, and those who , altho gh many

ﬁrst - m mi rate na es ght be mentioned, the conclu sions to which they severally came were totally adverse . It is not my intention to wander further into the ﬁeld of paper and paper making than to mark the boun dary whi ch has been set up by Act of

of u Parliament, in the form Excise Reg lations, with a few general Observations upon the varieties

of uf a e as and peculiarities man ctur d paper, a

in an d becom g, at the present time somewhat

min our to . important, ter ation subject f u e Manu act r d paper, independently of the

ll u i d as i misce aneo s k n s, such blott ng

ﬁl ik ar e tering and the l e, which rendered

woollen absorbent by the free use of rags , may

di ed i o d s viz. be vid nt three istinct cla ses , ,

an d n . writing, printing, wrappi g The former

i ve ll again nto ﬁ , cream wove ye ow wove

1 0 A 6 P PER AND PAPER MAKING .

d d d inclu ing the or inary brown papers, the white

or all l brown, sm hand qua ity, and the blues and l purples, used by grocers . The sma lest size of

ﬁn e l as ll s the qua ity, sent from the mi , mea ures 1 2 1 5 Pot s by inches, and is termed ; next to

ls 1 7 1 3 1 8 that Foo cap , by 5 ; then Post, ? by 2 0 1 6 2 0? 1 6 Copy, by ; Large Post, by 5; Medium

1 8 2 3 - - hi 2 3 Post, by ; Sheet and t rd Foolscap,

- - 24 1 3 by Sheet and half Foolscap , 5 by i ; 2 7 1 7 3 0 Double Foolscap , by ; Double Pot, by 2 5 3 0 1L 1 9 2 0 Double Post, a by ; Double Crown , 3 0 2 0 1 5 di n n 2 2 by ; Demy, by 5 ; tto Pri ti g, 5 by 1 m 22 23 755; Mediu , by ditto Printing, by

al 24 1 9 i 25 2 0 Roy , by ; ditto Pr nting, by ; l 2 1 9 di 2 1 2 Super Roya , 7 by tto Printing, by 7 ;

al 3 0 2 2 an 28 23 Imperi , by ; Eleph t, by ; Atlas, 34 2 6 m 34 by ; Colu bier, 5 by Double Ele ? 2 67 40 53 3 1 phant, 3 by ; and Antiquarian, by . The different sizes of letter and note paper ordinarily used are prepared from those kin ds by the stationer, whose business consists chieﬂy

of aft in smoothing the edges the paper, and er k n ful wards pac i g it up in some taste form, which serves to attract attention . Under the characteristic names of coarse K 2 1 1 8 papers may be mentioned ent Cap , by ; 1 9 24 Havon 2 1 2 6 Bag Cap , 5 by ; Cap , by ;

- l 22 29 2 lb . 1 7 24 Imperia Cap, by ; Double , by 1 0 NAMES AND DIMENSIONS . 7

Double 4 - lb 2 1 by 3 0 ; Double 6 - lb 1 9 by 28 f di Casing o various mensions, also Cartridges, with dl d other descriptive names, besides Mid e Han , 1 9 29 l 22 by 1 6 ; Lumber Hand, % by ; Roya Hand, ll 1 9 29 2 0 by 2 5 ; Double Sma Hand, by ; and of h l si niﬁcations t e purp es, such g as Copy Loaf,

- 1 6 b 2 1 38 lb . 1 8 2 6 32 y 5, ; Powder Loaf, by ,

- lb l 6 2 3 48 - lb 58 ; Double Loaf, s by , ; Single

- 2 1 2 8 lb. 2 3 3 3 1 00 1b. Loaf, % by 7 , 7 ; Lump , by , ; ’ l 6 2 3 48 lb. 2 9 3 5 Hambro , s by , ; Titler, by ,

- 1 20 lb. u 32 42 ; Prussian or Do ble Lump , by ,

00 l o 2 h. s ; and forth, with glazed boards of various sizes, used chieﬂy by printers, for pressing, which ar e l manufactured in a pecu iar manner by hand, the boards being severally composed of various

d in off sheets ma e the ordinary way, but turned ul one the mo d sheet upon another, until the required substance be attain ed ; a felt is then placed upon the mass and another board formed.

By this means, the Sheets, when pressed, adhere ff more e ectually to each other, and the boards consequently become much more durable than would be the case if they were produced by i if past ng . Indeed, any great amount of heat be

li d l b e app ed to pasteboar s, they wi l split, and h rendered utterly useless . The glazing in t is case is ac complished by friction . l of To comp ete the category coarse papers, 1 08 PAPER AND PAPE R MAKING .

to as i Whi I ought mention, com ng it n the range of s the Excise, Milled Board , employed in book d l ﬁft bin ing, of not ess than one hundred and y

is d and sub descriptions, that as regar s sizes

ll an an . st ces Sti , however, incomplete idea is conveyed of the extraordinary number of sizes and descriptions into which paper is at

For present divided . instance, I have said with

al reference to writing qu ities , that there are

ve k ﬁ inds, cream wove, yellow wove, blue wove, n cream laid, and blue laid, and agai , that of each of those kinds there are numerous sizes ; but in

di as of ad tion there are, a matter course, various hi t cknesses and makes of each size an d kind .

n on In fact, no house in London, carryi g the

a wholesale st tionery trade, is without a thousand different sorts ; many keep stock of twice that number . SO much havin g of late been said with refer

“ ence to a repeal of what ar e termed Taxes on K n nowledge, occasioni g thereby many very u ff erroneous opinions, it may be usef l to o er some remarks upon Excise Regul ations in con

ion ne ct on . with the duty paper And, in advert

ul ll o or ing to those reg ations, we sha have an pp tunity for observing the gradual increase which hi has taken place in the consumption, w ch in some measure tends to illustrate national advancement

1 1 0 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

o on ﬁ in u m d it g es , x g the amo nt per rea to be pai

ﬁn e ﬁn e for second demy, and second crown , and

l ﬁn e second foo scap, and second pott, brown , a in hi e d large cap , sm ll ord ary brown , w t brown ,

as all p teboards , and lastly, For and upon other

or or of paper, white browne, any other colour or n i ki d whatsoever, wh ch shall be made in Great

B ritaine as ul aforesaid, (not being partic arly i ft charged in th s Act), a duty a er the rate of twelve poun ds for every one hun dred poun ds of ll of f the true and rea value the same, and a ter

for an or that rate y greater lesser quantities, whi ch said duties for and upon the said severall sorts Of paper and other the commodities last menConed to in Britain e be made Great , shall be paid by the makers thereof respectively . But thi s method of drawin g distinctions between

ff l z of di erent qua ities and si es paper, being found to d lea to frequent disputes with the Excise, and great inequality in the charge on the manu fac tur e d ff al article at di erent mills, terations

ad ll t were gradually m e, ti at leng h it was enacted

43 rd of of in the year the reign George III . , that all paper and pasteboards should be con

ﬁ la idered 3d. s to lb. rst c ss, and subject per duty, unless made wholly out of old tarred rope and

u t a i cordage, witho t ex r ct ng therefrom the pitch ” or or tar, any part thereof, and the Act further EXCISE REGULATIONS . 1 1 1

and mi u of says , without any xt re other materials therewith and that for every pound weight i avo rdupois of paper made in Great Britain , of

or the second class denomination, that is to say, all brown paper made of old ropes or cordage

l of 1 d. . on y, as aforesaid, a duty 5 per lb The professed object of the last mentioned Act being a simpliﬁcation of the mode of charging the m u i duties, the nu ero s d stinct classes into which paper had been divided being here reduced to

of two . But again, evasion the law was soon discovered to be practicable . Either by a partial

r ﬁ al pu i cation of the tarred rope, selecting so that hi which was most w tened by use and exposure, and then charging the paper so made (which was nearly equal to ﬁrst class in marketable value) with the second class duty ; or as tarred rope

of ﬁ increased in price, and some sorts rst class l in materia very considerably decl ed, the great temptation of an extensive evasion of the law

. ll of ﬁ necessarily fo owed, by the use rst class

al materi in second class paper.

on as i Whether the duty paper now mposed, or the Excise regulations under whi ch that duty the is collected, be more objectionable, is perhaps

fﬁ . - di cult to say Of course, the paper maker is n subjected to considerable a noyance, and the publisher compelled to submit to an outlay which 1 1 2 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

ul d he deems unjust, and wo d very happily ispense with ; but the publi c are not really affected by it to the extent it is customary to suppose . The duty at present levied upon paper of all kinds is

ourteen uineas . f g per ton , or a little more than

r lb Wh th ee halfpence per . en, therefore, we hear ” men pronouncing it a most Obnoxious tax, and one directly opposed to the advancement of literature, I freely confess that, for my own part , m I hesitate very much to reiterate their senti ents .

Some, however, prefer an intermediate course,

arti a l and propose a p abolition of the duty . Mr. Charles Dickens has favoured us with a sugge s

ff : tion to this e ect he says, In England, where coloured is so paper little used, the Chancellor of

Off the Exchequer might as well , as not, take the l duty altogether from co oured paper . It would cost the revenue a mere triﬂe, while it would be a vast boon to the public . But what induces this

? r so assertion If colou ed paper is little used, the triﬂing reduction could not be considered a vast

on l l boon. And e wou d ike to know how or where it would be possible to draw a line of distinction between such papers as are coloured and those

o which are not . I happen t be in a position to assert that there is no class of paper whatever, which is not tinted more or less by different manu facturers l of . To suggest then a partia repeal the

1 1 4 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

Every step of the manufacture of paper must be conducted under the surveillance of the

Excise, and the provisions as to entries, folding, hi lli weig ng, sorting, labe ng, removing, and so on , are not only exceedingly numerous and vexatious

f n l . For n n but en orced u der heavy pena ties i sta ce, every paper maker is requi red by sections 2 0

2 1 vi i al , to pro de su table sc es and weights for the

of fﬁ use the Excise, and also to assist the o cer in what we might conceive to be the execution of his ul pec iar duty, under the penalties , in the former

£50 . case of and in the latter, for every

u or l r ref sal neg ect . To many manufactu ers the cost of this extra labour alone becomes an im portant consideration .

i an Again, in the nst ce of procuring the Excise

hi on labels, w ch have to be pasted each ream, section 9 requires that every one signed for by

on i the workman del very, must be produced or n f 1 o £ 0 . accou ted for, under a penalty each , which is equal to the duty upon no less than 1 00 f 6 lbs . weight o paper ; an idea necessarily inconsistent with that of its being packed in one parcel ; and therefore, since for every time we di l vide such quantity, an additiona label is re

quired, a very forcible argument against SO

al a excessive a pen ty may re dily be deduced . l l of l The abe s employed are three co ours, EXCISE REGULATIONS . 1 1 5

l of red, b ue, and green ; denoting in which part the kingdom the paper was made . Red being u sed for England ; blue, for Scotland ; and green for Ireland .

2 th of The 7 section the Act, relating to the

l of or real and nomina weight each ream parcel , is that to whi ch I have referred as being liable i to deceptive or d shonest purposes . It runs thus — if &c . And be it enacted That any ream , , be foun d to weigh under or over the weight

of 5 u marked, in the proportion per cent m , if the weight marked on such ream exceed twenty 1 0 pounds, or per centum if such weight be

al . twenty pounds or less , the same sh l be forfeited Of course there is no necessity for a proviso lest the maker should gi ve a preference to an increase of weight upon that marked, but since some cylinder dr ied papers are apt afterwards to i increase in weight, the add tion is requisite to

u . robabi prevent njust seizure However, in all p lit of y, at the suggestion the paper maker, when

of aiding the Excise, in consequence a great

has quantity to be charged, it become customary

dr f of to average the weight of a a t, instead putting each ream separately into the scale . Thus the practicability of rendering this clause l high y Objectionable will be at once apparent, and deserves to be pointed out for the purpose of n warni g against the temptation .

I 2 1 1 6 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

The quantity of paper manufac tured in this country at the commencement of the eighteenth

u was ﬁ a cent ry , when the duty rst imposed, appe rs to have been far fr om sufﬁcient to meet the ne

i of 1 2 1 ce ss tie s i . the tin e Even in 7 , it is supposed that there were but about reams of paper ann all in hi u y produced Great Britain , w ch were

- equal merely to two thir ds of the consumption .

1 84 a of fac But in 7 , the v lue the paper manu tured in Englan d al one is sta ted to have amoun ted to

t of and hat, by reason the increase in

as s use s price, al o of its , in le s than twenty years, it nearly doubled tha t amount .

t a I have ex r cted, from a Parliamentary report, various returns relatin g to the Excise duties

an of levied upon paper, which, since article the kin d is necessarily subjected to great alteration

in to or da in value, accord g the scarcity abun nce of al of t l t raw materi s , are, course, bet er ca cula ed to a an show a ste dy increase in the demand, th any mere references to statements of supposed l i to . va ue, from t me time

one of In return, specifying the rates duty and amount of duty received upon eac h denomi

Of 1 0 a a nation paper since 7 7 , it appe rs th t the total amoun t of duty on paper manufac tur ed in

for 1 84 to hi England the year 7 , w ch I have just allude d as being estimated in value at was 1 9 n s . the duty at that time bei g

1 1 8 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING .

' un der the well - known name of p ap ier mache a material which may yet be formed into works of a art, painted and enamelled t bles, antique

l of e l cande abra, models busts , statuett s, c assic l t hi temp es, and every hing w ch can be shaped in a mould . An ear lier and more important use of Paper is

in of . the decoration dwellings Formerly, the apartments of persons of opulence were hun g with l al tapestry, genera ly brought from the Continent

of r loom . But its cost, its loss colou by time, and the rise of commercial and industrial l i opu ence, displaced th s elaborate and heavy

“ ” a er ha n in s . decoration, and substituted p p g g The ﬁrst specimens of those exhibited nothing

d of its nf an d but the ru eness an art in i ancy, were almost wholly foreign ; but the capability of was the invention large, and it had the advan tage of converting the humble covering of walls into copies of the pencil, on a new and extended scale . The Continental specimens of thi s manufacture already di splay representa of di al l tions lea ng nation events, memorab e

of battles, and even portraits eminent men,

mi l of for ng, for even the humb er ranks, a kind historic galleries . The English manufacturer excels in the pro

of 1 2 d portions his paper, (English, yar s long, GENERAL OBSERVATIONS . 1 1 9

2 1 9 1 8 by inches wide French, yards, by ll difﬁ inches) . But, the art is sti cult and costly ; the blocks for a single pattern sometimes amounting to thousands . One of the principal u French man facturers is, at present, producing

of a design, requiring upwards three thousand

l £2000 al b ocks , at a cost of the design one 1 costing £ 200 .

and i l But, time practice w ll ighten both the difﬁculty and the expense . The manufacture a may yet spre d through every mart in the world .

its In more advanced stage, it may supply the

of F or l . place RESCO, rather be a multip ied Fresco

of l of The Cartoons Raphae , the noblest work

ﬁ al design , are upon paper ; the nest It ian pictures might be copied upon paper an d the tardy and toilsome work of the Engraver might be exchan ged for ul the rapid, cheap , and pop ar design , no longer l limited to the pa ace or the Cloister, but sent, in

Nor thousands of copies round the globe . let hi can t s be called Utopian ; what be Utopian,

ail ad - in the country of the R ro , the Steam ship, and the Electric Telegraph !

The art wants only public encouragement .

‘ be iven tal Let the encouragement g , and the ent ff mi will be found . Let Government o er a pre um of even a thousand poun ds for the best specimen . Let the Society of Arts make it one of the Objects 1 2 0 PAPER AND PAPER MAKING . of let f their patronage ; it be once avoured, and it will soon advance to excellence . Nor let any one scoff at the interest which I venture to express in the ornament even of a cottage wall. Ornament is the crown of art . f Taste is thought . Elegan ce is the reﬁn ement o

l . The of a civi ization study beauty, gr ndeur, in and truth, in History and Nature, is the most

of sa practical education man Who Shall y, that — the sight of some heroic action some noble — ﬁgure of history some sublime exercise of

ma nanirnit or talent, g y, patriotism, pictured on a

l — l r cottage wa l, may not be ike a ﬂash th ough the darkness of the peasant heart ; may not suddenly awake the latent energy of the uncon scious poet, the patriot, and the hero ; may not

Shaks eare ll give to the world a p , a Wa ace, or a Wellington

1 22 LIST O F SUBSCRIBERS .

i . COE , JOHN , Esq , Superintendent of the S tationery and Print ng

Department at the Bank of England .

A . . COHEN , , Esq W l . CO LE s . , HENRY , Esq , el s , Somerset

I . . COLL NS , CHARLES , Esq , Hele , Devon

T G . . CROMP ON , RO ER , Esq , Bolton , Lancashire

CO OH E E . . , WAREMAN , Esq

COOKES , JAMES , Esq .

Wi CO . . . ) COOPER , THOMAS , Esq , (Messrs lliams , Coopers , and M P COWAN , CHARLES , Esq . , . .

F R E D ER ICK T. E s . COWLEY , , q

T . CR AN STOU N . T , GEORGE C TRO ER , Esq

CR OS B Y . , JAMES , Esq

V R . DA IES , CHA LES , Esq

. H . a fﬁ . D IG G E N S J. G . . , , Esq , M St tionery O ce

S . . DRAPER , , Esq

. d in . DREW , WILLIAM , Esq , Bra n ch , Devon

T . DUNS ER , THOMAS , Esq

T OP T ND EDI OR NO ES A Q UERIES .

E H . C R E NSP E R G E R C . O . . , , Messrs

V A ND D . E ANS A LARD , Messrs . , Birmingham

V N CO . s . E A S , SAMUEL , , Messr , Derby

I W F CHL IN G . , , Esq .

N T A D . FOURDRINIER HUN , Messrs

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M CO . s . GALLON , THO AS , , Messr , Gateshead

F . . GOOCH , EDWARD , Esq

GOWER , JOHN , Esq .

GRACE , WILLIAM , Esq . , Scotswood .

GREENAWAY , EDWARD , Esq .

LF . . GREER , A RED , Esq , Cork

HALE , FORD , Esq .

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T . . HOLLINGWOR H , THOMAS , Esq , Maidstone

E . HUSSEY , THOMAS . , Esq , Dudley .

d . TT . an O . HU ON , THOMAS , Esq , (Messrs . Millington Hutton )

M . EA F FR E SON . D . J , HENRY , Esq ,

JOHNSON , RICHARD , Esq .

A P M . A K R Ev. . . . ELLY , ,

M obbs K and O . K V . . C IDD , DA ID , Esq , ( essrs D , idd , )

L . LAWSON , F . . , Esq

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LUNNON , THOMAS , Esq . , Wooburn.

H n t . o . o the MCMURRAY , WILLIAM , Esq , Sec . Fourdrinier

MAGNAY , SIR WILLIAM , Baronet .

B road li T . c st MAR YN , RICHARD , Esq , , Devon .

TT . a . MA HEWS , CHARLES , Esq , Br dninch , Devon T MILLING ON , CHARLES , Esq .

A . D . . MILLS , , Esq

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E . MORGAN , GEORGE , sq

R J. . MUNN , . , Esq , Thetford . E MURRELL , H . . , Esq .

a . MUSCHAMP , WILLIAM , Esq . , G teshead

NEILL, JOHN , Esq . , Leeds .

. F . S . A NICHOLL , JOHN , Esq , .

NISSEN AND PARKER , Messrs .

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PAMPLIN , JAMES , Esq . , Winchester . 1 24 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS .

TT S . PA ISON , T . , Esq .

M . P E E E LE S X . E , ALE ANDER , sq B PHELPS , J . . , Esq .

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E . POLLARD , GEORGE , sq

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ROCK , WILLIAM FREDERICK , Esq .

T . ROCK , BRO HERS , AND PAYNE , Messrs

. and ROE , THOMAS , Esq , (Messrs . Gibbons

E . E ROSSELLI , , sq .

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I E . i SAKER , WILL AM . , Esq , Read ng .

B . SANDELL , RICHARD , Esq .

S . E SAUNDER , J . , Messrs .

H . . . SAUNDERS , T . , Esq , Dartford

SHAW , EDMUND , Esq .

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A LP R E D . . . . SMEE , , Esq , F C S T SMI H , JAMES , Esq .

T . i SMI H , JOHN , Esq , B ngley .

W . E s . . T . SMI H , J , q , Bingley

T . SMI H , JOHN , Esq . , Langley

T . SMI H , WILLIAM , Esq

T CO . . SMI H , WILLIAM LEPARD , AND , Messrs

V . SOMMER ILLE , WILLIAM , Esq . , Bitton

S G . PALDIN AND HODGE , Messrs T S ERRY , HENRY , Esq .

R . T TANNER , . , Esq .

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TAYLOR , WILLIAM , Esq .

T E s . TEMPLE ON , ALLAN , q

S P E C I M E N S .

‘ ‘ ' f 3 1 1 \1a r~ a c c i a 20 M o e le s E n in rin & A ln Jef rey (Lord ) Contributions r t Pe r i . s y g ee g rc ' Last ofthe Old Squires 1 7 M a rti ne au s Christi an Life 15 Owe n s Le c ture s on Comp A n ‘ H . 1 4 r l5 O n r C a e l d o ur o Macaulay s Cu t . and ist Essays Church Histo y o l Fi ds an C al ‘ Speeches 1 4 M ilne r 3 Churc h of Ch r ist 1 6 Pe re i ra o n Pola ris ed L ' \Y ‘ ‘ g Mackintosh sMiscellaneous orks 1 4 M o ntgom e ry 5 Origi n al Hym n s 1 6 P csc he l s E le me n ts of i hy s ic ‘ ' i - d A rm es 23 1 ll Memoirs of a Ma tre M oore O n th e Us e o f th e Bod y 6 Phi ips 6 Fo s S i ls o f Co rn wall ' M a i l d 4 t an s Churchin the Cat acombs 1 Soul a n d Bod 1 6 M n e ra lo g ' y i y M a r i 5 ’ t n e au s Miscellanies 1 8 M an a nd h i s Nl o t u e s 1 6 G uid e to G eo log ‘ ' b P 17 M or o n 23 Po rtlocli s e o lo o f on on Pascal s Works , y earce m ism G gy L d ‘ : Its i i &c . 2 d e ale Closm Scen e 1 1 o e ll n of W o rl rinting r g5 n , N g P U y d P ‘ O w s it s ' s ' P yc ro lt 6 English R eadin g 1 8 Re n g -Place o f th e us 17 S me e s Elec tro - Me ta llu rgy ' sti s J t H S a n m Rich 3 Comp to Latin Dictionary R ch e ha B r ng no te m E g e (The ) ' i s t t i R i ddlc 8 Latin Dicti onaries 1 8 &z19 S o r ro w 17 T a te O n S t re n gth o f Ma te ri a ' ' 1 9 W o Rowton s Debater R ise n from the R anks 1 7 ils n 11 Ele c tric Te le g raph ' ’ S e wa ril i i i w ” N “ m 3 H D co urs e 1 7 g s Narrat veor s h p reck e an ( . b S J ' is s i 2 0 ‘ - 23 S r Roger de Coverley R a n e l e rd ina nd 6c M axinuli an ' k s R ur 20 20 al S p o r t s . Smith s ( Rev . Sydney ) Works R e a d in for Le n gs t ’ ' tli o mmo n o lace B 2 1 a e r R fl e a nd oun in C S ou e y s C p ooks Co nfir a ion 20 B k s i H d m t ’ 2 1 ’ e r ele R e n ce nce The Doctor & c . Ro in on 3 Le x c on to the reek B k y s mi is s b s i G ' m Pli i lo s o 3 19 l lla i ne D c on a r of S S a estre s Attic pher Te a e n s i ti y po rts st m t ' 2 3 Ce c l S a le ra Confessions ofa Working Man S a i n ts o u r E xa mple 1 9 i s t b P c ti ce P 2 1 - 19 Re c o r of the Ch a Spencer 6 sychology S e lf De n a l ds se ‘ i S te li n 2 1 1 9 S u a r p i s Essays S e rm o n i n th e M oun t t d F m ‘ 2 1 ' The Cr c l Sto n 5 Tr aining System S incla r ou rn e y o f Life 20 i k e t Fi e d ‘ i s J ' D a y ll T a ga rt on Locke s Writings 2 1 M o ral Philosophy 2 1 y s Pisc a tori al Co oqui e s ‘ 3 st 22 S acre nn al 2 0 Ephe e ra O n A n zhn Thomson La s of Thought ( . d m g ‘ G A s 2 2 ‘ W 2 1 oo o f the Sa l ne Townsend s State Trials S ou h e 3 L e o f e le B k i ‘ t y if s y W i lli c li 3 24 ' a h 2 1 a n ke r l oun S rtsman Popular Tables S te phe n E ccle i a ca l Biogr p y H s g ‘ — s s sti — Y x i 2 4 D cour e 2 1 The Hun i n e l on e s nglish Greek e con Tayle r 5 ( . . ) t g Fi g E L J J is s s ' 24 ’ 21 le in on S hoo t n Latin Gradus a lor o yola Id s H ts i g ' T y s L Z um t s i 24 2 1 o c e a n d th e S u p Lat n Grammar W e sle y P k t t d 6 ra c c al or e an h Th eologia e r a nic a P ti H s m s ip G m ' 2 2 ul an Pl - fi s h in Tho o n o n the one en P m s y g ms At m t ' l H i n n r . at u r a s t o ry i g e e a l 22 R char on 5 o r e an h Th umb Bible ( The ) i ds H s m s ip ' ' S t o hn r n bl w i i la r 6 re i tor 22 Spo t R a e Catlo 3 Pop Conchology T urn e r s S ac d H s y J s i g m s m 7 ‘ le e 2? S a le al a nd a le alk E phe me ra a nd Youn Onthe Sal on Twin in g 5 Bib Typ s t b T k T b T ‘ S 0 i 8 ular le ar on 21 o ne he n e O n the G re yho ur Gosse s Nat . H ist Jama ca Whe eler 9 Pop Bib H m y t g ‘ 23 The S u for rac cal ur Kemp 5 Natural Hist . of Creation t d , P ti P p ‘ Ki by d p s to l gy 1 1 r an S ence En mo o a n d t h e D r a m a . ‘ P o e t ry I e e 5 lements ofNatural History 1 1 E ' “ V t r i n a r y M e d l c ln 1 4 rn old 5 P oe e e Mann on Re roduction A ms o p ‘ ’ ’ o r. B r h oe i P Maunder 3 natural H istory 1 5 Aiki n 3 ( D 1 itis P ts Cec l s Stable racti ce ‘ ' 2 l e 5 oanna ) oe i cal Work w Turton S Sh t llS ofth e B rit i s hl sland s 2 B a il i (J P t s - Stud Farm ' ' 2 2 Ba lla ro e ro o u s l l untin e s H . B od e d d (T ) at rton s s aysonNatura ist s s f m H t s i Field he W E l ‘ ' ‘ ‘ Wi fc s fii o s - Youa tt s The Dog 2 4 ali e rt s s Miles s r e Shoeing d h e r n red hou ht 1 1 P The Horse 2 4 F lo w e rs an t i Ki d T g s ocket and th e Stud l h ‘s oe llu ra e 8 P H i G o dsmit P ms , i st t d ractical orsemansh p ‘ ‘ mn s 1 1 i i k l p is s l l ) R chardson s Horsemansh p ' V m e B n c cl o i ae d i a s ’ t 1 c al W o r o lu y i L s l oe ks Stable Talk and Table Talk ' is 1 3 Li n ood A nth 0 10 g1 a O x onie ns tud ( i a n d D i t i n a r i s . c o e w s 5 Thrlh L ra e r a n ica Souatt s l e og ' O y G m D ‘ A w i D ie t . f n R o e 1 4 rro sm th s Geogr of Bible O M a c aula y s La r s o Anc i e t m The Horse ' B ' I u 5 S W n d i thout 14 ll me Rural S ports M a c D o nald h n a ‘ s it i S c i n A P ' W 1 6 Brande s e ce Literature rt M on g o e r Poe ca l or ‘ t m y s ti ks V o a e s an d Tr av e l C opla ni l s Dictionary of Med i cine Q O n m al Hymns 1 6 y g ‘ C r s i ’ 1 6 l e y s Civ l Engineerin g Q M oore P oe ical or len 5 De ad S e a ‘ A s t ks ‘ G ir i lt s e 6 m n Archit cture O La lla R o o kh 1 B a ine s s Va ud0 1 s of Pied o i 1 6 ‘ Johnston 5 Geographical Dict onary 1 I rish Me lo die s 1 B a k e r s R ifl e a n d Hound i n C ‘ l 1 6 ' Loudon 8 Agri cu ture 3 S on and B a lla d 1 B a rro w s Cont i n en ta l Tour s s ' 1 3 u le r 20 ur o n Med na d Mecca Rural Architecture S ha care i y B o d B t s i an ks ' i 1 ‘P 0 Garden ng 3 Se n time n ts S imile s 1 C a rh sle s Turke y an d G ree ce 1 3 ' W 2 1 De C ’ Plants S ou he Poe ical o r us une R u s a 1 t y s t ks s s i Trees and Shrubs 3 B r i h Poe 2 1 E o he n ’ t ‘ it s ts C lloch s G e o ra li i c nl D i ctionar ‘ ’ M ii p y 1 4 ho on S e a on llu ra e 2 1 e r u on S i Tra ve l g T , d ' F g s s w ss ' s ms s s s i st t ' D i c ti on a r ol C omm e r 1 ' y ce 4 Wa tts s r c o f th e e ar 22 o re e r R a bl e i n Norwa ' Ly H F st s m s i s t ’ M u rra l o f v s Enc c o . Geography 1 7 G i ro n i é re Ph i l ppi ne ' s i s : i r s B ri t i s y z ‘ Sh p Ga etteer 1 9 G re goro i 3 Co r ca ' n m a n d ms si U re 5 o f Arts & c . 2 2 P o li t i c al E c o o H ll T ravr l S e r a Dictionary , y s i n i ‘ i s ib ' W 8 24 o r a n a nd the Bibll ebster Domestic Economy S t a t i s ti c s . H pe s B itt y ‘ Cha e i n r a n C a r 3 e e r on A r cul ure s B itt y i d L tt s g i t ' Howitt s A rt S u e n i n Mun li u Ce n u of 1 85 1 t d t gi o s 8: M o r a l W o rk s . s s W ( . ictori a F ra n c is O n Life Assuran ce Hue s Chi ne se Em ire my Herbert re 3 E a o n ol ca l and A ‘ ‘ y P - G g ss s iti o wsmi tli s G e o r. B Hu c an d a e a r ar T ri g ict . of i e S oc al S c wnce 8 G b t s t A D bl ’ ' i B lo omfield s ’ Nu he s Au ral an Co o nl e s GreekTestament a n s No te of a Tra e lle r 1 1 23 g s st i L i g s v ’ A i ‘ ’ H u old e c of Na ur . o S a & c . D i e t . 1 4 p nnotat ons on do M Culloc h s G e . i mb ts As ts t ‘ g t t st ' L tui e a e on Cana a Bode s Bampton e c s D c o n a r of Co e rce 1 4 J m s s d ’ ’ i ti y mm ' l Je rrmann St . e e r ur Calvert s ife s Manua ond o n 23 s P t sb g W L ' 4 a n 11 No r a Clei e Hall S ta ti s ti cs o f G t . B ri a i n 1 L i g w y ‘ t Con bea re s ‘ No e o f a ra e ller y Essays M are e t s Poh t i cal E co no 1 5 t s T v ‘ my C on bca re Hows on P l M ac n o h ur e an d lac y and s t . au R i c ha rd s On o ula i on Ca al 1 8 i T B S p pi t ‘s s k y ' P t t 3 i i ' 2 1 M arrya 3 Califo rn a Dale Domest c L tur Te o borski s Ru ssi a n Sta tistic s t i D E i o fi th ' M a o n 5 Z ulu o f Na a l efence of cl p se f f WSll ClI G o ula r a le 24 P p T b s s ' s t Disci p line M a yn e sArctic D isco ve rie s ' ‘ Earl s D au liter (The ) M il e s e Ra mb le s i n lcclan d ' E c li se of ga i th Th e S c i e n c e s i n G e n e r a l Oldmi xon s Picc adilly to Pe rs ‘ ‘ g ish 8 C d 7 O o rne North W e P a ssa En man Greek oncor ance sb ' s st ' a n d M a th e m a t i c s . ' En li sli in an sl l cb & l 7 P fe ifl e r s Vo a e ro un th e fi g Cha d . Concord g d ‘ y E x perience of L i fe (The ) 20 Ara o s Me teorologica l E ssays 3 S ec o n d ditto s ‘ Gertrude 20 Popul ar Astro no my 3 R ichardson s Arc ti c B oat Vt ‘ ' Harrison 3 Light ofthe For 8 B ourne O n t h e S cre w PrOpe lle r 4 S e a “ a rd s Narrative ' ‘ 1 ‘ 6 P 1 8 0 !s ra n e 1! D c ona r of S c e nce & c . 4 S t . ohn H . lnd 1an Arch i Hook Lectureson 8 1 l1 eek 9 B d i ti y . J s ) p m re o n r an he 4 Ho e 6 Introduction to criptures 9 Le c tu s O g ic C mistry i o n . S ‘ Ali ridgme n t ofditto 9 Gre sy s Cl Vll E n i ne e ri ng 6 Su he rland rc c Vo yace ' t sA ti ‘ ' ' i 9 D e la B e c lie c o o o fCorn wall &c . 7 “ e ld 5 n e S a e an d Ca n Communicant s Compan on gy , U it d t t s ' W r W Jameson s S ac re d egends 10 G e olo gi ca l O bse n e r 7 e m e sAf ica n and e rin L ‘ ’ W f Monastic Legends 10 D e la R ive 3 E lect ri c ity 7 he e le r s Tra 1 e ls o He r ’ ‘ Le ge nds o f th e M ad onna 1 0 F ar ad a y s Non M e tallic Ele men ts 7 Young s Christ o f History ' Siste rs of Charity 10 He rsche l s Outli ne s o f Ast ronomy 9 ‘ ‘5 1 1 H olla n 9 M e n t: 1 l h olo 9 Jeremy Taylor Works d , P ysi gy ‘ W ork s o f F i t i o n . K i lisc li s Co mme nta ry on E xod us l l H umbo ld t s Aspe cts of Na ture 1 0 c ‘ ‘ k atharin e Ashton 2 0 Co smo s 1 0 Arnold s Os kfie d ' Ki i ' W i hb i p p s s Hymns l l Hun t O n Light 1 0 L i dy ll o y s D ary ’ F' K n n i r'K L i fe o f f “ t h a t K e m n s P h a s m o f 3 1 2 909 ? 1 1 M n e rlo n nlrl gh “a V e ro cc h io PUBLISHED BY

L NGMAN B R WN G R EN and ONG Messrs . L MANS O , O , E , ,

P R N O S R R O W L O N D O N A T E T E , .

der oo er for Pri a e a e Ar o d — e n C k y, v t F mili s , n l Po ms . By Matth ew Ar duced to a. S e m o f a rac ce in a Secon Ser e a o one - r ne w ti yst E sy P ti d i s , b ut thi d ar e of c are u - e e Rece in c ﬁna e ec e ro the o e f 1 8 i s f lly t st d ipts, whi h lly s l t d f m V lum s o e r nc e of aron e and o er e mi 1 852 n ow ra n c 8 vo . ric P i ipl s B Li big th , withd w . F p . p nt Writers have b ee n as much as possible

1 e and e a ne . Z A C N — pli d xpl i d By ELI A TO . Ar o l . 0 akﬁe d or e o ‘ n ld ; , F ll wship i owly re vise d and ni uch e nlarge d dition E a D ARN icul . W . . LD L st y O , it h 8 a e co ri n 2 re a E B Pl t s, mp si g 7 Figu s, nd 58 th Re en e n a Na e Inf gim t , B g l tiv 50 oo c . Fc 8 170 . r ce 8 d W d uts p . p i 7 . 6 . econ d on . 2 o o 8170 . rii S d E iti v ls . p st p

- n. The ea Sea a New o e to - D d R ut Arnott On the Smokeless Fire i d a W o e r ra en and G ean n i : ith th F gm ts l i gs C ne - a e and o e r e an 0 1 him y v lv s, th m s, h a W A EN 1 t e Ca a n . R N E st. By pt i LL , . . , new of o a n n H e a Warmt , bt i i g lthful A or of l Na i S &c . . R . e rra t v ir , uth e of t e M e ARN . D n a on NE . V til ti . By IL OTT, z x edition W M a Woo E n ra erE . v y p ith ps , d g f o a Co e e f &c . o the R o , y l ll g s and ra on in in e o ra g , Illust ti s t t d lith g phy . Clt1D S c an - rao r n ar tc . Physi i Ext di y l o 8 yo . 2 53 vo s . p st . Q ueen ; A uthor o f T/i e Elemenls qf P

8 vo . 69 — &c . . o F. e eoro o ca a g ( ) M t l gi l E ss ys . By B AN IS AR G O C . W an n ro c on A eo ra ca A ith I t du ti by Arrowsmith . G g phi l aron H UM B O D T . ran a e n e r the L T sl t d u d tionnry o f the H oly Scri p ture s : l ncl dence f - e rinten o e . Co on e . S B NE p Li ut l l E A I , als o Notice s of the Chie f Place s and

A . re a rer and v . , T S o. r ce su p i mentione d in the APO CRYPH A . 8 c ' 3 . o . a Cu l th w m rn M A . e Re v A . Anno s . . , , l t

h r a o 8 vc r ce 1 59 . W itchu ch, S l p . . p i The e leorological Essays form the r o e of an n orm Co r Fi st V lum u if py ight n — er a ro 1 7 60 to ’ Austi G m ny f m E nglish Edition of FRANCIS AR AG O S O r S e c e of G er an e ro the Wor ran a e A ra W H , k t h s m Lif f m ks , t sl t d by dmi l . . of the re to the on of the Sm n Co one S NE the Re v D EN Empi Expulsi F , l l ABI , . BA M rs AUS IN. o 8vo . r ce 1 2 WE and M r By . T P st p i . R ER G R N PO LL, OB T A T,

M A . The Po ular Astro n om 2 o . p y, v ls ’ v and the Li e oa a a e ra a c and Po 8 c . v s of Dwiinguislzed J nn B illi s D m ti Scie nt c Me n are in re ara n r co e e in O ne o u e iﬁ , p p tio . Wo ks , mpl t V l m n - h a of the a on M i prisi g t e Pl ys P ssi s , — n e ous ra a M e r ca e e n F 1 in Se ec Wor of th D m s , t i l L g ds , . l t ks e British

ece zi nd Ahal a ase . Se co n E < oe ts ro B en on on t Pi s , y B d o ea e . , f m J s B tti With nc n a ne w e of oanna io ro hical and Cr ca re face i ludi g Lif J B g p iti l P s by D r. ra and ne e S uare with P ort it Vig tt . q I N. Ne w on S e n KI Editi , with uppl m e t by 1 3 c o or 42 9 morocco H 8 vo . 2 . l th ; . by U CY AIKIN con sisting o f additional Sele c ons ro m n P ts ore rece e . 8 yo . r ce 1 85 f m t p p i . r —The ﬂe and the Hou Bake . Ri ld — o . oe . a e Ce on . . W KER . Ar o . S . P ms By M tth w n ld yl By BA , Esq econd on of the Firs t Series e e e ra ra on rin e in Co o r Editi . F p . s v l Illust ti s p t d l u 1 r n ra n s on Woo . 8 vo. r ce 1 4 v0 . ce 5 8 . 6d p i . E g vi g d p i ’ Ba ldon s Art of Va e and o — y luing R nts B de. The Abs ence of P1 ’ a e an d enan R of n er n an d Till g s , T t s ight E t i g Formularie s o f the Churc u n ar e a ne e e ra S e c Q itti g F ms , xpl i d by s v l p i Scriptural and Suitable to a men o f a a on R e ar on the on : e n th m ton L s V lu ti s , with m ks ti B i g e B a p e ' C a on r e on Soi in diﬂe l e nt he R v ultiv ti pu su d ls t e . . . D E By J E BO , S a on . A a e to the Use of an lVe stwell and a e St en itu ti s d pt d L d , l t ud t 0 or an -A e n A ra er ar er , or 8vo. 8 5 . l ds L d g ts , pp is s, F m s , Oxf d . and enan Ne w t on orre c e and T ts . Edi i c t d re e D N LD N W d — O N O SO . S . 1 0 8 6 . vis d by J H A . Bode B allads from Herc

an n ro c or Po e . B er - e e ce of a I t du t y m 5 B keley . R minisc n s Hunts M . A a e S en 0 1 OD E . , , l t tud t man he no r B . t Ho a e G R NT E . By u bl A L Y F Se con on w o r ad d Editi , ith f u ER E E . W o r c n o n B K L Y ith F u Et hi gs by J h 1 mo r ce s 6 . p i 7 . e ec 8 vc . r ce 1 4 9 . L h . p i — ’ o r e . A rea e on ] ac Prac ca rea e on re B u n T tis t Bl k s ti l T tis B wing, ine in A ica on tc g , its ppl ti B ase d on Chemical an d E con omical Princi S e a Na a on an d R ai le s W or ae for u c re er an d t m vig ti , ith F mul P bli B w s , Ar an C . e on i n r r a a e tis lub Edit d byJ nstruct o s , fo e P iv te F mili s . N w New Edition ; with 3 3 Ste el on A on . 8 vo. 1 0 s . 6d. Editi , with dditi s i Woo n ra n 4 o . r d E g vi gs . t p

’ ‘ “ Elaine s Encyclopaedi a of Rural Sports The great m erit of the Or a co e e A cco n or ca rae the vast quantity of i nform , mpl t u t , Hist i l, P i ca an d D e cr e Of un n S oo n affords as to details of con str ti l , s iptiv , H ti g, h ti g , n Rac n an d o her e S or an d re sp ect it seems u nrivalle d Fishi g, i g, t Fi ld p ts ” e c A e en of the re en da a ore of n a a e ac . Athl ti mus m ts p s t . v st st i v lu bl f ts y ’ a nd Arc/ziteot s Joum al. Ne w on . The H n n R ac n and Editi u ti g , i g, all re a e to H or e an d H or e an l tiv s s s m ship , revise d by H RRY H IE OVE R ; Shooting —A rea e on tl A B ourne . T tis an d Fishing by PHE M ER ; an d Coursin g E A peller With various Sugg

M r M . . A . G R W u ar o by AHA ith pw ds r en O N p ove m t . By J H BOU - 60 0 oo c . 8 vo . r ce 5os h al boundf W d uts p i . f Edition ,thoro ughly re vise d With 2 0 large Plate s and m Blai r s Chronologi cal and Hi stori cal r ce 3 8 3 . cuts . p i a e rom the Crea on to the re en T bl s , f ti p s t time With Addition s and Corrections from — Brande A Dictionary of S th e m o st a uthe n tic Writers ; in cludin g the an d Art : Com risin f a n h re , Co a on o St. as co nec n t e tu p mput ti P ul, ti g on and Sc en c e r o ro the o e to the e e D e scripti , i ti P i d f m x d T mpl . ﬁ E K U n er the re o n of Sir H ENR S e very ran ch of H um an d visi Y ELLI , B nd D e ﬁni H e a vo 3 1 3 6d a - 1 c oc the D er a on a E . 8 . . . o o . iv ti . Imp ri l h lf m Terms in G eneral U se . E

an d . R ND E, ﬁ The ree e a e . B A E Bloom eld . G k T st m nt he Secon C V N. T . I W ce ious n No e Cr ica J AU d ith p E glish t s, it l , Phi an d corre cte d i ncluding a S lolo ieal and ana or . ec a l g , Expl t y Esp i l y c 8 vo . numerous Wood uts . form e d for the use of a dvance d Stude nts and

Can a e for H o O1 de i s the Re v. did t s ly By ’ P o e or ra de Lectur A . r F E D . S . N . M D . D ew f B S . ss n s T BLOO I L , , F C e r as a e to d n 2 o o . w M a i ice 2 h mist y , ppli d o . . 8 v £ . E iti v ls ith p, p n n D e n e ac n i cludi g y i g, Bl hi g ’ Dr. Bloomﬁeld s Add ona Anno a on Su ar M an ac re tb iti l t ti s ing uf tu ,

53 . 0 11 the a o ve . 8 vo . r ce 1 o d ann n &c . e b p i of VV o , T i g, d li f the Ro a Instit1 — M e mbers o y l Bloomﬁeld College and School Greek by permi ssion fro m the Lect

a nt r e n No e c e ﬂ . SCOFFERN M . E . Fc . 8 Te st me : With b i fE glish t s , hi y J , p

o o ca an d ana or e e c a c r ce 7 8 6d. Phil l gi l Expl t y, sp i lly uts, p i forme d for use in College s an d the Public h R e O M F E D o . t e v . . Sc o . S T I , P c o o ca In h ls By BL O L Brodie . sy h l gi l hea Ed1 tion E . A . Se en an c er D . D . S . , v th d p , t Serie s o f Essays in tende d

6 NEW WORKS AND NE W E DITIONS

’ The W e a al or e re the ar o Calvert . if s M nu ; , Ch v ul On H m ny ra e r o an d Son on Se era of Co o r and e r A h P y s , Th ughts , gs v l l u s , th i pp ’ on of a M a ron e t he Rev . O cca si s t s Lif . y Ar : n c n a n n B ts I ludi g P i ti g, I

. f “W LI M C LVE R M nor Can on o St . on a e tr e Car e o IL A A T, i ti , T p s i s, p ts, M ’ th a . O rn a en e ro D e n e G az n a e r S a n n Cs P ul s m t d f m sig s by l i g, P p t i i g, ’ A or in the e of Q ueen Eliza beth s e e r res r n n M a 0 0 uth styl L tt p s P i ti g, p

a er B ook. Cro n 8 vo r ce 1 09 . 6d . Pr y w . p i Landscape and Flo wer G Translate d fro m the Fre nch This elegan t volume is admirably adapte d Secon M R TE L . d dition ; for a e n i an d ll n o o in a A E w ddi g g ft, wi , d ubt, th t Cro n vo 1 0 s d w 8 . . 6 . arac e r a one o a n a re a run of o u ch t l , bt i g t p p o is in o g larity. It is all that a b ok of th k d u ht — Clinton Literary Remain e Jal m ull. to b . B C in on A A n e s M . . Fy l t , , uth ' Hel/eizi ci the Fas li Ro ma ni &c — d , , Car e ( or ) . A ar in r an lisl L d Di y Tu kish an Autobio graphy and Lit

G ree Wa e r the R H on . the k t s . By ight an d brie f Essays on Theolo vo . ar of C R SLE . Fi i on . Po 8 l L fth d ti st e the Rev. C. E A I E Edit d by J .

r ce 1 0 s . 6d. p i M . A . o 8 vo 8 6d. P st . 9 .

— h at o . Po u ar o c o o or t e C l w p l C n h l gy ; , o er a o on o a C nv s ti ns B t ny. She ll Cabine t arran ge d ac c ording to the ro e 2 2 a e imp v d with Pl t s . M odern System With a de tail e d Acco un t s d or the a 0 7 . 6 . with Pl tes o f the Animals a nd a comple te D e scriptive List of the Familie s and G e n era Of Recen t — on e . a W C ybear Ess ys , E ccle n d o e s A G NE S C O . a F ssil Sh ll . By ATL Soc a : Re r n e A Secon i on c im ro e 40 5 i l p i t d, with ddi d Ed ti , mu h p v d ; with

Edinbur /t Revie w. ( r o vo . r ce 1 45 . Woo dcut Illust ations . P st 8 p i y By ih CONYE EARE M A a e e l , . l t F l

— Co e e Ca r e . SW . 1 2 Th or i on , ll g , mb idg Cecil . e Stud Farm ; , H nts ree n H or e for the rf the Cha e and B di g s s Tu , s , the Road A res e to reede r Of Race Con beare and o o . dd s d B s y H ws n H or e and H n e r an e ro rie or e f Sa n s s u t s , L d d P p t s, Epistl s o i t Paul n d a n r a e speci lly to Tena t Farme s . By comple te Biography of the

CEC L Fc 8 vc i ron i ece 5s . I . p . . w th F t spi , a Trans lation of his E pis tl C rono o ca r er ] h l gi l O d . By t ’ Cec Re cords of the Chase and M emo r of CONYE RE M EA . A . a e e l il s , i s , , l t F l Ce e ra e S ort e n l ra n o e Co e e Ca r d e an d l b t d p sm Il ust ti g s m ll g , mb i g ; t

O f the U a e of en ime an d co ar n H W S N M A. r nc a of s g s Old T s mp i g O O , . , P i ip l e w r ai n u o e r w e C : o e n on e r oo . th m ith p v li g st ms T g th ith I stituti , Liv p l With an In troduction to m ost of the Fashi on able on Stee l and 1 00 Woodcut

H n n Co n r e an d en r ce 2 . 3 u ti g u t i s ; Comm ts . With p i £ 8 .

Two a e . err n Fc . 8 vo . r ce Pl t s by B H i g . p p i - 7 s . 6d. alf o n — h b u d . Copland . A Dictionary

’ M e ic ne : Co ri n G ene Ceci Sta e Practice r d i mp si g l s bl ; o , Hints on Training the Na re and Trea ent for the r the C a e and the Roa tu tm Tu f, h s , d ; M or Str c re an d the bid u tu s , with Observ ation s on Rac ing and H un t eciall inc e n a t o C at in Wa n Race R in an d H an p y id t l lim g, sti g, id g, di to the differe n t pochs of Li c a in : A re se to ner O f R r E pp g dd s d Ow s ace s, ro s a ro e or ae of un e r and o u pp v d F mul H , er H or e an d to all who t s th s s , m re co en e . M E S C are co ncerne in Racin S ee e C a n m d d By JA d g , t pl h si g, Con ul n i c an to u< and F ox H un n s ti g Phys i Q . Fc . 8 vo e ti g p . with Plat , in -in a o l &c . o Ly g H spit , ls r ce 58 al - ound V p i . h f b . r ce £3 and ar X t p i ; P ts . o X The C ensus of reat ritain in 1 851 G B — Co r n an Acco n of the N m r n r mp isi g u t u be s a d G esy . Ah Encyclop e di a 0 D r on of the eo e e r A e ist ibuti P pl ; th i g s, nee rin H istorieal Theoretica ’ g, , Co n n g al Co n d i t i o n n o n l i n a t in n q sw i rl no u a e ox u ri cxe t B t h e P ai nt i n . B car U H AB LE B L C E S A E m . y g y O K A TL K , P inci les o Scient A re e n f the Ro a r c B a ttin . . R . S . F S . o p f iﬁ g F , . , P sid t y l ion re a ro e w A a e 8 vo r ce 1 68 . , g tly imp v d ; ith c d my . . p i dcut o r Voo s . 8 vo ce . F p . p i 58 . to The E clips e of Faith ; or, a. Visit 8.

58 . Re o Sce c tl dition . Fc . 8 vo . ligi us pti . 7 p ’ - I a oo . The I nv lid s B k n f Th cl e of Fai its A Defence o e E ips th , by Boo k : A Collection of Re cipe s r Author : B e ing a Rej oin der to P rofe sso o o and ar o Co n r e ’ B ks v i us u t i s . Ne wm an 8 Reply : Including a full E xami ’ urable AD C ST. Fc . 8 y o . L Y U p nation of th at Write r s Criticism on the r f r and a Ch a e r on the Characte o Ch ist , pt

M ode rn D e . m Aspe cts and Pre t en sion s of ism o estic Liturg and Family s d y dl ﬁ Oﬂ re e . o 8 vo . 5 . 6 . Second E , vis d P st Two Parts The First Part 1 Se rvice s a dapt e d for D ome stic ’ The Englishman s Greek Concordance of i e rs for e er da of the ee y v y y w k , the New Te stamen t e ing an Atte mpt at a sivelyfrom the B ook of Common B erbal Connexion be twe en the G ree k and 3 co r n an r r V II . mp isi g app op iate the ngli sh Te xts including a Concordance er Sun da in the ar E v y y ye . y B ro r Na e n e e G ree to the P pe m s, with I d x s , k M AS D E M . A . Canon Re AL , , si ~ i and E n lish G reek. Ne w on ’ E ngl sh g Editi , St . a . e con on S . P ul s d , Editi In o a 8vo . r ce 4 2 s . with a new dex . R y l p i re 2 1 s . c o 3 1 3 d a l th ; . 6 . c lf ; tOl' CCO ’ O . The Engli shman s Hebrew and Chaldee Con us M CH PL N 1 2 8 . rdance o f the e a en : e n an FA ILY A AI , c o Old T st m t B i g A e at a e r a Connec on e e en H E D OMESTIC LITUB GY 1 0 8 Gd tt mpt V b l ti b tw , . . the Original and the English Translations — n e e a of the ro er Na e The A with I d x s, List P p m s ngler and his ' rre ce &c . 2 o . ro a and the ir Occu n s, v ls y l Piscatory Coll o quie s and Fish 8 v 3 1 3 3 6d . ar e a er £4 . 1 4 s . 6d . o . £ . . ; l g p p , us. N D V M . D . By JOH A Y , ,

F c 8 ro . r ce 8 p . p i 6 . — Ephemera A Handb ook of Angling ; n -fishin ro l n o o Th l r Teac , T , e Geo ogical Observe . hi g Fly g l i g B tt m - Y D E LAB ECH E ate fishin Sa on fishin ; the Na ra T . , l g, lm g with tu l or of R er an d the e mo e era] of the G e olo gical Survey of Hist y iv Fish , b st d s

EM ER . r in dom Ne w on of Ca c n e . P T g . Editi with t hi g th m By E H A hi d n correc e and im oodcuts o r e 8 a nd c/zea er o , . 8 v . p ic 1 8 . p Editi t d

Fc . 8 vo . 5s . prove d ; with Woo dcuts . p eport on the eology of G m ra —The Book of the Salmon : Com E e e . von and We So er e ph , st m s t. By r n the e or r nc e an d Prac D E LAB E CH E a e p isi g Th y, P i ipl s, T . , l t ce of -ﬁshin for Sa on : of ie re l f t e o ca S e ti Fly g lm Lists o he G ol gi l urv y . goo d Salmon Flie s for e very goo d River i n oo c and 1 2 a e 8 vo . W d uts, Pl t s . the Empire ; the Natural H istory of the a no n H a e cri e and Salmon, ll its k w bits d s b d , the e wa of ar ﬁc a l ree n e x n b st y ti i l y B di g it Treatise o Electricity, W n ero co o re E n rav plaine d . ith um us l u d g 1 rac ce . A . D E LA RIVE P ti y , B EM ER a e AND REW i ngs . y PH ; ssist d by the A a of G e n a In B E A c demy ev . N Fc . 8vo. co o re a e YOU G . with l u d Pl t s, 9 n ero o n p , with um us W od E 9 price 1 4 . 0 1. . 8 vo . r ce 1 8 8 I p i .

— or of i a W. E rskine E s . Hist y Ind Memoirs of Sir Robert , q n er a er an d H a n the r Two l n ra e r M e er of u d B b um yu , Fi st ight, E g v , mb So e re n o f the H o e of a i r . ; n A cade mie s o f D e sign ; and v ig s us T mu By 2 8 - W M E E SKINE . 2 o . 8 vo . 3 . ie -in law An re Lumisden ILLIA , Esq v ls r , d w , ar t o the S ar r nce and t y tu t P i s,

nti uiti s r a Pro e or . The S ec be A q e of Rome . By Fa ad y ( f ss ) ubj t - ISTOU N of D enn istoun . 2 o s . n M e a i c , v l M atte r of Six Lecture s on the No t ll uIllustra tion s 2 1 8 . e e nt de ere e ore the M e er , El m s , liv d b f mb s f th Ro a n on ro fe or o e y l I stituti , by P ss

L &c . Arran e or of e er FABAD AY D . C. y the Auth L tt s , g d by ” ’ he e c rer No e no r en &c . Secon e r on ro t wn F i ds , d p missi f m L tu s t s by T Palm/ 1 3 . 0 b c a

r e . Fc 8 vo . r ce 5s \ b idg p . p i . c an e H N R N C S . l e w Stock Ex h g . By JO F A I

on re i e . 8 ro . 1 0 8 . 6d . Editi , v s d i r — Harry H eove . Stable Ta o c for the li o : 3. Gilbert . L gi Mil n a or S tacles for You f on n . Famili ar Exposition o f the Art o Re as i g T lk ; , IB S 4th i on H RR OVB B . Ne w W G ILB AB T F . R . . y Y By J . . , Ed ti B A

8 vo . or ra r ce 2 as . m 3 8 . 6d . 1 2 o . with Portrai t of the Author. with P t it, p i

- Lo ie for the o n : consi in of Gilbart . g Y u g st g '‘ — - Harry Hieover. 1 he Hunti ng F - n n Twenty ﬁve Le ssons in the Art of Rea so i g . YE R W a e H IE O . ith Two Pl t i aac Wa t . Sele cte d from the Log c of D r. Is t s ~ 8 half bound. m 5 . W . G ILB R F . R . S. 1 2 o . 1 8 . By J. A T, — Harry Hieover. rac ica Hort The Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith . P t l RR H IE OYRR 2 H Y . With i te b B OLTON COB NE E s . s ra e A Ed d y Y, q Illu t t d - 8y o . r ce 5s a o n . Woo n ra n s ro Des ns p i . h lf b u d by d E g vi g , f m ig by S are M e mbers o f the tc hing Club . qu E — r morocco £1 . l 6s . cro n B o . c o 2 1 s . Harr Hi eover. Th e S f w l th , ; , y tud, or po se s and Prac tical M en : ’ - A Na ura So o r in to th e C o ce of a H or e for Gosse . t list s j u n h i s ! for o s HAR R H IE amai ca . . G OSSE . W J . By P H , Esq ith sh w By Y la e Fc . 8 vo . r ce 5s . ha o 8y o . r ce 1 48 . . Plate s . P st p i P t s p p i

’ to The Harr Hieoverr -The ocke an W. . re o r io Mr. R G g s C nt ibut ns y P t n r Re e — a on ol ca and rac ca H n on the M an: Edi bu gh vi w . Ess ys P iti l P ti l i ts c ence Con r e c eﬂ to the S a e H R R H IE o Social S i . t ibut d hi y t bl . By A Y

i L M R . G RE G . i on i or ra Edinburgh Re v ew. By WI LIA Ed ti ; w th P t it of the - 2 o . 8vo . r ce 8 ro . r ce 5 5 . a f o n v ls p i p i h l b u d . — Creamy Historical Sketches ; illustrat - in o e M e ora e e n an d oc a a Dr.) oo and g s m m bl Ev ts Ep hs, H ss ll ( F d i the Rev D to A . R . . from A . . By tion s Comprisin g the R epm

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cp . W) 63 . F S . ri ce 2 8 8 p .

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n ra n ro D es n . S . Woo d g vi gs , f m ig s by E J S oo n . l 0 th on re h ti g Editi , vis G WI . ir i on . 8 vo . 42 s . LT Th d Ed ti o n t o the re en l i e d w P s t m , b ”

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am o . c o i o o Ne w or ra of the A or H ilt n Dis ussi ns in Ph l s phy P t it uth , an d era re ca i on and U n er B ehnes Es and n W . um Lit tu , Edu t iv sity , q ;

Re or . Chi eﬂ ro the Edinbur h Revie w or a e an d oo c f m y f m g t y Pl t s W d uts . c orrec e d n i ca e d e n ar e in No e an d t , vi d t , l g d, t s en i ce Sir W L IAM H MI N A . O pp d s y I L LT , B A — ar e con on . 8 vo . r ce 2 1 s . B t . S d Editi p i Haydon The Life of B enj H a on H to r ca ain er — yd , is i l P t , are (Arc eaco ) . The e of er o a d urn a . H hd n Lif Luth , bi gr phy an Jo ls E - s in or e H or ca n ra n . e d Ton R M . A . F ty ight i t i l E g vi gs By pil by TAYLO ,

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In Me r ss le s on on . 3 o . o 8 [ p e . g , L d v ls p st

10 NEW “FORKS AND NEW EDITIONS

—’ — e ar a e ace re . Se e a1 H owitt . Visit to R m k bl Pl s ; Humph ys ntim nts H a l a e - e an d Scene ll ra Shaks e are : A C a i e Se ec Old l s , B ttl Fi lds , s i ust p l ss ﬁ d l e o f S r in a a e in n is H or D e n on D e cr on and tiv t ik g P ss g s E gl h ist y ﬁ iti s , s ipti s,

an d oe r W I M H OWI . W a e a a e in Shaks e ar P t y . By ILL A TT ith bl P ss g s p n r an d oe W an e a ora e n ume rous Wood En gravi gs . Fi st P ms . ith l b t

e con Ser e M e 8 vo . 2 1 8 . e ac . or e r in the c arac er c S d i s . dium h b d h t isti za e an e r o a e Eli b th P i d , m ssiv ’ ’ W iam Howitt s Bo Co n r B oo ein an d o er e i h en ill y s u t y k ; b g th Emb ll s m ts,

a n r B o r e n e e c e H . N. H UM the Rea l Life o f Co u t y y, w itt x ut d by PH

n all the A e en o 8 vo . r ce 2 1 s . byhini sclf ; e xhi biti g mus m ts, p st p i ea re and r of C re n in the Pl su s, Pu suits hild C n r Ne w on 4 0 Woo ou t y . Editi ; with d t — r 6 8 . e earc e on c F c . 8 vo . ce uts . p p i Hun R s h s L Chemi cal Re lation s embr — n B ’ H w . The Rura ife of E an . o itt l L gl d y sidera tion of all the Pho togra New d on cor WI I M H WITT . , R E R H UN LL A O E iti By OB T T, recte d and revise d ; with Wo odcuts by Physic s in the M e tro polit

u m . 2 1 s . e c an d W l a s . M e 8 c n S e ce . S econ E dition t B wi k i li m di m i d , x vise d ; with e xtensive Addit d an o 8 vO . r e 1 — W odcuts . p ic Hue The Chines e Empire : A Sequel ’ to H uc and G abe t s Jour ney th ong/z Tarta rg/ ' r er - a nd T/nbet. the A é H U C o e on S oo By bb , f m ly Idl Hints h ting,

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r ce 48 c o or 4 8 6d . rO — p i . l th . Johns and Nicolas The Calendar of Rec r of r a o r ’ Victory B eing a o d B itish V l u Kirby and Sp ence s Intr and Con e Se a and an on e r qu st by L d, Ev y n o o o or e en t m l gy ; , l m ts D a in the ear ro the arl e er o E E y Y , f m i st P i d E H istory of In se cts Compris to the a e of n e r ann ro ec e and ttl I k m . P j t d B of noxious and useful I nse cts he a e M a or NS E M co ence t . . mm d by l t j JOH , or o e oo S ra a em m ph s s, F d, t t g c on n e and co e e bv e enan ti u d mpl t d Li ut t Soc e e M o on No e i ti s, ti s , is s, S i o 1 2 8 . 6d . H . N COL RM Fc . B . . P I A , . p n nc &c . Ne w d on I sti t , E iti . a e r ce 3 1 8 6d with Pl t s, p i . . — o on A c o ar of eo ra J hnst Di ti n y G g phy, ’ D e cr e ca S a i cal and B or er a o s iptiv , Physi l, t t sti , ist i Laing s (S. ) Obs v ti ns cal : ormin a com lete G enera G aze eer F g p l tt an d Political State of D en ' of the Wor A . E O NS ON . T T . ld By K I H J H , D uchie s of Sle swick and H o G e o ra er at g ph B e ing the Third Serie s of Not n r in r i nar to H er M a e di bu gh O d y j sty . o . r ce 1 2 9 E 8 v p i . Secon on ro do n to M a d Editi , b ught w y f 1 8 55 in 1 vol . o a e co r n ; p g s , mp isi g ’ n s S. er a ons on 1 Na e of ace r 8 Lai g ( ) Obs v ti a o . 8 vo. c 3 6 b ut m s Pl s p i e . o ca S a e of the u ro c o or a - o n in r a 4 1 8 P liti l t t l th ; h lf b u d ussi , . E p 1 848 and 1 849 : B e ing the

f o Traveller 8 vo . — O Notes f a . Jones (Owen) . Flowers and their Kin ”‘ ‘ re o : A Ser e Of S anza . The First Series in 1 613 d d Th ughts i s t s By ﬁ , M R NNE ea f A Y A BACON. With b uti ul Illus trations of o er e ne an d e e c e Fl w s , d sig d x ut d Dr. Lat a o n ea e c in n a r n n N S A h m Dis s s illumi te d p i ti g by OWE JONE . ec re on S e c connec Ne w n m r a rl r ad L tu s ubj ts t o . e o Nea e . Editi I p i l 8 v . [ y y M e dicine : D ise ases of the He h si ian M M D . P c LATHA , . , E ali c - ori ca and r ca Com K s h . Hist l C iti l the ee n ew d on Q u . N iti . en ar n he a n r o t O e e . D . r ce 1 68 m t y ld T st m t By p i . M — M . A r n o . SC . i or o KALI H , F st P ti Ex dus SIR J M E S M C N OS JO N O RS E R A A KI T H, H F T , RO E R SO E Y S IR W L E R SCO B T UTH , A T TT , Sxa D V D B REWS E R M S M O R E A I T , THO A O

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A List of the WO R KS comp osing the CABINE T C YCLOPE D IA

’ 6d 1 . B ell or of Ru a . 3 ols . 10 8 . . 34 . Lardner on ea s Hist y ssi v l H t ’ l s 35 Lardn ’ B ell s Live s of B riti sh Poets 2 vo s . 7 . er s H ydrostati cs an ’ B re ter O c 1 vol . 3 8 . 6d . Pne at c 3 . ws s pti s um i s ’ ’ 4 Coole M ar e and nland 36. Lardner and Walker Electri . y s itim I s

o 1 0 8 . 6d c and M a net D iscovery 3 v ls . ity g ism ’ 3 M ack l . 1 0 8 . 6d . 7 . n o h or 5 . Cro e o of rance . 3 o ter an w s Hist ry F v s i t s , F s , ’ D e M or an on Pro a l e 1 vol. 3 8 . 6d . Court ena L e of B ri is 6 . g b bi iti s y s iv s t ’ D e Sismondi or of th e S a e en 7 . s Hist y t t sm ’ 38 . M ackint h Wall a al an Re l c ? 1 vol . 3 8 . 6d. os ce and B ell It i pub i s , , ’ D ism i l or of n land 8 . e S ond s Fal of the Hist y E g ‘ 39 . M on o e Ro an 2 ol . s. r and Shell e m Emp i re . v s 7 tg m y y ’ 9 . D ono an Che r 1 vol . 3 s . 6d. e nen al an S anisl: v s mist y mi t It i , p ’ and 1 0 . D ono an D o e t c cono 2 ol . 7s . Por ue e thor v s m s i E my, v s tug s Au s ’ ’ 40 . r 1 1 . D unha S a n and Por al 5 ol . 1 7 . 6d . M oo e or of reland m s p i tug , v s s s Hist y I ’ ’ 4 1 N cola a 1 2 . D unb am s H istor of D en ark . Chronolo of s y m , i s gy Hi t . ’ 42 Philli s s r S eden and Nor a 3 o . 1 08 . eu. . e a e on G eolo . w , w y v ls p T tis gy ’ ’ . 1 3 . D nha or of Poland 1 vol . 3 8 . 6 43 Po ell or of Na ral u m s Hist y d. w s Hist y tu 1 4 D unh a ’ G er an c re 3 ol 1 05 6d . m s m i Empi . v s . . . ’ ’ 5 D nh a uro d r n the 44. Porter rea e on th e M anu 1 . u m s E p e u i g s T tis

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8 vo . r ce 2 1 5 . c o or 3 os ca p i l th ; . lf. ‘ h — M Culloc . A Dicti on 3 . Ano er NEW D N in 3 ITI o s . th E O , v l re ca and H ori c The o ti l, ist fc . Svo r ce 2 1 s p . p i . and Commercia l Navigai ’ 4 . The E E S D ON in 2 o w M a s and Plans ith . P OPL E ITI , v ls . p By r c o n 8 vo . r ce Be. c o . New on an d w p i l th Esq . Editi ; — mass of new an d importai aca a a of A c e o e re ar to the ra e Co m M ul y L ys n i nt R m , with g d T d , I r an d the Ar a a Na a on of i and v y m d . By THOMA S vig ti th s lf B NG N M C vo . r ce 50 5 . c o a L . Ne w i on 8 BA I TO A AU AY Ed ti . p i l th ; h m 1 6 o . r ce 4 5 . 6d. c o or 1 0 5 d p i l th ; . 6 . ‘ o n n or cc — b u d i o o. i i m M Culloch . A D ct onar

’ a ca and or en St tisti l, Hist i Mr. aca a a of A c ul y s ys n ient Rome . M L n r e ace and Co u t i s , Pl s, I W n ero l s ra on r na an d ith um us, I lu t ti s , O igi l in the orld Obj e cts W . By ro the An e ra n on Woo f m tiqu , d w d by ra e ix Esq . Illust t d with S G eor e Scar Jun and en ra e Sa e g f, g v d by mu l E dition re vise d a Su , ; with l a W . N w o e n . Fc . 4to . r ce i li ms Editi p p i r c 3 s vo e 6 . 8 . p i 2 1 s . oar or 42 s . o n in oroc b ds b u d m co. ‘ h —An Ac i — M Culloc . con Mac D onald Within and With out : A and S a ca o f the t tisti l, D ra a c oe . G EORG E M AO ON m ti P m y D LD . B A n en Cro n 8vo s 6 d Exhibiti g its Ext t, P 7 . w . . o ula on n r and P p ti , I dust y,

- n on . . R . ac o a . V a Verocchio or th I stituti s y M d n ld ill ; , e B J Fo r i on re e Yo of eonar o da nc u th d ti , vis d ; uth L d Vi i : A Tale . By E of a le . 2 o . 8 vo . ri the a e D N OU S M CD ON T b s v ls p l t IA A L I A A ALD .

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E . H E . , F . G . S . Secon d on R ER M E S M A : d E iti , By OB T JA W itll s e v e r a l M a n n p a nt Q n 1 S ED BY NG MAN R WN AND 0 0 . 1 5 P UBLI H LO , B O ,

' ’ m s Conversations on Ch emis Maunder s Historical Treasury ; co in f h the Ele me nts o f tha t Science prising a G e neral Introductory Outl e O U n e r a H or Anc e n and M o ern rly explaine d an d illustrate d by iv s l ist y, i t d , Ne w on e n ar e and and a Se r e of e ara e H or e o f e ve r Editi , l g d i s s p t ist i s y r nc a Na on a e e r R e fc . 8 o . r ce 1 4 8 . , 2 vols . p v p i i ip l ti th t xists th i is pre re and re en Con on the M ora g ss , P s t diti , l ’ s Conversations on Natural and Social Character of the ir re spe ctive in e on nner an Cus f ha an e ir R , M a d in which the Elem ents o bit ts, th ligi s & &c Ne w on re e ro Ne w o , c . . ; 3 are familiarly explained . t ms Editi vis d th ugh

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on . Fc vo . r ce 1 0 5 . c o o n compreh ending the E le Editi p . 8 p i l th b u d Ology ; otan eir A ca on in roan 1 2 s . ca e e re 1 2 . 6 d . y, with th ppli ti , lf l tt d, s re New on tu . . Editi ; with 4 c . 8 vo . r ce s . p p i 9 ’ Maunder s Treasury of Natural History ’ t s o er a o on a O r a o ar D c onar o f An mate C nv s ti ns L nd , P pul i ti y i d Ne w on re e and Na re In c the Zoo o ca C arac er Editi , vis d tu whi h l gi l h t isti s a n the i feren C a e a co o re M a e n c th t disti guish d f t l ss s, with l u d p , sh wi g n re ne a rative A of M o n n G e era and S ec e , a co ltitude u tai s . , p i s mbi d with ‘ ar e o f n ere n n or a on i ra e bI ICO 5 8 . 6d v i ty i t sti g I f m ti llust tiv . of the H a n n c an d G enera E co bits , I sti ts , l m h n n W 0 0 no f t e A a o . 9 and Molehills ; y O im l Ki gd m ith Mountains

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o . o 8 vo . 7 s . 6d . eac . e ra e ero e a e &c . The v ls p st h P e g num us us ful T bl s , en e i on care re e and diseeu i Com risin Tw ti th Ed ti , fully vis d an es. p g Essays i o e A i n ’ corre cte d throughout : W th s m dd tio s . stle Arno Li n re y, ld s fe a d Cor F c . vo . r ce 1 0 5 . c o bound in roan p 8 p i l th ; , C rc an d a e r hu h St t , The odo e 2 a f e ere 1 2 8 . d . “ 1 s . c l l tt d, 6 Lscourse o Reli i n e f g o , Phas s of C rc of n an and the hu h E gl d, — he C rc e ME AR er a e. A or of the o a hu h s . By JA S M M iv l Hist y R m ns ost 8 vo . 93 . n er the re . the R v C R E S u d Empi By e . HA L ’ R E D a F l w f t h M E IV D . e c lo o S . O n s AL , . , l t J Church History in England Co e e Ca r e o . to . vo . ll g , mb idg . V ls I . III 8 tch of the H or of the C rc r e 2 . 2 8 ist y hu h p ic £ . fro the ar e e to th m E li st Tim s e ‘ ‘ o . . and com ris in d u us lus J V ls IV V. , p g g the R e or a on the Re v f m ti . y . B and the Claudia! Caesars are in the re , p ss . AR TINE AU , M . A . 1 2mo. Gs .

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th la nd oo c S a 4to . 55 . VW P te s a W d uts . m ll print e d in Ruby Type ; ra e W H o ro — g v d by . ll , f m r The r ea A c e and - e . i i R . A Crom i 8 Miln C im , its n i nt Ph ll ps , . v r H a a 2 5 M o ern H s or : The an the S an o occ o d 1 . d i t y Kh s , ult s , m by y y, i an d the Czars With Ske tche s of its Scenery c omple te in 1 vol . m e d um an d n e 2 . M NE R e 1 5 . c o an d o a on. the Re v . P pul ti By T IL , Vig tt , l th a 5 —An o r 1 w 3 M a d 4 2 . e in M . A . o 8 vo . , P st ith ps, y, th , rt ra d 1 a r c e 1 0 5 . 6 d o an 9 p i . with P it, Pl t — Th e Ba i c Its Ga e S ore and ’ Milner. lt ; t s , h s , Moore s Irish Melodi es - a o of the h e ea Citie s z With N tice W it S . ’ Ne w Edition of ﬂf oore s Ir M E R M . A . he Rev . N y t . T IL , , B trate d with Twe lve Stee l M a r ce 1 0 5 6d o o . . P st 8 v . with p, p i from O rigin al D e sign s by ’ 1 W . C RE A . r . C. R D . Hilmar s History of the Church of Ch ist O , H R ev S C T . . With Addition s by the late . I AA

A . . E G R A Ne w i on P G ; W . R D . F . . S . M NE D . IL , , Ed ti

IV. . F RITH R . A . t h R e T , . re s e a on a No e t e v. J vi d, with dditi l t s by

W . . R ST Fm o r ce 52 5 . F O G R N M R D . 4 o . 8 v . T . A THA , v ls p i E C RS E G — . E . HO L Y ; Montgomery M emoirs of the Life and U niform with the Illus t ’

M o re ll k/z. S i Writings Of Jame s M on tgomery : Including o s La a Roo q e ec on ro his Corre on e nce Re a n S l ti s f m sp d , m i s

in ro e and ers e and Con e r a on . P s V , v s ti s By ’ N and MB VE RET W Moore r s Me o i e . JOH H OLLAND JA S E T . ith s I i h l d s

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o e or ra and n e e . S uare V lum with P t it Vig tt q Note s fro m the collective e

c ro n 8 vo . r ce 1 0 5 . 6d . cloth orocco w p i ; m , Poetical Works the A er , dv ti — fc ’ 1 Or in 4 o . . y o 2 5 . 8 . or ra , v ls p with P t it, re e to the flf eloa ies p fix d , and o er la e r ce 1 45 7 th P t s p i . he A r m t o . 3 2 o . 2 8 uth . m in 1 6 o . ne e ’ with Vig tt , a e Mo t o er Or a m orocco e a J m s n g m y s igin l Hy ns m by H yd y . for c oc al and r a e e n Publi , S i , P iv t D votio . 1 8m r e 5 5 6 d o. p ic . . ’ Moore s Lalla Rookh — R ance W 1 3 hi l Moore The Power of the Soul over the om . ith g “ a e r D e n CO o con ere in re a ion to H e a an d Pl t s f om sig s by B dy, sid d l t lth ‘ and Ste hanofl en ra e M ora G E G E M RE M M p , g v d . R O . D . e er ls By O O , , mb n en ence of the a e h C a. of the Ro a Co e e of c an I i ic i t d l t y l ll g Physi i s . i/t

i on . S are crown an d c ea er Edition Fc 8 vo r e 65 d ti qu . . c . E h p p . p i c o oroc o 2 85 . l th ; m c , r —M d M B Moo e an an his otive s . y George ’ M ore all a Roo New M R M M m r of he o s L kh . E . D . e be t Ro a Co e e OO , , y l ll g o f c an l and in D a on T e ; . ird c ea er di i m d yp with Physi i s h p E tion . No e ro the co e c e e F c 8 ro r ce 65 . p . s p i t s f m ll tiv i Works and a r .P oel ca l , F '‘ “ ( mm — l l i n “ o ni o n 1' V a l Tn I

1 8 NEW WORKS AND NE W EDITIONS

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F c . 8 v with O Odcuts n : &c . o . W . r n emini s ce c p , 7 s Comp isi g R P olitical Life in Lon don ’ Peschel s e e of c . ra r El m nts Physi s T ns that pe i od . a e ro the G er a n No e l t d f m m , with t s , by ’

W D and o c . WE S . a ram Wo Gui . eece e ical E T ith i g s d uts Dr. R s M d

f . o 2 1 5 . o c 8 v . 3 v ls . of the C er H ea Of p l gy , ds and unior M e di cal P r ‘ J —A o r o the M Pfeiﬁer. Second J u ney R und prising a comple te od n d a rac ca rea i e on r M a a e ID A P PB IP P B R 2 o . a Wo ld . By d m . v ls P ti l T t s S o Ca s e re vO Just read . po st 8 . [ y ympt ms, u s , P v P alliation of the D ise as e — a e W th o o an r . Phillip s A Guide to Geol gy. By J hn Hum F m ith Rea er in the feren de artme r i li M . . F . R S . D e A . dif t p Ph l ps , puty d Art M a eria M e i ca in Ge o logy in the U n iversity Of Oxford , t d , i on correc e an d Hon orary M e mber of the Imp erial Aca de my Ed ti , t d ’

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o vo . r ce 2 1 5 P st 8 p i . ’ Phillips s Elementary Introducti on to ’ Ne w on e en e Sir . c ar o Jet Mi nera o . A l gy Editi , with xt siv J Ri h ds n s n H R O E R r Al tera on an d A o . . o a e r o e t ti s dditi s , by J B O K , V y g th ugh up

M E R M A . an H . in of d W . . i Sea Se ar c ILL , , Ar c t c , h t Pro fe ss or of M in eralogy in the un der Co mma n d Of Sir J0 n e ro U n iversity of Cambridge . With um us an A pen di x on the Phy s 7 Woo n ra n . o 81 0 . r ce 1 8 5 . NortiiA er ca a M a d E g vi gs P st p i m i p , 5: 2 o . 8 vo . r ce cuts . v ls p i P — o ce and oo er of iscator. The Ch i C k y

v 5 6d . ca ea e F c . 8 o . s . Fis h : A Practi l Tr tis . p Rich ardson ( Captain) . ' Or the Art Of R in an d , id g C aptain Portlock s Rep ort on the Geology a dapt e d to the G uidance f the Co n Of on on err and O f ar o u ty L d d y, P ts tleme n o n the Ro ad and i n d er ana e a in e an d of Tyrone a F m gh, x m d In struction s forB re akin g e cr e n er the A or Of th e M a er d s ib d u d uth ity st r Ca ain R] H o se s . y pt witl1 B ar f r nan ce 8 vo . G e n eral and o d O O d . B th e 4 th Light D ra goon 48 ate r ce 245 . Pl s, p i are crO E ngravings . Squ P — h r of th e owell . Essays on t e Spi it a o n ct o o the U n of Wor s Ri ckards . Popul ti n I du ive Phil s phy , ity ld , on the e n a Co r e of Lectur and the Philo so phy of Cre ati . By B i g u s v th e U ni e r of or Re . B AD EN P OWELL, v sity Oxf d R R CH R D Savilian Profe ssor of G e ome try in the By G E O G E K . I A ’ Riddle s C opious and Critical atin L — n s e con o n e on the G erm an St . o H Th E gli h L xi , f u d d J hn ( . ) e Indi an a n D c onar e of D r W a re n L ti i ti i s . illi m F u d . Its History and Pre sen t Stat Ne w nd bea r n ? a c e o . o 41t0 . 3 1 8 p diti P st . 6d. S N A or of l e B ri E JOH , uth

India &c . 2 o . o 8 o , v ls p st v .

’ ’ Rivers s Rose -Amateur s Guide contai n ~ Th Sa e our xa e . ing ample D e scription s of all the ﬁne le adin g ints E mpl ar e e of R o e re ar c a e in of Letters to M Unknown Fri v i ti s s s , gul ly l ss d the ir y

8 vo. r ce 3 re spe ctive Familie s the ir H istory and p i 7 .

mo e o f C re . F on correc e d ultu ifth Editi , t d and ro e nc n a ll Acco n of imp v d ; i ludi g fu u t Sc z — ’ hmit . History of Gree the Author s experie nce in the Culture of i arlie st Time s to the Takin R o e n o Fc vo . r E 8 ce 3 8 . 6d s s P ts . p . p i . the Ro an 1 46 a i m s , , m i ’ o Thirlwall s H or ’ Bish p ist y Dr. . o o ree and D r E R bins n s G k English . E N A RD Scnm rz F L O H , e con to the G ree e a en A Ne w o f the H L xi k T st m t . igh Schoo l of E di on re e and in r a ar r - on 2 m e e r en . 1 o r ce 9 . 6 Editi , vis d g t p t w itt . Editi . p i 7

8 vo . r ce 1 8 p i s . — Scrivenon or of the ’ Hist y Mr. e r Ro ers s E a e ec e ro H n y g ss ys s l t d f m from the Earlie st Records Con r on to the Edinbur h Review. er o H R R SCR t ibuti s g P i d . By A Y IVE n Sec on a d cbea er on A on . T/ze Ra d p Editi , with dditi s ilways of 1118 United

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’ e Ro r M r. H nry ge s s Additional Essays ’ Sir Edward Seaward s Nai ro the Edinbur hReview r n f m g , p i te d uniformly S i wre c and con e n h p k , s que t the First Edition and or with , f ming a Tbird ce rtain Islan ds in the C o e 8 vo . 1 0 s 6d . V lum . . ir n o . 2 ol o t Th d Editi v s . p s AB R D G ME N i m n 1 6 o . r ’ I T, p ice r o e D . R g t s Thesaurus of English Words an d Phra se s Classiﬁe d and arrange d so as to Se -Denial the Pre aratio fac ilita te the Expre ssion of Ide as an d a ssi st lf p the A or f Lette rs in e rar Co o on . ir on o t Lit y mp siti Th d Editi , By uth

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ore con en e n or . Cro n 8 vo . 1 0 s 6d m v i t f m w . . The Sermon in the Mount ’ Rowt on s e a er : A Seri e of co e e W n a f t m t 0 . n or l D b s pl hitti gh m , u i m y D e a e l ne of D e a e an d e on B ible oun and c a e b t s, Out i s b t s, Q u sti s b d l sp d . for D c on a e Re ere nce E i htee n ence is ussi with mpl f s g p . to the be st Source s of Informa tion on eac a c Ne w i n ’ r ar o c . o . h p ti ul T pi d ti Fc . E p Sharp s New British Gazeti 8 vo . r ce s p i G . graphical D ictionary of the an d Narro a o m isin er f A N w w Se s C pr Lett s o Rach el L ady Russ ell . e s cri tions o f a o S i on nc n e era n i e Le t p b ut ixty Th d ti , i ludi g s v l u publ sh d E Sea Na ra e a re and e r o e er o e e e M ts , tu l F tu s, t s , t g th with th s dit d by iss fo un de d on the be st A uthori E RR . W or ra ne e Y ith P t its , Vig tt s , and B ticvlars of the o n ar e R B u d i s, ac e 2 o o 8 vo . r ce 1 5s . F simil . v ls . p st p i or &c . of the ar a e n t s, P li m t with a refere nce un der e ve The W Life of illiam L ord Russell . By Shee t of the O rdnance Survey the R H n or OH N R SSE M P le te d and an A end o . J . ight L d U LL, . p pp ix , The o r on co e e in O ne G enera e of the Re o rc e s F u th Editi , mpl t l Vi w s u o me a r ra e n ra e on S ee n o 3 S ort Chronc V lu with Po t it g v d t l Ki gd m , h

b S . e in rom the or na Sir e e r A rac of Ce r a n Re s t y B ll , f igi l by P t bst t t i ul Ce n 2 e at Wo rn A e . o S 1 0 8 . 6d . o . 8 y o . r ce L ly bu bb y P st W . . sus v ls p i ~ 2 0 NEW WORKS AND NEW ED ITIONS — . a — Am er er a . Sewell . y H b t By dy r L Sinclair. The Jou ney M D SE WE B . h R W . e t e ev . dit d by ILLIA LL , C E R NE S N C AI R Au E ATH I I L , ' e o an d T or of e er Co e e or . F ll w ut x t ll g , Oxf d ness Li Ne w o E of f e . Editi o c 8 vo . r ce 6s F . . Ne w diti n . p i p e nlar e F c . 8 vo 5 s . E g d . p . — ’ h Se e . The ar a er. t e w ll E l s D ught By Sir oger De C o erley . h R v A or of Am Herbert. e t e Rev. uth y Edit d by a or No an t t . With te s d fc vo . 8 . E D 2 o . . 8 9 W . S WE B . . LL, v ls p H E NR W S an d l W . Y ILL ; n r n i gs f o m De sig s by F . - a . the Se el . ertr de : A e B nd b a d n r w l G u T l y a e e p er E itio . C o

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vo r ce 6 s . 8 . p i ' — Smee s Elements of Elec Se e . Laneton Par o a e A a e for w ll s n g T l rd on re e co Thi Editi , vis d , ren on the rac cal U se of a or on Child , P ti p ti siderably e nlarge d ; with

of the C rc Ca ec i . the A o r hu h t h sm By uth n umerous Woo dcuts o t . P s e the Rev W . of Amy Herbert. Edit d by .

i on 3 o . fc ’ - D Ne w . . SE WE B . . LL, Ed ti v ls p S A mith s Sacre d nnals . rice Hi s. 8 ve . p ol The G en e V . III . til — Histo ry an d Religion 0 lVIar aret erci a . the Sewell . g P v l By A r an a oni an ssy i s , B byl s , e the Re v . Author of Amy Herbe rt. dit d by E G re e an d R o an co e di n 2 ks , m s, ll w o o . B . D Ne . EWE . W . S LL , ti v ls E a or and H o Scri tu 1 2 s uth s ly p 8 vo . r ce . fcp . p i the re ce n t di sco verie s in B the s a me Author and Assyrian In scription s y , ple te conn e ctio n of Sacred

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1 2 3 . 8vo . r ce fcp . p i B the s ame A N w y f e . e The E xperience o Lif Edition . S cred Anna l The 6d a ls : Vo . I . 8 o . r ce 9 . . Fcp . v p i 7 or Re earc e n o the , s h s i t li ion o f M an n d ro Readings for a Month prep aratory to g ki , f m the W orld to the D e ath Con ﬁrmation Compile d fro m the Wo rks o f 8vo . 1 0 s . Writers of the E arly an d of the E nglish r 5 5 6d c 8 vo . ce . . C r c . F . acre d Anna Vol Th hu h p p i S ls : . II . o r The H or and , ist y ea i for er Da e : Gom rael e ro the r n R d ngs Ev y y in L nt Is it s , f m O igi f he ime o C r . In pile d from the Writin gs of BISHOP JE REM Y t T h ist

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r ce 2 8 s . Ne w on in o c e o e 3 6 p i Editi , P k t V lum s with Woo c ro D e n Smirke H o ar ’ d uts , f m sig s by , w d, h R S e S T e ev. ydn y mith s d o e r Ar f o . 3 os an 6 o . c . 8 v . th tists . v ls p W orks Including his Con “ A R R D N the a e di n r Re e . re W LIB A Y E ITIO , with s m E bu gh vi w Th

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ne e i e r ce 2 8 s . with Vig tt T tl s, p i ’ Sharon Turn er s Histo — h during the Mi ddle Age s W. T Thoms on (the Rev. ) e Atoning R e ign s from t he Norm al r f C r re e e in relation to o e Wo k o h ist, vi w d s m A cce ssion of H enry VII c rre n T e or e ; in a on Le c u t h i s Eight B mpt the re vise d by Rev. S . ure n e ro No e . the Re v . t s, with um us t s By r ce 50 8 . 8 vo . p i M A . e o and or f M S N . o W . THO O , , F ll w Tut ’ ’

een Co e e x or . 8 vo . 8 8 . Q u s ll g , O f d Sharon Turner s Histon Sa on ro the ar e x s , f m E li - W. An O line of the omson the Rev . Th ( ) ut r an Con e The No m qu st . L aws of Thought : e in g a Tre a tise on B e e t he Re . r vis d by v S.

re and A l e o c . the Rev. W . Pu pp i d L gi y r ce 3 6 8 B 8 vo . p i . M A i r d n e n ar e TH oM SON . . o . , Th d E iti , l g d ’

F c . 8 vo . r ce 7 8 . 6d . r o a a 0 p p i Dr. Tu t n s M nu l Fre sh - water Shells of th ’ f r r hom o a e o I te e t, at h ee, A Ne w on w cons T s n s T bl s n s T Editi , ith - d- a - H al and r Cen N D W RD G R o r o r an e e . F u , F u f, Fiv p t , by JOH E A AY

ro O ne o n to Ten o an and rom an d 1 2 co oure a e . f m P u d Th us d, f l d Pl t s 1 to 365 D a in a re ar ro re on of ys, gul p g ssi — e and Single D ays ; with Inte re st at all the above Twining Typ s Ra e fro O ne to e e M on and e ra e th e t s , m Tw lv ths , Bibl , Illust t d by d M dl e A e o O ne to Ten e ar . Al o n ero an . fr m Y s s , um us id g s o e r a e of c an e e an d Dis W N NG A or o f S n th T bl s Ex h g Tim , T I I , uth y w i on gmo r o Ea rl a nd Mediee va l 011 oun Ne . . ce 8 8 . c ts . Ed ti p i f y 54 a e co r n 2 Pl t s , mp isi g ’ o e o 4to . 2 1 s . Thoms n s S as ns . E dited by B olton

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C RNE . us ra e w 7 7 ﬁne ’ O Y, Esq Ill t t d ith Dr. Ure s Dictionary of Woo d ngravin gs fro m D e sign s by M em E t re and M n e Con ai f he in u s, i s t er o t tc C b. S are cro n v b s E h g lu qu w 8 o . sitiou of their Princip 2 1 8 . c o or 3 68 . o n in orocco l th ; , b u d m . o r on c e F u th Editi , mu h the Information comp rise e or Ver The Thumb Bibl ; , bum Sempi of Recent Improvements ternum R . e n an . By J . TAYLO B i g Epi the Pre sen t Time an d in o e of the O an d Ne w Te a e n in t m ld st m ts of the Article s be ing e n is er e Re r n r h V . e o t e i on E gl h s p i t d f m Ed ti an d many ne w Article s f 1 69 3 o n and c a e 4m O 6 o . 1 8 . 6d . b u d l sp d . With ne arly Wood r ce 60 8 p i . — r T ooke . History of P ices and of the — h e r S a e of the C rc la on ro 1 84 7 to the Ve se . moi s of t t t i u ti , f m M c o e f 1 854 M S oox E tocrac an d D o ac o R . . T F . S l s By THO A , . y, ipl m y r E H SE ran With Contribution s by WILLIAM NEW D . E . V . T slate

M RC e n the F and con c d n R NZ D E M M LE R . A H . B i g ifth lu i g by F A ’ o e of ooke His tor ricee an V lum T s y q , with — W . n e to the o e or aterton Essays on 8 vo . I d x wh l w k . c e ﬂ rn o o hi y O ith l gy . By — W an A o o ra Townsend The Live s of Twelve Emi ith ut bi g phy e of Wa o a l ’ Vi ws lt n H l . nen t Judge s of the Last an d of the Pre s en t ' on . 2 o fc . 8 vc ‘ Editi v ls . p Cen r . W C WNSE ND M . A . tu y By . . TO , Esq . , , Se ara e : Vol . . . C r p t ly I (F . 2 o . 8vo . ce 2 88 Q v ls p i . l S Vo . . e con er e II ( d S i s) ,

’ ! — Towns end. Modern State Trials revis ed ’ Al aric Watts s Lyrics oi and ll ra e a an d No i ust t d with ss ys te s . y E B o er oe th P ms . With W C . E . OWNS ND M A C . 2 o . T , sq . . . Q E v ls ne n ra n e ec e 0 Li E g vi gs , x ut 8 vo . r ce 3 8 . p i ‘ ’ w n r l: l h f lu x m n e t W 1 D D D L V A 11 L a U “ .

Lis t of 4 3 VOLUME S a lrea dy public/zed.

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