I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 103-118 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES IN BIOSCIENCES, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

© VMS RESEARCH FOUNDATION www.ijrbat.in

POTENTIAL USE OF WILD EDIBLE PLANTS FROM ARJUNI MORGAON TEHSIL OF DISTRICT (MS),

Zode Ravindra1 Walay Tagade1, Mahesh Kawale2 and Chaturvedi Alka3 1Department of Botany, C. J. Patel College, 2Department of Botany, D. B. Science College, Gondia 3Department of Botany, RTMN University, *Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Revision : 08.01.2020 Communicated : 21.12.19 Published: 30.01.2020 Accepted : 26.01.2020

ABSTRACT: Wild edible medicinal plants play important contribution to the livelihood of the households who gather and consume them. The use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is well known. Wild edible plants play a significant role in the sustenance of forest people residing in forested areas. A scientific study of edible wild plants is important for pin pointing the potential sources which could be even utilized at the time of scarcity and cultivated as well as a source of food for the growing population. In view of this, the present work was undertaken which documents as many as 60 plant species belonging to 55 genera and 41families. Survey of wild edible medicinal plants has been carried out in 10 villages of Arjuni Mor tehsil of , , India. The study showed that the plants used are either eaten raw, cooked by boiling in water, frying in oil or baked to be served as dishes such as stew, salad as hot drink.

Key words: - Wild edible plant, NTFPs, forest dwellers and Traditional knowledge.

INTRODUCTION: The usage of wild edible plants is also common in many European countries. For example, several Millions of people in many developing countries hundred wild plants are being used in human depend on wild resources including wild edible nutrition in Italy (Guarrera, 2003). In other parts plants to meet their food needs especially in of the world, such as in southeastern Asia, wild periods of food crisis (Balemie and Kebebew 2006). plants are highly valued as an important food Many wild edible plants are nutritionally rich (Ogle source, as well. Investigations carried out by Britta and Grivetti 1985) and can supplement nutritional et al., (2003) have showed that over 90 species of requirements, especially vitamins and edible wild plants are being used in Vietnam, of micronutrients. Kaur et al., (2011) studied on which many are also a necessary part of human nutritional aspects of unconventional food medicine. Usage of wild edible plants as a nutrition consumed by gond and korku tribes inhabiting in is well documented among inhabitants of South . Realizing this fact, the use and America, where several hundred species have been conservation of wild edible plants in India has recorded (Ladio&Lozada, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, been emphasized by Arora and Pandey (1996).

2001, 2004; Hanazakiet al., 2000). 103 Page

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The utilization of wild plants and animals NTFPs products from forest area. These villages continues to greatly benefit society to this day, were chosen on the basis of forest area, their from processes mostly involving local location in and around the forests. In each village experimentation through indigenous and local 5 households were sampled also by random knowledge (Ladio and Lozada, 2004; Scherreret al., sampling. Therefore, total number of household 2005). surveyed was fifteen. In Maharashtra, Susala Island of Pune district Data collection: studied by Vartak and Suryanarayana (1995) have The field data was collected during 2015 to 2016 reported 130 wild edible plants, which provide food through survey. The study includes primary during food scarcity and famine. Zode et al. (2016) sources of data. The Primary data was collected reported the forest products in the form of NTFPs through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), group in Nagbhir tehsil of district (MS) and discussion, semi-structured interviews and stated the importance in the socio-economic household survey (Martin, 1995; Prettyet al., security net on the forest dwellers. 1995). The questionnaire was prepared after Similarly Zode et al. (2014) estimated that, total 45 extensive preliminary survey that helped to select plants were identified as NTFPs. Out of 45 plants, the relevant villages for sampling in the study 26 plants were observed as Edible, 4 plants were area. The information was collected through used for construction purposes and 15 and 31 personal conversation with local inhabitants and plants are used for commercial and medicinal tribal peoples and also through market surveys. purposes, respectively in Tirora tehsil of Gondia Gondia were contacted to collect the information district. regarding edible plants of that particular region. Zode et al. (2015) studied in few villages of Gondia The data was also generated for preparation of district and observed that, the people of the region some recipes.Interviews were conducted in are living in remote area which is covered by large selected villages. The questionnaire was made to forest and therefore they are more dependent on pre-testing during initial survey to improve it. the NTFPs. He also analysed that, Tribal peoples Questions were asked in local language i.e. in are more dependent on NTFPs. Marathi and Hindi. Each respondent gave about In view of this, the present authors felt the 10-20 minutes for interview.Documentation and urgency of documenting the indigenous traditional correct identification of the species was done in the knowledge from the local inhabitants the edible field itself. The identity of some of the taxa was use of wild plants growing in their ambience. confirmed on the basis of specimens which are prepared from the collection by referring the MATERIAL & METHODS available literature, viz., The Flora of the Study area: Presidency of Bombay (Cooke, 1901-1908); Flora of

Selection of villages and sampling design: Maharashtra State (Sharma et al., 1996, Singh

The study was carried out in the Arjuni Mor tehsil &Karthikeyan, 2000, and Singh et al., 2001); Flora

of Gondia district (Figure 1.1 & 1.2). The present of Maharashtra (Almeida, 1996-2004). 104 study has been restricted to 10 forest villages of RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Arjuni Mor where majority of the tribal gather Page

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Since the people are associated with Traditional contribute 3 species each. Two species of knowledge (TK) about uses in edible purpose have Amaranthacea, Annonacea, Apocynaceae, been systematically arranged. Non-timber forest Boraginacea, Cucurbitacea, Euphorbiaceae, products (NTFPs) are wild plant products Mimosaceae, Rutaceacea were recorded to be in harvested from forests. Since NTFPs play an use. Among monocots the mostly used families important role in the livelihood of rural and forest- areAraceae,Dioscoriaceae, Poaceae which dwelling communities contribute two species in use as NTFPs in the An analysis of the wild edible species concerned study area (Figure 1.4). with the documented TK and dependence of the An analysis of habit of the NTFPs generating forest dwellers residing in study areas shows that species reveals that out of 60 NTFPs species 28 (46 angiosperms have major contribution in the “non- %) are trees, 10 (17 %) shrubs, 16 (27 %) herbs timber forest products” used in edible purpose. and 4 (7 %) climbers and remaining 2 (3 %) are There are total 60NTFPs species of 55 genera fungi (Figure 1.5). Tree species are exploited more representing 41 families used in edible purpose. Of than others i.e. shrubs, herbs and climbers. A these, 45 species of 41 genera belong to 30 good number of species of herbs is used in families of Dicotyledons. The Monocotyledons on contrast to shrubs and climbers. This observation the other hand contribute to NTFPs in the form of is rather encouraging from conservational purview, 11 species; belong to 10 genera of 7 families. Thus since the indigenous traditional knowledge was the dicots appear to be more used than monocots, found to spare trees from felling. The knowledge of the ratio at the level of families, genera and species the forest dwellers regarding non-timber use of being 4:2, 4:3 and 4:5 respectively (Table 1.1). wide range of species of trees thus deserves Therefore, it concludes that greater dependency of appreciation. Since, the non-timber use of trees the forest dwellers is on dicots than monocots has a direct bearing on sustenance of the (Figure 1.3). community together with stability of the This might lead to their depletion if the ecosystem. consumption is ruthless and irrational. As such Furthermore, the heterogeneity as observed in the there should be a periodic investigation of the flora plant habit based vertical stratification of the of the place together with the assessment of their forest community seems to have been maintained exploitation. by the forest dwellers, which is apparent from the In addition to the angiosperms, the documented use pattern of herbs, shrubs and climbers. Use of NTFPs include two family, genus and species of a few species of herbs and low number of shrubs Pteridophyte, the name of the species being means lesser interference with and exploitation of Marsileaquadrifoliaand Lygodiumflexuosum the forest floor and under stories thus affording at whereas two family, genus and species of fungi, least a three-story vertical stratification.

the name of the species is Termitomyces species Maintenance of this kind of vertical stratification is and Agaricus species. of prime importance in rendering stability to the

Mostly used family from Dicot is Caesalpinaceae, forest ecosystem. As the forest is associated with 105 contributing 4 species towards NTFPs followed by human settlement, different biotic and

Anacardiaceae, Rhamnaceae, each of which anthropogenic stress factors, chances for the Page

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impoverishment of the flora are not unlikely. As cooked, raw and pickled and used as flavouring such, the Forest Department has been planting agents. From the 60 wild edible plants, 24 species many of the indigenous species periodically for are eaten raw, 24 species cooked as vegetable and promoting ecological welfare of the forest in some 3 plant species eaten as raw as well as cooked. As occasions. many as 4 plant species used for both purpose The results of the present study revealed that the such as to prepare pickled or chatney and also status of total 60 NTFPs species in the study area eaten as raw. Similarly other 4 species used as is concerned, only 8 species, i.e. 13 % were found flavouring agent while only 2 species used to to be rare and less common categories. The prepare pickled and eaten as cooked (Figure 1.8). remaining species were observed to belong to “very Cooked and raw recipes constitute similar common” (30 species i.e. 50 %), “common” (14 percentage i.e. 39% of the modes of consumption species i.e. 23 %) (Figure 1.6). All these categories while other edibles follow with the relatively less were qualitatively assessed through visual percentage. observations during field trips covering all seasons The result shows that 72 plant parts were used and are expressed only in the context of the local out of the 60 edible plants recorded in the study status of the species in the forests under study. area. This means that more than one part of the The taxa names of plant food resources and the species was consumed by forest dwellers. The parts used are enumerated in the table 1.1. In the result indicates that 12 number of plant parts present study as many as 60 edible wild plant exceeds the number of available plants in the have been documented (Table 1.3). Which are used study area. The highest consumption of to cater nutritional requirements of various forest edibleplant part comes from fruits followed by the dwellers of Arjuni Mortehsil of Gondia district. unripe fruits. The study also revealed that tree There were found that near about 13 plant parts species provide highest edible part for used for edible purpose. The edible parts of these consumption. plants include ripe fruits from 30 species, unripe As most of the indigenous people live in forests fruits from 10, leaves from 7 species and flowers and live mostly below poverty level, they have to from 6 species used. Similarly other parts such as depend heavily on the forest flora even to provide seeds, leafy twigs, rhizomes, young leaves from 3 food to their cattle. As such the forest resources species each used for edible purpose. Edible are likely to be overexploited and eventually tubers and fruiting body collected from two species depleted to an impoverished state. In view of this, each. While remaining plant parts such stem bark, forests need to be strategically restored collaterally young stem, young inflorescence also collected with economic welfare of the associated people. from 1 species each (Figure 1.7). The threat perception was analyzed by segregating According to local tradition, wild edible plants are the documented plants on the basis of their parts

consumed in many different ways and are consumed and it was found that the species whose prepared using diverse recipes. An analysis of the ripe and unripe fruits, seed, flowers, rhizome,

documented plants on the basis of their mode of tubers, stem bark, and fruiting body are consumed 106 consumption was also tabulated under the are exposed to high threat perception, whereas,

categories: eaten raw, only cooked, raw and the plant species whose leafy twig, young leaves, Page

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leaves, young stem and young inflorescences are micro-nutrients and trace elements (Nilegaonkaret consumed face low threat perception (Table 1.2). al., 1985; Kulkarni et al., 2003, Kulkarni, 2006). The number of species whose ripe fruits parts is Some documented vegetables analyses report that consumed is 30; unripe fruits 10; flowers 6; seeds wild plants like Dioscoreapentaphylla and 3; leaf twig 3; rhizome 3 and young leaves 3 , D.bulbifera, with rich crude fiber; (Price et tubers 2, leaves 7, stem bark 1, young stem 1, al.,1987).According to Gupthaet al.,(2010) young inflorescences 1 and fruiting body in Boerhaviadiffusa are used against urinary number. disorders. Tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera is used to In the present study medicinal wild vegetable avoid intestinal worms (Tayade and Patil,2006). species reported. Many wild vegetables are also According to Etkin, (1994) wild foods are being consumed for various medicinal purposes. consumed not only for caloric value, but also for The demarcation line between food and medicine other nutrient and pharmacologic potential. may not always be clear. For example, Conclusion: Achyranthes aspera, leaf juice is used against Forest resources, mainly plants and plant cough, Alteranthera sessilis is against jaundice; products, have an important place in the daily life Boerhavia diffusa, is against liver diseases (Jain, of tribals and other forest dwellers. The tribal 2010). communities are largely dependent on the forest The contents of the wild vegetables also protect produce for their sustenance. Forest provides food our body against various malnutrition, and as Forest products (NTFPS) that are essential not nutrient disorders. Furthermore, in a study only for meeting their own requirements, but these conducted by FAO,(1999 ) it has been reported are also a potential source of their income for that wild foods are the parts of rural people diet livelihood. not only during the periods of food shortage but Wild plants are reported to be edible and easily also on the daily basis. accessible even during adverse conditions like drought and famine. Such wild species are Kanitribals claim that one can live energetically accepted like other cultivated species and they without food for long days and perform rigorous play an important role in solving the various food physical work after consumption of a few fruits of problems of the world. India is in the second this plant daily (Pushpangadanet al., 1988). Tribal position in population as well as vegetable communities consume wild tubers, rhizomes and production. corms either in raw or baked or boiled or roasted Domesticated vegetables have been selectively bred form. Tender shoots, flowers, leaves, pods, young for look, production quality, taste, length of fruits, etc. Efforts were also made to explore the storage, and qualities other than nutrition and nutritive potential of wild edible tubers, rhizomes, these vegetables sold in the market are exposed to

leafy vegetables and wild fruits which supplement various pesticides, herbicides, and variety of other several nutrients particularly calcium and chemicals and they have been genetically modified

carotenoids. Such unconventional wild edible or irradiated. At this context safety of eating is a 107 plants are sources of fats, proteins, rich source of general concern. Wild foods don’t have these

problems. Page

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Acknowledgments: Britta, M.O., Ho T., Duyet T., Nghia H., Dung The authors would sincerely express their X.&Nhut N.. (2003). Food, feed or medicine: gratitude towards Dr. (Mrs.) Alka Chaturvedi The multiple functions of edible wild plants Nagpur University for his guidance and in Vietnam. Econ. Bot., 57(1): 103-117. inspiration. Authors are thankful to the C. J. College, Tirora for support and Staff of Gondia Cooke, T.(1901-1908). The Flora of the Presidency Forest Range for their cooperation and the people of Bombay. London, Vol. I & II. (BSI of the forest dwelling ethnic communities for Calcutta, Vol. I-III. Reprint 1958). allowing the authors to observe their ways of life and document their traditional knowledge. Etkin, N.L. (1994). The call of wild, In: Eating on the Wild side, by N.L. Etkin (Ed.) university REFERENCES of Arizona Press, Trizona. pp.1-21. Almeida, M. R.(1996). Flora of Maharashtra, Vol. I (Ranunculaceae - Sabiaceae). St. Xeviers FAO, (1999). Unasylva- No. 198-Non-Wood Forest College, Mumbai, Orient Press, Mumbai. Products and Income Generation vol. 50.

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Almeida, M. R.(2004). Flora of Maharashtra, Vol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367- VI (Acanthaceae to Ceratophyllaceae). St. 326X(03)00122-9. Xeviers College, Mumbai, Orient Press, Mumbai. Guptha, A., Nagariya A. K., Mishra, A. K., Bansal, P., Kumar, S., Guptha, V., & A.K.Singh Almeida, M. R. 1998. Flora of Maharashtra, Vol. II (2010).Ethnopotential of medicinal herbs in (Fabaceae - Caprifoliaceae). St. Xeviers skin diseases: An overview journal of College, Mumbai, Orient Press, Mumbai. Pharmacy research. 3(3) :435-441. Arora, R. K. & Pandey, A.(1996). Wild Edible Plants of India: Conservation and Use. National Hanazaki, N., TamashiroJ.Y., Leitao-Filho H.F. Bureau of plant Genetic Resources, New &Begossi A. (2000). Diversity of plant uses Delhi, India. in two Caicara communities from the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil. Biodiv. Cons.,

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Heywood, V. and Skoula, M. (1999). The MEDUSA Ladio, A.H.&Lozada M. (2000a). Edible wild plant Network: Conservation and sustainable use use in a Mapuche community of of wild plants of the Mediterranean Region. Northwestern Patagonia. Hum. Ecol., 28(1): In: Perspectives on new crops and new uses. 53-71. (eds. Janick, A. and Alexandria, A).VA: ASHS Press, 148-151. Ladio, A. H. &Lozada M. (2000b). Comparison of wild edible plant diversity and foraging Jain, D. L., Baheti, A. M., Jain, S. R., strategies in two aboriginal communities of &Khandelwal, K. R. (2010). Use of medicinal Northwestern Patagonia. Biodiv. Cons., plants among tribes in Satpuda region of 12(5): 937-951. Dhule and Jalgaon districts of Maharashtra an ethnobotanical survey. Ladio, A. H. &LozadaM. (2000c). Patterns of use and knowledge of wild edible plants in Kaur, A., (2011). Studied on nutritional aspects of district ecological environments: a case unconventional food consumed by gond and study of a Mapuche community from korku tribes inhabiting in Vidarbha. Ph. D. northwestern Patagonia. Biodiv. Cons., thesis, Department of Botany, RTMNU, 13(6): 1153-1173. Nagpur. Ladio, A. H. and Lozada M.(2004). Summer Cattle Transhumance and wild edible plant Kulkarni D. K.(2006). Role of ethno-botany in gathering in a Mapuche community of Modern Agriculture. In Proceeding of Northwestern Patagonia. Hum. Ecol., 32(2): National Conference on Bridging Gap 225-240. between Ancient and Modern Technologies to Increase Agricultural Productivity, edited Martin, G. (1995). Ethnobotany: a methods by Chudhary SL, Saxena RC and Nene YL manual, Chapman y Hall. NowyJork. (Pub. Central Arid Zone Research Institute) Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India 104-115. Nilegaonkar S., Vartak V. D., &Chitre R. G. (1985). Nutritional evaluation of some wild food Kulkarni D. K., Agte V. V. &Kumbhojkar M. plants from Pune and neighbouring S.(2003). Leafy vegetables consumed by districts, Maharashtra state-part-I. Journal Mahadeokoli tribe in Western Maharashtra of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 6(3)

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ecological, nutritional study. Parts II-IV, Singh, N. P., Lakshminarasimhan P., Karthikeyan, species availability and dietary use, analysis S. and Prasanna, P. V. 2001. Flora of by ecological zone. Ecology of Food and Maharashtra State, Dicotyledones Vol. 2. Nutrition 17:1-30. Botanical Survey of India, Calcatta.

Pretty, J. N., Guijt, I., Thompson, J., &Scoones, I. Tayade. S.K and D. A.Patil(2006). Ethnomedicinal (1995). Participatory learning and action: a wisdom of Tribal of Nanduban District trainer’s guide. Maharashtra. Natural Product Radiance. 5(1):64 -69. Price, K.R., Johnson, I.T.,&Fenwick, G.R (1987). The chemistry and biological significance of Tiwari, D. D. & J. Y. Campbell (1997). ‘Economics saponins in foods and feed stuffs. CRC of non-timber forest products’, in J.M. Kerr, Critical Reviews Food Sci. Nut., 26: 27-135. D.K.Marothia, S.K. Singh, C. Ramaswamy, and W.B. Bentley (eds.) Natural Resource Pushpangadan P., Rajsekaran S., Rtheshkumar P. Economics – Theory and Application, New K., Jawahar C. R., Velayudhan Nair V., Delhi and Oxford: IBH. Lakshmi N. &SaradaAmma L.(1988).Agogyappacha Vartak, V.D. &Suryanarayana, M.C. (I995). (TrichopuszeylanicusGaertn) The ginseng of Enumeration of wild edible plants Kani tribes of Agastyar Hills (Kerala ) for fromSusala Island, Mulshi reservoir, Pune ever green health and vitality. Ancient district. J.Econ. Taxo.Bot.,19(3), 555-569. Science of Life 8(1) 13-16. Zode R.,&Chaturvedi A. (2016). Role of NTFPs Scherrer, A.M., Motti, R., Weckerle, C.S. (2005) among Forest Villagers in a Nagbhir Tehsil, Traditional plant use in the areas of Monte District Chandrapur (MS), India, Int. J. of Vesole and Ascea, Cilento National Park Life Sciences, A6: 161-164. (Campania, Southern Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol. 97:129-143. Zode R., Shambharkar, R., &Chaturvedi A.,(2015) Current Status Of Non-Timber Forest Sharma, B. D., Karthikeyan, S. & Singh, N. Products And Its Use Pattern By Villagers Of P.(1996). Flora of Maharashtra State, Tirora Tehsil Of Gondia District Monocotyledones. Botanical Survey of India, Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Calcatta. Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences 5(5).

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Maharashtra State, Dicotyledones Vol. 1. Biodiversity of NTFPs and its usages from

Botanical Survey of India, Calcatta. Tirora Tehsil of Gondia District (MS), India, 110 Int. J. of Life Sciences, Special Issue, A2:150-

152. Page

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Fig. 1.1: Map showing Maharashtra state in India Fig. 1.2: Map showing Gondia district.

Table 1:1 Taxonomic analysis of Angiosperm (Dicots & Monocots), Pteridophyte & Fungi concerned with the indigenous traditional knowledge about NTFPs

Ratio (Dicot: Taxa Total Dicot Monocot Pteridophyte Fungi Monocot) Species 60 45 11 2 2 4.09 Genus 55 41 10 2 2 4.1

Family 41 30 7 2 2 4.2

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50

40

30 Species 20 Genus Family 10

0 Dicot Monoct Pteridophyte Fungi Figure 1.3 Taxonomic analysis of wild edible plant associated with forest under study

4

3

2

No. of species of No. 1

0

Fig 1.4 A Glimpse of dominating Dicot & Monocot families

3% 7% Climbers 27% Herbs 46% Shrub 17% Trees Mushroom

Fig 1.5 Habit analysis of the plant species used as NTFPs

112

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100 30

10 7 10 6 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1

1 Number of NTFPs of Number

Edible Parts Figure 1.7 Analysis of usable parts of edible wild plants of the study area

25

20

15

10 Number of NTFPs of Number

5

0 Only Raw Only Raw & Raw & Cooked & Flavouring cooked Cooked Pickles Pickles agents Number of species 24 24 3 4 2 4

Figure 1.8 Analysis of the species as per their way of consumption of the study area

Common 23% Very Common 50%

Rare 13% Less Common

14% 113

Fig . 1.6 Status of the NTFP-concerned plant species in the study site Page

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Table 1.2: An analysis of the number of parts used per species and their threat perception Number of plant Threat Plant parts species perception Ripe fruit 30 High Unripe fruit 10 High Flower 6 High Seeds 3 High Leafy twig 3 Low Rhizome 3 High Young leaves 3 Low Tubers 2 High Leaves 7 Low stem bark 1 High Young stem 1 Low Young inflorescence 1 Low Fruiting body 2 High

Table1.3: An account of Edible wild plants documented from forest dwellers settled in study area.

Sr. Sta Local Edible Way of Consumption/ Dish Plant species Family Habit No. tus name parts prepared Stem bark used as dye .it is also Acacia Stem Katha, one of the ingredients of Pan. 1 Mimosaceae Trees C Khair catechu bark This is used as chewing purpose. (Flavouring agents). Achyranthesa Amaranthace Kutri,C 2 Herbs VC Seeds Dry seeds are Eaten as raw. spera ae hilati Aegle Ripe 3 Rutaceae Trees C Bel Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. marmelos Fruits Yerusat Fruiting Fruiting bodies are eaten as 4 Agaricus sp. Agaricaceae C ya body vegetables (Cooked). Alangiumsalvi Ripe Ripe fruits are eaten as vegetables 5 Alangiaceae Trees VC Akawal

folium Fruits (Cooked).

Korpha Leafy 6 Aloe vera Liliaceae Herbs VC Leaf twig are eaten as raw.

d twig 114

7 Alternanthera Amaranthace Herbs VC Galigho Leafy Leafy shoots are eaten as vegetables Page

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sessile ae sh twig (Cooked).

Amorphophall Rhizomes are eaten as a vegetable 8 uscampanulat Araceae Herbs VC Suran Rhizome (Cooked). us Annona Ripe 9 Annonaceae Trees LC Ramfal Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. reticulata Fruits Annona Sitapha Ripe 10 Annonaceae Trees VC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. squamosa l Fruits Ripe Azadirachtain Kaduni Fruits, Frequently ripe fruits are eaten as 11 Meliaceae Trees C dica mb Young raw. leaves Flowers are eaten as vegetables in Flowers, Bauhinia Caesalpiniace Kancha the form of "Bhaje" (Cooked) & 12 Trees C Ripe purpurea ae nvrush Fruits are eaten as vegetables Fruits (CooKed).

Boerhaviarepe Nyctaginacea Khapar Leaves are eaten as Vegetables - 13 Herbs LC Leaves ns var. diffusa e kuti KhaparkhutichiBhaji(Cooked).

Ripe Buchananiaco Anacardiacea 14 Trees VC Charoli Fruits, Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. chinchinensis e Seeds Careyaarbore Lecythidacea Kumbh Ripe 15 Trees LC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. a e i fruit Unripe fruits are eaten as raw and Carissa Karvan Unripe 16 Apocynaceae Shrubs C also used in the preparation of carandus da Fruits pickles.

Caesalpinace Bahaw Flowers Flowers are eaten as vegetables 17 Cassia fistula Trees C ae a / Petals (Cooked).

Caesalpiniace Young Young leaves are eaten as 18 Cassia tora Herbs VC Tarota ae leaves vegetables (Cooked). Cocciniagrand Climber Jungali Unripe Unripe Fruits are eaten as 19 Cucurbitacae VC

is s kundru fruits vegetables (Cooked).

Dhopa, Colocasiaescu Leaves are eaten as Vegetable 20 Araceae Herbs LC Chamk Leaves

lenta (Cooked) i. e. Called as Pan wadi 115

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I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 103-118 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

Commelinabe Commelinace Leafy Young plant eaten as Vegetable 21 Herbs VC Kena nghalensis ae twig (Cooked). Unripe Fruits are eaten as Shelwa Ripe & Cordia vegetables (Cooked) and also used 22 Trees C t, Unripe dichotoma in the preparation of pickles. Ripe Bhokar Fruits Boraginacea fruits are eaten as raw. Shelwa Ripe & Unripe Fruits are eaten as t, 23 Cordia gharaf Trees C Unripe vegetables (Cooked). Ripe fruits are Gonda Fruits eaten as raw. Boraginacea ni Rhizome is taken as edible wild Curcuma when it fresh and Powder of rhizome 24 Zingiberaceae Herbs LC Halad Rhizome longa used as spice (Cooked) & flavouring agent.

Cymbopogonn Gawati Whole plants used as flavouring 25 Poaceae Herbs C Leaves ardus chaha agent during making Tea (Cooked).

Base of stem (Young stem bud) are Dendrocalamu Bambo Young 26 Poaceae Shrubs VC eaten as a vegetables (Vaste), sstrictus o stem Pakoda (Cooked).

Tubers are eaten as a vegetables Dioscoreaalat Climber (Cooked).Tuberous root are used to 27 Dioscoriaceae R Matalu Tubers a s prepare the stir-fried chips and are eaten during religious fasting. Dioscorea Climber Tubers are eaten as a vegetable 28 Dioscoriaceae R Matalu Tubers bulbifera s (Cooked). Diospyrosmel Tendup Ripe 29 Ebenaceae Trees VC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. anoxylon atta fruits Ripe & Unripe fruits are eaten as raw and Embilca Euphorbiace 30 Trees VC Awala Unripe also used in the preparation of officinalis ae Fruits pickles. Ficusracemos Ripe 31 Moraceae Trees VC Umber Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. a fruits Grewiaasiatic Phaals Ripe

32 Tiliaceae Shrubs R Ripe fruits are eaten as raw.

a a fruits

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I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 103-118 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

Flowers, Holarrhenapu Pandha Flowers are eaten as vegetables 33 Apocynaceae Trees VC Unripe bescens rakuda (Cooked). fruits

Lantana Ghaner Ripe 34 Verbenaceae Shrubs VC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. camera i fruits

Limoniaacidis Ripe Ripe fruits are eaten as raw and 35 Rutaceae Trees R Kawath sima fruits used to make the chatney (Pickles).

Lygodiumflexu Polypodiacea Jatash Young leaves are fried with oil and 36 Herbs C Leaves osum e ankar used as vegetable (Cooked).

Ripe Madhucalongi 37 Sapotaceae Trees VC Mahua Fruits, Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. folia Flower Mallotusphilip Euphorbiace Ripe 38 Trees C Shendi Ripe Fruits are eaten as raw. pensis ae fruits Ripe & Unripe fruits are eaten as raw and Mangiferaindi Annacardiace 39 Trees VC Aam Unripe also used in the preparation of ca ae Fruits pickles. Marsileaquadr Marsili Leaves are eaten as Vegetables 40 Marsileaceae Herbs R Leaves ifolia ea sp. (Cooked). Young Maytenussene Young inflorescences are eaten as 41 Celastraceae Shrubs VC Bharati infloresc galensis vegetables (Cooked). ences Momordicadioi Climber Unripe Unripe Fruits are eaten as 42 Cucurbitacae LC Katwel ca s fruits vegetables (Cooked). Moringaoleifer Shevag Unripe Unripe Fruits are eaten as 43 Moringaceae Trees VC a a fruits vegetables (Cooked). Musa Ripe 44 Musaceae Shrub C Kela Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. paradisiaca fruits Ripe Ripe fruits and Flowers are eaten as Nymphaea Fruits, 45 Nymphaeceae Herbs VC Kamal raw and Rhizome is eaten as pubescens Flower, vegetables (Cooked). Rhizome Younge leaves are as a raw. Fresh Ocimumtenuifl

46 Lamiaceae Herbs VC Tulas Leaves leaves are used to make a Tea for of orum good flavour (Cooked) Olaxpsittacoru Hartfar Young Young leaves are eaten as 47 Olacacea Shrubs VC 117

m i leaves vegetables (Cooked). Page

I J R B A T, Issue (VIII), Vol. I, Jan 2020: 103-118 e-ISSN 2347 – 517X A Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Original Article

Flower Flowers are eaten as vegetables Oroxylumindic & 48 Bignoniaceae Trees R Tetu (Cooked) and Unripe fruits are used um Unripe in the preparation of pickles. fruit Phoenix Ripe Ripe fruits are eaten as raw 49 Palmae Trees VC Sindi sylvestris fruits (Shindoli). Pithecellobium Chichbi Ripe 50 Mimosaceae Trees VC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. dulce li fruits Young cups (Receptacle) are used Semecarpusa Anacardiacea Bhelau, Ripe eaten as vegetables (Cooked). Ripe 51 Trees VC nacardium e Bibba fruits yellow fleshy cups (Receptacle) commonly used eaten as raw. Syzygiumcumi Jambh Ripe 52 Myrtaceae Trees VC Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. ni ul fruits Ripe & Tamarindusin Caesalpiniace Ripe and unripe fruits are eaten as 53 Trees LC Chinch Unripe dica ae raw. Fruits Terminalia Combretacea Ripe and unripe fruits are eaten as 54 Trees C Behada Seeds bellerica e raw. Termitomyces Trichlomatac Bhomb Fruting Fruiting bodies are eaten as 55 R sp. eae odi body vegetables (Cooked).

Theriophonum Undirk Leaves are eaten as Vegetables 56 Araceae Herbs VC Leaves indicum ani (Cooked).

Fruits are eaten as raw (Cooked), Shinga Ripe 57 Trapanatans Trapaceae Herbs LC Young fruits are crushed with water da fruits and make Khir (Juice). Ziziphuscarac Ripe 58 Rhamnaceae Shrubs R Katbor Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. utta fruits Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. Dry Ziziphusmauri Ripe 59 Rhamnaceae Shrubs VC Ber fruits boiled with water and sugar tiana fruits and eaten as Borkutkatli(Cooked). Ziziphusoenop Ripe 60 Rhamnaceae Shrubs VC Aeroni Ripe fruits are eaten as raw. lea fruits

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