Beyond a Conjugal Life; Tagore’s

Home and the World: A Gendered perspective Barnana Guha Thakurta (Banerjee)

Abstract:

Ghare Baire is one such text written by Tagore which has created a furor in the then society not only because it has questioned the western version of nationalism but more because it has exposed the existing patriarchal values that shrouded the Bengali middle class conjugal life. The novel is not simply a story depicting the woes of women. It rather surpasses it and went beyond the patriarchal structure thereby bringing forth the issue of autonomous subjectivity of women, in a paradyme different essentially from its western connotation. The present study tends to view the text from a gendered perspective keeping in mind the multi-cultural aspects that differentiates most of the middle class families of a Bengali society from its western counterpart.

Keywords- nationalism, gender, patriarchy, conjugality, subjectivity, multi-cultural.

There can be a multiple reading of a text. This produced by the author but it is also a piece of becomes more true for a text like Ghare Baire which communication to be received by the reader/ is fiercely contested over the years, be it, in terms of interpreter was strongly upheld in his book. As nationalism or gender. In the recent years, reading such for Ball there could be no single method or strategy has attracted the attention of many scholars strategy for the task of interpretation. One could all over the world. Controversies relating how to select from a variety of strategies depending read a text, no wonder has divided the world of upon the nature of the interpretative problem. literature into different schools starting from textual, This suggests that texts have a life of its own contextual to author centric. Though these schools which can be interpreted, reinterpreted and the differ largely from one another yet their arguments process might have continued years after thereby on reading strategy opened a new horizon in the making the text either more relevant or irrelevant interpretation of a text. Interpretation, infact, plays a in the contemporary world. It is with this crucial role in the analysis of a text. It is a difficult objective, one of Tagore’s most controversial task since it goes beyond the simple literal meaning political novels was taken for introspection. of the text and tries to bring out those aspects which The present article tries to re-read Tagore’s perhaps attach a new meaning to the characters Ghare Baire and attempts to figure out, how the involved in it. The broad categories of textual and concept of gender has evolved and found new contextual approaches to interpretation were not meaning which perhaps seems to depart from its enough and so a new Cambridge historian Quentine western notion. The novel with an explicit political Skinner’s emphasis on authorial intention assumed a and gender undertone has sown the concepts of special significance. Tenence Ball’s work gender firmly rooted into the indigenous soil. With contributed significantly to the theory of Said’s questioning on the entire oriental interpretation. It denies giving undue importance to formulations, followed by post modern emphasis the process of the recovery of the authorial intention upon cultural differences, Ghare Baire had become behind a given text and went further to the point of even more relevant now in projecting Tagore’s view its reception, the reader’s response. The logical on gender from a different perspective. argument that the text is not merely an artifact never seems to be

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science School of Social Sciences Netaji Subhas Open University 46 NSOU JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES comfortable with his creation, Ghare- Baire. The attractive looks and personality Bimala developed novel published in 1916 created furore in the then an intimate erotic relationship with Sandip. society thereby giving rise to serious debates and Sandip, being an ardent advocate of power desires criticisms from almost all quarters of society. Ghare to control everything even a human relationship in Baire, the Bengali original of The Home and the a masterful manner. Nikhilesh knowing well the World was written and serialized in a journal Sabuj growing relationship between Sandip and Bimala Patra. Serialized roughly between Baisakh to Falgun has throughout been very composed yet quite firm 1322 ie. May 1915 to February 1916 Ghare Baire in his attitude, strongly hold on to his ideology apparently seems to locate the key social and though his mental conflict tore apart his heart. political themes of Bengal. Here it must be noted This novel apparently seems to be a triangular that Sabuj Patra has contributed significantly in love story, but it soon surpasses it and goes further creating a new trend in the world of Bengali beyond to show the latent aspects of nationalism, literature. It introduced two specific innovations. conjugality and patriarchy in the then Bengali The first was the use of more colloquial language society. Before taking up the novel for discussion (chalitbhasa) instead of the formal sanskritised it is essential for us to know how Tagore has version (sadhubhasa). Rabindranath had however viewed the notion of nationalism in general and used such informal languages earlier but the only then tries to find its reflection in the novel. difference is that he employed it in only personalized Whether intentional or not Ghare Baire has forms such as diaries and letters. The second questioned the stereotyped mainstream conjugality of innovation was its pertinent attention to gender, the then Bengali society which may be relevant even specifically relating to questions of women’s choices now. The institutionalized conjugal life may allow and desires. This part of innovation makes Sabuj couple to stay under the same roof without even Patra more significant in creating a new gender knowing each other. The novel in a way tried to equation in Bengal and therefore more relevant for construct a new kind of conjugality based on the our discussion. In fact, most of the stories that recognition of equality of men and women. Such a new Rabindranath wrote for the journal dealt with conjugality was aspired by none other than Nikhilesh women as individual subjects. Is it true even for in the novel. However, the honest intention behind Bimala, the female lead character out of the three in Nikhilesh’s aspiration didn’t appeal to Bimala initially is the question which will who were used to think in a conventional way of the be touched upon as we proceed further. Ghare Baire society. “The first two anniversaries of our married life appears to be otherwise a simple story revolving I spent in Calcutta, where I went through my around three main characters. Apart from Bimala, examinations. But from the next year onwards, for the other two protagonists of the novel were seven years without a break, we have celebrated our Nikhilesh and Sandip. Nikhilesh, Bimala’s husband union among the blossoming water-lilies. Now begins was an ‘enlightened, introspective, upper-caste the next octave of my life. It was difficult for me to young zamindar’ who wants his wife to enter the ignore the fact that the same month of August had modern world by learning the English language and come round again this year. Does Bimala remember it, manners through Miss Gilby, a British governess I wonder? —she has given me no reminder. Everything engaged for the purpose. The story would not have is mute about me”. For Bimala conjugal life was gained momentum until and unless Sandip, premised on a traditional role played by women while Nikhilesh’s charismatic swadeshi friend appeared carrying out a selfless service to the family. before us. Sandip, a fiery nationalist leader Furthermore, being highly influenced by her mother’s represents a new personality of his time. Despite the chastity Bimala wanted to retain the same legacy in her existing differences in their outlook, vision and own domestic life. As such initial years of her marriage values, Sandip received regular financial help from went away in worshipping her husband, that too in a Nikhilesh much against Bimala’s wishes. However, much institutionalized form. Infact she wanted to Bimala’s initial disliking for Sandip underwent a uphold her chastity as the replacement of her beauty change when she sees him delivering a political which she lacked in the conventional sense. In doing speech at a public place. Swayed away by his BEYOND A CONJUGAL LIFE; TAGORE’S HOME AND THE WORLD 47 so she was neither true to herself nor to her Let what I have had to bear end with this one relationship. So they both perhaps were unable birth. I could not bear it over again.” to share and communicate of a life which they Another interesting feature of the novel is that aspired for to the other. This gap in Tagore has created his two male protagonists in understanding of life silently existed despite sharp contrast to each other. Throughout the novel their physical proximity just like many other “Nikhilesh describes his relationship to Bimala and Bengali middle class families even now. others in a much contemplative, non-masterful, Again, through Bimala Tagore actually wanted eager to respect the autonomy of others” which is to construct a ‘new woman’ who will be more exactly the opposite characterization of Sandip. lady like ie. educated, sophisticated, holding on to Sumit Sarkar argues that while projecting Nikhilesh the Victorian values unlike common women who Tagore had actually suggested an alternative were more “course, vulgar, loud, quarrelsome, conception of masculinity different from the devoid of superior moral sense, sexually mainstream aggressive one (as projected through promiscuous, subjected to brutal physical Sandip). Further, here it must also be noted that the oppression by males”. Her education is required contrast characterization of Nikhilesh and Sandip so long she could successfully play the role of an however shares a common aspect, if studied intellectual and emotional companion to her carefully. Both tried to construct Bimala thereby husband. However here it must be noted that the ignoring her autonomous subjectivity. It also seems picture of a new woman restricted mainly to the that both forms of nationalism as projected through upper class denies the existence of the subaltern these characters tried to treat Bimala as their lower class women. Further while constructing the extended colony where each in a way created their new woman Tagore took every care to see that she own sphere of influence and expected Bimala to act does not crosses the limited sphere of activity in accordance to their wishes. Whenever such sphere framed essentially for her and if she does she will of influence is likely to be threatened, they either be penalized both from inside and outside. So disassociate her (as with the case of Nikhilesh) or does her heroine Bimala at the end of the novel. dismiss her (as with Sandip) from their lifestyles. Viewed essentially from a gendered perspective Perhaps Tagore whether consciously or not tried to Ghare Baire has a special significance because of its project that nationalism in whichever form is narrative style. It was designed in an autobiographic practiced ultimately lands up in pursuing own self forms of the three characters, as if each speaking their interest, be it a nation or an individual. Possibly his own stories, holding the secrets from others and at the disregard for nationalism and strong same time uttering the words and arguments of others. recommendation in favour of cosmopolitanism finds This style is interesting since it seems that the author is a latent manifestation through the novel. dead and we are reading merely the autobiographies of Tagore’s emphasis upon morality can also be three individuals whose characters are framed as much traced even through the female character of the from their own versions as from the others. As such the novel. It appears as if the women in the novel authors sketching of the characters do not come were provided with a free space but at the same directly to the readers but appears in a more latent and time it is being limited by some principles of diffused form. What is more striking is that here the moral conduct beyond which her journey seems to woman speaks herself. She therefore represents herself. be non-permissible. This becomes evident through “The self-representing woman is not only a newcomer Bimala in the novel. Bimala’s exposure to the in Rabindranath’s writing, she is startling new outer world, her education – all seems to be character on the Bengali literary and social landscape.” provided for being a good companion to her The pains and sufferings which she experiences are husband. Things perhaps went wrong when her revealed through her narration. Many like Nikhilesh’s subjectivity prompted her to move a step ahead sister-in-law do not wishes to repeat the life of a and respond both to the call of nationalism and woman. “No, brother dear,” she replied with a sigh, “I Sandip. Even if nationalist call might have been would not live my life again—not as a woman! excused, her passionate involvement with Sandip seems to have violated the code of morality. 48 NSOU JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Does that mean Tagore’s novel has lost its selves while pulling down the patriarchal shackles, relevance for women of contemporary era? Answer to cultivating their self reliant powers, encouraging self this question creates a dilemma in our mind. This is so making- all in a way leading us towards Narimukti. since it is very difficult for us to dismiss Tagore from Thus narimukti leaves behind a distinct impression our daily lives. Though we might differ from his whose objective is to create a gender neutral more patriarchal construction of feminine figure which seem humane world. His perception of narimukti perhaps to be largely dominated by the then mainstream motivated him in creating the characters of Mrinal in nationalist discourse yet is it not true enough that his Streer Patra, Bimala in Ghare Baire and Ela in novel provided a space to the women, to take a pause Char Adhyay. Mrinal was a self created character and think differently? To understand the female who explicitly manifested the idea of Narimukti. But characters of his novels one needs to understand his in Bimala and Ela the same idea could be traced in a view on gender.it is difficult to formulate Tagore’s more latent and subdued manner. Throughout his view on gender in a monolithic manner. Like many social and political life Tagore nurtured the idea of other philosophers his view was marked by occasional ‘Atmasakti’. Based on it he developed his concept of shifts and changes. Sometimes it appears as if his ‘atmamukti.’, though at times both seems to loose its views were getting obscured submerging into general distinctness and merges with each other. In fact, abstraction while again, at times it reappears and its through both his principles Tagore perhaps tried to existence firmly grounded into reality. To cite for uphold the Indian philosophy as against the western instance, one of his early writing entitled, “Ramabaiyer materialist world. Baktrita Upalakshe” published in 1889 when he was Not only the characters but also the concluding 28 yrs of age, Tagore saw the estrangement of men’s part of the novel seems to have created obscurity and women’s world as an essential condition of law of in the minds of the readers. For instance, Ajit kr. nature. Upholding the age old logical argument of Law Chakraborty regarded Ghare Baire as an of Compensation, Tagore argued that because of the unfinished novel. Somewhat a similar feeling was existing natural differences men and women would exerted in a review of The Home and The World complement thereby taking recourse to each other. To in the Times Literary Supplement – “at the end the him, the act of carrying the womb confined women in story grows confused; the counterpoint of the their inner world thereby compelling them to take a cause and the characters is lost in a mere muddle backseat as against their male counterpart. He was of both and we are left hardly knowing what has strongly against discarding these natural distinctions happened. It is, in fact, not an end at all but merely since he believed that the ultimate objective is to retain a stop; and we wish to ask a number of questions a harmonious tie between the inner and the outer which the author does not answer”. As against it world. As such for him women’s dependence on men Rajshekar Basu published an article in Prabashi should not be seen as an obstruction to their liberty where he stated that the readers often misinterpret rather it is to be viewed as an act of Dharma or greater the author and his creation. When the characters morality. Such views undoubtedly created controversy speak there is a tendency to deduce that they are in the feminist circle. But at the same time it is speaking on behalf of the author. Basu even felt interesting to note as well that same Rabindranath that if the author happens to be an amateur or less wrote Streer Patra it seems his earlier view shifted popular then the entire attention of the readers is more in favour of women’s emancipation. To fastened with the characters of the novel and the understand this shift one has to demarcate between author seem to be exempted from adverse women’s liberty and women’s emancipation. If comments. But if the readers are inquisitive about women’s liberty indicates expansion of their socio the author himself then perhaps he fails to mete economic cultural political rights then the concept of out justice. This is what has happened to Tagore. women’s emancipation or narimukti is more Critics like pointed out the autonomous in terms of its depth and pervasiveness reasons for considering Char Adhyay as a and has a much greater connotation. Women’s gradual continuation of Ghare Baire. To quote him, “in this discovering their own short but powerful novel he returns to the theme he had discussed earlier, in a different setting in his BEYOND A CONJUGAL LIFE; TAGORE’S HOME AND THE WORLD 49 novel The Home and The World- human values and freedom. Hence, when Nikhilesh said, ‘…. I shall political ideals. The setting is the underground allow freedom to others ‘. Perhaps here he tried to revolutionary movement in Bengal, against his mean that he will respect the freedom of others heroism and its terrorisms depicted the frustration of and like other husbands of the then society he love and the gradual debasement of human values. would not allow the social norms to dictate the The author’s analysis of the motives that inspire and terms and conditions of freedom of others, doesn’t condition political heroisms marked by deep insight matter even if it happens to be his wife. Thus from into the psychology of the characters in this tragic the core of his heart he was a liberal humanist in drama of frustrated idealism and is expressed in all respects. In fact, this is where I would like to language of great vigor and beauty. The novel go back to my introductory part on interpretation aroused a storm of controversy in Bengal and the and add further that there cannot be any ultimate author was mercilessly reviled. He had uttered too conclusion of a text; all we can suggest are many home truths”. temporal ones. Infact, to understand Tagore, one needs to No doubt, Ghare Baire has questioned the nature understand the time and the cultural context in which of conjugality of the Bengali society yet Bimala’s he wrote. This we often ignore and thereby interpret return to Nikhilesh at the end without any outside very crudely and mechanically. For instance, by the compulsion is very significant. Bimala though end of the passage Nikhilesh is satisfied that he has motivated by Sandip initially has responded to the at last found the true path in life and that in doing so nationalist call but her dedication to the movement he has attained freedom, while acknowledging the was an honest one and hence cannot be questioned. freedom of others – specifically the world. Michael Her strong passion towards Sandip was revealing Sprinker is however critical about it since to him it and so was her love for Nikhilesh. Her inner conflict seems “Nikhilesh’s discovering the secret of self- has created within her a split personality. “On the liberation discloses that the subject, which is the one hand I was eager that my husband should win in agent of his own freedom, depends on the world to argument and that Sandip’s pride should be shamed. realize its freedom”. Sprinker perhaps was very Yet, on the other, it was Sandip’s unabashed pride mechanical in arguing freedom cannot be given to which attracted me so”. Like Nikhilesh she too one another; one can only achieve it for oneself. It is suffered from mental agony but unlike her husband here that I presume the question of culture becomes her pain cannot afford to receive any sympathy from significant. The family structure of a Bengali the readers since she has done something which is society, the mutual interdependence and social regarded as a crime in our society. Hence conflict bonding between married couples, their relation with regarding social values and changing times did not other members of the family and society is very end. It continued even today when women’s having different from that of the west. It was not a a dual mind passes through a similar trauma. Her customary feature of women of the then society to return to Nikhilesh is however crucial since it shows move out of their ‘andarmahal’ and meets the how her self liberated position took her a step ahead outside world. Bimala, herself was hesitant to do so towards self emancipation. Self emancipation or because of her socialization but did it on her ‘Atmamukti’ however utopian it might sound bears husband’s insistence. She could not have realized the an important stage of salvation of human soul in true spirit of liberty, had she not stepped into the Indian philosophy. Tagore a firm believer of it did outside world. In this respect Nikhilesh’s not want to deprive women from such essence of cooperation cannot be denied. But at the same time it spirituality. As such his creation of Bimala in Ghare must also be mentioned that Bimala once exposed to Baire tries to achieve this ultimate objective of the outside world could exercise her liberty perfectly ‘atmamukti’ nourished and based upon ‘atmasakti’. which is revealed through her interaction with both This in fact confirms and upholds his unbiased Nikhilesh and Sandip. This freedom, she has position regarding gender. Furthermore, Bimala’s acquired because of her individual subjectivity. As return to Nikhilesh also indicates the relevance of such, it will not be correct to universalize the nature commitment to one’s own relationship. This of the concept of commitment is not merely for retaining the 50 NSOU JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES relationship, but commitment to discover our true pp889. th selves, to realize our own self-reliant powers or 15. 29 May 1919 p 289 “Atmasakti” by complementing each other which 16. I’ve referred Rabindrarachanabidhan, vol-viii, ed. Annuttam Bhattacharyya, Publishing Plus, . p.423. otherwise goes missing in our everyday thirst for 17. Kripalani Krishna, Rabindranath Tagore: A consumerism. This is something which is rooted Biography, p. 402. in our culture, which with changing times changed 18. Sprinkers, M. ‘Homeboys: Nationalism, Colonialism its form but the underlying philosophy is retained. and Gender in The Home and The World’ in P.K.Datta ed. Rabindranath Tagore’s The Home and The World: A Critical Companion, op cit End Notes 19. Cited from Rabindranath Tagore, The Home and The World, trans. Surendranath Tagore, op cit. 1. Refer Skinner Quentine, 2002, “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas” in Visions of References Politics, vol-I C.U.P., Cambridge. 2. Ball Terence, 1995, Reappraising Political Theory, 1. Guha Thakurta Bar nana, 2012 , ‘Gender and Chapter-I, O.U.P.,. Nationalism: Tagore’s Home and the World and 3. Sabuj Patra was a journal edited by Pramatha Four Chapters’ in R.Basu ed.Women and Tagore Choudhury who happened to be one of Tagore’s Recreating the Space in New Millennium, Abhijeet close friend and relative. Publications, New Delhi. 4. Tagore employed this method for the first time in 2. Skinner Quentine, 2002, “Meaning and one of his short stories ‘Streer Patra’. Understanding in the History of Ideas” in Visions of 5. See the Introduction, 2007, in S.Sengupta, S.Roy and Politics, vol-I C.U.P., Cambridge. S.Purkayastha ed. Towards Freedom, Orient 3. Ball Terence, 1995, Reappraising Political Theory, Longman, Delhi. Chapter-I, O.U.P. 6. Cited from Tagore Rabindranath, 1985, The Home 4. Sengupta,S, Roy S and Purkayastha S, 2007, and The World, trans. Surendranath Tagore, Towards Freedom, Orient Longman, Delhi. Penguins Books India, New Delhi, 7. I have taken the definition of modern women from 5. Tagore Rabindranath, 1985, The Home and The Chatterjee Partha’s art. 1989, ‘ The Nationalist World, trans. Surendranath Tagore, Penguin Books Resolution of the Women’s Question’ in Kumkum India, New Delhi, Sangari and Sudesh Vaid ed. Recasting Women, 6. Chatterjee Partha, 1989, ‘The Nationalist Resolution Zubaan Publication, New Delhi, p.244 of the Women’s Question’ in Kumkum Sangari and 8. Sarkar Tanika, 2002, ‘Country, Woman and God in The Sudesh Vaid ed. Recasting Women, Zubaan Home and The World in P.K.Datta ed. Rabindranath Publication, New Delhi. Tagore’s The Home and The World: A Critical 7. Sarkar Tanika, 2002, ‘Country, Woman and God in Companion, , Permanent Black, Ranikhet, p.29. The Home and The World in P.K.Datta ed. 9. Ibid Rabindranath Tagore’s The Home and The World: A 10. Cited from Rabindranath Tagore, The Home and The Critical Companion, World, trans. Surendranath Tagore, op cit 8. Sarkar Sumit, 2002, Beyond Nationalist Frames- 11. Sarkar Sumit, 2002, Beyond Nationalist Frames- Relocating Post Modernism, Hindutva, History, Relocating Post Modernism, Hindutva, History, , Permanent Black, Delhi. Permanent Black, Delhi,. 9. Sprinkers, M. 2002, ‘Homeboys: Nationalism, 12. Ghosh Abhra, Ganatantrer Rabindrik Paradyme, Colonialism and Gender in The Home and The K.P.Bagchi, p72 World’ in P.K.Datta ed. Rabindranath Tagore’s the 13. Ibid, p75. Home and the World: A Critical Companion, 14. Sita Debi Purnasmriti p83. I’ve referred from Permanent Black, Ranikhet. Rabindrarachanabali Shorosho khanda, Govt. of W.B.