STATE COUNCIL OF

The Tiananmen Square Massacre

BACKGROUND GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from the Dais ...... 3

Letter from the Chair ...... 4

Committee Description ...... 5

Context ...... 6 Historical Overview ...... 6 Economic Troubles ...... 7 Corruption ...... 9 Fight for Democracy ...... 9

Current Situation ...... 12 Timeline of Tiananmen Square Protests ...... 12 Current State of the Government ...... 12 Questions to Consider ...... 13

Dossiers ...... 15

References ...... 19

Letter from the Dais

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to SciMUNC XIII! We are very excited to be chairs for the crisis committee regarding the Tiananmen Square Massacre! My name is Syed Wahid and I will be your head chair for this crisis committee. This is my fourth year doing Model UN and my third time chairing a SciMUNC committee.

Jack Tapay I joined Model UN 3 years ago as a freshman and this team has enabled me to increase my skills at public speaking and broaden my knowledge on a variety of international Secretary -General issues. I joined Model UN because I am passionate about politics and enjoy the

collaborative work that is done in committee through highly intellectual discourse. Jachym Harwood Some of my hobbies include playing chess, video games and running. I also enjoy Lillian Tzanev playing a variety of sports including basketball, badminton , soccer and lacrosse. I hope Directors-General we have a constructive and fruitful debate in this committee. The Tiananmen Square Protest and subsequently Massacre, was a defining point in Chinese history. It showed Krish Shah the lengths an oppressive government would go to suppress dissidence. You will be this

USG of Administration government and shape its policy on freedoms of assembly and speech for generations to come. Sebastian Midura Hey everyone, my name is Jeffrey Zeng and I would first like to welcome everyone to

USG of General Assemblies SciMUNC XIII! This is going to be my third year doing Model UN, and my first time and Specialized Committees chairing SciMUNC. I joined Model UN in the beginning of my sophomore year to not only make new friends, but also do an activity that was completely out of my Menasha Thomas comfort zone. Model UN has not only allowed me to improve my public speaking

Deputy-USG of General skills, but also allowed me to develop effective research techniques. Besides doing Assemblies and Specialized Model UN, I am also part of the Bronx Science Pre-Medical Society, and the Bronx Committees Science History Club. During my free time, I really enjoy playing video games, playing guitar, and programming games. The Tiananmen Square Massacre was an event that Rizwan Kazi shocked the world. I am super excited to see how this committee plays out and possibly

USG of Crisis Committees witness a change in history! We hope that all participating delegates enjoy their time at SciMUNC. We are Celeste Abourjeili extremely excited to meet all of you in December! Feel free to email any of us if you

Deputy-USG of Crisis have any questions, comments or concerns. Committees Sincerely,

Diane D. Steiker

Faculty Advisor Syed Wahid ([email protected])

Jeffrey Zeng ([email protected])

Dais of the State Council of China

75 West 205th Street Bronx, NY 10468 [email protected] www.scimun.com SciMUNC XIII | 4

Letter from the Chair

Comrades, At a time in which it seems as if China has been at its peak of prosperity, reports have come to my attention that the Tiananmen Square Protests we have monitored over the past few months are escalating rapidly. A large group of student protesters are gathering in Tiananmen Square in numbers unlike those we have ever seen before. These individuals have not only betrayed their nation with their unfounded claims of corruption and economic strife but have even gone as far as to ask for a democratic form of government. These claims are not only the highest level of treason, but go completely against the morals that the great Mao Ze Dong has instilled in our country in its founding. Undoubtedly, the majority of the citizens in our glorious republic refuse to believe in their accusations, but their words are a poison that has been spreading slowly to the vulnerable. We must stop these false accusations from happening at all costs. The Chinese economy has in recent years, experienced economic growth the likes of which this world has never seen. We have not only increased overall industrial production, but have opened our doors to trade and interaction with other nations. There is no such thing as an economic downfall, in fact we are speedily becoming a global powerhouse. They argue there are great levels of corruption within our society. The majority of these protesters are ignorant children who have been misled. Our government at all levels displays competency and integrity consistently to the highest degree. That is indisputable and we will not even entertain arguments of democracy, the West’s greatest evil. It is time to eliminate this disease with direct, definitive, and effective action. We will not repeat what happened in 1986. Between all of us, we know it was Yaobang’s insubordination and radical ideals that has inspired these shameful protests. It was a lack of governmental action then, that has led to the situation we now face. My fellow comrades, I am tasking you all today to end this charade in a swift and overwhelming manner. The actions we take now will set precedents for this to not happen again. Take any measures you deem fit to eliminate these parasites, these anti-Chinese selfish young roaches, who seek solely personal gain. Whatever course of action you take, ensure something like this will never happen again. Do not fail me.

Deng Xiaoping

5 | State Council of China

Committee Description CCol Preface Delegates ought to accurately represent their position and act on behalf of their stances and For those who are new to Crisis Committees, it interests. This can be done through a series of is essential to note that a Crisis Committee is actions unique to Crisis Committees, which are different than a General Assembly in a few key explained below: ways. In a broad sense, Crisis Committees and General Assemblies differ in their committee • Communiques: A formal message from a size, extent of influence, and degree of restraint. committee or delegate to be sent to other With these differences in mind, delegates must bodies or individuals. If sent from the approach Crisis Committees differently than committee, communiques must first be they would General Assemblies. Often, approved by the committee. delegates find that greater effort is necessary in • Press Releases: Open public researching their position, as their relevance in announcements, directed to the people, Crisis Committees is greater than in General often to calm national tensions or reveal Assemblies. This is largely due to the fact that official action and policies. Press releases in General Assemblies, delegates participate in must be approved by the committee. larger bodies with less urgency for problem • Crisis Notes: Action taken by an solving, and are usually assigned a country individual delegate in accordance with rather than an individual as their position. their resources and abilities. For example, That being said, delegates new to Crisis a Minister of the Interior may send a note Committees should not feel intimidated. Small to the Crisis Room requesting to place committee sizes typical to Crisis Committees police officers on patrol in front of the provide delegates with an environment to house of another delegate to investigate express their opinions more easily. who enters and leaves. Furthermore, the urgent nature of Crisis • Directives: Formal actions taken by the Committees encourages collaboration between entirety of the committee. In order for a delegates and an understanding of backroom directive to be passed, it must be and crisis notes. approved by the committee. Crisis Structure

Throughout the duration of this committee, our crisis staff will develop a narrative in response to the solutions delegates put out that will culminate in crisis updates. Delegates will be tasked with responding to crisis updates through documents such as directives and crisis notes, which will be developed during a series of moderated and unmoderated caucuses.

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Context CCol Historical Overview communism’s faces of authoritarianism and economic control were shifting in the Soviet The Tiananmen Square Protests, lasting from Union, with the General Secretary of the April 15, 1989 to June 4th of the same year, Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev’s, had a multitude of causes. These protests were introduced policies of “glasnost” and basically inevitable as they were in reaction to “perestroika”. These policies placed an the long-term adverse effects of Paramount emphasis on personal freedoms and introduced Leader ’s economic reforms in capitalist aspects to the economy. 1976 following the death of Mao Zedong. Xiaoping’s string of economic reforms in the The primary catalyst that sparked the 1970s through the 80s led to China’s booming Tiananmen Square protests is clearly the death economy and raised standard of living. of Hu Yaobang. Yaobang was a high ranking However, this also paved the way for a number Chinese politician whose treatment by the of problems including inflation, a widening Chinese government and policies, led him to income gap and bureaucratic corruption,. This being revered by the protesters. In 1986, he was was coupled with shifting sentiments from ordered by Paramount Leader Deng Xiaoping those of communism and authoritarianism to to suppress a student protest for political and democracy. People witnessing the extent of economic reform by dismissing the leaders of corruption and wealth inequality in a the protest from the Community Party. communist system, a system that is Yaobang refused to execute this order and was ideologically opposed to this, lost faith in the subsequently forced to resign by his peers for Chinese government. Citizens sought greater being too lenient on the student protests and freedom in expressing their thoughts and for his ideals towards a more free-market playing a larger role in government with a sense economy. Furthermore, he was required to of security. write a humiliating self-reflection about his faults leading to his resignation. On April 8th, Timing played a significant role as well; the 1989, while attending a meeting on protests were partly inspired by the receding educational reform, he suffered a heart attack influence of communism in Poland and the and died a few days later. His wife proclaimed prevalence of democracy. Moreover, the Chinese government was at fault for this, in

7 | State Council of China

their harsh treatment of him as a politician. His previously described conditions caused the funeral processions were lined with civilians for movement to shift focus towards combating 10 miles to the surprise of the Chinese corruption and economic strife while government. The public petitioned for a greater advocating for democratic values. The funeral service, which was granted by the Tiananmen Square protests were initially government on top of the preceding state disorganized with varying motives. It is funeral. 50,000 people accumulated in important to understand the many layers Tiananmen Square to mourn his death which behind the protests’ origin and purpose. transformed into the Tiananmen Square Economic Troubles protests. His funeral was an indirect cathartic release of frustration with the government and The economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping this led to greater protests. have largely been regarded as nothing but success. However, Xiaoping’s economic views Although the Tiananmen Square protests were heavily emphasized on the belief that an included wide levels of civilian engagement, it economy will never be successful unless it was widely student-led. It was prompted by continues to move forward. At the time in Yaobang’s death but escalated due to the state which Deng Xiaoping took over China, China of the Chinese educational system. China’s lack was in the midst of a transformation into an of effort to dedicate any sort of funding to industrialized, developed country. Xiaoping education has led to disastrous results. Dorms strongly believed in reforms that focused on the are overcrowded, food is inadequate, and creation of rigid and centralized political and teachers are paid less than those of menial centralized systems. However, Xiaoping would employment. This was the initial focus of the soon realize that no matter how successful his political movement but it was evident early on reforms were, they would always result in some that this was impractical. Culturally, it was sort of failure. taboo to have selfish ideals, and students protesting for more funds would have this The beginning of economic reform in China public perception. This caused the movement began in late 1978, in which there were several to shift in focus, towards a goal that would reforms that would grant expanded position affect the population on a holistic level. The making power to a selected group of

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enterprises. This plan was initially a success, as plans. Although the many economic reforms in the early 1980’s, it was decided that this new had brought prosperity to China, several issues economic system were to be included in all state that were disregarded led to many issues. With enterprises. However, the introduction of such the increased amount of exposure and trade reforms soon ran into several problems. For with other countries, debt to Western countries example, expanding the decision making including the United States increased powers to enterprises had caused extra dramatically. This resulted in a rise in inflation, budgetary funds to increase sharply. This which led the Chinese government to call for a meant that the government was losing more temporary halt of implementing reforms. and more control over capital construction. Xiaoping continued to go along with these With the increase in budgetary funds, there was plans as despite some failures, he was bringing a rapid increase in foreign investment, seriously economic success to China. He continued to misbalancing the economy even more. target certain industry productions, but In a few years, China had developed a second completely ignoring one of its biggest industries major reform phase. The plan was massive, at the time, agriculture. China during the late calling for a reform in every major industry in 1970’s was still an agricultural dominant China. This included planning, pricing, county, and more resources had to be put on economic managing, and the labor and wage growing the production of grains. This not only system. The goal was to create an individual created more strain on the economy, and enterprise that was responsible for its own resulted in even worse inflation than before. In profits and losses. This, with the newly created addition, continuous unbalanced division of “Open Door Policy,” opened the Chinese resources severely unbalanced the Chinese wage economy to the world and allowed more gap. companies to operate independently without In trying to save some of the success that decisions from the government. Xiaoping had, China adopted a new plan where Overexcitement about some of these early they would decrease investments and more successes excited Xiaoping, as he started to efforts were made to achieve a balance between become more eager to expand his existing the supply and demand. However, this plan

9 | State Council of China

once again had consequences as China’s the government budget, helping to meet the economy would slow down nearly 5%, suppressed consumer demand, improving harming many of the industries that Xiaoping living conditions for both officers and ordinary had worked so hard to develop. soldiers, provided employment opportunities for those discharged from military service, and Corruption enabled the advances in civilian technology be Xiaoping’s economic reforms have also led to used in military production. This plan corruption. Xiaoping’s dual-price system however, also came with rising corruption. allowed state industries to sell their productions The new commercialization of the military gave above the sales quota, helped the overall opportunities for illegal profiting. As a result, economy by preventing any sorts of shortages the hunger for more decreased the military's or excessive demands. Although this plan overall spirit of dedication for missions, as helped to increase industrial productivity in many military leaders had shifted their focus China, corruption rose as Xiaoping soon into making money rather than improving the realized that officials would be buying goods at military. Soon, lower-level military members very low state prices and selling them at high were no longer able to engage in any sort of market prices. As a result, Xiaoping proposed military actions, angering many of the the idea of removing state prices. This idea members who had succumbed to greed. would in reality, cause certain prices to skyrocket as there would not be enough goods Fight for Democracy in stocks to sell. After Deng made his The Tiananmen Square protesters’ concerns announcement, many angry citizens deposited for democracy were certainly not unfounded. their money from the banks to buy supplies, The Chinese government at the time had a leaving many stores completely empty. history of crackdowns on democratic freedoms Xiaoping’s military reforms have also led to of speech and the press, alongside the increased corruption. In hopes of trying to movements associated with them. The most improve the overall Chinese military, Xiaoping relevant of which is the Democracy Wall decided to commercialize the military. This Movement lasting from 1978 to 1979. brought benefits such as easing the demands on

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The Democracy Wall Movement originated in Russia and Germany. Clearly, Xiaoping only response to the setbacks of the Cultural supported freedom of speech when it suited Revolution. On November 23rd,1978, Lü Pu himself, as Wei Jingsheng was convicted of posted his writings on a wall in Xidan, Beijing. publishing counter-revolutionary statements in His writings criticized the government of Mao 1979 and imprisoned for 14 years. Moreover, Zedong and the poor circumstances Xiaoping in January of 1980, called upon the surrounding the country. Two days later, constitutional right protecting Chinese citizen’s democratic activists organized a march from the ability to post opinions on walls to be wall to Tiananmen Square and saw an rescinded. Deng Xiaoping effectively utilized attendance of about 10,000 people. This wall the Democracy Wall Movement to oust any then became a location in which people posted Maoist support within the government and their opinions surrounding the state of the populace, and upon completing that goal saw government and its officials. Initially, the no further benefit. He imprisoned leaders and posters on Xidan Wall were largely dissident to prominent writers of the movement to prevent political opponents of Deng Xiaoping, and eliminate any political dissent towards including Mao Zedong. Consequently, himself.

Xiaoping was relatively indifferent if not Xiaoping's views on democratic reform carried supportive of this medium for free speech, over to his handling of the protests of 1986. In considering it furthered his political agenda 1986, largely student-led protests were held for while discrediting those of his political greater conditions in educational institutions opponents. However, this perspective quickly alongside calls for democratic reforms. These changed. Posters, most notably "The Fifth protests are distinct from those of 1989, in that Modernization: Democracy and Others" they were deliberately isolated from the general written by Wei Jingsheng, began to appear public. Organizers of the 1986 protests were which criticized Deng Xiaoping. In this concerned of the government’s reaction if they writing, Jingsheng criticized the undemocratic were to spur up and include ordinary urban practices of both Mao Zedong and Deng residents within their calls for democracy. Xiaoping. It also highlighted the failures of Consequently, the government easily cracked countries with undemocratic systems such as down on the protests and those within the

11 | State Council of China

government supportive of them. Notably, these protests were the cause of Hu Yaobang’s public humiliation and demotion from high-level of government as he was far too lenient with the protesters, sympathizing with the cause. This humiliation and its association with his death in 1989 is of course largely seen by historians as the catalyst for the Tiananmen Square Protests.

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Current Situation CCol Timeline of Tiananmen Square Protests May 13th: Hunger Strike

April 15th: Hu Yaobang Dies Hundreds of students hold a hunger-strike in Tiananmen Square in anticipation of Citizens gather in Tiananmen Square to pay Gorbachev’s state visit to China. This draws the their respects, while expressing their widespread sympathies of the public. dissatisfaction with the Chinese government. May 15th: Gorbachev’s Visit April 16th: Yaobang’s Funeral Processions: Tens of thousands petition for a reversal of the Gorbachev arrives for a monumental state visit government’s position surrounding Yaobang’s to China from the Soviet Union, marking an resignation and for a larger memorial service. end of hostility between the two nations. The government planned to welcome him in April 22nd: Yaobang’s Memorial Service Tiananmen Square, but were met with tens of Tens of thousands attend his funeral thousands of protesters blocking the attempt, processions in front of the Great Hall of the which was incredibly embarrassing to China. People in Tiananmen Square. Attendees call for Current State of the Government political reform.

April 26th: “The Necessity for a Clear Stand At the time, the government was somewhat Against Turmoil” divided on the decision on how to resolve the current state of early protests. Most of the This article from the People’s Daily accused the leadership followed Xiaoping’s views. Similar protesters of being anti-communist and to other Chinese Communist leaders, Xiaoping wanting to overthrow the government. This wanted to make sure that the government still fueled further protests. maintained tight control while trying to calm th May 4 : down the spreading protests. As the Tens of thousands of students hold protests demonstrations continued to attract more throughout China to commemorate the May attention from news outlets across the globe, 4th movement. Xiaoping would often explain to the Chinese public that the socialist system of public

ownership was superior to any sort of

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democracy. In order to make sure that people repeatedly try to stop such actions often talking continued to support the communist about the economic consequences. Ziyang soon government, Xiaoping would continually would express his views for meetings with criticized the capitalist exploitation of workers student leaders where they would discuss and the difficulties of making timely decisions potential solutions to the protests. This went where the power was not completely centralized directly against Xiaoping’s views, in which he in the government. wanted a complete end to the protests, and

Despite plans for political reform that could more government control. These two sides cause a decrease in the intensity of the protests, would continue to become more and more there would soon be conflict, specifically in the divided, eventually creating two main sides in General Secretary, Zhao Ziyang. Xiaoping the Chinese government. emphasized heavily on the idea of Questions to Consider strengthening the government’s control over As you proceed with research and react to the society. He believed that with greater events that unfold throughout committee, we government influence, it could potentially urge you to consider the following questions: prevent future large scale protests from happening. On the other hand, Ziyang strongly 1. How will China maintain solidarity within the ranks of government as believed that the Chinese government should officials sympathize with student instead focus on lessening its control over protesters? political and social activities. 2. How will education and the education system at large be reformed to prevent This disagreement only worsened as the such an event from happening again? protests started to get more and more prevalent 3. How will China save face and shape its across the nation. Initially, Ziyang was arguing foreign policy with such large-scale against the student protests, and often went out domestic problems? and publicly criticized members of the 4. How will China deal with pro-democracy government such as Hao Yubang. But, as governments that support the protesters?

Xiaoping continued on his campaign of a 5. How will China deal with the protesters’ “democracy liberation,” Ziyang would legitimate concerns: the economy,

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corruption, lack of individual rights and flawed educational system?

6. How will China quell large-scale protests from both students and adult-civilians to establish order? Through force or other means?

7. How will the Chinese government reestablish its legitimacy and the people’s faith in government?

15 | State Council of China

Dossiers CCol President of the People’s Republic of China Mayor of Beijing Yang Shangkun is one of China’s most Chen Xitong filled several local position of educated leaders at the time. Throughout his government throughout his career and achieved life he has held several high level positions in true political power through his early support both the government and military. He was for Deng Xiaoping’s administration. As mayor ousted from power during the Cultural he has control or influence over local Revolution but brought back into the fold governmental institutions within Beijing. following Deng Xiaoping’s rise to power. As the President his role was largely ceremonial but he Minister of Foreign Affairs was heavily influential among the ranks of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. Qian Qichen joined the Communist Party in 1942. He was educated in the USSR and came Zhen back to China to hold several ambassador roles Vice President of the People’s Republic of China before working for the Ministry of Foreign Wang Zhen spent much of his career within the Affairs rising to the position of Minister. In this military but achieved political power through position, he has significant influence in shaping his friendship with Deng Xiaoping. Although China’s foreign policy and has the role of the Vice Presidency is again a largely interacting with foreign government officials. ceremonial role, it has great influence over China’s foreign affairs. Minister of National Defense Li Peng Qin Jiwei throughout his life served in the Premier of the People’s Republic of China military rising to the position of Minister of Li Peng began his professional life as an National Defense. In this position, he cannot engineer educated in the USSR, he was one of exercise direct control of the People’s the top engineers in China. He entered the field Liberation Army but is charged with organizing of civil service through his appointment to the administration of the PLA and holding a several ministerial roles in the sector and was standing position in both the government and eventually elected into the Premiership of military, serving as a leader and means of China. As Premier he is the highest ranked civil communication between the two. servant, with oversight over the entire Chinese bureaucracy and ministries. Minister of Education Yao Yilin Li Tieying held several academic and First Ranked Vice Premier administrative positions in government Yao Yilin joined the Communist Party in 1935 throughout his career. As minister of education and played several roles in finance for the he is charged with control of the Ministry of government. He was eventually elected into Education which monitors the educational becoming the first ranked vice premier, with system, standardized curriculum, and which he assists the Premier in carrying out his establishes standards among other tasks. duties and assumes his responsibilities in the case of his incapacitation.

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Ismail Amat ranking positions in the security and judiciary Minister of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission branches. As Minister of State Security, he is responsible for security agencies specialized in joined the Communist Party in counterintelligence, foreign intelligence and 1953. He has held several positions within the political security. autonomous region of Xinjiang, home to several minorities. A Uighur Muslim himself, as Minister of the State Ethnic Affairs Governor of the People’s Bank of China Commission he was the voice of ethnic Li Guixian joined the Communist Party of minorities within the Chinese government. China in 1962. As Governor of the People’s Wei Jianxing Bank of China, Li Guixian is responsible for Minister of Supervision carrying out any monetary policies as well as regulation of financial institutions of China’s Wei Jianxing has held several senior-level largest central bank. positions within the Chinese government. As Minister of Supervision he is tasked with Wang Meng oversight of the government at large and to Minister of Culture crack down on corruption. Wang Meng is an author who served as the Minister of Culture of the People’s Republic of Minister of Public Security China. As the Minister of Culture, Wang Meng is in charge of managing national museums and Wang Fang joined the Communist Party of monuments; promoting and protecting the arts China in 1938. Upon the creation of the and managing national archives and regional People’s Republic of China, Wang Fang has culture centers. held several high ranking positions. As Minister of Public Security, he is in charge of the Cai Cheng principal police and security authority, as well Minister of Justice as China’s day to day law enforcement. Cai Cheng has served on the Central Party of Wang Bingqian China since 1987. He is also the Minister of Minister of Finance Justice. As Minister of Justice, he is responsible for all legal affairs. These include, drafting Wang Bingqian joined the Communist Party legislation, developing framework, prosecuting, of China in 1940. He served as a member of the and sentencing. 13th Central Committee of China, as well as the Minister of Finance. As Minister of Finance, Wang Bingqian is in charge of the Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC national annual budget, and handling fiscal Li Xiannian is one of the longest serving policy, economic regulations and government members of the Communist Party since 1956. expenditure for the state. He is currently serving as Chairman of Jia Chunwang National Committee of the Chinese People's Minister of State Security Political Consultative Conference. As chairman, he serves a very important role of Jia Chunwang is a high ranking official in the People’s Republic of China who has held high

17 | State Council of China

being the leader of the most prominent As Auditor General, Lu Peijian is not only advisory board in China. responsible for improving government accountability by auditing the government's Zheng Tuobin operations. Minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Zheng Tuobin has served as Minister of Cui Naifu Foreign Economic Relations and Trade since Minister of Civil Affairs the end of the Cultural Revolution. As Minister Cui Naifu is currently serving as the Minister of Economic Relations, Zheng Tuobin oversees of Civil Affairs. He is responsible for social the formulating of policy on foreign trade, administrative affairs under the State Council, export and import regulations, and foreign including organizing and creating relief efforts, direct investments. mapping out disaster relief responses, and developing policies related to marriage and Qiao Shi funerals. Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Yang Zhenhuai Qiao Shi is one of the top leaders of the Minister of Water Resources Communist Party of China. As Secretary of the Yang Zhenhuai is currently serving as the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, Minister of Water Resources and Electric he is one of the top leaders of the Party. The Power. After the merge of the Ministry of Secretary has heavy influence over decision Water Resources and Ministry of Electric making and directly reports to the General Power, Yang Zhenhuai is now the overseer of Secretary. China’s water resources and electric power Wan Li policies. Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Chen Ming Zhang National People’s Congress Minister of Health Wan Li is one of the longest serving Chen Ming Zhang is currently serving as the administrative leaders of the People’s Republic Minister of Health. As the leader of the of China. As Chairman of the Standing Ministry of Health, Chen Ming Zhang is Committee of the National People’s Congress, responsible for raising health awareness and Wan Li is in charge of China’s top legislature education, ensuring the accessibility of health body. One of his main powers is to serve as services, and monitoring the quality of health President when the President or Vice President services provided to citizens that live in is unable to do so. mainland China. Lu Peijian Li Senmao 2nd Auditor General of the National Audit Office Minister of Railways After joining the Communist Party in 1944, As the Minister of Railways, Li Senmao has Lu Peijian devoted his life to studying multiple responsibilities, including regulating accounting and finance. Before being pointed China’s rail industry, and further developing Auditor General, he served as the 6th the rail network and rail infrastructure in Governor of the People’s Republic of China. mainland China. In addition, he is also in

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charge of the operations of China Railway. Which manages railways companies in mainland China.

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