2017 Africa Sustainable Development Report

2017 Africa Sustainable Development Report:

Tracking Progress on Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals Ordering information

To order copies of 2017 Africa Sustainable Development Report: Tracking Progress on Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals, please contact:

Publications Section Economic Commission for Africa Menelik II P.O. Box 3001 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Tel: +251 11 544-9900 Fax: +251 11 551-4416 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.uneca.org

Sales no.: E.17.II.K.5 ISBN: 978-92-1-125130-2 eISBN: 978-92-1-362743-3

Cover design, layout and graphics: Karen Knols, Carolina Rodriguez and Tessa Schlechtriem

Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication.

The designations used and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Economic Commission for Africa, African Union, African Development Bank and the United Nations Development Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process.

Printed in Addis Ababa by the ECA Printing and Publishing Unit. ISO 14001:2004 certified.

Printed on chlorine free paper. Table of Contents

Lists of boxes, figures & tables ...... v

Foreword ...... viii

Acknowledgements ...... x

Executive Summary ...... xi

Chapter 1 Introduction: scope, methodology and statistics in Africa ...... 1 1.1 Scope and methodology ...... 2

1.2 About the report ...... 2

1.3 Statistics in Africa: key issues ...... 3 1.3.1 Overview of data issues in Africa ...... 3 1.3.2 Situation of data and statistics in Africa ...... 3 1.4 Statistics for progress reporting on the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 . . 7 1.4.1 Indicators for the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063: Africa’s contribution ...... 7 1.4.2 Data availability and opportunities for reporting on Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda ...... 7 1.4.3 Africa’s contributions to informing the global database of Sustainable Development Goal indicators on Africa ...... 9 1.4.4 Advocacy for action ...... 9 1.5 Conclusion ...... 12

Chapter 2 Sustainable Development Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere ...... 13 2.1 Introduction ...... 14

2.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 ...... 14

2.3 Progress in poverty reduction ...... 14

2.4 Conclusion ...... 26

Chapter 3 Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero hunger ...... 27 3.1 Introduction ...... 28

3.2 Targets and alignment with Agenda 2063 ...... 28

3.3 Progress and trends regarding the targets ...... 31

iii t en s of Con Table 3.4 Conclusion ...... 43 iii iv AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 R C C C C C eferences 8.2 8.1 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 hapter hapter hapter hapter hapter

Recommendations Targets andalignment with Conclusion . . Conclusion . . Implications for small islanddeveloping S Data availability, current status in Introduction . . Conclusion . Data availability, current status in Targets andalignment with Introduction . Conclusion . Current status andprogress Synergies betweenthe2030 Introduction . Conclusion . Current status in Targets andalignment with Introduction . Targets andalignment with the BeijingDeclaration andPlatform for 8 7 6 5 4

C S G S S L I G G

ndustry ...... ustainable ustainable ustainable ife oncl oal ender ood

bel 9:

usion heal ow

equality ,

A innovation frica andtheprogress made. . .

th water D D D

and

and evel evel evel

...... recommendations Agenda 2063. Agenda 2063 Agenda 2063. Agenda 2063.

opment opment opment Agenda, . well

and - A A being frica andtheprogress made. frica andtheprogress made. Agenda 2063 and

G G G infrastructure oal oal oal Action . .

tates ...... 5: 3: 14:

...... 104 . . . 109 106 105 107 102 46 46 49 45 66 66 99 96 70 63 93 79 65 95 98 69 85 82 82 81 List of boxes, figures & tables

List of boxes Box 2.1 Global poverty: overview ...... 16 Box 3.1 Global hunger: most recent overview ...... 31 Box 3.2 el Niño effects threaten Africa’s food security ...... 32 Box 4.1 Global health status: most recent overview ...... 48 Box 6.1 Key facts in industry, innovation and infrastructure globally ...... 85 Box 6.2 Promotion of renewable energy in Morocco ...... 90 Box 7.1 Key facts about life below water for Africa ...... 99 Box 7.2 small island developing States environmental issues: lessons from Seychelles . 103

List of figures Figure 1.1 Milestones in the development of statistics in Africa ...... 4 Figure 2.1 subregional trends in GDP growth and Annual GDP growth by Region, 2010–2015 . 16

Figure 2.2 GDP growth rates, 2005-2014 ...... 18 Figure 2.3 Proportion of people living below $1.90/day, 2002-2013 ...... 19 Figure 2.4 Changes in poverty rates, 2002-2012 ...... 19 Figure 2.5 Proportion of working population living under $1.90 per day ...... 20 Figure 2.6 Vulnerable employment per region ...... 21 Figure 2.7 Proportion of workers living below the poverty line by age ...... 22 Figure 2.8 Gender distribution of the total working poor by region ...... 23 Figure 2.9 Proportion of employed population below the poverty line by sex . . . . . 23 Figure 2.10 Proportion of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits ...... 24 Figure 2.11 social assistance, social insurance and labour market programme coverage, 2000-2014 ...... 25 Figure 3.1 estimated prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the adult population ...... 34 Figure 3.2 Children under 5 years of age with WHZ<-2, 2014 ...... 35

Figure 3.3 agricultural irrigated land as percentage of total agricultural land ...... 37 ables t Figure 3.4 annual agriculture share in total public expenditure ...... 40 Figure 4.1 Maternal mortality ratio by country in 2013 and 2015 ...... 51 Figure 4.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel per region . . . . 52 Figure 4.3 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel in African countries . 53 Figure 4.4 Under-five mortality rate by region ...... 54 Figure 4.5 Under-five mortality rate by country, 2013 and 2015 ...... 55

Figure 4.6 neonatal mortality rate by region ...... 56 & f igur es boxes, of t

Figure 4.7 neonatal mortality rate by country ...... 57 v Li s

v vi AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F estimated HIV incidencerate bygender,2015 igure 4.8 igure 6.3 a ir transport, passengers carried igure 6.1 igure 7.2 a ir transport, freight igure 6.2 e arly marriage in igure 5.5 igure 5.3 doption ofgender-equallaws a by igure 5.2 synergies betweentheBeijingDeclaration andPlatform for igure 5.1 igure 4.9 igure 7.1 igure 5.8 igure 5.4 adolescent birthrate amongwomen aged 15and19yearsbyregion,20002015 igure 4.11 igure 4.10 igure 5.7 igure 5.6 igure 5.9 Donors to by scoreonlegal index Agenda 2063andthe2030 Coverage ofprotected areas,2016 Women subjectedto physical/sexual violenceinselectedcountries Death rate dueto road traffic injuries Coverage ofprotected areasinrelation to marineareas,byregion(2014) A Proportion peoplewith anaccount at afinancialinstitution in by 18yearsofage Proportion ofwomen between20and24 yearsofage whoweremarried by region who have theirneedfor family planning satisfied withmodernmethods, Married women orthoseinaunionofreproductive age (between15and49 years) Proportion ofwomen innational parliaments, 2016 female genitalmutilation/circumcision Proportion ofgirlsbetween the15and19yearsofage whohave undergone Mobile account ownership in frica (excluding North . A frica’s infrastructure, 2008-2010 A . frica . . . A frica) Agenda A . frica (excluding North . . . A frican (excluding North . . . . . A frica) Action, A . frican) countries . . 102 101 60 77

73 70 86 74 74 69 62 92 59 87 78 76 71 61 List of tables Table 1.1 sustainable Development Goal data availability on African countries . . . . . 8 Table 1.2 Data sources of Sustainable Development Goal indicators on Africa . . . . . 9 Table 2.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 1 of the 2030 Agenda with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 15 Table 3.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 2 of the 2030 Agenda with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 29

Table 3.2 Global prevalence of undernourishment by region (per cent) ...... 33

Table 3.3 Children under 5 years of age with HAZ <-2, by Region* (per cent) ...... 35

Table 3.4 agricultural value added per worker (constant 2010 United States dollars) . . . . .37

Table 3.5 level of risk of extinction of local breeds, by region (per cent) ...... 38 Table 3.6 agriculture orientation index of government expenditure * ...... 39 Table 3.7 Total official disbursements for agriculture (billions of constant 2014 United States dollars) ...... 41

Table 3.8 Producer support estimate (billions of United States dollars) ...... 41

Table 3.9 agricultural export subsidies (billions of United States dollars) ...... 42 Table 4.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the 2030 Agenda with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 47

Table 4.2 Maternal mortality ratio by region (deaths per 100,000 live births) ...... 49 Table 4.3 estimated HIV incidence rate by region (number of new infections per 1,000 uninfected people) ...... 58

Table 4.4 alcohol consumption by region (litres of pure alcohol consumed per capita) . . . . .58 Table 5.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 5 of the 2030 Agenda with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 67 Table 6.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 9 of the 2030 Agenda with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 83

Table 6.2 Manufacturing value added per capita (constant 2010 United States dollars) . . . .89

Table 6.3 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of total employment (per cent) . . .89 Table 7.1 alignment of Sustainable Development Goal 14 of the 2030 Agenda ables

with that of Agenda 2063 ...... 96 t Table 7.2 Indicators of Sustainable Development Goal 14 by tier of data availability and methodology definition ...... 100 es & & f igur es boxes, of t

viiLi s

vii viii AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 T to skilledbirthattendants, reduced adolescent fertility rates andincreased access to family plan - also manifested by substantial declines in maternal and child deaths as a result of improved access ments in women’s representation innational parliaments. Improvements inhealthsystems are parity inenrollments at theprimary andsecondary levels. school It alsonotes significant improve- segments of thepopulation regardless of gender. The report underlinesimprovements ingender Improving the productive capacities of thelabor force requires investing in skills and health of all tivity andtotal output. expanding irrigation from thecurrent five percent are criticalto improving agricultural produc in Africa. Landreforms to ensure that women have more ownership to thisimportant resource and ciency of investments in agriculture, both private and is public, vital to addressing food insecurity investments andinefficiencies at alllevels of theagricultural production chain.Increased effi- agriculture hasbeenrising,itremains substantially low by globalstandards due,inpartto limited underline thestagnation in value additioninmanufacturing. And, even though value-addition in The report observes that Africa’s infrastructure deficits undermine industrialdevelopment and by commodity-based industrialization andaccelerated reduction ininequality. primary-commodity driven growth andreiterates thecallfor structural transformation anchored among women and youth, thereport highlights thelackof inclusiveness andsustainability of erated growth enjoyed over thepastdecade.Noting thedisproportionate prevalence of poverty The report underscores theslow progress towards poverty reduction in Africa despite theaccel- each chapter. ofmapping thelinksbetween theglobalandcontinental initiatives includedat thebeginningof the substantial convergence at thelevel of goals, targets andindicators. This isillustrated by a opment and Agenda 2063(and itsfirst ten-year implementation plan). This ispossible dueto The report isthefirst to simultaneously track progress onthe2030 Agenda for Sustainable devel- groups at riskof beingleft behindin thedevelopment process. data by age, gender, income andgeographical location isnecessary to better target supportto tion of theSDGs and Agenda 2063asitunderpinsevidence basedpolicy making.Disaggregated limitations. Strengthening statistical systems in Africa isanimperative for successful implementa- Approximately of sixout every ten indicators SDG cannot betracked in Africa dueto severe data progress ondemocratic andelectoral governance, rights human andruleof law. data which is weak, particularly onindicators pertainingto environmental sustainability, and the forward. However, thescope anddepth of analysis of thereport isframed by theavailability of A criticalcontribution of thisreport isthat itprovides abaselinefor performance tracking going Goal 14(Life below water). and Well-being); Goal 5(Gender Equality); Goal 9(Industry, Innovation andInfrastructure); and following sixgoals of theHLPF: Goal 1(End Poverty); Goal 2–(Zero Hunger); Goal 3(Good Health “Eradicating(HLPF): poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing world”. It focuses on the is aligned with thethemeof the2017High Level Political Forum onSustainable Development Foreword development frameworks since their adoption in2013and2015,respectively. The report (SDGs) assessesthecontinent’s performance indomesticating andimplementing thetwo he 2017 Africa regional report on Agenda 2063andtheSustainable Development Goals - ning. Yet the levels of child and maternal deaths remain unacceptably high and constitute a drain on the continent’s human resources.

The dramatic increase in access to mobile telephone networks documented in the report constitutes a unique opportunity to strengthen financial inclusion in Africa. Indeed, technological innovations, such as MPesa that facilitate the use of mobile telephones for financial transactions have made it possible for the under-served and unbanked segments of society to gain access to financial services including mobile accounts. Ultimately this trend could spur entrepreneurship among vulnerable groups and promote inclusive and sustainable growth.

Finally, the report looks at the issue of sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources for economic and social development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While oceans and seas play a critical role in economic activity and regulating the global climate, African coastal and island states are threat- ened by increased environmental degradation and the risk of flooding. Globally, sustainable levels of fish stocks declined from 70.1 to 68.6 per cent between 2009-2013 owing to overfishing, illegal and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices. Thirty-eight African states are now taking steps towards better management of life below water.

Successful implementation of the SDGs and Agenda 2063 will require an integrated approach that coordinates the efforts of all sectors of government working in collaboration with the private sector and civil society. We are hopeful that the insights and data contained in this report will be a useful guide for policymakers.

Moussa Faki Mahamat Vera Songwe Akinwumi A. Adesina Achim Steiner Chair Person Executive Secretary President Administrator African Union United Nations Economic African Development United Nations Commission Commission for Africa Bank Group Development Programme o r e w rd

ixF

ix AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 x T ECA; Fatouma Sissoko, ECA; Eskedar Abebe, ECA; Seung Jin Baek Ndieka, AUC; Charles Wangadya, AUC; Kassim M.Khamis, AUC; Dossina Yeo, AUC; Ngone Diop, Technical contributions from thefollowing are highly appreciated: Leila Ben Ali, AUC; Robert Chapter 8–Recommendations). – Industry, Innovation andInfrastructure); andPaul Mpuga, ECA (Chapter 7–Life Below Water & Good Health); Mona Sharan, AfDB (Chapter 5–Gender Equality); Mama Keita, ECA (Chapter 6 Amarakoon Bandara, UNDP (Chapter 3–Zero Hunger); Selamawit Mussie, AUC (Chapter 4– ECA (Chapter 1–Statistics in Africa); Eunice Kamwendo, UNDP (Chapter 2-Ending Poverty); ChaptersUNDP). of thereport were drafted by the following leadauthors: Negussie Gorfe, Officer, AUC); Mona Sharan (Gender Specialist, AfDB) andEunice Kamwendo (Strategic Advisor, Renewal of Planning Section, Macroeconomic Policy Division, ECA; Selamawit Mussie (Policy Preparation of thereport was coordinated by acore team ledby Bartholomew Armah, Chief, Team, UNDP-RBA. Director, UNDP-RBA; and Ayodele Odusola, Chief Economist andHead of Strategy and Analysis Development Department, AfDB; Abdoulaye Mar Dieye, Assistant Administrator andRegional Economic Affairs Department, AUC; Oley Dibba-Wadda, Director, Human Capital, Youth andSkills Mothae Maruping, Commissioner for Economic Affairs, AUC; René N’Guettia Kouassi, Director, ance was provided by Adam B.Elhiraika, Director, Macroeconomic Policy Division, ECA; Anthony Steiner,Akinwumi A.Adesina,President;and Achim AfDBUNDP Administrator. Technical guid- Abdalla Hamdok, United Nations Under-Secretary-General andECA Executive Secretary, a.i.; The report was prepared under theoverall direction of Moussa Faki Mahamat, AUC Chairperson; Guedenet. Yechi Bekele, Marille Benoit, Preethi Sushil, SeproTech Multilingual Solutions, and Melanie tions andsecretarial from support Demba Diarra, Ferdos Issa, CharlesNdungu, Kokebe George, The report benefitted from editorial, translation, graphic design,printing, mediaandcommunica - Nations agencies. from African countries as well asrepresentatives from civil society organizations andtheUnited to 1 June 2017inMahe, Seychelles. Participants includedthe Agenda 2063/SDGs focal persons consultations included an Expert Group Meeting to validate the draft report, held from 29th May Stakeholders included African government representatives, academia,andcivilsociety. The The report benefitted from wide-ranging consultations with stakeholders andpolicymakers. Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria. Luka Okumu, Colleen UNDP; Zamba, Roland UNDP; Alcindor, Dr. UNDP; Ojebiyi Olusegun, 1 Formerly at ECA. Acknowledgements and theUnited Nations Development Programme-Regional Bureau for Africa (UNDP-RBA). Commission for Africa (ECA) of theUnited Nations, the African Development Bank (AfDB) his report isajoint annualpublication of the African Union Commission (AUC), theEconomic 1 , ESCWA; Osten Chulu,UNDP; EXECUTIVE Executive Summary SUMMARY

he 2017 edition of the Africa Sustainable Development report on Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda uses the latest harmonized data to assess the continent’s performance with Tregard to implementing both Agendas, identify opportunities and challenges and recom- mend actions to hasten progress. Documenting the progress made and the lessons learned in the implementation of both Agendas can be useful in strengthening efforts going forward. The report is aligned with the following six Sustainable Development Goals of the 2017 high-level political forum on sustainable development: Goal 1 (No poverty); Goal 2 (Zero hunger); Goal 3 (Good health and well-being); Goal 5 (Gender equality); Goal 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure); and Goal 14 (Life below water). The key messages and findings NO regarding these six Goals and data issues are summarized below. Progress on the other Goals POVERTY ZERO will be discussed in future reports. HUNGER 1 Slow progress made in reducing poverty and inequality owing to limited decent employment opportunities and weak social insurance mechanisms

The rate of decline in extreme poverty ($1.90 per day) has been slow in Africa, declining a mere 15 per cent during the period 1990-2013. Women and young people bear the brunt POVERTY of poverty. Decent jobs, which are an important route out of poverty, are hard to find because Africa’s growth has not created sufficient jobs to match demand. Approximately 60 per cent of jobs in Africa are considered vulnerable. Less than 1 per cent of the unemployed receive unemployment benefits and only 19 per cent of the African (excluding North African) population is covered by social insurance. The lack of decent jobs, coupled with weak social insurance schemes, have, in turn, contributed to high rates of poverty among the working population. Notwithstanding a decline in the prevalence of the working poor in Africa (excluding North Africa), one of every three workers lived in extreme poverty in 2015. Working young people and women are disproportionately affected by the burden of poverty. In 2015, 32.1 per cent of working men, compared with 35.1 per cent of working women, were classified as poor.

2 Rising food insecurity and undernourishment are a growing concern in Africa (excluding North Africa)

Some 355 million people in Africa were moderately or severely food insecure in 2015. Although food insecurity declined in North Africa, from 7.7 per cent in 2014 to 6.4 per cent in 2016, in Africa (excluding North Africa), severe food insecurity increased from 25.3

per cent to 26.1 per cent during the same period. Food insecurity y is invariably undermining efforts to address undernourishment. Some 217 million people were undernourished during the period 2014–2016, an increase of 6 per cent compared with 2010–2012. This was largely the result of low agricultural productivity and high population growth rates.

xi Summ a r E xe cutiv e

xi EQUALITY GENDER xii

AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 HUNGER ZERO 3 4 and sustaingender equality by breaking cycles of ignorance, poverty andstereotypes. activities andsociallife needto beaddressed. Keeping girlsandboys inschoolcanpromote Cultures andtraditions that inhibit women from fully participating ineducation, economic ofperiods war. spaces. Violence against women isespecially severe inconflict-affected settings andduring Meanwhile, women continue to be victims of violence, both inthehouseholdandpublic years of age were subjected to theprocedure in2015. high inNorth Africa, where anestimated 70per cent of girlsbetween theages of 15and19 against women. Notwithstanding substantial progress, female genital mutilation isparticularly Harmful traditional practices, female such genital mutilation, constitute aform of discrimination between theages of 20and24 were marriedby age 18. they remain high,inparticular in Africa (excluding North Africa), where 37per cent of women the fullrealization of their productive capacities. While childmarriages have beendeclining, Conservative aschildmarriages normssuch cantruncate women’s careers andthereby limit constitute obstaclesto women’s empowerment. conservative normsandtraditions that relegate women to unpaidhouse work, for example, formal and informal sectors; however, limited education, Furthermore, more women are seekingemployment inthe 8 to 22per cent) duringtheperiod1990-2015. parliaments; thisfigure increased 14percentage points (from progress inincreasing therepresentation of women innational remains low. Nevertheless, thecontinent hasmadesignificant the same period. On the other hand, parity at tertiary levels secondary schoolsrose from 71per cent to 90per cent during 86 per cent in1990to 96per cent in2013, while parity in tertiary level. Gender parity inprimary schoolincreased from school levels, progress but remains slow, inparticular at the Gender disparitieshave narrowed at theprimary andsecondary holding backprogress are declining,butconservative normsandpractices are Gender disparitiesineducation andnational parliaments the sector limited irrigation coverage anddeclininginvestment in Agricultural value addedisrisingbutlow, dueinpartto million in2014. agricultural producers more than doubled,from $258billionin2000to $584 budgetary resources committed intheMaputo Protocol. Globally, supportfor Furthermore, fiscalallocations to thesector are well below the10per cent of Africa isirrigated, compared with 41per cent in Asia and21per cent globally. low budgetary allocations to thesector. Only 5per cent of agricultural landin agricultural productivity in Africa includelimited irrigation infrastructure and was only 62per cent of the world average in2015.Binding constraints to tural value added increased 9 per cent during the period 2010-2015 but productivity remains isontherisebut well below the global average. Agricul- Africa. Measured in terms of agricultural value added, Africa’s agricultural Improving agricultural productivity is vital to addressing food insecurity in GENDER EQUALITY

5 Measures aimed at improving access to contraceptives and skilled birth att endants have reduced adolescent births and child and maternal deaths

There have been significant gains in health in the past decade, including a substantial decline in child and maternal mortality. However, the continent still has the highest burden of maternal and child deaths compared with other regions globally. Maternal mortality rates in Africa (excluding North Africa) dropped 35 per cent during the period 2000-2015, while North Africa has already met the target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Similar declines are observed for under-five deaths (46 per cent) and neonatal (30 per cent) deaths during the same period. These positive trends are attributable in part to improved access to skilled birth attendants and family planning. Both interventions may have contributed to the 21 per cent decline in adolescent birth rates observed during the period 2000-2015. The continent has also significantly curbed the incidence of HIV, which declined 62 per cent during the same period. Nevertheless, the averages mask significant subregional and country disparities, and Africa is home to the highest HIV incidence rate globally.

6 Enforcing road safety regulations mediates the impact of alcohol consumption on deaths due to road traff ic injuries.

Alcohol consumption has been linked to the incidence of road traffic-related deaths and injuries. Overall, per capita consumption of pure alcohol in developed regions is almost double the quantity consumed in developing regions. However, consumption has been falling in developed regions and rising in developing regions. In Africa, consumption declined in North Africa, but rose slightly in the rest of the continent, from 6.2 to 6.3 (2005-2015) litres per capita, equalling the global consumption level. Notwithstanding their higher levels of alcohol consumption, developed regions have the lowest (8.6 percent) death rate due to road traffic injuries. On the other hand, Africa, excluding North Africa, has the highest rate of road traffic-related deaths (26.6 per cent), much higher than the global average (17.4 per cent) in 2013. This trend underlines the effective role that measures aimed at enforcing road safety regulations can play in mediating the impact of excessive alcohol consumption on road traffic-related deaths. w le dg e m en t s

xiiiAck no

xiii xiv AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 7 8 North Africa experienced anincrease from 0.28to 0.51duringthesameperiod. at 0.4per cent during theperiod2000-2013in Africa (excluding theNorth). On theother hand, in thedeveloped regions. Research anddevelopment expenditure asashare of GDP stagnated ment, compared with more than1per cent inthedeveloping region asa whole and2per cent Currently, Africa asaregion spendslessthan0.5per cent of itsGDP onresearch anddevelop- economic andsocialdevelopment challenges. critical to eradicating poverty and promoting home-grown solutionsto Advances inscientific andtechnological knowledge through research are 2010-2015 period. accounted for a3.57per cent fall inthesector’s contribution to total employment duringthe The relatively low share of manufacturing value addedin Africa, excluding North Africa, and theCaribbean. world, compared with 12per cent for Asia andthePacific and10per cent for Latin America tation is still not very well developed in Africa: it accounted for 6 per cent of the total rail in the emerging countries andcould dothesamein Africa. However, like air transport, rail transpor- Rail transportation has been instrumental in promoting industrialization in advanced and 18 per cent, respectively, duringtheperiod2010-2015. progress duringthepastdecadeandahalf. Air freight andair travel increased 34per cent and cent of the world air travel and air respectively.shipping, However, there has been substantial a risingtrend. In 2015, Africa, excluding North Africa, represented 1.3per cent and1.5per Air freight andair travel remain extremely low in Africa, excluding North Africa, notwithstanding the report largely focuses onair andrail transport infrastructure. investors and fosters economic growth. Owing to data restrictions, costs,and distribution increases competitiveness, attracts new markets inanefficient manner andthereby reduces production industrial development. Infrastructure connects producers to Access to quality infrastructure isanimportant prerequisite for innovation andtechnology development development obstructs prospects for Limited investment inresearchand addition areunderminingoverall jobgrowth Weak infrastructure andlimitedmanufacturing value cent for thedeveloped countries. countries with data, compared with approximately 0.5per for amere 0.1per cent of total value added for all African Medium-tech andhigh-tech industry value addedaccount manufacturing value addedin Africa tends to below tech. were 11.2and11.5per cent, respectively. Furthermore, 2010-2015. The corresponding figures for North Africa per cent of gross domesticproduct (GDP) duringtheperiod Africa, manufacturing value addedstagnated at 10.3to 10.5 manufacturing sector growth. In Africa, excluding North Weak infrastructure hasadverse consequences for INDUSTRY, 9 Significant increases in the coverage of mobile cellular INNOVATION services is an opportunity for social and financial AND INFRA- inclusion

Reliable access to broadband Internet is a key driver of economic growth, LIFE job creation and social inclusion. In addition, it facilitates a transition to BELOW knowledge-intensive economies by enhancing access to information. The WATER proportion of the population covered by 3G mobile networks in Africa increased significantly, from 25 to 65 per cent during the 2010-2015 period. This trend has enhanced financial inclusion by facilitating virtual access to financial services by previously unbanked segments of society.

10 Globally, the proportion of fish stocks that are at biologically sustainable levels is declining

The world’s oceans and seas play a critical role in supporting populations, economic activity and regulating the global climate. Environmental degradation and the risk of flooding are the main challenges to the oceans and coastal areas, respectively. At least 38 African countries are coastal States, 6 of which are island States and thus have a keen interest in better management of life below water. Globally, sustainable levels of fish stocks declined from 70.1 to 68.6 per cent during the 2009-2013 period owing to overfishing, illegal and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices. Subsidies to the fishing industry induce overfishing and adversely affect the ocean food chain, which can lead to food insecurity and poor livelihoods. w le dg e m en t s

xvAck no

xv xvi AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 A GEND GO 2030 Side By Side Africa’sDevelopment Agendas AL A

17. Full inallspheres genderequality oflife 10. World classinfrastructure crisscrosses Africa 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 3. Healthy andwell-nourished citizens 18. Engaged andempowered youth andchildren 17. Full inallspheres genderequality oflife 16. African cultural renaissance ispre-eminent nology andinnovation 2. Well educated citizens andskills revolution underpinnedby science, tech- 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 17. Full inallspheres genderequality oflife 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 3. Healthy andwell-nourished citizens 8. United Africa (Federal orConfederate) 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 4. Transformed economies andjobcreation 3. Healthy andwell-nourished citizens 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 18. Engaged andempowered youth andchildren 17. Full inallspheres gender equality oflife 16. African cultural renaissance ispre-eminent 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadershipinplace at alllevels 2. Transformed economies andjobcreation 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 10. World classinfrastructure crisscrosses Africa 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities ocean6. Blue/ economy for accelerated economic growth 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 17. Full inallspheres genderequality oflife 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all

A GEND A 2063GO ALS 20. Africa takes fullresponsibility for nancingherdevelopment inglobal a airsandpeaceful co-existence 19. Africa asamajorpartner 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadershipinplace at alllevels 10. World classinfrastructure crisscrosses Africa 4. Transformed economies andjobcreation 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 18. Engaged andempowered youth andchildren 17. Full inallspheres genderequality oflife 13. Peace, are andstability preserve security 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadership inplace at alllevels and therule oflaw entrenched 11. Democratic values, practices, universal principlesofhuman rights, justice 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities ocean6. Blue/ economy for accelerated economic growth 4. Transformed economies andjobcreation 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadershipinplace at alllevels 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 16. African cultural renaissance ispre-eminent 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadershipinplace at alllevels 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 4. Transformed economies andjobcreation 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 16. African cultural renaissance ispre-eminent 12. Capable institutionsandtransformed leadershipinplace at alllevels 10. World classinfrastructure crisscrosses Africa 7. Environmentally sustainableclimate resilient economies andcommunities 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all 20. Africa takes fullresponsibility for nancingherdevelopment 16. African cultural renaissance ispre-eminent 8. United Africa (federal orconfederate) 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all inglobala airsandpeaceful co-existence 19. Africa asamajorpartner 10. World classinfrastructure crisscrosses Africa 8. United Africa (federal orconfederate) ocean6. Blue/ economy for accelerated economic growth 5. Modernagriculture for increased andproduction productivity 4. Transformed economies andjobcreation 1. Ahighstandard ofliving, oflife andwell-being quality for all CHAPTER 1 Introduction: scope, methodology and statistics in Africa AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 2 T the goals for which data availability islimited. other pertinent analytical works, especially regarding a review of thelatest literature onboth Agendas and development indicators. These are complemented by of theUnited Nations andthe World Bank’s world on Trade andDevelopment, theStatistics Division Labour Organisation, the United Nations Conference a broad range of sources, includingtheInternational tion. The report isinformed mainly by latest data from lenges regarding their adaptation andimplementa- Teams were responsible for writing specificchapters. Programme’s Regional (UNDP) Bureau for Africa. Africa (ECA) andtheUnited Nations Development Union Commission, theEconomic Commission for African Development Bank (AfDB), the African The report isprepared jointly by the staffs of the 2063. and Agenda indicators of thegoals contained inthe2030 Agenda report illustrates thealignment between targets and 2063/SDGs Transition Report 2016.In theanalysis, the on earlier onesandespeciallyto Agenda theMDGs need to beidentified. As anannualreport, itbuilds with reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals discussion. Statistics-related challenges associated reporting onthe Agendas, thisisanarea for further tures andsystems for implementing, monitoring and many African countries are yet to inplace put struc there are noagreed baselinesto date andthefact that year with data onmostof theindicators. Given that as thebaselinebecauseitrepresents themostrecent agreed baselinefor both Agendas, 2013isadopted Agenda and Agenda 2063.Given theabsence of an selected goals, targets andindicators of the2030 The report underscores country performance on the 1.2 1.1 About thereport Scope andmethodology the progress made,lessonslearnedandchal- the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063documents he 2017editionof the Africa regional report on - regions of the world. permit, Africa’s performance is compared with other and Southern Africa) inallthesections. Where data regions of thecontinent: Central, East, North, West data by age, gender, geography (regarding the five To theextent possible,thereport disaggregates and themeansof implementation. (economic, socialandenvironment) andgovernance the three dimensionsof sustainabledevelopment data on Agenda 2063andthe2030 Agenda regarding The report covers all African countries, with relevant recommendations. (Goal 14).Lastly, chapter eight concludes with policy on progress onand issuesrelating to life below water and industrialization (Goal 9).Chapter seven focuses 5), followed by chapter sixonresilient infrastructure report underscores progress on gender equality (Goal on ensuringhealthy lives (Goal 3).In chapter five, the hunger (Goal 2) and chapter four focuses on progress highlights progress and issues regarding ending progress onendingpoverty (Goal 1).Chapter three This is followed by chapter two, which focuses on indicators andensure adequate reporting over time. areas for strengthening to generate baselinesonkey ability andstate of data and statistics, as well as to thepreparation of thereport. It theavail outlines - The introductory chapter underscores theapproach 14 (Life below water). 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure) and Goal health and well-being), Goal 5(Gender equality), Goal 1 (No poverty), Goal 2(Zero hunger), Goal 3(Good the corresponding goals for 2017, which includeGoal theme of thehigh-level politicalforum andfocuses on Goals andindicators, thereport isaligned with the Given thelarge number of Sustainable Development 1.3 Statistics in Africa: key issues

1.3.1 Overview of data issues in Africa African developmental The Sustainable Development Goals have rekindled statistics is under interest in the quality and availability of statistics for transformation and management, programme design and the monitoring inadequate funding and evaluation of performance. It is estimated that some $1 billion annually is required to enable 77 of to sustain statistical the world’s lower-income countries to establish statis- development and track tical systems capable of supporting and measuring the right indicators for the Goals. Existing mechanisms, such as multilateral lending, bilateral grants and technical assistance, ought decision-making remains to be used to support statistics. Equally, multilateral a core problem. trust funds and special development grants ought to cover the financial gap in developing statistics for the ment opportunities in the continent. The emerging Goals. capital markets and stock exchanges require quality data on inflation, gross domestic product (GDP) and African development statistics are as varied as the conti- other economic data for appropriate investment deci- nent itself and the herculean task has always been to sions, to some extent explaining the pressure exerted A f ric a bring all actors into a continental framework for statis- on national statistical offices. Domestic requirements tical development. In October 2014, the Independent for good governance and accountability as a tool for

Expert Advisory Group on Data Revolution for evaluating government performance has increased i n tic s

Sustainable Development underscored the opportuni- demand for data. Donors also exert demand for data, ti s a ties and challenges confronting statistical production especially on social trends to enable them to be held t for sustainable development. It was clearly stated that accountable to their constituents, leading to donor- s investment is required to improve statistics for the driven data generation that is sometimes irrelevant to

effective measurement of sustainable development Africa’s development (Kiregyera, 2015). The problem an d y indicators (Independent Expert Advisory Group on the is aggravated by the underfunding of national statis- Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, 2014). tical offices and a reliance on donors, in particular Equally, the monitoring and evaluation of the Goals will for household surveys and censuses. This calls for require additional investment in order to consolidate increased investment in both economic and social gains made during the Millennium Development Goal data. period, enabling the development of reliable, high- quality data on a range of subjects, including but not 1.3.2 Situation of data and statistics limited to climate change and inequalities. As a result, in Africa g m e th o d olo o p e, the African national statistical system and subregional and regional organizations dealing with statistics and It is noted by development practitioners and other statistical development have been not only challenged, actors that deficiencies in statistical information but also given the opportunity, among other things, to hamper Africa’s development and transformation raise public awareness of the importance of statistics processes. Although some progress had been made in in the development of the continent and in harnessing statistical development, this progress is uneven and on: s c o ducti on: national, subregional, regional and international the national statistical systems still face a number of resources in building the capacities of African coun- challenges. In response to concerns raised by stake- tries to meet the increased demand in quality statistics holders in the national statistical systems in various In tr emanating from their development agendas. forums, a number of initiatives, frameworks and strategies have been developed in the past decades The recent upsurge in the demand for statistics in to improve statistics in support of Africa’s develop- Africa is driven, among other factors, by the global ment agenda (Economic Commission for Africa, 2008;

3 1 E R CH A PT recession of 2008 and the search for data for invest- 2013). FIGURE 1.1 highlights the key milestones in the 3 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 4 Figure 1.1 201 2017 201 201 2013 2012 2011 2010 200 200 2007 2006 200 200 2003 2002 2001 2000

MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS IN AFRICA national statistical oﬃces theEconomic Commission for • Africa in Africa • work for statistical capacity-building • Committee of directors general of Establishment of Statistics Division of Reference regional strategic frame plan for statistics African Charter Busan action on Statistics International comparison Africa data consensus programme for Africa vitalstatistics improvement of civilregistration and responsible for civilregistration• statistics in Africa • • The Africa program onaccelerated Conference of African ministers Strategy for the harmonization of development • • Africa symposium onstatistical Statistical Commission for Africa Marrakech actionplan for statistics development of statistics in Africa. These deliberate conducted population censuses, compared with 38 efforts need to be put into concrete action at the countries for the 2000 round and 44 countries for country and regional levels in order to develop data the 1990 round (Economic Commission for Africa and systems on the continent. African Union Commission, 2014). Notwithstanding this progress, most countries are not able to collect Those initiatives, together with the efforts to measure data in a regular and timely manner, in particular progress on achieving the Millennium Development conflict and post-conflict countries. The gaps in Goals, led to increased investment in a number of regular data production are underscored by the national statistics systems (Economic Commission Mo Ibrahim Foundation (2016): only half of Africa’s for Africa, 2016) and contributed to improvements in population live in a country that has conducted more data availability. They have also contributed to signif- than two comparable surveys in the past 10 years icant capacity development in the region. The main and a little more than half live in a country that has challenges to statistical development in Africa are conducted an agriculture census in the past 10 years discussed in the paragraphs that follow. or one that has not conducted a labour force survey. In addition, improvements in other data sources, i Inadequate funding and such as administrative data, civil registration and limited autonomy of the vital statistics and geospatial data, have been very slow (Organization for Economic Cooperation and national statistical offices Development and Paris21, 2013). Adequate and sustained resourcing and autonomy of the national statistics system, in particular the These limitations lead to persistent data gaps in key national statistical offices, are key determinants of the development indicators, such as social, environ- production of accurate, credible, timely and neutral mental and governance indicators (Cassidy, 2014), data. African developmental statistics is under trans- administrative data (including civil registration and A f ric a formation and inadequate funding to sustain statis- vital statistics and data on industry and drug usage) tical development and track the right indicators for and indicators on the structure of the agriculture decision-making remains a core problem. The lack of sector and landholders and on labour market and i n tic s

institutional and political autonomy has also weak- employment (Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2016). The ti s a ened the technical and managerial capacity of many data gaps impede the establishment of baselines for t offices to deliver effectively. Of the 54 African coun- measuring progress on development frameworks, s tries, only 12 are considered to have autonomous including the Sustainable Development Goals. Data

offices (Economic Commission for Africa, 2010). limitations compound the challenge relating to moni- an d y toring the Goals. On the basis of the global database These shortfalls contribute to capacity limits that on the Goals, updated on 4 January 2017, only 37.8 have resulted in inadequate access to and use of per cent of the indicators have data on African coun- data, an inability to use the latest statistical meth- tries (Statistics Division, 2017b). odologies, and a statistical knowledge gap in issues such as metadata flow, updating statistical data and Updates to data availability on the Sustainable the timely production of quality data to monitor and Development Goals in Africa will be found in the ECA

evaluate national continental and global develop- database, called ECAStats, following the revamping g m e th o d olo o p e, ment agendas. Several countries in Africa are working of the ECA statistical database maintained by the towards granting their national statistical offices African Centre for Statistics. ECAStats has been autonomy through legal and institutional reforms. set up as one of the portals containing Goal indica- However, progress is uneven among countries. tors on Africa, with accompanying metadata. At the Africa level, there are ongoing initiatives to develop a regional indicators framework that will be used to ii Data availability s c o ducti on: monitor progress on the 2030 Agenda and Agenda There is improvement in data availability in African 2063. Because most of the regional indicators are countries following increased implementation of taken from the global list of Goal indicators, it is In tr censuses and household surveys and the use of tech- essential that the ECA portal mirror African data nology in these processes. The unprecedented partic- available in the global Goal database of the Statistics ipation of African countries in the 2010 round of the Division, which is regularly updated as new data population and housing census is an illustration of points become available.

5 1 E R CH A PT this improvement. During that round, 47 countries 5 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 6 tors, itisrealizing that, among theexisting data sets, Sustainable Development Goals and their indica- As thegeospatial community works through the data andactualusage (Kiregyera, 2015). create further uncertainties theusability about of information onavailable data andhow to access them data dissemination andpublication policy, inadequate Combined with thenon-integration of user needsin various data producers alsolimitsdata accessibility. to fillthesegaps. The useof various formats by surveys inanumber of countries, which ishelping devices andgeospatial information, incensuses and There are efforts to usetechnology, includingmobile from censuses and surveys are often late.published capacity andfunding.For example, data generated ture anddata technology, as well asinadequate countries owing to politicalissues, weak infrastruc Data accessibility anduseare achallenge in many comparability difficult. methodologies, concepts and definitions makes data agriculture, healthandpoverty. The useof various survey estimates in Africa with regard to education, ancies between administrative data andhousehold for Global Development (2014)highlighted discrep- and regional andinternational sources. The Center from various national sources andbetween national contributed to significant discrepancies between data infrastructure anddata technology. These have inadequate financialandhumanresources and weak of coordination within thenational statistics system, methodology, concepts anddefinitions used,alack Key drivers of theseshortcomings are differences in atic, accurate, relevant, comparable andtimely data. countries stillface challenges inproducing system- ments in quality data production. Many African ability have not resulted in corresponding improve - statistical development. Efforts to improve data avail- Data quality isanother area of concern in Africa’s v iv iii Use ofgeospatial data Data accessibilityanduse Data quality - the International Development Association (IDA) costs covering all77countries receiving from support million forcosts start-up and$5millioninannual one estimate theinvestment puts required at $150 respect to satellite-based Earth observation imagery, Development Goals ($120billionannually). With annually over what was required for theMillennium Development Goals will require at least$1.5trillion sustainable development. Financing theSustainable work for theinternational community to finance Development provided acomprehensive frame- International Conference onFinancing for TheThirdthe Addisof Ababa Action Agenda government. and reporting framework to benefit all areas of the process and,therefore, aconsistent monitoring It will alsobringtheanalysis andevidence-base to data andinformation for monitoring theindicators. all-encompassing theme will provide theessential that isaligned with sustainabledevelopment asan development plans. A strategy infrastructure onsuch grate national spatial data infrastructure into national there isneedto buildconsensus ontheneedto inte- data isaprerequisite for calculating theindicators, mind that theaccessibility of fundamental geospatial Sustainable Development Goal indicators. Bearing in work with theinter-agency andexpert groupon the global levels to develop theglobalindicator frame- statistical community at thenational, regional and Information Management is working closely with the The United Nations Initiative onGlobal Geospatial have agreater ability to generate data faster. other organizations andtheprivate sector, who often sional community andrequires partnerships with user requirements. This isachallenge for theprofes- therefore needsto bemore agileandadaptable to is three-to-four years of out date. Data production data currently available to measure theseindicators of theindicators require more current data, while the intheirbut temporal resolution. For example, afew significant, not intheir somuch spatial resolution there are anumber of data gaps.Some of themare non-concessional rates. income threshold,lack thecreditworthiness but required to borrow at countries,island economiessmall including that are aboveper the capita an establishedthreshold ($1,215 in2016).IDAsome alsosupports relative poverty, defined as gross national income perbelow capita Eligibility for IDAfirstdepends and foremost support on acountry’s development to activities poor countriesfor at highly concessional rates. grants and loans provides that institution multi-issue a is IDA 1 the World Bank. (Digital Globe, 2015). 1 of of 1.4 Statistics for progress reporting on the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063

1.4.1 Indicators for the 2030 Agenda 63 core indicators for monitoring and reporting and Agenda 2063: on Agenda 2063, of which 40 are identical to the Africa’s contribution Sustainable Development Goal indicators.

African countries are required to report progress on In 2016, the Conference of African Ministers of the implementation of 2030 Agenda and Agenda Finance, Planning and Economic Development 2063, which requires large amounts of data. The 2030 encouraged pan-African institutions to adopt a Agenda has 17 Goals and 169 targets. In 2015, the coherent strategy for the effective and coordinated Statistical Commission established the inter-agency implementation of Agenda 2063 and the 2030 and expert group on Sustainable Development Goal Agenda. The ministers agreed to a single monitoring indicators to develop the monitoring and reporting and evaluation framework, accommodating both framework for the 2030 Agenda. In March 2016, the Agendas, and a common reporting architecture that Commission agreed on a set of 230 global indicators, will produce a single periodic performance report. subject to future technical refinement. The global list They also acknowledged that the implementation of, of indicators will be complemented by indicators at reporting on and follow-up to both Agendas require the continental and national levels. At the global level, a coherent strategy and an integrated set of goals, the follow-up and review at the high-level political targets and indicators, along with a harmonized A f ric a forum will be informed by the annual progress report review and reporting platform. on the Goals to be prepared by the Secretary-General in cooperation with the United Nations system, on Many African countries are in the process of aligning i n tic s

the basis of the global indicator framework and data the global and continental development goals with ti s a produced by national statistical systems and informa- their national development priorities, which entails t tion collected at the regional level. efforts to harmonize, coordinate or integrate data s requirements. The pan-African institutions are

Agenda 2063 has 20 goals and 174 targets. Its results currently working on an integrated monitoring and an d y framework represents a logical relationship between evaluation framework that will be used to monitor the African Union vision, the seven African aspira- and report on Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda tions, the goal/priority areas under each aspiration at the continent level. This requires large amounts of and the associated targets. Following the adoption of data to be produced and disseminated by countries. Agenda 2063 by the heads of State and Governments of the African Union in January 2015, the African 1.4.2 Data availability and Union Commission prepared the first 10-year imple- opportunities for reporting on

mentation plan, for the period 2014-2023. It contains g m e th o d olo o p e, Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda Many African countries The Statistics Division led the development of the are in the process of global Sustainable Development Goal database aligning the global and dissemination platform, which currently has a reason- able amount of data on the indicators (Statistics on: s c o ducti on: continental development Division, 2017b). Of the 230 indicators, the portal goals with their has 91 on African countries, or 37.8 per cent of the In tr total. TABLE 1.1 provides a summary of the sources of

national development the data points in the database. Some of the indica- priorities, which entails tors are disaggregated by sex, age group and location. efforts to harmonize, There are also data for 33 additional indicators, which coordinate or integrate could help to measure the targets. In addition to data

7 1 E R CH A PT data requirements. at the country level, aggregates are provided for 7 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 8 there are nodata for alltheindicators under Goal 13. cent) andGoal 4(54.5per cent). On theother hand, per cent), Goal 8(58.8per cent), Goal 2(57.1per 3 (69.2per cent), Goal 7(66.7per cent), Goal 9(66.7 data for more thanhalf theindicators, asGoal such Some of theSustainable Development Goals have monitor andreport ontherelevant Goals andtargets. there are 139indicators that require data inorder to The data are for the years 1990-2016.Globally, Africa (excluding North Africa) andNorthern Africa. Tanzania (Economic Commission for Africa, 2016). Senegal, South Africa and theUnited Republic of effect have beguninCôte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Nigeria, Commission for Africa et al.,2016).Efforts to this with theSustainable Development Goals (Economic African countries to alignnational development plans T Table 1.1 Table ABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE 1.1 highlights the need for strong efforts by SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL DATA AVAILABILITY ON AFRICAN COUNTRIES Total GOAL * A total of 11indicators are repeated. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE DATA AVAILABILITY BY INDICATOR TYPE 91 18 10 3 8 6 3 2 4 8 5 1 2 0 1 6 6 8 ADDITIONAL 33 3 4 7 3 1 4 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 3 alone. them needingnew systems with respect to Goal 15 areas require new data collection systems, with 11of statistical system. A total of 27indicators inthese the indicators intheseareas are new to thenational the United Republic of Tanzania, for example, mostof 11-15 remain relatively weak in many countries. In tion, dissemination anduse with respect to Goals statistical capacity onthecontinent. Data produc tion of South Africa, which hasthestrongest national the Goals (i.e.,Goals 1-4and6-10). With theexcep- especially inthe social and economic dimensionsof some capacity to produce data to measure progress, Goals, anumber of national statistical systems have progress towards theMillennium Development Building on investments in data production to monitor TOTAL 124 12 25 11 11 11 6 9 5 6 4 9 5 2 3 0 1 6 OF INDICATORS * TOTAL NUMBER 241 12 14 26 11 14 11 17 12 11 15 14 14 23 25 6 9 7 OF INDICATORS PERCENTAGE WITH DATAWITH 37.8 25.0 57.1 69.2 54.5 21.4 18.2 66.7 58.8 66.7 45.5 14.3 14.3 42.9 26.1 32.0 6.7 0.0 - 1.4.3 Africa’s contributions to This small share of data obtained from country informing the global database of sources stresses the need for further investment in Sustainable Development Goal the national statistical systems in order to develop indicators on Africa capacity in a range of areas, such as administrative records and civil registration and vital statistics. This The extent of indicators without data on Africa in the will help to improve the collection, analysis, dissemi- Global SDG database demonstrates the persistence nation and availability of accurate, timely and compa- of a data gap in national statistical systems (Statistics rable data. Investment in data is also needed to support Division, 2017a). The sources of the data points in the effective decision-making and monitoring of progress global Sustainable Development Goal database are on national development plans and the dissemination summarized in TABLE 1.2. It can be observed that esti- of data among subregional, regional and international mation, global monitoring and modelled data provide organizations that monitor and report on Agenda some 54 per cent of the total data on the Goals 2063 and the 2030 Agenda. Moreover, national regarding Africa. Although there have been improve- statistical authorities need to work with other stake- ments in the share of country and country-adjusted holders, such as the private sector and civil society data, from 22.8 per cent during the period 1990- organizations that are involved in data-production 2005 to 33.5 per cent during the period 2006-2016, activities. the overall share for the whole duration was only 28.9 per cent. 1.4.4 Advocacy for action

During the period 2006-2016, the range of the The Sustainable Development Goals require that all country or country-adjusted data source lies between the actors, stakeholders and beneficiaries have access 16.6 per cent in Libya to 37.2 per cent in Mauritius. to relevant information to play their relevant roles in

Countries with the share of country or country-ad- the development process, including implementing, A f ric a justed data source below 20 per cent include Libya, monitoring and reporting on progress. The relevant Somalia (18.6 per cent) and South Sudan (18.8 per information should always include official statistics. cent). On the other hand, more than one-third of data i n tic s

from South Africa (33.3 per cent), Ethiopia (33.7), Notwithstanding notable progress made by African ti s a

Egypt (33.7 per cent), Cabo Verde (34.3 per cent), countries in the production and dissemination of t Niger (34.6 per cent), Ghana (35.9 per cent), Morocco statistics during the past decade or so, official statis- s (36.2 per cent) and Mauritius are country or coun- tics produced by national statistical systems are not

try-adjusted. A total of 39 per cent of the indicators always available in forms that allow easy access. an d y on Africa are estimated by international organizations. Therefore, monitoring the broad range of development issues covered by the Sustainable Development Goals and the need to fulfil the principle of disaggrega-

Table 1.2 DATA SOURCES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ON AFRICA

DATA SOURCE TYPE 1990 - 2005 2006 - 2016 1990 - 2016 g m e th o d olo o p e, TOTAL DATA SHARE TOTAL DATA SHARE TOTAL DATA SHARE POINTS (%) POINTS (%) POINTS (%) Country or 7 948 22.8 15 443 33.5 23 391 28.9 country-adjusted Estimation 14 981 42.9 16 600 36.0 31 581 39.0 on: s c o ducti on: Global monitoring 2 672 7.7 4 867 10.6 7 539 9.3

Modelling 1 957 5.6 2 656 5.8 4 613 5.7 In tr

Others 7 336 21.0 6 493 14.1 13 829 17.1

Total 34 894 100 46 059 100 80 953 100

9 1 E R CH A PT Source: Global Sustainable Development Goal database. Available from www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/peace/agenda2063.shtml. 9 10 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 and opendata communities. as theprivate sector, civilsociety, academia,citizenry be tapped within thenational data ecosystems, such Africa, 2016). There are capacitiesandresources to data accessibility anduse(Economic Commission for in official statistics, reducing costs andenhancing ecosystems will therefore behelpful infillinggaps gration of data from various sources within data ties andthecoordination, harmonization andinte- alone. Collaboration among various data communi- if it is to be met by the official statistics community and national development priorities, will be very high data collection for the2030 Agenda, Agenda 2063 The cost of theseinvestments, however, inparticular data analysis anddissemination. the accuracy of administrative records andimproved system by buildingcapacity inarange of areas, as such toring, alsoto but strengthen theoverall statistical benefit evidence-based decision-makingandmoni- can provide excellent returns. It standsnot only to Commission for Africa, 2016). Investing instatistics including capacity gapsandtechnology (Economic of quality, relevant, timely andcomparable data, statistics to fillthegapsthat limitthegeneration Agenda 2063necessitates investing massively in Sustainable Development Goals andthosecontained The measurement of progress towards achieving the resourcecial andhuman capacities. adequate technological infrastructure andto finan- lenge to thealready weak statistical systems that lack income andgeography constitute anadditionalchal- tion alongdimensionsof, amongothers, age, gender, information to play their including implementing, reporting onprogress. and beneficiarieshave development process, relevant roles inthe actors, stakeholders Development Goals require that all the access to relevant The Sustainable monitoring and most part,however, theseare small-scaleandoften nities andecosystems in African countries. For the is currently under way within multipledata commu- 2014). Considerable innovation andexperimentation the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, than before (Independent Expert Advisory Groupon availability anduseof bigger andmore detailed data nate ahuge volume andtypeof data, leadingto the gies usedto collect data andanalyse anddissemi- with unprecedented innovation in data technolo- in all domains,given that their adoption coincides data revolution inorder to improve statistical capacity 2063 isanopportunity for Africa to embarkonthe and statistics under the2030 Agenda and Agenda formation in Africa. The increasing demandfor data positive social,economic andenvironmental trans- The data revolution canbeharnessedto catalyse called for a“data revolution” level panel of eminent persons that went further and users. These requirements were echoedby thehigh- community, government officials andother data tial specialistsfrom theprivate sector andresearch tical methods, asdata such scientists and geospa- actors to beinvolved inthedevelopment of statis- development agenda that calledfor a wider range of concerning statistical capacity for the post-2015 communities was alsoakey element of discussions The needfor collaboration among various data Data Revolution for Sustainable Development, 2014). from allpartsof society” (Independent Expert Advisory Groupon the generated dataand perceptions data; and growing fordemand data of things’, andfrom other sources,as qualitative such data, citizen- supported by new technologies e.g.mobilephonesandthe‘internet the in increase dissemination of data, andtherange of thingson therewhich isdata, “rapid a to refers volumeof data,ofspeed dataproduction, revolution”number of dataproducers, “data term The 2 Agenda 2063necessitates achieving theSustainable that limitthegeneration statistics to fill thegaps data, including capacity timely andcomparable investing massively in gaps andtechnology. and thosecontained of progress towards of quality,relevant, Development Goals The measurement 2 for development. isolated initiatives. If Africa is to benefit from the full The adoption of open data principles for both transformative potential of the data revolution, more national statistical systems and other national data systematic, large-scale, integrated and sustainable ecosystems is one of the most effective approaches efforts are going to be needed (Economic Commission to making data available to a wide audience. Open for Africa, 2015). data are online, free of cost and accessible, and can be used, reused and redistributed, subject only, at African Governments recognize the importance of most, to the requirements to attribute and to share. the data revolution as embodied in the Africa data consensus (Economic Commission for Africa et al., 2015) and other statistical and development initia- The data revolution can tives, including the African Charter on Statistics and the African Union’s strategy for the harmonization be harnessed to catalyse of statistics in Africa. The consensus is a strategy for positive social, economic implementing the data revolution in Africa that was and environmental adopted at a high-level conference on the data revolution, held in March 2015, in response to calls for transformation in Africa. a framework on the data revolution in Africa and its The increasing demand implications for Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda. for data and statistics under the 2030 Agenda At the national level, this can be seen in long-term national development plans, and numerous changes, and Agenda 2063 is reforms and innovations are needed to enable an opportunity for member States to embark on a data revolution. In this Africa to embark on regard, access to and the use of new sources of data, A f ric a in particular big data, to complement official statis- the data revolution. tics is needed. This requires strategic and innovative partnerships and collaboration between national i n tic s

statistical systems and other actors of various data The improvement in existing data sources is also key ti s a communities. A challenge in this collaboration is that to effective progress monitoring. Census survey and t big data do not always follow statistical principles, administrative data are the main sources of data used s making it difficult for the analysis and generation to inform the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063. This

of results. In this respect, a lot of work in terms of, requires improvement in the coverage and frequency an d y among other things, methodologies, definitions and of censuses and surveys, and the modernization of classifications is required. Moreover, some issues, administrative systems, including civil registration such as technical, legal, proprietary and privacy issues and vital statistics. It entails significant investment in relating to big data, limit their effective access and data technologies, capacity, infrastructure and human use, notwithstanding their timeliness and cost-ef- and financial resources. fectiveness (Robin et al., 2016). Legal, legislative and policy reforms are required to address these issues. The development of the national spatial data infra-

According to the guidelines of the national strategy structure is needed for capacity-building, funding, g m e th o d olo o p e, for the development of statistics on the data revo- coordination, fundamental data sets and reference lution, “by providing a legal framework for countries systems. Capacity needs and data gap assessments to guide their own legislative processes, the Charter will help to support efforts towards statistical devel- indeed provides leverage and guidelines that help in opment within the framework of the 2030 Agenda modifying the law accounting for new data develop- and Agenda 2063 at the national, regional and inter- ments, such as the use of Big Data”.3 national levels. on: s c o ducti on: In tr

11 1 E R CH A PT

3 Available from www.paris21.org/nsdsguidelines. 11 12 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 2063 in African countries: effective monitoring of the2030 Agenda and Agenda are underscored to thedata support revolution for In the Africa data consensus, thefollowing key actions Goals andthegoals contained in Agenda 2063. progress inachieving theSustainable Development national development plansandto report onthe tical data for monitoring theimplementation of their disseminate adequate, high-quality andtimely statis- above sothat African countries canproduce and ment have to take into account challenges discussed tion are required. Initiatives onstatistical develop - data sources and innovations and geospatial informa- of statistical data. Additional funding,embracing new production, analysis, storage, dissemination anduse to strengthen thecapacitiesof member States inthe systems anddata availability. Further work isneeded partner investments to improve national statistical tives led to increased government and development the Millennium Development Goals andother initia- Previous efforts to monitor andreport progress of 1.5 them more inclusive of alldata communities opment of statistics shouldbe revised to make opment. Existingnational strategies for thedevel- This islinked to thestrategy for statistical devel- should prioritize partnership with Government. engaging thiscommunity, andother stakeholders way. Governments mustplay aproactive role in development decision-makinginacoordinated ners that tacklestheinformational aspectsof society, localcommunities anddevelopment part- Government, theprivate sector, academia,civil Create aninclusive data ecosystem involving States intheproduction, Conclusion Further work isneeded dissemination and use capacities ofmember of statistical data. to strengthen the analysis, storage, partnership with other development partners. in therealization of the Africa data consensus, in African Union Commission andECA take thelead Have pan-African as such institutions, AfDB, the evaluation gender-specific indicators into monitoring and It isimportant to integrate gender statistics and to improve data collection, analysis andusage. and technologies, includinggeospatial technology, Promote innovative andintegrated methodologies credibility all data inorder to improve their validity and and standards relating to official statistics to Extend, where allinternational applicable, norms oration, fundingandthesharing of experiences nology transfer andto promote sustainablecollab- nerships asastrategy for knowledge andtech- Adopt, foster andstrengthen public-private part- subnational levels to drive decision-makingat thenational and be supported to ensure timely andaccurate data cultural management information systems should economic, labour, health, education, landandagri- of thedata revolution. Likewise, population, credible vital statistics that are acornerstone Develop civilregistration systems that produce statistical information needs quality, reliability, timelinessandrelevance to open data onthe basis of established criteria for provide credentials to data communities providing Have Governments identify a body authorized to strategy inplace shouldbeput able national resources. A resource mobilization tion of allrequired data isfinanced from sustain- the recurrent costs of production anddissemina- Have Governments take theleadinensuringthat road map with clear milestones of the various stakeholders andcreate a workable tional andcommunity levels to recognize theroles tions, data assets andgapsat thenational, subna- and financialframeworks, participating institu- data ecosystem, review thecapacity needs,legal As a critical first step towards strengthening the CHAPTER 2 Sustainable Development Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere 14 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 T goal inthe2030 Agenda and in Agenda 2063. today, hence thecontinued focus onthisoverarching poverty remains one of the greatest global challenges fits of adequate socialprotection. Indeed, eradicating should enjoy abasicstandard of livingandthebene- where, includingthepoorest andmost vulnerable, next 15 years beginningin2016. All peopleevery - which has12related targets (see indicators andisaligned with goal 1of Agenda 2063, Sustainable Development Goal 1 has 7 targets and 12 Data availability at thecountry level presents amixed tional level for at leastthree of theseven targets. this Goal are, ingeneral, available at theinterna - 2.1 2.3 2.2

Introduction Progress inpoverty reduction Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063 tations, includingextreme poverty, over the Goal 1isto endto poverty inallitsmanifes- he objective of Sustainable Development ... thenon-inclusiveness of growth, inequalities, and fragility to shocks continue to challenge population dynamics reduction agenda. food insecurity, Africa’s poverty POVERTY POVERTY NO T ABLE 2.1 ). Data on income poverty hasremained widespread, notwith- as Africa (excluding North Africa) andOceania, where poverty by 2030inother regions of the world, such masks challenges in meeting thetarget of reducing 2016a; see the world lived inextreme poverty (United Nations, approximately oneinevery eight peoplearound faced the world at theturnof thecentury. By 2012, made onmostof thesocialdevelopment illsthat ended inDecember 2015.Significant progress was Millennium Development Goals framework, which agenda, the2030 Agenda buildsonthelegacy of the As amore expansive andambitiousdevelopment nental agenda. cators andtargets, while not losingsight of theconti- this report, reference is made mostly to theGoal indi- and thelevel of disaggregation. For of thepurposes picture, with considerable gapsinquality, timeliness challenges today, hence the continued focus on

... eradicating poverty this overarching goal BOX and in Agenda 2063. in the2030 Agenda the greatest global 2.1 ). The globalpicture, however, remains oneof $1.90 Table 2.1 ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 1 OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063

ALIGNMENT TO AGENDA 2063: GOALS 1, 5, 7, 17, 20* SDG 1 TARGETS TARGETS 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for 1.1.2.1 Reduce 2013 levels of poverty by at least 30%. all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of 1.1.2.1 Reduce 2013 levels of poverty by at least 30%. men, women and children of all ages living in poverty 1.1.2.2 Reduce poverty amongst women by at least 50% in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social 1.1.3.1 At least 30% of vulnerable populations protection systems and measures for all, including persons with disabilities, older persons including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial and children provided with social protection. coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 1.1.4.10 At least 70% of the population

indicate an increase in access to quality y wh e r basic services (water, sanitation, electricity, 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in transportation, internet connectivity particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal 6.17.1.1 Equal economic rights for women, rights to economic resources, as well as access including the rights to own and inherit property, to basic services, ownership and control over sign a contract, save, register and manage a business land and other forms of property, inheritance, and own and operate a bank account by 2026 natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 6.17.1.2. At least 20% of women in rural areas have access to and control productive assets, including land and grants, credit, inputs, financial service and information

1.7.3.3 Reduce deaths and property loss e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor from natural and man-made disasters and p o and those in vulnerable situations and reduce climate extreme events by at least 30% their exposure and vulnerability to climate- related extreme events and other economic, 1.5.1.5 Increase the proportion of farm, social and environmental shocks and disasters pastoral and fisher households are resilient to climate and weather related risks to 30% Goal 1: E n d 1: Goal 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources 1.1.2.1 Reduce 2013 levels of poverty by at least 30%. from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the 1.1.2.2 Reduce poverty amongst women by at least 50% national, regional and international levels, pm en t De v elo a i nable

based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive t development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions Su s

Source: Authors’ own analysis based on Statistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015).

* Goal 1 (a high standard of living, quality of life and well-being for all), goal 5 (modern agriculture for increased productivity and production) and goal 7 (environmentally sustainable climate-resilient economies and communities) of aspiration 1; goal 17 (full

152 E R CH A PT gender equality in all spheres of life) of aspiration 6; and goal 20 (Africa takes full responsibility for financing her development) of aspiration 7. 15 16 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 poverty reduction agenda. and fragility to shockscontinue to challenge Africa’s inequalities, food insecurity, population dynamics progress, althoughthenon-inclusiveness of growth, Development Goal agenda accounted for most of that development improvements through theMillennium Strong growth andconcerted efforts towards human reductions occurring between 2002and2012. 41 per cent (World Bank, 2016b), with thefastest 15 per cent, from the1990rate of 56.9per cent to (excluding North Africa) had been reduced by at least using theincome measure of $1.90/day, in Africa between 2000and2015.By 2013,poverty rates, standing efforts to reduce poverty substantially Figure 2.1 B Source: United Nations, (2016a). benefits inlow-income countries, compared with 67per cent inupper-middle-income countries. 9 per cent of working adults. A total of 20per cent of peoplereceived socialassistance or socialprotection working poor:16per cent of employed young people were livinginpoverty in2015,compared with 28 per cent in2000. Young peoplebetween 15and24 years of age are more likely to beamongthe of the world’s workers andtheir families lived onlessthan$1.90per person per day, down from in 2000.One ineight people worldwide lived inextreme poverty in2012;2015,at least10per cent At least13per cent of theglobalpopulation lived inextreme poverty in2012,down from 26per cent Annual GDP rates (%) 2.1 ox -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SUBREGIONAL TRENDS INGDP GROWTH AND ANNUAL GDP GROWTH BY REGION, 2010–2015 Source: 2016 World Bank world development indicators data.

GLOBALPOVERTY: OVERVIEW North Africa West Africa Central Africa social economic development (see prices, has had significant negative effects on Africa’s spread droughts, floodsandthedeclineincommodity by many factors, includingtheEbola epidemic, wide- onset of theeconomic downturn in2014,triggered education, healthandagriculture. Unfortunately, the space for mostcountries to increase expenditure in between themid-2000sand2013,provided the fiscal increases inofficial development assistance (ODA) Strong economic performance, coupled with general trends ineconomic growth since 2010. East Africa 2010 Trends in GDP growth Trends inGDP growth Annual GDP Southern Africa 2014 FIGURE 2.1 2015 ) onthe In 2015, economic growth on the continent was Both Sustainable Development Goal 1 and goal 1 somewhat subdued, with drops in all regions, except of Agenda 2063 call for an end to poverty in all its for a notable rebound in North Africa (see FIGURE 2.1), dimensions and include targets to ensure that meas- buoyed by strong performances in a few countries ures are taken to support the most vulnerable popu- within those subregions. In North Africa, for example, lation groups through the provision of social safety strong growth in Algeria, Egypt and Morocco nets and the reduction in inequalities in employment pushed the regional average up significantly, while among men, women and young people. The following sharp downturns in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea sections will therefore show the poverty trends in and Nigeria had an overall negative effect on West Africa against the targets set in Goal 1 and, wherever Africa’s growth prospects, despite strong growth in possible, goal 1 of Agenda 2063, which will be used Côte d’ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal and Togo. as benchmarks for monitoring and analysing future progress on this Goal. The next section assesses On the other hand, the overall performance in progress made on each of the targets with sufficient Central, East and Southern Africa, was affected by data. large economic contractions in a number of countries, primarily those that depend on oil or minerals. Target 1.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 1 Such contractions were seen in Botswana, Chad, By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all Equatorial Guinea, South Africa, South Sudan, Zambia people everywhere, currently measured and Zimbabwe, while Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, as people living on less than $1.25 a day y wh e r Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania continued to shore up East Africa’s steady growth, Related Agenda 2063 target: with an average annual growth rate of 6.76 per cent i Reduce 2013 levels of poverty (see FIGURE 2.2). by at least 30 per cent.

Such volatility, although normal in cycles of growth, Substantial progress has been made towards reducing is not conducive to sustained efforts towards poverty poverty on the continent, although challenges remain, reduction, especially for economies that do not have in particular outside North Africa. North Africa has the means to cushion themselves against shocks in made the most progress in reducing poverty globally: order to avoid development reversals that are often between 1990 and 2012, poverty rates declined by seen on the continent. Poverty eradication, or a 30 per some 70 per cent. Africa (excluding North Africa), on s e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt cent reduction, in accordance with the Agenda 2063 the other hand, continues to face significant chal- target, will depend in large part on the reinforcing lenges in this regard and has the highest poverty rates p o interactions between Sustainable Development Goal in the world, with rates of more than 40 per cent in 8 for inclusive growth of at least 7 per cent annually in 2012 and 2013,1 second only to Oceania (see FIGURE order to provide decent jobs for all, including women 2.3). Nevertheless, poverty rates are down by at least and young people; the provision of education, health 15 per cent from the 1990 figures, demonstrating care and other social services for improved human progress in the right direction. E n d 1: Goal development (Goals 3, 4, 6 and 15); a reduction in inequalities through Goals 5 and 10, including the The pace of poverty reduction in Africa (excluding provision of social safety nets; and sustainable land North Africa) has been slower than anticipated due to use that would enhance food security, promote diver- the region’s structural challenges and its lack of resil- sification and combat climate change (Goals 12-14). ience to shocks, which makes it susceptible to many reversals. The reductions to date appear to have been The 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 have the poten- attained on the back of relatively strong growth, tial to lay the foundation for sustainable development averaging 5 per cent annually since the mid-2000s, in which poverty and inequalities can be reduced and concerted efforts through the Millennium pm en t De v elo a i nable significantly, if implemented properly. For the Africa Development Goals framework. Even with such t region, it will be imperative to monitor progress made efforts, the region managed to reduce poverty only on these interrelated goals over time in order to track Su s achievements of the overarching goal of poverty 1 Using the latest World Bank data, the poverty rate for Africa reduction, namely, goal 1 under aspiration 1 of Agenda (excluding North Africa) was 41 per cent in 2013. The World Bank 2063, towards a high standard of living, quality of life data combine North Africa with the Middle East, which makes and well-being for all, which is supportive of global comparison between Africa (excluding North Africa) and North Africa alone challenging. The trends on poverty between data from Statistics 172 E R CH A PT development priorities. Division and the World Bank are largely the same. Both sources of data have been used in this report without affecting the analysis of each set. 17 18 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Figure 2.2 -25 -20

2005 2010 2014 GDP GROWTH RATES, 2005-2014 Source: 2016 World Bank world development indicators data. -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Burkina Faso Guinea Ghana Gambia, The Gabon Ethiopia Eritrea Equatorial Guinea Egypt Djibouti Côte d’Ivoire oftheCongo Republic RepublicoftheCongo Democratic Comoros Chad Central AfricanRepublic Cameroon Cabo Verde Burundi Botswana Benin Algeria Zimbabwe Zambia Uganda Tunisia Togo ofTanzania United Republic Swaziland Sudan South Sudan South Africa Sierra Leone Seychelles Senegal andPrincipe São Tomé Rwanda Nigeria Niger Namibia Mozambique Morocco Mauritius Mauritania Mali Malawi Madagascar Libya Liberia Lesotho Kenya Guinea-Bissau Angola GDP growthrates(%) Figure 2.3 PROPORTION OF PEOPLE LIVING BELOW $1.90/DAY, 2002-2013

60 2002 2013 50

East Asia and Europe and Latin America South Asia Africa (excluding World Proportion of people living below $1.90/day (%)

the Paciﬁc Central Asia and the North Africa) y wh e r Caribbean

Source: World Bank (2016).

by an average of 1.5 per cent annually between sive in order to have an impact on income poverty 2002 and 2012, compared with a 2.7 per cent reduc- and on other investment that would address other tion annually on average for all developing regions dimensions of poverty. The pace of poverty reduction combined (see FIGURE 2.4). Further reductions would per region in presented in FIGURE 2.4. require substantial investment in growth that is inclu- s e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt p o

Figure 2.4 CHANGES IN POVERTY RATES, 2002-2012

70 E n d 1: Goal 2002 2012 60 57.3

50 42.6 40 33.0 30 26.3 Poverty rates

20 15.4 pm en t De v elo a i nable

12.7 t 10 5.3 Su s

0 1.7

World Developing regions Northern Africa Africa (excluding North Africa)

192 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 19 20 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 North Africa in2000(see under $1.90aday, compared with 8.1per cent in of the working population intherest of Africa lived transformation anddecent jobs.Over 52.8per cent Goals, highlighting the importance of structural implementation of theMillennium Development proportion of working poor at thebeginningof the big role intherest of Africa, which hadthehighest regional differences. Initial conditions stillplay a in extreme poverty hasbeendeclining, with notable 2000, theproportion of working populations living world, notwithstanding declining trends. Since Africa hasthelargest share of working poor inthe Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 1.2of Sustainable Development Goal 1 ii i Figure 2.5

Proportion of working population living under $1.90 per day (%) by at least50per cent. Reduce poverty among women by at least30per cent; Reduce 2013levels of poverty 10 20 30 40 50 60 0

sions according to national definitions of allages livinginpoverty inallitsdimen proportion of men, women andchildren By 2030,reduce at leastby half the PROPORTION OF WORKING POPULATION LIVINGUNDER$1.90PERDAY Source: Statistics Division (2016). World 27. 34. 42. 52. 2000 8. 1 5 9 2 8 FIGURE 2.5 Developing regions ). By 2015, Africa 2005 - North Africa 60 per cent in2014(see employment remains unacceptably high, at almost for thebetter. The share of peoplein vulnerable back into poverty even when advances are made rendering thispopulation groupmost at riskof falling able employment, with low returns ontheir labour, Africa’s working poor are often engaged in vulner the creation of decent jobsfor mostpeople. of theprogress inthat region, which hasassisted in and technological advancements have fuelledmost the working poor by at least24per cent. Economic 2015, South Asia reduced its poverty rates among working population ingeneral. Between 2000and jobs andsubstantially reduce thepoverty levels of its that region, however, have managed to create decent tions comparable to therest of Africa. Economies in Asia istheonly other region that hadinitialcondi- more thanhalf its working population in2000.South population livinginextreme poverty, compared with (excluding North Africa) hadonethird of its working per cent by 2023. contained in Agenda 2063to reduce poverty by 30 Sustainable Development Goals andtheaspiration will continue to challenge theachievement of the skewed towards young peopleand women, which 2010 North Africa) Africa (excluding FIGURE 2.6 2015 ), often heavily 5. 10. 12. 18. 33. South Asia 3 2 4 1 5 - Figure 2.6 VULNERABLE EMPLOYMENT PER REGION

90 78.5 80 77.9 70 64 61.1 60 55.9 54.4 50

30 28 23.9 20 16.4 15.3 10 10.5 Vulnerable employment per region (%) 5.3 0 2002 2014 y wh e r Developing world Latin America and the Caribbean South East Asia and the Paciﬁc South Asia Middle East and North Africa Africa (excluding North Africa)

Source: International Labour Organization statistics (2016).

With regard to the proportion of employed people living in poverty by age and sex, working young people and women continue to be disproportionately affected by the burden of poverty. In all regions, The share of people the burden of poverty is much higher among young in vulnerable e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt people and women, notwithstanding declining trends over time. Inequalities by age are particularly large employment remains p o in developing regions as a whole, but much higher unacceptably high, at in the rest of Africa, Oceania and South Asia, where almost 60 per cent initial conditions were much higher than the rest of in 2014, often heavily the world in 2000. On the continent, following the general poverty trends, the gap between adults skewed towards young E n d 1: Goal and young people has been especially wide when people and women. comparing North Africa with the rest of Africa. The poverty levels of young working people have been consistently higher than the adult working popu- NO lation in all regions. They are more likely to be poor POVERTY than adults and more likely to migrate, show discon- tent or seek alternative means of survival, which may threaten development progress. On the other hand, this is a population group that holds much promise pm en t De v elo a i nable for higher development pathways that needs to be t harnessed for that dividend to be realized. Su s

Although the general trend is the same in all regions, regional variations exist in response to subregional political and economic dynamics. For example, the POVERTY gap between the adult working poor and young

212 E R CH A PT people fell marginally over the years, from 6.2 per 21 22 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 activity incountries suchasSouth Africa, allstemming points of fragility, which have crippled economic it hashaditsfair share of demonstrations andflash respond inthesamefashion asinthe Arab Spring, region. Although therest of Africa didnot inevitably quickly throughout North Africa andtheentire Arab country, inparticular among young people,spread a response to popular discontentment within the The Arab Spring, which beganin Tunisia in2011as engendering discontentment throughout theregion. other reasons, have been widening poverty gapsand low livingstandards andrampant corruption, among time bombfor thecontinent), risingunemployment, people (which hasthepotential to beademographic North Africa by 2010. The risingpopulation of young to theentire continent but were more pronounced in Factors that contributed to that trend are common by 2010 before falling againto 1.3per cent in2015. per cent, but widened considerably to 2.0per cent young peoplelivinginextreme poverty was only 1.3 different picture. In 2000,thegapbetween adultand North Africa asa whole hasexperienced aslightly in 2015(see cent in2000to 5.8per cent in2010and4.6per cent Figure 2.7

Proportion of workers living below the poverty line (%) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0

PROPORTION OF WORKERS LIVINGBELOW THE POVERTY LINEBY AGE Source: Statistics Division (2016). World FIGURE 2.7 Developing ). regions North Africa (excluding (excluding Africa) North Africa Young people: and eliminated entirely by 2015(see hadbeenreduced2000, but by at least30per cent were comparable to Africa (excluding North Africa) in in Oceania, of allregions, where the proportions in thegender gaprelating to poverty have beenfaster gap globally, althoughchallenges remain. Reductions there hasbeen notable progress to reduce thegender through theMillennium Development Goal agenda, men. With the focused attention on gender equality of working women stilllive inpoverty compared to men and women inallregions, ahigher proportion people. While poverty is,ingeneral, decliningamong continue to bear thebrunt of poverty, asdo young trends,Notwithstandingdeclining working women spread poverty andalackof jobs with decent wages. from feelings of disenfranchisement dueto wide- per cent of men) (see men) to 35.1per cent in2015(compared with 32.1 per cent in 2000 (compared with 51.3 per cent of tion of working women livinginpoverty, from 54.8 remain large, there was areduction inthepropor For Africa (excluding North Africa), where disparities encouraging, itisimportant to note that theactual Latin America Caribbean and the Adult: 2000 2000 Asia FIGURE 2005 2005 Oceania 2.9 ). Although thisis 2010 2010 FIGURE Central Asia Caucasus Caucasus and 2.9 2015 2015 ). - Figure 2.8 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOTAL WORKING POOR BY REGION

60 World 50 Caucasus and Developing regions 40 Central Asia 30 20 10 0 Oceania North Africa

2000 Men 2000 Women

2015 Men Asia Africa (excluding North Africa)

Gender Distribution of the total working poor (%) 2015 Women y wh e r Latin America and the Carribean

Source: Statistics Division (2016). gap between men and women, which stands at 3.5 of its working women living in poverty, compared per cent on average, had been reduced by only 0.5 with 8 per cent of men, which was reduced to 5.4 per basis points between 2000 and 2015. North Africa, cent and 5.2 per cent in 2015, respectively. Overall, on the other hand, managed to reduce the proportion there has not been any change in reducing the actual of its working poor from its 2000 levels with a less gender gap between working men and women, which linear pattern. In 2000, the region had 8.2 per cent has stood at 0.2 per cent since 2000. s e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt p o

Figure 2.9 PROPORTION OF EMPLOYED POPULATION BELOW THE POVERTY LINE BY SEX

60 Women Men E n d 1: Goal

0 pm en t De v elo a i nable

2000 2015 t below the poverty line by sex (%) Su s Proportion of employed population World Africa (excluding North Africa) Oceania

Developing regions Latin America and the Caribbean Caucasus and Central Asia North Africa Asia

232 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 23 24 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 and inclusive growth, socialassistance programmes tion efforts in Africa. In combination with strong protection coverage holdingback poverty reduc protection systems issmall, with low levels of social The proportion of the population covered by social Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 1.3of Sustainable Development Goal 1 mentation of the2030 Agenda. Africa, if they are to leave noonebehindintheimple- lenge for mostcountries, not least,thoseinNorth these lastpockets of deprivation will beareal chal- lessthantheglobalaverage,tions much reaching Although the gap is narrowermuch and the propor Figure 2.10 iii ii i receiving unemployment beneﬁts (%) receiving unemploymentbeneﬁts rural labour have access to socialsecurity. At least20per cent of theinformal sector and are provided with social security; All persons working intheformal sector provided with socialprotection; bilities, older persons andchildren, lations, includingchildren with disa- At least30per cent of vulnerable popu Latin AmericaandtheCaribbean Central and Eastern Europe Central andEasternEurope of thepoor andthe vulnerable 2030 achieve substantial coverage ures for andby all,includingfloors, social protection systems andmeas Implement nationally appropriate

Proportion ofunemployed PROPORTION OF UNEMPLOYED RECEIVING UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS Source: Statistics Division (2016). Asia andthePaciﬁc Western Europe North America Middle East World Africa 0 0.7 0.7 - - 10 - - (see lation groups engaged in vulnerable employment lation receives any form of let support, alonepopu whole, less than 1 per cent of the unemployed popu and other cashtransfers. However, for Africa asa ployment benefits, socialassistance, socialinsurance provision of targeted social assistance as such unem- efforts to increase economic productivity, with the icantly lower inregions where there are combined Agenda and Agenda 2063.Poverty levels are signif social protection mechanismsastargets inthe2030 Such recognition is what inspired theinclusionof reducing poverty andinequalitiesaround the world. and systems play animportant role insignificantly unemployment benefits, efforts are beingmade While it’s difficultfor developing regions to provide treasury. involved, low revenue collections andcosts to the population groups, inpartbecauseof themagnitudes comprehensive unemployment benefits to affected ment benefits. Poorer countries are unableto provide regions, mostunemployed peoplereceive unemploy- 20 FIGURE ... lessthan1percent any form ofsupport. 2.10 30 population receives of theunemployed ). On theother hand,indeveloped 40 50 2002 2012 60 - - - Figure 2.11 SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL INSURANCE AND LABOUR MARKET PROGRAMME COVERAGE, 2000-2014

World 38.1

Africa (excluding North Africa) 19.4

Latin America and the Caribbean 59.6

Asia 40.7

Oceania 5.4

Caucasus and Central Asia 59.2

Least developed countries 17.2

Landlocked developing countries 30.0 y wh e r Small island developing States 17.3

Social assistance, social insurance and labour market programme coverage (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Source: Statistics Division (2016). to provide other social assistance programmes to least more than 40 per cent. Africa (excluding North people living in extreme poverty. The impact has Africa) has been increasing its coverage over the been positive in countries that have comprehensive years (an average of 19 per cent) (see FIGURE 2.11). The programmes, such as those in Latin America (e.g., challenge has always been the sustenance of such Brazil), in the Caucasus and Central Asia and in Asia, programmes by most Governments and development s e v r rm s fo it s all i n y v e rt where the investment has been relatively high – at actors in the face of economic downturns or cutbacks. p o

Poverty levels are significantly lower in regions where there are E n d 1: Goal combined efforts to increase economic productivity, with the provision of targeted social assistance such as unemployment benefits, social assistance, social insurance and other cash transfers. pm en t De v elo a i nable t Su s

252 E R CH A PT

25 26 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 geographical location andbindingconstraints. able information onthepoor, their gender, age group, and leaving noonebehind will require having avail- implementation andreporting. Reaching thelastmile within countries to enableevidence-based planning, have to bemadeinstrengthening data systems considerable gapsinevidence anddata. Investments mances, however, in which outcomes are varied, with The regional picture masksindividualcountry perfor nets andgrants. inequality-reducing measures, associalsafety such in health,education, clean water, sanitation andother developmenthuman through multipleinterventions ventions andaccess to services that contribute to poverty through decent jobsandlabour market inter sustained inclusive growth andaddressing income the many dimensionsof poverty, asensuring such require multipleandintegrated strategies to address the poverty line.Poverty eradication will increasingly more than40per cent of itspopulation livingbelow while thelatter stillfaces widespread poverty, with reduce itspoverty rates to under 2per cent in2012, rest of Africa, with the former having managed to Large variations exist between North Africa and the Poverty rates in Africa have beendecliningslowly. 2.4

Conclusion POVERTY POVERTY NO - - challenge for mostof Africa. tunately, evidence-based policymaking will remain a tions groups. Unless data gapsare addressed, unfor will have to bepaidto themost vulnerable of- popula In theface of widespread poverty, focused attention dimensions ofpoverty. require multiple and to addressthe many integrated strategies Poverty eradication will increasingly $1.90 - CHAPTER 3 Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero hunger HUNGER ZERO 28 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 A (federal or confederate) (see omies andcommunities); andgoal 8(united Africa 7 (environmentally sustainableclimate-resilient econ- ture for increased productivity andproduction); goal economies andjobcreation); goal 5(modern agricul- and well-nourished citizens); goal 4(transformed living, quality of life and well-being); goal 3(healthy contained in Agenda 2063:goal 1(a highstandard of 14 indicators and is aligned with the following goals Sustainable Development Goal 2has8targets and 2016, countries are efforts stillmaking to systems put rest of the world. Since theGoals cameineffect in ture, anda comparison of itsperformance with the improve andpromote nutrition sustainable agricul- 2, namely, to end hunger, achieve food security and made in achieving Sustainable Development Goal This chapter provides anassessment of theprogress undernourishmentmalnutrition, andfood insecurity. cant impactontheregion’s progress regarding acute food assistance. These challenges have hadasignifi- nities have beenseverely disrupted andhave required internal conflicts. The livelihoods of affected commu- culmination of several disruptive events, including El Niño phenomenon, which were aggravated by the particularly hitby severe droughts arisingfrom the Countries intheSahel andSouthern Africa were another 161millionare moderately food insecure. people onthecontinent are severely food insecure, First, Africa ismaking significant progress inseveral analysis highlights several key issuesandchallenges. Goals and the goals contained in Agenda 2063. The required to achieve theSustainable Development security, as well assuggestions for thepolicy direction progress madein reducing hunger and improving food This chapter provides information on the status of the 3.2 3.1

Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063 Introduction challenges for Africa. While some194million and food insecurity are stillkey development lthough progress hasbeenmade,hunger T ABLE 3.1 ). trend analysis, where data are available. as gauged by therelevant targets andindicators and chapter therefore provides anupdate onthe status, given that thedata requirements are enormous. This prioritize targets andindicators andset thebaselines, and reporting onthem.Most countries have yet to in place for theimplementation andmonitoring of remains highly underinvested. None of thesubregions for targeted investment under theMaputo Protocol, agriculture, notwithstanding thecommitments made 26.1 per cent in2015,the rest of Africa. Second, it increased marginally, from 25.3per cent in2014to in 2014to 6.4per cent in2015North Africa, while severe food insecurity decreased, from 7.7per cent the 2010-2012period. Meanwhile, the prevalence of period 2014-2016,anincrease of 6per cent from some 217millionpeople were undernourishedinthe during thesameperiod. Across the whole of Africa, 30 to 22.9per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) 5 per cent, from 2000to 2016, while itdropped from nourishment inNorth Africa remained low, at below other regions of the world. The prevalence of under food production asreflected by theprogress in made fragile to shocksandis well below itspotential for areas relating to hunger and food security, remainsbut and food insecurityare Although progress has still keydevelopment challenges for Africa.challenges been made,hunger - Table 3.1 ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2 OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063

AGENDA 2063 GOALS 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 AND 8* SDG 2 TARGETS TARGETS 1.1.2.4 Reduce 2013 levels of proportion of the 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by population who suffer from hunger by at least 80% all people, in particular the poor and people in 1.1.2.4 Reduce 2013 levels of proportion of the vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, population who suffer from hunger by at least 80% nutritious and sufficient food all year round 1.5.1.9 End Hunger in Africa 1.1.2.4 Reduce 2013 levels of proportion of the population who suffer from hunger by at least 80% 1.1.2.5 Reduce stunting in children to 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including 10% and underweight to 5%. achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets 1.3.1.7 Reduce 2013 level of prevalence on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of of malnutrition by at least 50% age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons 1.3.1.8 Reduce stunting to 10% 1.5.1.9 End Hunger in Africa 1.5.1.10 Elimination of Child under nutrition with a view to bring down stunting to 10% and underweight to 5% 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity 1.5.1.2 Double agricultural total factor productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in 1.5.1.3 Increase youth and women participation in particular women, indigenous peoples, family integrated agricultural value chains by at least 30% farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge,

financial services, markets and opportunities for hu n g e r o value addition and non-farm employment 1.5.1.5 Increase the proportion of farm, pastoral and fisher households are resilient to 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production climate and weather related risks to 30%

systems and implement resilient agricultural Ze r 2: Goal practices that increase productivity and production, 17.1.2 At least 17% of terrestrial and inland water that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen and 10% of coastal and marine areas are preserved capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme 1.7.2.2 Increase 2013 levels of water productivity weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and from rain-fed agriculture and irrigation by 60% that progressively improve land and soil quality 1.7.3.1 At least 30% of agricultural land is placed under sustainable land management practice 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, 1.7.1.4 Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated farmed and domesticated animals and of wild pm en t De v elo a i nable

animals and their related wild species, including relatives including other socio-economically as well t through soundly managed and diversified seed as cultural valuables species are maintained

and plant banks at the national, regional and Su s international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed

293 E R CH A PT

29 HUNGER ZERO 30 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 SDG 2 TARGETS 2.c 2.b 2.a mandate of theDoha Development Round with equivalent effect, inaccordance with the agricultural export subsidiesandallexport measures through theparallel elimination of allforms of distortions in world agricultural markets, including countries, inparticular leastdeveloped countries agricultural productive capacity indeveloping and livestock gene banksinorder to enhance services, technology development andplant infrastructure, agricultural research andextension enhanced international cooperation, inrural to helplimitextreme food price volatility information, includingonfood reserves, inorder derivatives andfacilitate timely access to market functioning of food commodity markets andtheir Adopt measures to ensure theproper Increase investment, includingthrough Correct andprevent trade restrictions and below itspotential for food fragile to shocks andiswell the progress madeinother production as reflectedby Africa ismakingsignificant food security,butremains confederate) of aspiration 2. (environmentally sustainable climate-resilient economies andcommunities) of aspiration 1;andgoal 8(united Africa (federal or (transformed economies andjobcreation); goal 5(modern agriculture for increased productivity andproduction) andgoal 7 * Goal 1(a highstandard of living,quality of life and well-being for all),goal 3(healthy and well-nourished citizens); goal 4 Source: Authors’ own analysis basedonStatistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015). progress inseveral areas relating to hunger and regions oftheworld. TARGETS AGENDA 2063GOALS 1,3,4,5,7 AND 8 commodities isincreased by at least100%inreal terms. imports by at least50%. at leastthree timesthe2013level extended to other Non REC citizens services within REC member states isinplace as cultural valuables speciesare maintained relatives includingother socio-economically as well farmed anddomesticated animalsandof wild the sector by at least6%per annum public expenditure to agriculture andgrow States isincreased by at least10% agricultural commodities andservices 1.4.3.4 1.4.3.2 2.8.1.5 2.8.1.3 2.8.1.1 1.7.1.4 1.5.1.2 1.5.1.1 1.4.2.4 2.8.1.6 1.5.1.8 Level of intra-African trade inagricultural Reduce 2013level of food Volume of intra-African trade is Opportunities offered to REC citizens Free movement of persons andgoods/ Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and Double agricultural total factor productivity Allocate aminimumof 10%annual At least5commodity exchanges are functional Volume of trade with African Island Triple intra African Trade of *

Box 3.1 GLOBAL HUNGER: MOST RECENT OVERVIEW

During the period 2014-2016, 11 per cent of the world’s population suffered from hunger, down from 15 per cent during the period 2000-2002. More than 800 million people, however, continue to lack access to adequate food; 25 per cent of children under five years of age (equivalent to some 158.6 million) were stunted in 2014; and the share of children under five years of age who are overweight increased by nearly 20 per cent between 2000 and 2014, to approximately 41 million children.

Source: United Nations (2016a).

has been able to achieve the target of allocating 10 and regulations. Lastly, data requirements for the per cent of the national budget to agriculture. Given proper monitoring of the Sustainable Development the role of agriculture in reducing hunger and food Goals are huge and the data gaps remain high. There insecurity, it is imperative that proactive measures is an urgent need to invest more financial and human be taken to increase agricultural productivity through resources as well as investing in new technologies to investment in research and development, the irriga- generate and disseminate data at all levels to enable tion of agricultural land, the development of value efficient monitoring. chains and putting in place investor-friendly rules

3.3 Progress and trends regarding the targets

Notable progress has The progress made by Africa on achieving Sustainable been made in reducing Development Goal 2 is mixed. Notable progress has

hunger, but more hu n g e r o been made in reducing hunger, but more needs to be done to catch up with the rest of the world. Progress needs to be done to in reducing food insecurity has been slow, with preva- catch up with the lence rates deteriorating slightly in 2015. Agricultural rest of the world. labour productivity in Africa (excluding North Africa) increased by 9 per cent during the period 2010-2015 over the years. The share of agriculture in government Ze r 2: Goal and exceeded that of South Asia by 2010, but it is still expenditure as a percentage of the share of agricul- well below the world average and most other regions. ture in GDP dropped from 0.25 in 2001 to 0.14 in Africa’s (excluding North Africa) agricultural value 2013 in Africa (excluding North Africa), indicating added per worker was 74 per cent that of Asia and significant underfunding of the sector and reflecting the Pacific, 62 per cent of the world average and only the challenges in meeting the Maputo Protocol target 17 per cent that of Latin America and the Caribbean. of 10 per cent budgetary allocation to agriculture. Africa has not done well in irrigating agricultural land, a key underlying reason for low productivity. Irrigated The flow of ODA to agriculture in all developing agricultural land as a percentage of total agricultural countries and least developed countries has been pm en t De v elo a i nable land was only 5 per cent in Africa in 2010, compared on an increasing trend since 2010, but current flows t with 41 per cent in Asia and 21 per cent globally. are less than half of what it received in the 1980s. Reflecting these trends, the flow of ODA to agricul- Su s

Notwithstanding its importance in employment ture in Africa (excluding North Africa) declined from a generation and food security, investment in agri- peak of approximately 25 per cent in the early 1980s culture has been very low in Africa. In fact, public to approximately 6 per cent by 2007. Meanwhile, investment in agriculture declined gradually in Africa there has been a noticeable drop in agricultural

313 E R CH A PT (excluding North Africa), more than the global average, export subsidies. 31 32 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 in the rest of Africa (see from 30to 22.9 per cent duringthesame period below 5per cent, from 2000to 2016, while itdropped undernourishment in North Africa remained low, at hunger over the years. For example, theprevalence of Overall, Africa hasmade notable progress inreducing from hunger by atleast80per cent. 2013 levels of proportion of population the who suffer minimal level of daily dietary energy; and(c) reduce hunger in Africa; (b) sharethe of populationlivingbelow related indicators under Agenda 2063include(a) end or severe food insecurity in adultpopulation).the The ishment) and2.1.2(estimated prevalence of moderate DevelopmentGoal 2:2.1.1(prevalence of undernour This targethas two indicators under Sustainable Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 2.1of Sustainable Development Goal 2 ii i B providing theresources required to affected populations from within to buildgreater resilience to shocks. run. Lastly, sustainedandsustainableeconomic development could always actasabuffer to suchcrisesby contributions to climate change could go along way to addressing climate-related disasters inthelong food reserves. Third, adaptation to climate effects andtakingproactive steps to mitigate human through strengthening climate-smart agricultural practices, investing inirrigation andbuildingemergency Second, they highlight theneedfor allcountries to be well prepared for suchemergencies, including isrequiredsupport to assistfood-insecure populations, institutionalarrangements andcoordination. The effects of El Niño throughout Africa point to several policy issues.First, large-scale humanitarian in Madagascar, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland andZimbabwe. Almost 40millionpeople were affected. by theeffects inthelatter partof 2015, with the worst severe drought conditions indecades witnessed South Sudan, affecting anestimated 7.5millionpeople.Most Southern African countries were alsoaffected to successive crop failures and widespread livestock deaths. Similar conditions were seeninSomalia and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations, 2016),triplingthehumanitarianneeds within a year owing morebut soinZimbabwe. In Ethiopia, 10.2millionpeople were food insecure inearly 2016(Food and were seenintheHorn of Africa, inparticular inEthiopia andSomalia, andmostcountries inSouthern Africa, Mauritania andSenegal, which experienced their worst droughts intwo decades. The mostrecent effects (World Food Programme, 2015), while El Niño-like impacts were felt intheSahel, affecting, inparticular, Africa hasbeenfacing oneof its worst food crises, with theonset of theeffects of El Niño, since early 2015 x 3.2 ox End hunger in Africa. hunger by at least80per cent; tion of thepopulation sufferwho from Reduce the2013levels of propor and sufficient food all year round including infants, to safe, nutritious and peoplein vulnerable situation, by allpeople,inparticular thepoor By 2030,endhunger andensure access

EL NIÑO EFFECTS THREATEN AFRICA’S FOOD SECURITY T ABLE 3.2 ). Nevertheless, - - (excludingNorth Africa). cent), compared with adropof 5per cent in Africa cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (14 per cent), South East Asia (20per cent), East Asia (18per sharply andCentral intheCaucasus Asia (21per 2016, theprevalence of undernourishment declined decades. During theperiods2010-2012and2014- a condition that hasprevailed duringthepastseveral twice ashightheglobalaverage of 10.8per cent, North Africa) duringtheperiod2014-2016 was prevalence of undernourishment in Africa (excluding North Africa) compared with allother regions. The hunger remained higher much in Africa (excluding undernourishment are development in Africadevelopment binding constraints to and requiresustained Food insecurityand policy attention. Table 3.2 GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENT BY REGION

(per cent)

REGION 2000-02 2005-07 2010-12 2014-16 World 14.9 14.3 11.8 10.8

Developing regions 18.2 17.3 14.1 12.9

North Africa <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0

Africa (excluding North Africa) 30.0 26.5 24.2 22.9

Latin America and 11.4 8.4 6.4 5.5 the Caribbean East Asia 16.0 15.2 11.8 9.6

South Asia 18.5 20.1 16.1 15.7

South East Asia 22.3 18.3 12.1 9.6

Western Asia 8.6 9.3 8.9 8.4

Oceania 16.5 15.4 13.5 14.2

Caucasus and Central Asia 15.3 11.3 8.9 7.0

Developed regions <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0

Source: Statistics Division (2016).

Meanwhile, moderate or severe food insecurity The prevalence of severe food insecurity also remained high in Africa (excluding North Africa), with increased marginally, from 25.3 per cent in 2014 the prevalence rate increasing moderately, from 54.3 to 26.1 per cent in 2015 in Africa (excluding North per cent in 2014 to 57.2 per cent in 2015, while that Africa), while in North Africa it declined from 7.7 per hu n g e r o in North Africa fell from 21.8 to 18.6 per cent during cent to 6.4 per cent (see FIGURE 3.1). These figures the same period (see FIGURE 3.1). The effects of El Niño compare with no change in the prevalence of severe on the African continent, in particular in the Horn of food insecurity globally, a significant deterioration in Africa (especially Ethiopia) and Southern Africa, have South East Asia, with an increase of 24 per cent, and contributed to the deteriorating food insecurity in a moderate increase, of 5.3 per cent, in Western Asia. Ze r 2: Goal the region. The number of people undernourished A total of 161 million people in Africa were severely in Africa (excluding North Africa), estimated to be food insecure in 2015. By far, the majority of them, or 217 million during the period 2014-2016, reflected 96 per cent, were from rural areas. Underlying these an increase of 6 per cent compared with the period numbers are the economic slowdown (from 5.0 per 2010-2012. Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda and the United cent in 2014 to 3.4 per cent in 2015 and an estimated Republic of Tanzania, having 31.6, 12.9, 10.3 and 1.6 per cent in 2016) and the drought experienced 16.8 million undernourished populations, respec- by many African countries (International Monetary tively, accounted for one third of the total undernour- Fund, 2015; 2016). ished population in Africa (excluding North Africa). pm en t De v elo a i nable

Some 355 million people in Africa were moderately The above analysis points to key challenges in t or severely food insecure in 2015, compared with a relation to food security and undernourishment. marginal increase in moderate or severe food insecu- Food insecurity and undernourishment are binding Su s rity globally and a modest increase in Latin America, constraints to development in Africa and require South East Asia and Western Asia. sustained policy attention.

333 E R CH A PT

33 34 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 stunting This target has two indicators: 2.2.1 (prevalence of child growth standards) among children under 5 years of age. deviation from themedianof the World Health Organization 1 Stunting isdefined as when height for age <-2standard Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 2.2of Sustainable Development Goal 2 among children under 5 years of age. dren under 5 years of age andprevalence of underweight Agenda 2063 include prevalence of stunting among - chil years of age with WHZ <-2). The related indicators under iii ii i Figure 3.1 Estimated prevalence of moderate or severe

End hunger in Africa. Reduce stunting to 10per cent; cent andunderweight to 5per cent; Reduce stunting inchildren to 10per food insecurity in the adult population (%) 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 0 )and2.2.2(proportion of children under 5

lactating women andolder persons needs of adolescent girls,pregnant and of age, andaddress thenutritional and wasting inchildren under 5 years nationally agreed targets onstunting including achieving, by 2025,theinter By 2030,endallforms of malnutrition, ESTIMATED PREVALENCE OF MODERATE ORSEVEREFOOD INSECURITY IN THE ADULT Note: estimates computed using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Source: Statistics Division (2016). POPULATION World North Africa (excluding Africa) Africa North

America Latin - East Asia the normal growth of achild. Underlying thisare cient intake of caloriesandmicronutrients to support Africa. The primary cause of stunting is - the insuffi that has not received serious attention, especially in 2010 and 50.1 million in 2000. Stunting is an issue in 2014,reflecting anincrease from 55.8million in in Africa (excluding North Africa) stood at 57.3million The number of stunted children under 5 years of age to 38.9per cent, thehighestin world, in2014). lence of stunting increase (from 37.6per cent in2000 and theCaribbean.Only inOceania didthepreva- and Central Asia and 36.5per cent in Latin America 66 per cent in East Asia, 43.1 per cent in Caucasus with areduction of 27.2per cent at thegloballevel, in North Africa declined by 25.7 per cent, compared per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa), while that cent). The prevalence of stunting dropped by 17.3 at 35.7per cent, second only to Oceania (38.9per World Health Organization (WHO) (HAZ<-2) was the medianof thechildgrowth standards of the height for age isbelow two standard deviations from proportion of children under 5 years of age whose than other regions. As indicated in between at 2000and2014,but arate lower much Africa madesomeprogress inreducing malnutrition South Asia South East Asia 2015 Severefoodinsecurity 2015 Moderateorseverefoodinsecurity 2014 Severefoodinsecurity 2014 Moderateorseverefoodinsecurity West Asia Central Asia Caucasus and T ABLE Developed regions 3.3 , the Table 3.3 CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE WITH HAZ <-2, BY REGION*

(per cent)

REGION 2000 2005 2010 2014

World 32.7 29.4 26.2 23.8

Developing regions 36.0 32.3 28.8 26.0

North Africa 24.1 21.7 19.6 17.9

Africa (excluding North Africa) 43.2 40.5 37.8 35.7

Latin America and the Caribbean 16.7 14.2 12.1 10.6

East Asia 19.1 13.2 9.0 6.5

South Asia 49.5 44.3 39.3 35.4

South East Asia 38.3 34.2 30.2 27.3

Western Asia 23.6 20.9 18.5 16.7

Oceania 37.6 38.1 38.6 38.9

Caucasus and Central Asia 26.9 22.2 18.1 15.3

Developed regions 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2

* HAZ<-2 refers to chronic malnutrition among children between 0 and 59 months of age whose height for age is below the minus two standard deviations from the median of the child growth standards of the World Health Organization.

Source: Statistics Division (2017). issues relating to environmental and economic condi- ations from the median of the WHO child growth tions, such as poor air quality, infections from poor standards (WHZ <-2) stood at 8.3 per cent in Africa sanitation and limited access to nutritious food. (excluding North Africa) and 7.3 per cent in North hu n g e r o Africa in 2014 (see FIGURE 3.2). This is slightly above The proportion of children under 5 years of age the global average of 7.5 per cent, well above Latin whose weight for height is below two standard devi- America and the Caribbean (1.3 per cent), East Asia Goal 2: Ze r 2: Goal Figure 3.2 CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE WITH WHZ<-2, 2014

Developed regions 1.4 Caucasus and Central Asia 3.9 Oceania 9.0 West Asia 4.0 South East Asia 9.2 South Asia 14.2 East Asia 2.1

Latin America and the Caribbean 1.3 pm en t De v elo a i nable t

with WHZ (%) Africa (excluding North Africa) 8.3 North Africa 7.3 8.2 Su s

Developing regions Children under 5 years of age World 7.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Note: WHZ<-2 refers to children between 0 and 59 months of age whose weight for height is below the minus two standard 353 E R CH A PT deviations from the median of the World Health Organization child growth standards. Source: Statistics Division (2016). 35 36 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 of $1,978,and$1,657for Asia andthePacific in2015 constant 2010$1,221, was below the world average per worker in Africa (excluding North Africa), at of the world. For example, agricultural value added Africa (excluding North Africa) is well below therest by 2010.However, agricultural labour productivity in period 2010-2015andexceeded that of South Asia North Africa) increased by 9per cent duringthe Agricultural labour productivity in Africa (excluding commercial farmers. percentage growth of agricultural GDP produced by and proportion of reduction of post-harvestlosses and 2063 includeagricultural total productivity doubled forestry enterprise size). Related indicators under Agenda tion per labour unitby classesof farming/pastoral/ This target hasoneindicator: 2.3.1(volume of produc Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 2.3of Sustainable Development Goal 2 conditions, iscriticalto reducing stunting intheregion. distribution andbetter sanitation andenvironmental including through improved food production and food intake amongchildren under five years of age, cations onbrain development. Improving nutritious human capitalin Africa becauseof itslife-long impli- Child stunting isamajor challenge to thecontinent’s 13.5 per cent in2005to 14.9per cent in2010. children increased from 12.2per cent in2000 and in North Africa, where the proportion of overweight 2014. Overweight isaspecificissueamongchildren (excluding North Africa) remained at 4.5per cent in The proportion of overweight children in Africa Asia (14.2per cent). and Central Asia (3.9per cent), but well below South (2.1 per cent) Western Asia (4per cent) andCaucasus ii i value chainsby at least30per cent. and women inintegrated agricultural Increase theparticipation of young people Double agricultural total factor productivity; value employment additionandnon-farm services, markets andopportunitiesfor resources andinputs,knowledge, financial equal access to land,other productive includingthroughand fishers, secure and nous peoples,family farmers, pastoralists producers, inparticular women, indige- tivity andincomes of small-scale food By 2030,doubletheagricultural produc - - (see Target 2.4of Sustainable Development Goal 2 regional food security. order to improve agricultural productivity and,hence, some of theareas that Africa may needto focus onin gation, water managementand agro-processing are productivity in Africa. Technological applications, irri- Greater investment isneededto improve agricultural that of high-income countries. Caribbean. Its labour productivity isonly 4per cent average and17per cent that of Latin America andthe that of Asia andthePacific, 62per cent of the world agricultural value addedper worker was 74per cent countries (approximately $30,000). The rest of Africa’s America and theCaribbean($7,140)andhigh-income Related Agenda 2063targets: iii ii i T and marineareas are preserved; inland water and10per cent of coastal At least17per cent of terrestrial and under sustainablelandmanagement practice; At least30per cent of agricultural landisplaced er-related risksto 30per cent; ient to climate-related and weath- and fisher householdsthat are resil- Increase theproportion of farm, pastoral ABLE (excluding North Africa)(excluding Africa (excluding North increased by9percent 2015 andexceededthat during theperiod2010- the rest oftheworld. labour productivity in 3.4 of South Asia by2010. sively improve landandsoilquality and other disasters andthat progres extreme weather, drought, flooding capacity for adaptation to climate change, to maintain ecosystems, that strengthen productivity andproduction, that help ient agricultural practices that increase production systems andimplement resil By 2030,ensure sustainablefood However, agricultural productivity in Africaproductivity Africa) iswell below ). It is well below theaverages for Latin Agricultural labour - - Table 3.4 AGRICULTURAL VALUE ADDED PER WORKER

(constant 2010 United States dollars)

REGION 2010 2015 SHARE AS PERCENTAGE RATIO OF AFRICA OF HIGH-INCOME (EXCLUDING NORTH COUNTRIES AFRICA) TO OTHER (2015) REGIONS (2015)

World 1,944.8 1,978.3 6.60 0.62

Africa (excluding North Africa) 1,121.2 1,221.6 4.07 1.00

Latin America and the Caribbean 6,410.1 7,139.9 23.81 0.17

East Asia and the Pacific 1,464.3 1,656.9 5.53 0.74

South Asia 1,048.5 1,124.5 3.75 1.09

High-income countries 31,899.8 29,982.9 100.00 0.04

Source: World Bank world development indicators (2016). iv Increase 2013 levels of water produc- Progress here remains limited, and further public and tivity from rain-fed agriculture and private sector investment is required for Africa to irrigation by 60 per cent. benefit from its huge agricultural potential, increase its capacity to feed its people and expand export This target has one indicator: 2.4.1 (percentage of agri- revenue. As of 2010, agricultural irrigated land as a cultural area under sustainable agricultural practices). percentage of total agricultural land was only 5 per Related indicators under Agenda 2063 include: (a) cent in Africa, compared with 41 per cent in Asia proportion of pastoral and fisher households that are and 21 per cent at the global level (see FIGURE 3.3). resilient to climate-related and weather-related risk; (b) This implies that the bulk of agricultural production proportion of agricultural land placed under sustainable in Africa is rain-fed, which is unsustainable, given land management practice; (c) proportion of terrestrial the increasing population and consequent demand hu n g e r o and inland water areas and of coastal and marine areas for food. With climate change and rainfall patterns preserved; and (d) proportion of water productivity used changing, investment in irrigation is required to in rain-fed agriculture and irrigation. ensure sustainable food production and increased factor productivity. Goal 2: Ze r 2: Goal

Figure 3.3 AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATED LAND AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AGRICULTURAL LAND

5% 7% 22% World 9% Asia Americas pm en t De v elo a i nable

Europe t 14%

Oceania Su s

Africa

of total agricultural land (%) 43% Agricultural irrigated land as percentage

373 E R CH A PT Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2014). 37 38 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 valuables species, ismaintained). tives, includingother socioeconomically andculturally and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild rela- index (proportion of genetic diversity of cultivated plants unknown). Agenda 2063alsohasoneindicator: diversity local breedsnot-at-riskrisk, classifiedasbeingat or at This target oneindicator: has 2.5.2(proportion of Related Agenda 2063target: Target 2.5of Sustainable Development Goal 2 REGION Table 3.5 i World Developing regions Africa (excluding North Africa) North Africa Latin America andtheCaribbean East Asia South Asia South-East Asia Western Asia Developed regions Caucasus andCentral Asia Oceania and culturally valuable species,ismaintained. relatives, includingother socioeconomically farmed anddomesticated animalsandof wild Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and

LEVEL OF RISKOF EXTINCTIONOF LOCAL BREEDS,BY REGION ( knowledge, asinternationally agreed resources andassociated traditional fits arisingfrom theutilization of genetic and fair andequitablesharingof bene national levels, andpromote access to banks at thenational, regional andinter managed anddiversified seeandplant wild species,includingthrough soundly domesticated animalsandtheir related seeds, cultivated plants andfarmed By 2020,maintain thegenetic diversity of per ** “Unknown” status means that noupdates have been received on the population sizes atleastin the past10 years. * Data for “at-risk” and“not at-risk” status are fewer than 10 years old. Source: Statistics Division (2016).

cent ) NOT ATRISK - - 15.6 11.6 24.5 13.2 17.9 19.7 9.3 3.0 9.4 0 0 0 * recorded for mostregions (see the actualriskof extinction may higher bemuch than the globallevel and100per cent insome regions, “unknown” accounts for alarge share, 65per cent at (3 per cent). The level riskof extinction classifiedas only thanthat of Latin America andtheCaribbean per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa), ishigher per cent). The share of localbreeds not at risk, at 9.3 than Western Asia (5.4per cent) andEast Asia (4.2 the Caribbean(1.5per cent). However, itislower than South Asia (0.4per cent) andLatin America and 19.7 per cent at thegloballevel. This isstillhigher for Africa (excluding North Africa), compared with local breeds classified as being at risk is 1.9 per cent regions of the world. For example, theproportion of local breeds remains moderate, compared with other In Africa, theknown level of riskof extinction of HUNGER ZERO AT RISK*

19.7 37.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 4.2 0.4 2.6 5.4 0 0 0 T ABLE UNKNOWN** 3.5 ). 100 100 100 64.7 89.3 88.8 95.5 71.3 86.5 79.5 85.2 42.9 Target 2.a of Sustainable Development Goal 2: Agenda 2063 has four related indicators: (a) propor- Increase investment, including through tion of annual allocation of budget to the agriculture enhanced international cooperation, in rural sector; (b) percentage contribution of the agricul- infrastructure, agricultural research and ture sector to GDP; (c) agricultural total production extension services, technology develop- and productivity doubled; and (d) diversity index ment and plant and livestock gene banks (percentage of genetic diversity of cultivated plants in order to enhance agricultural produc- and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild tive capacity in developing countries, in relatives, including other socioeconomically and particular least developed countries culturally valuable species, maintained).

Related Agenda 2063 targets: One of the indicators used to assess the progress made in investing in agriculture is the “agricultural i Allocate a minimum of 10 per cent annual orientation index”, which reflects the extent to which public expenditure to agriculture and grow government expenditure on agriculture mirrors the sector by at least 6 per cent annually; (or not) the importance of agriculture in the overall ii Double agricultural total factor productivity; economy. Notwithstanding its importance in employ- iii Genetic diversity of cultivated plants and ment generation and food security, investment in farmed and domesticated animals and of wild agriculture has declined gradually in Africa (excluding relatives, including other socioeconomically North Africa). The index for government expenditure and culturally valuable species, is maintained. dropped from 0.25 in 2001 and 0.18 in 2010 and to 0.14 in 2013 in Africa (excluding North Africa), while This target has two indicators: 2.a.1 (the agriculture at the global level it declined from 0.37 in 2001 to orientation index for government expenditure) and 2.a.2 0.25 in 2013 (see TABLE 3.6). The regions that saw an (total official flows (ODA plus other official flows) to the increase in the index are the Caucasus and Central agriculture sector). Asia (338 per cent), Western Asia (94 per cent) and

Table 3.6 AGRICULTURE ORIENTATION INDEX OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE *

REGION 2001 2005 2010 2013 hu n g e r o

World 0.37 0.35 0.25 0.25

Developing regions 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.33

North Africa 1.05 0.26 0.14 0.14 Goal 2: Ze r 2: Goal Africa (excluding North Africa) 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.14

Latin America and the Caribbean 0.26 0.21 0.34 0.22

East Asia 1.53 1.58 0.39 0.37

South Asia 0.2 0.27 0.38 0.33

South-East Asia 0.52 0.33 0.24 0.29

Western Asia 0.34 1.09 0.47 0.66

Oceania 0.24 0.19 0.16 pm en t De v elo a i nable t Caucasus and Central Asia 0.13 0.48 0.73 0.57 Su s

Developed regions 0.49 0.53 0.42 0.41

Source: Statistics Division (2016).

* The agriculture orientation index for government expenditure is defined as the agriculture share of government expenditure divided

by the agriculture share of GDP. Agriculture refers to the agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting sectors. 393 E R CH A PT 39 40 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 flow of ODA to agriculture. Historically, agriculture made in investing in agriculture is the total annual The second indicator usedto assesstheprogress per cent of total expenditure public (see agriculture hasbeenreached by East Africa, at 5.8 have regressed. The highestlevel of investment in erratic, with someregions progressing while others this commitment andthelevel of investment hasbeen by 2008. To date, noneof Africa’s subregions has met ment policy implementation within five years, that is, budgetary resources to agriculture andrural develop- for African governments to allocate 10per cent of commitments madeintheMaputo Protocol, calling indicates large gapsinmeeting oneof theprominent The current level of investment public inagriculture investmentdeclining public inagriculture. largest drop in the index (87 per cent), indicating South Asia (65per cent). North Africa registered the Figure 3.4 Annual agriculture share in total public expenditure (%) its peopleandexpandexportrevenue. potential, increaseitscapacityto feed 9%

investment isrequiredfor Africa to ANNUAL AGRICULTURE SHAREIN TOTAL PUBLICEXPENDITURE Source: Regional Strategy Analysis andKnowledge Support System. 26% benefit from itshugeagricultural Further publicandprivate sector 23% 1995-2003 12% 30% FIGURE 3.4 12% ). 25% developing States dropped even further. agriculture inlandlocked countries andsmallisland received inthe 1980s. Moreover, ODA flows to theybut have received less than half of what they least developed countries hasincreased since 2010, ODA to agriculture inalldeveloping countries and the United Nations, 2009). As indicated in cent by 2007(Food and Agriculture Organization of 25 per cent intheearly 1980sto approximately 6per Africa), which declinedfrom apeakof approximately ODA flows to agriculture in Africa (excluding North and Development, 2010). A similar trend is seen in by 2003(Organization for Economic Cooperation members dropped even more sharply, to 6per cent culture by Development Assistance Committee down inrecent years. The share of ODA to agri- by 43per cent, therate but of declinehasslowed since the mid-1980s,aidto agriculture has fallen has received theleastamount of ODA. For example, 16% 2003-2010 19% 28% HUNGER ZERO West Africa Southern Africa North Africa East Africa Central Africa T ABLE 3.7 , Table 3.7 TOTAL OFFICIAL DISBURSEMENTS FOR AGRICULTURE

(billions of constant 2014 United States dollars)

2000 2005 2010 2014

All developing countries 9.37 5.73 11.98 12.1

Least developed countries 3.40 1.79 3.66 3.89

Landlocked developing countries 2.94 1.33 2.76 2.65

Small island developing States 0.65 0.14 0.42 0.29

Source: Statistics Division (2016).

Target 2.b of Sustainable Development Goal 2 This target has two indicators: 2.b.1 (producer support) Correct and prevent trade restrictions and and 2.b.2 (agricultural export subsidies). distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination Related indicators under Agenda 2063 include: (a) of all forms of agricultural export subsidies percentage of food imported; (b) percentage increase and all export measures with equivalent in intra-Africa trade in agricultural commodities; (c) effect, in accordance with the mandate volume of intra- Africa trade in agricultural commod- of the Doha Development Round ities and services in place; (d) number of obstacles on the free movement of persons and goods and services Related Agenda 2063 targets: reported; (e) percentage of opportunities offered to regional economic commission citizens extended to i Reduce the 2013 level of food non-regional economic commission citizens; (f) rate imports by at least 50 per cent; of increase in annual intra-African trade volume; and ii Level of intra-African trade in agricul- (g) rate of increase in volume of annual trade with tural commodities is increased by at African island States. least 100 per cent in real terms; iii Triple intra-African trade in agricul- While producer support in the agricultural sector has o hu n g e r o tural commodities and services; increased significantly at the global level, it declined marginally in countries of the Organization for iv Free movement of persons and goods/ Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). For services within regional economic commis- example, estimates indicate that producer support at sion member States is in place; the global level more than doubled, from $258 billion v Volume of intra-African trade is at in 2000 to $584 million in 2014. Of that total, the Ze r 2: Goal least three times the 2013 level. share of OECD support declined from 95 per cent ($244 million) to 40 per cent ($239 million) during the same period (see TABLE 3.8).

Table 3.8 PRODUCER SUPPORT ESTIMATE

(billions of United States dollars)

2000 2005 2010 2014 pm en t De v elo a i nable t World* 258 318 440 584 Su s

Countries of the Organization for 244 266 247 239 Economic Cooperation and Development

* Producer support estimates cover Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and emerging economies that, together, account for approximately 88 per cent of global value added in agriculture.

413 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 41 42 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 followed by afurther commitment by WTO members 2015). The decliningtrend inexport subsidies was culture export subsidies(World Trade Organization, the World Trade Organization (WTO) stilluseagri- prices, andonly ahandfulof member countries of export subsidiesowing to prevailing highcommodity Many countries have voluntarily removed agriculture Table 3.9 Developed members of the World Trade Organization Developing members of the World Trade Organization All members of the World Trade Organization

AGRICULTURAL EXPORT SUBSIDIES ( billions Source: Statistics Division (2016). more recent periods. from year to year, and therefore the set of countries represented in the data may differ among the years reported, inparticular in Note: Notifications by World Trade Organization member States under the Agreement on Agriculture. The notification record varies

of U nited S tates

dollars )

2014 (see significantly, from almost $3 billion to almost zero by have beenissuedby developed countries, declined Agricultural export subsidies,themajority of which abolish agriculture export subsidies. at itstenth ministerial meeting inNairobi in2015to export subsidiessuchas thosenot covered by budgetary expenditure. 2 Please note that reported export subsidiesmay not fully capture all 2000 2.89 2.97 0.1 T ABLE 3.9 2005 0.08 2.64 2.72 ). 2

2010 0.02 0.43 0.46 ZERO HUNGER 2014 0.002 0.11 0.1 3.4 Conclusion

Africa’s progress towards achieving Sustainable Key challenges in Development Goal 2 is mixed. The continent has made significant progress in some of the targets achieving the Sustainable under the Goal, while, in others, progress has been Development Goals slow. Significant achievements have been made include addressing in reducing hunger. The prevalence of undernour- food security and ishment dropped from 30 per cent in 2000 to 22.9 per cent in 2016 in Africa (excluding North Africa), undernourishment. Doing while that in North Africa remained low, at below 5 so will require greater per cent during that period. Notwithstanding a drop investment in agriculture in the prevalence of stunting by 17.3 per cent in Africa (excluding North Africa) and by 25.7 per cent and increased agricultural in North Africa, stunting remained high, at 35.7 per productivity, including cent, second only to Oceania (38.9 per cent). The through higher levels prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity of irrigation, technology and severe food insecurity remained high in Africa (excluding North Africa), with the prevalence rates and value addition. increasing from 54.3 per cent in 2014 to 57.2 per cent in 2015 and from 25.3 per cent in 2014 to 26.1 2010 $1,221 is below the world average of $1,978 per cent, respectively. Altogether, some 355 million and $1,657 for Asia and the Pacific. Public investment people in Africa were moderately or severely food in agriculture declined gradually in Africa (excluding insecure in 2015. The number of people undernour- North Africa), more than the global average, over the ished in Africa (excluding North Africa), recorded at years, while the flow of ODA to agriculture declined 217 million during the period 2014-2016, reflected from a peak of approximately 25 per cent in the early an increase of 6 per cent, compared with the period 1980s to approximately 6 per cent by 2007. In addi- 2010-2012. tion, there has been a noticeable drop in agricultural hu n g e r o export subsidies. Agricultural labour productivity in Africa (excluding North Africa) increased significantly (57 per cent), the Key challenges in achieving the Sustainable highest in the world during the period 2000-2015, but Development Goals include addressing food security it is still well below the world average and most other and undernourishment. Doing so will require greater Ze r 2: Goal regions. Agricultural productivity growth has moder- investment in agriculture and increased agricultural ated since 2005, although some gains have been productivity, including through higher levels of irri- made more recently. Irrigated agricultural land as a gation, technology and value addition. Commitments percentage of total agricultural land was only 5 per made in the Maputo Protocol to allocate 10 per cent in Africa, compared with 41 per cent in Asia and cent of national budgets to agriculture and rural 21 per cent globally, one of the underlying reasons development policy should inspire the achievement for low productivity. Agricultural value added per of this goal. Building resilience to shocks, including worker in Africa (excluding North Africa) at constant through adaptation to the effects of climate change, strengthening institutional response mechanisms and pm en t De v elo a i nable

sustained and sustainable development, will provide t space for countries to deal with disasters better

The continent has made Su s and address food security. Data requirements for

significant progress in the proper monitoring of the Goals is huge, and the some of the targets under analysis reveals the large gaps in data requirements. the Goal, while, in others, There is an urgent need to invest more in generating and disseminating data at all levels to enable efficient

progress has been slow. 433 E R CH A PT monitoring. 43 44 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 CHAPTER 4 Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good health and well-being AND HEALTH GOOD 46 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 S for the economy andsociety. to life. A healthy population alsoensures added value be productive andhave the resources to contribute tions. Good healthisalsonecessary for aperson to and by socioeconomic factors, aslivingcondi such - opment goals. It is influenced by environmental issues Health isstrongly linked to other sustainabledevel- Agendas. fore a highdegree of convergence between both healthy and well-nourished citizens. There isthere- Agenda 2063alsocontains goals that seekto ensure countries in health risk reduction and management. health financing and the strengthened capacity of all calls for more research anddevelopment, increased affordable medicines and vaccines. It also contains and access for allto safe, effective, quality and environmental diseases;universal healthcoverage; child health;communicable, non-communicable and health priorities,includingreproductive, maternal and all spheres of life) (see partially aligned with goal 17(full gender equality in goal 3(healthy and well-nourished citizens) and 21 indicators and isfully aligned with Agenda 2063’s Sustainable Development Goal 3has13targets with 4.2 4.1

well-being for allat allages, addresses allmajor Agenda, to ensure healthy lives andpromote ustainable Development Goal 3of the2030 Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063 Introduction T ABLE 4.1 ). by socioeconomic factors. environmental issuesand Health isstrongly linked AND HEALTH GOOD to other sustainable development goals. It isinfluenced by Table 4.1 ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 3 OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063

SDG 3 TARGETS AGENDA 2063 GOALS 3 AND 17* TARGETS 1.3.1.3 Reduce 2013 maternal, neo-natal and child mortality rates by at least 50% 6.17.2.3 Eliminate all barriers to 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality quality education, health & social ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births services for women & girls by 2020 6.17.2.3 Eliminate all barriers to quality education, health and social services for Women and Girls by 2020 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children 1.3.1.3 Reduce 2013 maternal, neo-natal under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal and child mortality rates by at least 50% mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births 1.3.1.4 Reduce 2013 proportion of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDs, Malaria and TB by at least 50% 1.3.1.5 Reduce under 5 mortality rate 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, attributable to malaria by at least 80% malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, 1.3.1.6 Reduce the 2013 incidence of

water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases i n g w ell-be HIV/AIDs, Malaria and TB by at least 80%

1.3.1.9 Reduce 2013 proportion of an d deaths attributable to dengue fever and th chikungnya by 50% (for Island States)

3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality h eal from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths Goal 3: Goo d 3: Goal and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and 1.3.1.2 Increase 2013 levels of access reproductive health-care services, including for family to sexual and reproductive health planning, information and education, and the integration of services to women by at least 30% reproductive health into national strategies and programmes 1.3.1.1 Increase 2013 levels of 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial access to quality basic health care risk protection, access to quality essential health- and services by at least 40% care services and access to safe, effective, quality and pm en t De v elo a i nable affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all 1.3.1.10 Access to Anti-Retroviral t (ARV) drugs is 100% Su s

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of 1.7.3.3 Reduce deaths and property loss deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and from natural and man-made disasters and air, water and soil pollution and contamination climate extreme events by at least 30%

474 E R CH A PT

47 48 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 T SDG 3 TARGETS ABLE 3.c 3.a and management of national andglobalhealthrisks developing countries, for early warning, riskreduction health, and,inparticular, provide access to medicinesfor all Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public the provisions inthe Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of which affirms theright of developing countries to useto thefull the Doha Declaration onthe TRIPS Agreement andPublic Health, affordable essential medicinesand vaccines, inaccordance with that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to medicines for thecommunicable andnon-communicable diseases Tobacco Control inallcountries, asappropriate Health Organization Framework Convention on developed countries andsmallislanddeveloping States health workforce indeveloping countries, especially inleast recruitment, development, training andretention of the 3.d 3.b B Source: United Nations (2016a). diseases inpeopleunder 70 years of age were attributed to cardiovascular diseases andcancer. using moderncontraceptive methods. In 2012,almost two thirds of deaths from non-communicable (between 15and49 years) who were marriedor inaunionsatisfied their needfor family planningby 89 per cent of allcasesin2015.In 2015,approximately 75per cent women of reproductive age cent of the world’s population isat riskof malaria, but Africa (excluding North Africa) accounted for infected with HIV andanestimated 214million peoplecontracted malaria. Approximately 50per declined globally between 2000and2015.However, in2015,2.1million peoplebecamenewly age diedin2015,mostly from preventable causes. The incidence of HIV, malariaandtuberculosis five childmortality fell by more than50per cent. An estimated 5.9millionchildren under 5 years of During theperiod1990-2015,maternal mortality ratio declinedby 44per cent, andunder- o Substantially increase healthfinancingandthe Strengthen theimplementation of the World Strengthen thecapacity of allcountries, inparticular Support theresearch anddevelopment of vaccines and x 4.1x 4.1

(C * Goal 3(healthy and well-nourished citizens) of aspiration 1andgoal 17(fullgender equality inallspheres of life) of aspiration 6. Source: Authors’ own analysis basedonStatistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015). ONT) GLOBAL HEALTH STATUS: MOST RECENT OVERVIEW AGENDA 2063GOALS 3 AND 17* TARGETS (ARV) drugsis100% 1.3.1.10 Access to AccessAnti-Retroviral 4.3 Current status in Africa and the progress made

The present discussion focuses on seven of the most of deaths relating to pregnancy and childbirth and relevant targets of Sustainable Development Goal reflects the ability of a country’s health-care system 3, namely 3.1 through 3.7, and defines the current to provide safe care during pregnancy and childbirth. status and trends along the specified indicator. The global maternal mortality ratio declined by 44 Target 3.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 3 per cent between 1990 and 2015. Africa has also By 2030, reduce the global maternal made remarkable progress in reducing maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 mortality over the years. The maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births dropped from 846 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 546 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015 Related Agenda 2063 target: in Africa (excluding North Africa), while that North Africa remained low, at 70 deaths per 1000,000 as i Reduce 2013 maternal, neonatal and child the target (see TABLE 4.2). The ratio remained higher, mortality rates by at least 50 per cent. Indicator 3.1.1: maternal mortality ratio In Africa and other developing regions, Problems during pregnancy and childbirth are a leading cause of death and disability of women the risk of a woman

of reproductive age (between 15 and 49 years) in i n g w ell-be dying from a maternal developing countries. This indicator acts as a record cause is approximately 23 times higher than an d for a woman living in th Table 4.2 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO BY REGION a developed country. (deaths per 100,000 live births) h eal

REGION 2000 2005 2010 2015

World 341 288 246 216

Developing regions 377 319 273 239 Goal 3: Goo d 3: Goal North Africa 113 95 82 70

Africa (excluding North Africa) 846 717 624 546

Latin America and the Caribbean 99 88 81 67

East Asia 59 48 36 27

South Asia 377 288 221 176

South East Asia 201 166 136 110 pm en t De v elo a i nable Western Asia 122 110 96 91 t

Oceania 292 239 206 187 Su s

Caucasus and Central Asia 50 46 37 33

Developed regions 17 15 13 12

494 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 49 50 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 tion andexpanded access to safe abortion services. the midwifery workforce; andreformed laws onabor midwifery education andadatabase for monitoring programme, capacity-buildingof midwives, improved expansion and strengthening of thecommunity health in improving skilled birth attendance by way of the nerships between theGovernment andpartners political will through strong collaboration andpart- critical services to lower levels of care; increased cent healthandfamily planning, which isimproving task-sharing for maternal newborn childandadoles- vative practices are yielding results. These include the maternal mortality ratio was recorded, someinno- In Ethiopia, where thehighestpercentage declinein of maternal deaths. Africa region, HIV/AIDS alsoremains amajor cause and high adolescent fertility rates. In the Southern persistence of sexual andgender-based violence need for emergency obstetric andneonatal care, the and highunmet needsfor family planning,alow met prevalence anduptake of moderncontraceptives nent includelow skilledattendance at delivery, alow Factors influencing theslow progress ontheconti- high HIV/AIDS burden. whereas that of Zimbabwe canbeattributed to the be attributed to the ongoing conflict in the country, The increase intheCentral African Republic may maternal mortality ratio between 2013and2015. Zimbabwe registered progress inreducing their countries except theCentral African Republic and at least50per cent in2023issought. All African 2063, reducing 2013maternal mortality rates by 70 deaths per 100,000live births. Through Agenda below theSustainable Development Goal target of Verde, Egypt, Libya, Mauritius and Tunisia, had aratio live births.Only five African countries, namely, Cabo highest maternal mortality, the at 1,360deaths per 100,000 had Leone Sierra ‎4.1). (Figure 2015 in of more than500deaths per 100,000live births African countries reported a maternal mortality ratio still have a very highmaternal mortality ratio. Twenty However, asignificant number of African countries maternal mortality ratio between 1990and2015. countries registered progress inreducing their throughout the African continent. Many African The maternal mortality ratio varies substantially woman livinginadeveloped country. cause isapproximately 23timeshigher thanfor a regions, the risk of a woman dying from a maternal with allother regions. In Africa andother developing however, in Africa (excluding North Africa) compared - Rwanda to address the immediate and urgent health and community health workers and volunteers in deployment of health extension workers inEthiopia Similarly, cost-effective interventions, asthe such ciated with improved childandmaternal outcomes. and improved maternal education have beenasso- have shown that, in Africa, higher per incomes capita and thelow educational status of women. Studies distance from ahealthfacility, financial accessibility birth attendance inmost African countries include Some of the determining factors for low skilled cent attendance of birthsby skilledhealth workers. redouble efforts to attain the recommended 90per health personnel. Most African countries needto than 90per cent of birthsbeingattended by skilled and Principe, South Africa and Tunisia, reported more Congo (Rep. of the), Egypt, Libya, Mauritius, São Tomé countries, namely, Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, the presence of aprofessional. such Eleven African 33 per cent of maternal deaths could beaverted by wide, given that itisestimated that between 13and cator of progress towards maternal mortality world- delivery by askilledbirth attendant serves asanindi- North Africa)(see skilled healthpersonnel in2015 Africa (excluding Division, only 51per cent of births were attended by of the world. According to data from the Statistics (excluding North Africa), compared with the rest health personnel, givingbirthremains risky in Africa improve theproportion of birthsattended by skilled Even thoughprogress was madeinthepastdecadeto personnelhealth Indicator 3.1.2:proportion of attended births by skilled mortality situation inthecountry. levels of care, are having animpactonthematernal access to reproductive healthservices at lower basic salary) for improved performance inimproving health andgiven monetary incentives (apart from a training inmaternal newborn childandadolescent in which community health workers are given basic of andperformance-based healthfinancing financing, ty-based healthinsurance schemeasthemainsource ofaddition, theinstitution acompulsory communi- health programme improves maternal health.In ment to the maternal newborn child and adolescent ship, government ownership andastrong commit- Rwanda hasalsoshown that strong politicalleader and family planning services to lower levels of care. critical maternal newborn childandadolescent health of task-sharing mechanismsare ensuringdelivery of In the United Republic of Tanzania, the institution FIGURE 4.2 ). Evidence shows that - Figure 4.1 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO BY COUNTRY IN 2013 AND 2015

Libya Egypt 2013 Cabo Verde 2015 Mauritius Tunisia North Africa The maternal mortality rate in Morocco is 112 Morocco maternal deaths in 2011 and 72.6 deaths in Botswana 2016 per 100,000 live births according to the South Africa surveys carried out in Morocco. Algeria São Tomé and Principe Zambia Djibouti Namibia Rwanda Gabon Sudan Senegal Ghana Comoros Equatorial Guinea Uganda Ethiopia Madagascar Togo i n g w ell-be

Burkina Faso Swaziland United Republic of Tanzania an d Benin Republic of the Congo th Zimbabwe

Angola h eal Lesotho Mozambique Eritrea Kenya Africa (excluding North Africa) Guinea-Bissau

Niger Goo d 3: Goal Mali Cameroon Mauritania Malawi Côte dIvoire Guinea Democratic Republic of the Congo Gambia Burundi Liberia Somalia pm en t De v elo a i nable South Sudan t Nigeria Chad Su s Central African Republic Sierra Leone

Deaths per 100,000 live births 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

514 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 51 52 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Target 3.2of Sustainable Development Goal 3 services (World Health Organization, 2013). cally have hadchallenges ingainingaccess to health the people,inparticular rural dwellers, who histori- force, have succeeded inbringingservices closer to ships andmotivation onthepartof thehealth work backed by strong leadership, commitment, partner thecountry.within andoutside These programmes, ment andtraining of aprofessional health workforce was ahuge investment inthecontinuous develop- Basinga et al., 2011). Furthermore, in Rwanda, there for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment, 2014; (Economic Commission for Africa and Organization maternal newborn childandadolescent healthcare of care, hasgone along way to improving access to needs of women inrural areas andat lower levels Figure 4.2 (excluding NorthAfrica) Proportion ofbirths(%)

least aslow as25per 1,000live births live birthsandunder-five mortality to at mortality to at leastaslow as12per 1,000 with allcountries reduce aimingto neonatal newborns andchildren under 5 years of age, By 2030,endpreventable deaths of PROPORTION OF BIRTHS ATTENDED BY SKILLEDHEALTH PERSONNEL PERREGION Source: Statistics Division (2016). Developing regions Developed regions and theCaribbean and CentralAsia South EastAsia Latin America North Africa South Asia West Asia Caucasus East Asia Oceania Africa World 0 20 - - health services. access to andutilization of maternal andnewborn the large rural populations of Africa that have poor neonatal mortality rates. The situation is worse for progress inthisregard or experienced stagnating 2016). Many African countries have madeeither slow and United Nations Development Programme, Commission for Africa, African Development Bank tions, asphyxia and sepsis (African Union, Economic the maincausesincludepre-term birthcomplica- of under-five mortality, andamongnewborn babies per cent). Neonatal deaths account for 29per cent per cent), (15per pneumonia cent) andmalaria(16 1 and59months of age in Africa are diarrhoea(18 The leading causes of death amongchildren between Related Agenda 2063targets: ii i able to malaria by at least80per cent. Reduce under-five mortality rate attribut mortality rates by at least50per cent; Reduce 2013maternal, neonatal andchild 40 38.2 42.8 47.7 50.2 51.4 2000 60 58.3 62.0 62.2 63.2 70.0 2015 72.4 73.1 75.4 80 83.7 84.3 87.8 88.1 89.2 93.7 - 96.7 96.7 100 98.7 99.4 99.9 Figure 4.3 PROPORTION OF BIRTHS ATTENDED BY SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL IN AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Ethiopia South Sudan Sudan Chad Somalia Eritrea Nigeria Niger Madagascar Guinea-Bissau Guinea Angola United Republic of Tanzania Mali Central African Republic Mozambique Gambia Uganda Senegal Togo Côte dIvoire Sierra Leone Burundi Liberia

Kenya i n g w ell-be

Zambia Cameroon Mauritania an d Burkina Faso th Equatorial Guinea

Ghana h eal Morocco Benin Lesotho Zimbabwe Democratic Republic of the Congo Comoros

Djibouti Goo d 3: Goal Malawi Namibia Swaziland Gabon Rwanda Egypt Cabo Verde São Tomé and Principe South Africa Republic of the Congo

Botswana pm en t De v elo a i nable t Algeria

Tunisia Su s

Libya Mauritius

Proportion of births (%) 0 20 40 60 80 100

534 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 53 54 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 1 United Nations, (2015) the globalunder-five mortality rate hasfallen by 44 mortality by at least50per cent in2023.Since 2000, the objective of reducing 2013levels of under-five 25 per 1,000live births. Agenda 2063alsocontains is to reduce under-five mortality to at leastaslow as mental andnutritional status of children. The target of childhealth andof thesocioeconomic, environ - The under-five mortality rate isageneral indicator Indicator 3.2.1:under-five mortality rate reduce childmortality. making early decisionsto seekcare will alsohelpto addition, promoting healthy behaviours at homeand strong outreach, follow-upand referral services. In health services at thehealthfacility are supported by example, agreater impact will be achieved if quality the service delivery modalitiesisalsoessential. For mission of HIV. Integration of theseinterventions into newborns; andprevention of mother-to-child trans- serious infections; inpatient care for smallandsick tion; early identification andantibiotic treatment of maturation; basicneonatal care; neonatal resuscita- births, includingantenatal corticosteroids for lung emergency obstetric care; management of pre-term high-impact interventions are skilled care at birth and mortality. Among the proven, cost-effective and lishment of interventions that will reduce neonatal Improving childsurvival will dependontheestab- Figure 4.4 Latin AmericaandtheCaribbean Africa (excludingNorthAfrica) Deaths per1,000livebirths

UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE BY REGION Source: Statistics Division (2016). Developing regions Developed regions and CentralAsia South EastAsia North Africa South Asia 1 West Asia Caucasus East Asia Oceania World 0 5. 8 9. 10. 8 9 20 17. 9 22. 24. 3 27. 1 2 32.0 31. 40 7 36. 5 42. 42. 44. indicator of thequality of care at birthinacountry. ronment duringtheearlieststages of life. It isauseful rate provides a general measure of the health envi- child deaths occur during the neonatal period. The live birthsinagiven year or period. The majority of as thenumber of deaths inthefirst 28days per 1,000 and thefirst completed 28days of life. It ismeasured deaths of newborn babies that occur between birth The neonatal mortality rate refers to thenumber of Indicator 3.2.2:neonatal mortality rate deaths globally (see the region with thehighestproportion of under-five However, Africa (excluding North Africa) remains in 2000to 83deaths per 1,000live births in2015. by 46per cent, from 154deaths per 1,000live births of the world: Africa reduced under-five mortality rate North Africa) hasbeenfaster thanallother regions in reducing under-five mortality in Africa (excluding to 43deaths per 1,000live birthsin2015.Progress per cent, from 76deaths per 1,000live birthsin1990 births (see Goal target of fewer than25deaths per 1,000 live reported figures below theSustainable Development Egypt, Libya, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tunisia, In 2015,six African countries, namely, Cabo Verde, 7 46. 5 3 48. 50. 5 51. 6 5 2 60 63. 66. 2 9 FIGURE 75. 80 9 83. 83. 4 4.5 1 91. FIGURE ). 100 6 4.4 120 2000 ). 140 2015 154. 160 3 Figure 4.5 UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE BY COUNTRY, 2013 AND 2015

14.5 Libya 13.4 14.3 2013 Mauritius 13.5 14.0 Seychelles 13.6 2015 15.2 Tunisia 14.0 25.8 Egypt 24.0 25.9 Cabo Verde 24.5 25.8 Algeria 25.5 29.7 Morocco 27.6 43.4 South Africa 40.5 47.8 Rwanda 41.7 46.6 Botswana 43.6 49.6 Republic of the Congo 45.0 47.7 Namibia 45.4 49.7 Eritrea 46.5 52.5 Senegal 47.2 50.8 São Tomé and Principe 47.3 53.3 United Republic of Tanzania 48.7 53.4 Kenya 49.4 53.4 Madagascar 49.6 54.8 Gabon 50.8 60.3 Uganda 54.6 64.6 Ethiopia 59.2 67.6 Swaziland 60.7 66.5 Ghana 61.6 71.3 Malawi 64 i n g w ell-be

70.2 Zambia 64.0 69.5 Djibouti 65.3 73.6 Gambia 68.9 an d 76.3 Liberia 69.9 th 74.2 Sudan 70.1 74.5 Zimbabwe 70.7

78.3 h eal Comoros 73.5 83.3 Togo 78.4 85.6 Mozambique 78.5 87.8 Burundi 81.7 90.2 Mauritania 84.7 93.9 Cameroon 87.9 96.6 Burkina Faso 88.6

93.6 Goo d 3: Goal Lesotho 90.2 100.5 Guinea-Bissau 92.5 99.0 Côte dIvoire 92.6 99.2 South Sudan 92.6 100.4 Guinea 93.7 100.3 Equatorial Guinea 94.1 104.1 Niger 95.5 104.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 98.3 104.8 Benin 99.5 116.6 Nigeria 108.8 122.7 Mali 114.7

Sierra Leone 133.4 pm en t De v elo a i nable

120.4 t 138.5 Central African Republic 130.1 146.1

Somalia 136.8 Su s 147.1 Chad 138.7 167.1 Angola 156.9

Deaths per 1,000 live births 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

554 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 55 56 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Related Agenda 2063targets: (see South Asia compared with other regions of the world, except mortality remains thehighestinrest of Africa, cent between 2000and2015.However, neonatal Neonatal mortality intherest of Africa fell by 30per reducing neonatal mortality between 2000and2015. Globally, allregions reported animprovement in Target 3.3of Sustainable Development Goal 3 births (see Goal target of fewer than12deaths per 1,000live reported figures below theSustainable Development Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa and Tunisia, In 2015,five African countries, namely, Libya, Figure 4.6 i Deaths per1,000livebirths malaria andtuberculosis by at least80per cent; Reduce the2013incidence of HIV/AIDS, (excluding NorthAfrica) diseases andother communicable diseases diseases andcombat hepatitis, water-borne tropicalculosis, malariaandneglected By 2030,endtheepidemicsof AIDS, tuber

FIGURE Developing regions Developed regions NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE BY REGION Source: Statistics Division (2016). and theCaribbean and CentralAsia South EastAsia Latin America FIGURE North Africa 4.7 South Asia West Asia Caucasus East Asia ). Oceania 4.6 Africa World ). 0 3.2 5.4 5.6 5 9.3 12.2 10 13.4 13.7 14.7 - 16.1 15 19.2 new casesper 1,000uninfected peoplein2015(see highest in Africa (excluding North Africa), with 1.5 newly infected in2015. The incidence of HIV was people, andanestimated 2.1millionpeoplebecame HIV infections globally were 0.3per 1,000uninfected estimated 1.5millionin2010to 1.1millionin2015. in AIDS-related deaths globally since 2010,from an ment are largely responsible for a26per cent decline Nations Programme onHIV/AIDS, thegainsintreat- epidemic by 2030. According to the Joint United The world hascommitted itself to endingthe AIDS uninfected populationby sex,age andkey populations Indicator 3.3.1:number of new HIV infections per 1,000 was more prevalent thanamongmenin2015(see regions asa whole, theHIV incidence among women In therest of Africa, Oceania andthedeveloping FIGURE T ii ABLE 20.6 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.8 22.6 20 tuberculosis by at least50per cent. attributable to HIV/AIDS, malariaand Reduce the2013proportion of deaths 4.3 4.8 ). 26.6 ). 27.1 25 28.6 29.2 30.5 30 33.4 35 40.8 40 45.3 2000 2015 45 50 Figure 4.7 NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE BY COUNTRY

Angola Central African Republic Guinea-Bissau Somalia Chad South Sudan Côte dIvoire Mali Mauritania Sierra Leone Nigeria Comoros Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Lesotho Benin Guinea Democratic Republic of the Congo Gambia Sudan Burundi Ghana Ethiopia Mozambique Niger i n g w ell-be Burkina Faso Togo

Cameroon an d

Liberia th Zimbabwe Gabon Kenya h eal Botswana Malawi Zambia Senegal Madagascar United Republic of Tanzania Rwanda Goo d 3: Goal Uganda Eritrea Republic of the Congo Morocco São Tomé and Principe Namibia Algeria Swaziland Egypt Cabo Verde pm en t De v elo a i nable

South Africa t Seychelles 2013 Mauritius Su s Tunisia 2015 Libya

Deaths per 1,000 live births 0 10 20 30 40 50

574 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 57 58 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 REGION REGION Table 4.4 Table 4.3 World Developed regions Caucasus andCentral Asia Oceania Western Asia East Asia South South Asia East Asia Latin America andtheCaribbean Africa (excluding North Africa) North Africa Developing regions World Developing regions North Africa Africa (excluding North Africa) Latin America andtheCaribbean East Asia South Asia South East Asia South Western Asia Oceania Caucasus andCentral Asia Developed regions

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY REGION ESTIMATED HIV INCIDENCERATE BY REGION ( ( number litres Source: Statistics Division (2016). Source: Statistics Division (2016).

pure

new

alcohol

infections

consumed

per 1,000

per

2000 capita uninfected 0.14 0.17 0.76 0.01 0.26 0.19 0.05 0.26 3.87 0.02 0.65 0.55 2005 11.6 6 4.5 0.8 6.2 8.4 5.1 2.8 2.9 1.8 3.2 5.8 )

people

) 2005 0.15 0.16 0.43 0.02 0.27 0.11 0.05 0.21 2.57 0.02 0.47 0.4 2010 10.8 6.2 5 0.7 6.1 7.7 6.8 3.3 3.3 1.3 2.9 5.6 2010 0.17 0.1 0.32 0.03 0.22 0.08 0.04 0.18 1.94 0.02 0.37 0.33 2015 10.4 6.3 5.4 0.5 6.3 7.5 7.7 3.8 3.8 1.5 3 5 2015 0.22 0.12 0.33 0.04 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.17 1.48 0.02 0.31 0.3 Figure 4.8 ESTIMATED HIV INCIDENCE RATE BY GENDER, 2015

1.48 Africa (excluding North Africa) 1.32 1.65

0.33 Oceania 0.3 0.37

0.31 Developing regions 0.31 0.32

0.3 South East Asia 0.31 0.28

0.19 World 0.26 0.13

0.22 Developed regions 0.32 0.12

0.17 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.24 0.1

0.12 Caucasus and Central Asia 0.17 0.07

0.06

South Asia 0.08 i n g w ell-be 0.05

0.04 West Asia 0.05 an d 0.03 th

0.04 East Asia 0.06 All 0.02 h eal Men 0.02 North Africa 0.03 Women 0.01

Number of new infections per 1,000 uninfected people 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Goal 3: Goo d 3: Goal

Source: Statistics Division (2016).

Target 3.4 of Sustainable Development Goal 3 Indicator 3.5.2: harmful use of alcohol, defined according By 2030, reduce by one third prema- to the national context as alcohol per capita consump- ture mortality from non-communicable tion (15 years of age and older) within a calendar year in diseases through prevention and treat- litres of pure alcohol ment and promote health and well-being The harmful use of alcohol is a serious health There are no data to describe the status with regard burden and affects everyone. Health problems from pm en t De v elo a i nable to achieving this target. dangerous alcohol use arise in the form of acute and t chronic conditions, and adverse social consequences Su s

Target 3.5 of Sustainable Development Goal 3 are common when they are associated with alcohol Strengthen the prevention and treatment consumption (World Health Organization, 2010). of substance abuse, including narcotic Globally, average alcohol consumption was reported drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol at 6.3 litres of pure alcohol per capita among those 15 years of age and older. In 2015, alcohol consump-

594 E R CH A PT Agenda 2063 has no related targets. tion was the highest in developed regions and the 59 60 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 (see traffic accidents, notwithstanding adecliningtrend with thehighestrate of death andinjuriesfrom road At thegloballevel, therest of Africa istheregion Indicator rate 3.6.1:death due to road traffic injuries Agenda 2063hasnorelated targets. increased globally (see lowest inNorth Africa. The consumption of alcohol Target 3.7of Sustainable Development Goal 3 Target 3.6of Sustainable Development Goal 3 Figure 4.9 FIGURE Latin AmericaandtheCaribbean Africa (excludingNorthAfrica)

national strategies andprogrammes integration of reproductive healthinto information andeducation, andthe services, includingfor family planning, sexual and reproductive health-care By 2030,ensure universal access to and injuriesfrom road traffic accidents By 2020,halve thenumber of globaldeath 4.9 Caucasus andCentralAsia DEATH RATE DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES Source: Statistics Division (2016). per 100,000population ). Developing regions Developed regions Number ofdeaths South EastAsia T ABLE North Africa South Asia West Asia East Asia 4.4 Oceania World ). 0 5 8.6 with modernmethods (see union andhadtheir needfor family planningsatisfied cent) proportion of women who are married or in a Africa), however, hadthelowest (lessthan50per saw aslight decline.In 2015, Africa (excluding North 2000 and2015inallregions, except East Asia, which satisfied with modernmethods improved between or ina union who have their needfor family planning Globally, theproportion of women who are married modern methods who have their need for family planningsatisfied with union of reproductive age (between 15and49 years) Indicator 3.7.1:proportion of women marriedor ina to 0.9 million (Singh et al., 2014). If the fullprovi- tions would declineby 84per cent, from 5.7million from 18millionto 3millionannually, andunsafe abor unintended pregnancies would dropby 83per cent, If allunmet needsfor family planning were satisfied, Related Agenda 2063target: i women by at least30per cent. and reproductive healthservices to Increase 2013levels of access to sexual 10 12.5 14.0 15.5 15.9 16.3 15 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.4 18.1 18.2 18.5 18.6 19.0 19.2 19.3 19.5 19 19.8 20 FIGURE 4.10 25 26.6 2000 2015 ). 28.2 30 - sion of modern contraception were combined with Almost all regions, except South East Asia, saw a integrated and improved care, including HIV-related decline in adolescent birth rates among girls between services for all pregnant women and newborns, 15 and 19 years of age during the period 2000-2015. maternal deaths would drop by 69 per cent, from Although the rest of Africa made progress in reducing 183,000 to 58,000 annually; newborn deaths would the adolescent birth rate by 21 per cent between drop by 82 per cent, from 1.2 million to 213,000; and 2000 and 2015, in 2015 it remained the region in the HIV infections among newborns would decline by 93 per cent, from 115,000 to 8,000. Other long-term gains from meeting women’s sexual and reproductive health needs include improvements in women’s Governments must make educational attainment, labour force participation, strong efforts to invest in productivity and earnings, as well as higher household family planning and other savings and assets. Governments must make strong efforts to invest in family planning and other repro- reproductive health ductive health services going forward, given that they services going forward, are cost-effective, save lives and are cornerstones of given that they are cost- sustainable development. effective, save lives Indicator 3.7.2: adolescent birth rate per 1,000 adoles- and are cornerstones of cent women between 15 and 19 years of age sustainable development. i n g w ell-be

Figure 4.10 MARRIED WOMEN OR THOSE IN A UNION OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE (BETWEEN 15 AND 49 YEARS)

WHO HAVE THEIR NEED FOR FAMILY PLANNING SATISFIED WITH MODERN METHODS, an d

BY REGION th

95.1 h eal East Asia 94.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 76.1 81.5 73.6 Developed regions 77.6 72.9 North Africa 77.2 Goal 3: Goo d 3: Goal 74.5 World 76.7 74.7 Developing regions 76.5 69.9 South East Asia 75.1 62.8 South Asia 69.8 64.0 Caucasus and Central Asia 69.1 West Asia 47.4 57.0 pm en t De v elo a i nable t 42.4 2013 Oceania 49.3 2015 Su s

Africa (excluding North Africa) 30.5 46.9

Modern methods (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

614 E R CH A PT Source: Statistics Division (2016). 61 62 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 abortions anditsassociated consequences, anaemia, mother andchildare serious. These includeunsafe The consequences of adolescent pregnancy on between 15and19 years of age. birth rates of fewer than50birthsper 1,000 women Only nine African countries have reported adolescent per 1,000 women aged between 15and19 years. have adolescent birthrates of more than100births age (see births per 1,000 women between 15and19 years of world with the highest adolescent birth rate, at 102 Figure 4.11 Births per1,000adolescent women Latin AmericaandtheCaribbean FIGURE Africa (excludingNorthAfrica)

ADOLESCENT BIRTH RATE AMONG WOMEN AGED 15 AND 19 YEARS BY REGION, 2000 AND 2015 Source: Statistics Division (2016). Caucasus andCentralAsia 4.11 ). Twenty-five). countries African Developing regions Developed regions South EastAsia North Africa South Asia West Asia East Asia Oceania World 0 8.6 7.0 15.6 26.3 20 28.7 33.6 35.6 36.0 36.0 economic development. and childhave far-reaching consequences for socio- high adolescent births, the implications for mother majority (66per cent) of African countries stillhave future healthproblems for thebaby. Given that the cents, allof which increase thechance of death and asphyxia are higher thechildren among of adoles- The rates of pre-term birth,low birth weight and such asdepression,such andobstetric fistula. haemorrhage,tions, postpartum mental disorders malaria, HIV andother sexually transmitted infec ream/10665/43368/1/9241593784_eng.pdf 2 WHO, (2006) http://apps.who.int/iris/bitst 41.3 42.3 44.1 44.9 40 48.1 49.9 55 56 60.6 61.1 64.1 60 71.4 81.1 80 101.8 100 2000 2015 120 129.2 2

140 - 4.4 Conclusion

The review of the progress made in achieving Low and inequitable access to skilled health personnel Sustainable Development Goal 3, which is aligned at birth, the high adolescent birth rate and access with goal 3 of Agenda 2063, has placed an emphasis to family planning remain challenges to addressing on significant gains in health during the past decade, maternal health in Africa. A lack of data, especially including a considerable decline in child and maternal disaggregated data, also remains a challenge for mortality. Nevertheless, the continent remains the proper monitoring and evaluation. region with the highest burden of maternal and child deaths, compared with other regions around the There is therefore a need to scale up essential inter- world. Progress also remains varied between and ventions that are critical to improving reproduc- among subregions and individual countries. tive health and reducing maternal and child deaths. There is also a need to scale up partnerships with all GOOD ... the continent remains stakeholders to complete the unfinished business of HEALTH the Millennium Development Goals and effectively AND the region with the implement Agenda 2063 and the 2030 Agenda in an highest burden of integrated manner. maternal and child Strong and robust monitoring and evaluation frame- deaths, compared with works should be put in place to inform analysis

other regions around and policy design and implementation. Building the i n g w ell-be

the world. Progress also capacity of national statistical offices is therefore critical to responding to the huge data demand. remains varied between an d Strengthening civil registration systems will also th and among subregions facilitate tracking the progress of Sustainable and individual countries. Development Goal 3. h eal

There is therefore a need Goo d 3: Goal to scale up essential interventions that are critical to improving reproductive health and reducing maternal and child death. There is also a need to scale pm en t De v elo a i nable up partnerships with t

all stakeholders. Su s

634 E R CH A PT

63 64 AFRICA SUSTAINABLEAFRIC DEAV ELOTRAPMCKIENNGT REPORT 2017 CHAPTER 5 Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality EQUALITY GENDER 66 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 S are closing. Women now have better access to health school enrolment at theprimary andsecondary level higher numbers thanever before andgender gapsin have narrowed. Girls are now enrolling inschool decades, gender disparitiesbetween menand women varied across theregion. Compared with theprevious gender equality in Africa, progress has been slow and Although progress much hasbeenmadeinachieving ties andnation States asa whole. and indirect benefits leadto thebetterment of socie- contribute to socioeconomic development, direct and girlshave themeansto fully participate inand tial ingredient for economic progress. When women is integral to sustainabledevelopment andanessen- economic andsocialdevelopment. Gender equality discrimination against women andgirlscanimpede able development andhow thenegative impactof gender equality for andopportunities sustain - of life, of Agenda 2063 (see the latter of which isfullgender equality inallspheres 14 indicators and is aligned goalswith 3, 5, 10 and 17, Sustainable Development Goal 5has9targets with 5.1 5.2

girls, underscores theimportance of improving gender equality andempower all women and ustainable Development Goal 5,to achieve Introduction Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063. essential ingredient for integral to sustainable development andan economic progress. Gender equalityis T ABLE 5.1 ). ment andprogress ongender equality. services posemajor obstaclesto women’s empower ture, law enforcement andpoor quality of public of the world. At thestructural level, weak infrastruc burden of maternal deaths inrelation to other regions regions. Africa continues to experience thehighest ence worse healthoutcomes than women inother during periodsof war. Women intheregion experi- be especially severe inconflict-affected settings and spaces.and inpublic Violence against women can of various forms of violence, both inthehousehold compared with men. Women continue to be victims have poorer access to resources andopportunities, that women carry aheavier burden of work and undermine progress. Traditional gender roles dictate empowerment, andstructural constraints further tions continue to posemajor obstaclesto women’s and across multiplelevels. Social mores and tradi- However, several challenges remain in various spheres gap inlabour force participation issmaller in Africa. tion hasreduced. Compared with other regions, the sector, the gender disparity in labour force participa- seeking employment in the formal and the informal have decreased. As greater numbers of women are maternal mortality ratios in most countries in Africa reproductive rights andreproductive healthcare, health outcomes. Owingto improvements in women’s care thaninprevious decades,leadingto better - - Table 5.1 ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5 OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063

TARGETS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5 TARGETS OF GOALS 3, 5, 10 AND 17 OF AGENDA 2063* 6.17.2.2 Reduce by 50 per cent all harmful social norms and customary practices against women and girls and those that promote violence and discrimination against women and girls 6.17.2.4 End all forms of political, legal or administrative 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against discrimination against women and girls by 2023 all women and girls everywhere 6.17.1.1 Equal economic rights for women, including the rights to own and inherit property, sign a contract, save, register and manage a business and own and operate a bank account by 2026 6.17.2.1 Reduce 2013 levels of violence against women and girls by at least 20% 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women 6.17.2.1 Reduce 2013 levels of violence and girls in the public and private spheres, including against women and girls by at least 20% trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 6.17.2.2 Reduce by 50 per cent all harmful social 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early norms and customary practices against women and forced marriage and female genital mutilation and girls and those that promote violence and discrimination against women and girls 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic 6.17.1.2 At least 20 per cent of women in rural

work through the provision of public services, areas have access to and control productive al it y infrastructure and social protection policies and assets, including land and grants, credit,

the promotion of shared responsibility within the inputs, financial services and information eq u household and the family as nationally appropriate 6.17.1.1 Equal economic rights for women, including the rights to own and inherit property, sign a contract, save, register and manage a business and own and operate a bank account by 2026

6.17.1.2 At least 20 per cent of women in rural Gen d e r 5: Goal areas have access to and control productive 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation assets, including land and grants, credit, and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of inputs, financial services and information decision-making in political, economic and public life 6.17.1.3 At least 30 per cent of all elected officials at local, regional and national levels and in judicial institutions are women 6.17.1.5 Increase gender parity in decision- making positions at all levels to at least pm en t De v elo a i nable

50-50 between women and men t 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and 1.3.1.2 Increase 2013 levels of access to Su s

reproductive health and reproductive rights as sexual and reproductive health services agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action to women by at least 30 per cent of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

675 E R CH A PT

67 68 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 T TARGETS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 5 ABLE 5.c 5.b 5.a technology, to promote theempowerment of women in particular information andcommunications natural resources, inaccordance with national laws of property, financialservices, inheritance and ownership andcontrol over landandother forms rights to economic resources, as well asaccess to of all women andgirlsat alllevels of gender equality andtheempowerment enforceable legislation for thepromotion Adopt and strengthen soundpoliciesand Undertake reforms to give women equal Enhance theuseof enablingtechnology, 5.1

(C life) of aspiration 6. aspiration 1; goal 10(world-class infrastructure criss-crosses Africa) of aspiration 2;andgoal 17(full gender equality inallspheres or * Goal 3(healthy and well-nourished citizens) andgoal 5(modern agriculture for increased productivity andproduction) of Source: Authors’ own analysis based onStatistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015). ONT) TARGETS OF GOALS 3,5,10 AND 17OF AGENDA 2063* technology penetration andcontribution to GDP levels are awarded to women procurement at national andsubnational inputs, financialservices andinformation assets, includinglandandgrants, credit, areas have access to andcontrol productive and own andoperate abankaccount by 2026 sign acontract, save, register andmanage abusiness including therights to own andinheritproperty, discrimination against women andgirlsby 2023 making policy/resource allocation decisions on gender iscomputed biannually andusedin by the“Gender ismy agenda” campaignandECA levels are awarded to women procurement at national andsubnational and injudicialinstitutionsare women officials at local,regional andnational levels technology penetration andcontribution to GDP achieved asthenormby 2016 in broadband accessibility by 2020 value chainsby at least30per cent people and women inintegrated agricultural value chainsby at least30per cent people and women inintegrated agricultural 2.10.1.5 6.17.1.4 6.17.1.2 6.17.1.1 1.5.1.3 1.5.1.3 6.17.2.4 6.17.1.6 6.17.1.4 6.17.1.3 2.10.1.8 2.10.1.5 2.10.1.7 2.10.1.6 Increase participation of young Increase participation of young Double information andcommunications At least25per cent of annualpublic At least20per cent of women inrural Equal economic rights for women, End allforms of political,legalor administrative Solemn declaration index developed At least25per cent of annual public At least30per cent of allelected Attain 100per cent mobilepenetration by 2020 Double information andcommunications Digital broadcasting is Realize at leasta70per cent increase 5.3 Synergies between the 2030 Agenda, Agenda 2063 and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action

Both the 2030 Agenda and Agenda 2063 are aimed exercise her freedoms and choices and realize all her at furthering the progress made on gender equality rights, including the right to live free from violence, to in a sustainable and equitable manner. Sustainable go to school, to participate in decisions and to earn Development Goal 5 concerns achieving gender equal pay for equal work. The 12 areas of concern of equality and the empowerment of all women and girls, the Beijing Platform for Action are consistent with the while goal 17 of Agenda 2063 is aimed at achieving priority areas of Sustainable Development Goal 5 and full gender equality in all spheres of life. The two goal 17 of Agenda 2063, and they are mutually rein- agendas consider gender equality to be a develop- forcing. Such dynamic consistency will make it easy to ment goal in its own right. In addition, they contain harness and support countries’ efforts to fully imple- reaffirmations of the centrality of gender equality to ment both goals in terms of achieving gender equality the realization of structural transformation of African and women/girls’ empowerment on the continent. economies towards an equitable and sustainable FIGURE 5.1 outlines the synergies between the Beijing development on the continent and are consistent Declaration and Platform for Action, Agenda 2063 with prior international commitments, including the and the 2030 Agenda. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which envisaged a world in which each woman and girl can

Figure 5.1 SYNERGIES BETWEEN THE BEIJING DECLARATION AND PLATFORM FOR ACTION, AGENDA 2063 AND THE 2030 AGENDA

Beijing Platform for Action al it y

Accelerate gender eualit and the Women and the economy; eq u advancement of all omen Women in power and decision-making; Telve areas of concern: Institutional mechanisms for the Women and poverty; advancement of women; Education and training; Human rights of women; Women and health; Women and the media; Violence against women; Women and the environment; Women and armed conﬂict; The girl child Goal 5: Gen d e r 5: Goal

Agenda 2063

Goal 17: Achieve full gender eualit Priorit areas: in all spheres of life Women's empowerment; Violence and discrimination against omen and girls

2030 Agenda pm en t De v elo a i nable t Goal : Achieve gender eualit Unpaid care and domestic work;

and empoer all omen and girls omens eual rights to economic Su s

Priorit areas: resources; Discrimination against women and girls; Use of technology; Violence against women; Policies and enforceable legislation for the Harmful practices such as child early promotion of gender equality and the and forced marriage and female genital empoerment of all omen and girls

mutilation; 695 E R CH A PT

69 70 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 5.1of Sustainable Development Goal 5 World Development Indicators portal were used. and, inother instances, data from the World Bank’s Development Goal portal were usedfor theanalysis, possible, data from the United Nations Sustainable chapter was limited owing to data constraints. When the targets of Goal 5. The analyticalscope of the availability of data ongender indicators for eachof critical in Africa. Currently, however, there islimited and empowering all women andgirls, will beespecially Goal 5, which isaimedat achieving gender equality Monitoring progress onSustainable Development ii i 5.4 Figure 5.2

Score on legal index (%) discrimination against women andgirlsby 2023; End allforms of political,legalor administrative discrimination against women andgirls; girls andthosethat promote violence and and customary practices against women and Reduce by 50per cent allharmful socialnorms Current status andprogress

all women andgirlseverywhere End allforms of discrimination against ADOPTION OF GENDER-EQUAL LAWS BY AFRICAN (EXCLUDING NORTH AFRICAN) COUNTRIES Source: WorldBank. BY SCORE ONLEGAL INDEX 14.8% 12.7% 25.5% 2.3% 4.2% 10.6% 29.8% none. a country hadadopted allsixlaws andzero if ithad and sexual harassment. A score of six indicated that leave, domestic violence, criminalized marital rape non-discrimination inhiring,paidor unpaidmaternity whether acountry hadlaws onequalremuneration, adopted gender-equal laws. The index measured to measure theextent to which countries had private spheres. andpublic An index was constructed still have laws that discriminate against women inthe while progress hasbeenmade,anumber of countries A review of African legalframeworks suggests that, ination on basisofthe sex promote, enforce andmonitor equality andnon-discrim- Indicator 5.1.1: whether legal frameworks are inplace to iv iii women andgirlsby at least20per cent. Reduce 2013levels of violence against and own andoperate abankaccount by 2026; contract, save, register andmanage abusiness the rights to own andinheritproperty, signa Equal economic rights for women, including Score 0 Score 1 Score 2 Score 3 Score 4 Score 5 Score 6

full legal protection, as would have been captured by ...while progress has a maximum score on the legal index, has not been attained except in two countries. Only Namibia and been made, a number of Zimbabwe have adopted all six gender egalitarian countries still have laws laws. that discriminate against women in the private Target 5.2 of Sustainable Development Goal 5: eliminate all forms of violence and public spheres. against all women and girls

Related Agenda 2063 target: Data from Africa (excluding North Africa) show that, i Reduce 2013 levels of violence against of 47 countries, 4.2 per cent had adopted all six women and girls by at least 20 per cent. gender egalitarian laws (see FIGURE 5.2). The majority of the countries (29.8 per cent) had adopted four of Indicator 5.2.1: proportion of ever-partnered women the six laws and 25.5 per cent had adopted three of and girls 15 years of age and older subjected to physical, six. The findings indicate that most countries have sexual or psychological violence by a current or former adopted at least one or more gender-equal laws that intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of protect women’s rights to some extent. However, violence and by age

Figure 5.3 WOMEN SUBJECTED TO PHYSICAL/SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

Rwanda 44.3

Equatorial Guinea 43.6

Zambia 43.0 al it y United Republic of Tanzania 36.8 eq u Liberia 36.3

Uganda 34.6

Cameroon 32.6

Gabon 31.2

Sierra Leone 28.6 Gen d e r 5: Goal

Mozambique 27.7

Zimbabwe 27.2

Mali 26.6

Côte dIvoire 22.9

Malawi 21.2

Ghana 20.0 pm en t De v elo a i nable t Nigeria 10.9

Burkina Faso 9.6 Su s

Comoros 4.8 Women subjected to physical/sexual violence (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

715 E R CH A PT Source: UN Statistics Division. 71 72 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 early. The practice of childmarriage not only negates tions dictate that girls marry and beginchildbearing In mostcountries of theregion, customs andtradi- mining their ability to realize their optimal potential. and the development prospects of young girls, under Child marriages have a debilitating impact on growth age 15andbefore 18 years of age 24 years of age who were marriedor inaunionbefore Indicator 5.3.1:proportion of women between 20and Target 5.3of Sustainable Development Goal 5: appropriate redressal. victims of violence from coming forward and seeking Weak and insensitive law enforcement further deters victims tend not to report itandfail to seekjustice. and notions of shameassociated with violence, violence andlaw enforcement. Owingto thestigma the region, there remain significant gaps in reporting tries have adopted gender-based violence laws in of acquiring as diseases HIV.such While several coun- health outcomes duringpregnancy andahigher risk also hasbeenfound to beassociated with poor ical impactonits victims andfuture generations, but against women not only hasadebilitating psycholog- women hasbeenusedasa weapon of war. Violence tries. In someFragile States, sexual violence against rates were ashigh43to 44per cent insomecoun- Related Agenda 2063target: to physical or sexual violence (see one third of women hadreported beingsubjected women. In alarge number of countries, more than Africa) indicate ahighprevalence of violence against Data from selected countries in Africa (except North i discrimination against women andgirls. girls andthosethat promote violence and and customary practices against women and Reduce by 50per cent allharmful socialnorms their health andsurvival negates opportunities women, butalsoputs self-advancement for and female genital mutilation such aschild,early andforced marriage elimination of allharmful practices, The practice ofchild for education and marriage not only prospects at risk. FIGURE 5.3 ). The - Djibouti, Rwanda, Swaziland and Tunisia (see were marriedby 18 years of age incountries as such per cent of women between 20and24 years of age the age of marriage among women. Less than10 have attained greater success thanothers indelaying mortality. Trends show thatsome countries in Africa higher levels of fertility andahigher riskof maternal 2016a; 2016b). Early childbearingisassociated with labour force participation rates (Male and Wodon, with lower education levels, lower wealth andhigher and Uganda show that childmarriages are associated Studies intheDemocratic Republic of theCongo prospects at risk. for women, their alsoputs but healthandsurvival foropportunities education and self-advancement and therest of Africa (see declining trends intheregion, both inNorth Africa Overall, theprevalence of child marriage hasshown married before reaching 18 years of age. cent of women between the ages of 20 and 24 were alence of childmarriages exists, more than75per by 18 years of age. In Niger, where thehighestprev- women between 20and24 years of age were married Sudan. In these countries, more than 50 per cent of Central African Republic, Guinea, Niger and South prevalence of childmarriages was observed inthe Africa) thaninNorth Africa (see of age ismore prevalent in Africa (excluding North (excluding North Africa). Childmarriage by 15 years shows that thepractice isfar more prevalent in Africa gional comparison of thechildmarriage data further 5.4 from 19to 13 per cent duringthesameperiod. 2015; and in North Africa, the proportion declined declined from 43per cent in2000to 37per cent in and 24 years of age who married by 18 years of age North Africa), theproportion of women between 20 been moderate in both subregions. In Africa (excluding show that thepace of decline of childmarriage has ). At the other endof thehighest thespectrum, show that childmarriages are associated withlower wealth andhigherlabour force participation rates. Democratic Republicof education levels,lower the CongoandUganda Studies ofthe FIGURE FIGURE 5.5- 5.5- A ). Asubre- B ). Trends FIGURE

Figure 5.4 PROPORTION OF WOMEN BETWEEN 20 AND 24 YEARS OF AGE WHO WERE MARRIED BY 18 YEARS OF AGE

Niger 76.3 Chad 68.1 Central African Republic 67.9 Mali 55.0 Guinea 51.7 Burkina Faso 51.6 South Sudan 51.5 Mozambique 48.2 Malawi 46.3 Somalia 45.3 Nigeria 42.8 Madagascar 41.2 Ethiopia 41.0 Eritrea 40.7 Uganda 39.7 Sierra Leone 38.9 Cameroon 38.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo 37.3 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 Liberia 35.9 São Tomé and Principe 34.4 Mauritania 34.3 Zimbabwe 33.5 Côte dIvoire 33.2 Sudan 32.9 al it y Republic of the Congo 32.6 Senegal 32.3 eq u Benin 31.9 Comoros 31.6 Zambia 31.4 Gambia 30.4 Equatorial Guinea 29.5 Kenya 22.9 Guinea-Bissau 22.0 Gabon 21.9 Gen d e r 5: Goal Togo 21.8 Ghana 20.7 Burundi 20.4 Lesotho 18.8 Cabo Verde 18 Egypt 17.4 Morocco 15.9 Rwanda 8.1 Namibia 6.9 pm en t De v elo a i nable

Swaziland 6.5 t South Africa 5.6

Djibouti 5.4 Su s

Algeria 2.5 Tunisia 1.6 Women between 20 and 24 years of age who were married by 18 years of age (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

735 E R CH A PT

Source: Statistics Division (2017). 73 74 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.5

Girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/circumcision (%) Early marriage in Africa (%)

100 EARLY MARRIAGE IN AFRICA PROPORTION OF GIRLSBETWEEN THE 15 AND 19 YEARS OF AGE WHO HAVE UNDERGONE Source: Statistics Division (2017). Source: Statistics Division (2017). FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CIRCUMCISION 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 5 0 40.9 42.8 2000 2000 92.6 19.1 42.3 2005 38.1 16.3 2005 89.2 40.5 2010 Married byage18 North Africa) Africa (excluding 13.7 36.5 2010 81.6 37.1 2015 12.7 31.8 2015 69.6 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 North Africa 15.3 2000 North Africa Africa (excludingNorthAfrica) 4.5 14.9 2005 3.4 13.7 2010 Married byage15 2.6 11.4 2015 1.6 Indicator 5.3.2: proportion of girls and women between Indicator 5.5.1: proportion of seats held by women in 15 and 49 years of age who have undergone female national parliaments and local governments genital mutilation/cutting, by age Women continue to be underrepresented in the polit- Millions of young girls have been subjected to the ical sphere, but encouraging progress was evident barbaric practice of female genital mutilation or with regard to increasing women’s representation cutting as a means of curbing their sexual behaviour in national parliaments. The proportion of women in as they transition into adolescence. The practice of national parliaments increased significantly in both female genital mutilation, although widely acknowl- subregions. In Africa (excluding North Africa), the edged as a human rights violation, remains highly proportion of seats held by women in national parlia- prevalent in the region. According to the World ments increased from 10.2 per cent in 1997 to 23.5 Health Organization (2017), female genital mutilation per cent in 2016 (see FIGURE 5.7). Africa (excluding reflects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes North Africa) reported higher representation of and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination women in parliaments, compared with North Africa, against women. While the exact number of girls and in 2000. However, tremendous progress was seen in women globally who have undergone the procedure North Africa during the subsequent 16 years. From is unknown, it is estimated that at least 200 million 2000 to 2016, the proportion of women in national have been subjected to the procedure in 30 countries parliaments quadrupled in North Africa and, by 2016, (United Nations, 2016b). In 2015, almost 70 per cent the gap between the two subregions had substan- of girls between 15 and 19 years of age had under- tially closed. gone female genital mutilation in North Africa, down from more than 90 per cent in 2000 (see FIGURE 5.6). The prevalence in the rest of Africa is also high but relatively lower, compared with North Africa, with Women continue to be about 32 percent of girls having suffered mutilation in 2015. The harmful practice has shown declining underrepresented in trends during the past 15 years and the pace of the political sphere, but decline is greater in the North Africa subregion, encouraging progress al it y compared with the rest of Africa. was evident with regard eq u Target 5.5 of Sustainable Development Goal 5: to increasing women’s Ensure women’s full and effective partic- representation in ipation and equal opportunities for lead- national parliaments. ership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life

Related Agenda 2063 target: Some countries in the region have demonstrated Gen d e r 5: Goal exemplary progress in increasing women’s representa- i Equal economic rights for women, including tion in national parliaments (see FIGURE 5.7). Rwanda, the rights to own and inherit property, sign a a country where women hold nearly 64 per cent of contract, save, register and manage a business seats in the national parliament, ranks as the highest and own and operate a bank account by 2026; level of women’s representation in parliament in ii At least 20 per cent of women in rural the world. Countries such as Namibia, Senegal and areas have access to and control produc- South Africa also report high rates of representation tive assets, including land and grants, credit, of women’s political participation, ranging between inputs, financial service and information; 41 to 44 per cent of seats in national parliaments. pm en t De v elo a i nable iii At least 30 per cent of all elected officials Furthermore, countries such as Liberia, Malawi and t at the local, regional and national levels are Mozambique have had women leaders as heads of State and several other countries have had female Su s women, as well as in judicial institutions; Vice-Presidents. iv Increase gender parity in decision-making positions at all levels to at least 50-50 Notwithstanding the successes observed in selected between women and men. countries, women’s political leadership remains

755 E R CH A PT below par in most countries of the region. The vast 75 76 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Figure 5.7 Women innationalparliaments (%) Democratic Republic ofCongo Democratic Republic United RepublicofTanzania

PROPORTION OF WOMEN INNATIONAL PARLIAMENTS, 2016 Source: Statistics Division (2017). São Tomé andPrincipe São Tomé Republic oftheCongo Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Burkina Faso Côte dIvoire South Sudan Sierra Leone South Africa Madagascar Cabo Verde Mauritania Zimbabwe Seychelles Cameroon Swaziland Botswana Mauritius Comoros Morocco Namibia Ethiopia Djibouti Lesotho Rwanda Burundi Senegal Somalia Uganda Gambia Zambia Malawi Nigeria Tunisia Guinea Algeria Angola Liberia Eritrea Gabon Ghana Kenya Sudan Egypt Benin Niger Libya Chad Togo Mali 0 3. 0 5. 6. 6 7. 7. 10 2 2 8. 4 8. 9. 9. 9. 9. 8 9 2 10. 11.0 4 5 5 11. 12. 12. 12. 13. 9 13. 13. 14. 6 14. 14. 4 7 7 3 16.0 7 8 16. 2 17.0 9 20 9 17. 18. 7 19. 6 20. 2 20. 21. 22.0 7 5 8 24.0 9 25.0 25. 26. 30 2 5 30. 31. 31. 31. 31. 5 1 3 5 6 35.0 36. 36. 36. 40 38. 4 6 8 39. 41. 8 42.0 6 42. 43. 4 7 8 50 60 63.8 70 Figure 5.8 PROPORTION PEOPLE WITH AN ACCOUNT AT A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION IN AFRICA (EXCLUDING NORTH AFRICA)

33 Africa (excluding North Africa) 25

36 Angola 22

19 Benin 13

53 Botswana 46

15 Burkina Faso 12

7 Burundi 7

14 Cameroon 9

12 Chad 4

18 Côte dIvoire 12

13 Democratic Republic of the Congo 9

23 Ethiopia 21

32 Gabon 28

35 Ghana 34

9 Guinea 4

59 Kenya 52

6 Madagascar 6

19 Malawi 13

16 Mali 11 al it y 22 Mauritania 19

85 eq u Mauritius 80

60 Namibia 56

4 Niger 3

54 Nigeria 34

19 Republic of the Congo 14

46 Gen d e r 5: Goal Rwanda 31

16 Senegal 8

18 Sierra Leone 11

10 Somalia 6

69 South Africa 69

20 Sudan 10

21 Togo 14

32 Uganda 23 pm en t De v elo a i nable t

21 United Republic of Tanzania 17 Su s 33 Female Zambia 30 Male 19 Zimbabwe 15 People with an account at a ﬁnancial institution (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

775 E R CH A PT Source: World Bank. 77 78 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Target 5.aof Sustainable Development Goal 5 Democratic Institute, 2017). are more likely to reach peace agreements (National dismiss, seekto endabusesthat others ignore and pass billsthat others invest oppose, inprojects others women inpoliticsraise issuesthat others overlook, gender equality in countries. Research shows that governance hasimplications for theadvancement of lack of women’s representation inpolicymakingand tion of men and women innational parliaments. The majority of countries donot have equalrepresenta- In most countries in the region, data show a lower and their for opportunities economic empowerment. access to finances limits women’s access to resources among women compared with men.Low levels of Access to atendsfinancial institution to be lower Figure 5.9

Mobile account ownership (%) institution tendsto be

in accordance with national laws services, inheritance andnatural resources, and other forms of property, financial to ownership andcontrol over land rights to economic resources andaccess Undertake reforms to give women equal MOBILE ACCOUNT OWNERSHIP IN AFRICA (EXCLUDING NORTH AFRICA) Source: WorldBank. lower amongwomen compared withmen. Access to afinancial 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 W 10. om 3% en (12.8 per cent) in Africa (excluding North Africa) (see among women (10.3per cent) compared with men nology. Ownershipof amobileaccount was lower gender disparitiesexist inaccess to mobiletech- education andeconomic empowerment. However, used to disseminate information relating to health, able to women. Mobile phonesare increasingly being that itexpands knowledge andinformation avail- tool for promoting women’s empowerment, given Mobile technology isfast becoming animportant Target 5.bof Sustainable Development Goal 5 compared with 32.7per cent of men. North Africa) have access to afinancialinstitution, average, 25.1per cent of women in Africa (excluding ently lower among women compared with men.On Africa, access to afinancialinstitution was consist- financial institution. With theexception of South by themselves or someoneelseat abankor another 15 years of age andolder reported having anaccount data captured whether menand women respondents institution, comparedinstitution, with men(see percentage of women have anaccount at afinancial Related Agenda 2063target: FIGURE 5.9 i Mobile penetration rate. 12. M en 8% ). the empowerment of women communications technology, to promote nology, inparticular information and Enhance theuseof enablingtech FIGURE - 5.8 ). The GENDER EQUALITY

5.5 Conclusion

The analysis of the data on the indicators for Sustainable Development Goal 5 shows that, although Unless gender disparities much progress has been made towards attaining are addressed urgently, gender equality in Africa, much more remains to be done to empower women and reduce gender dispar- women’s potential ities. As greater numbers of women are seeking contributions to education and entering the labour force, leveraging economic growth will their productive contributions for economic growth remain untapped. and sustainable development must be prioritized. Unless gender disparities are addressed urgently, women’s potential contributions to economic growth will remain untapped. Translating policy commitments into action remains a challenge. Greater efforts are needed to strengthen laws, improve public services and enhance women’s representation in leadership and their access to resources. Furthermore, data limitations pose a significant constraint to monitoring progress and evaluating the impact of policy commitments on gender. Strengthening data availability will be critical to assessing the achievements under Goal 5. al it y eq u Goal 5: Gen d e r 5: Goal pm en t De v elo a i nable t Su s

795 E R CH A PT

79 80 AFRICA SUSTAINABLEAFRIC DEAV ELOTRAPMCKIENNGT REPORT 2017 CHAPTER 6 Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure 82 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 S multiplier effects for allother Goals. tive capacities. Achieving theGoal will have positive ment andtransformation through increased produc ofin support Africa’s aspiration for rapid develop- technology. Goal 9 is one of the most critical Goals increased access to information andcommunication and technical research support, andinnovation, and and international financial mobilization, technological vation. Achieving thisrequires increased domestic structure development, industrialization and inno- and international efforts towards promoting infra- new skills. The Goal isaimedat consolidating national of industrialsectors andleadsto thedevelopment of and innovation expands thetechnological capabilities decent jobcreation, thereby reducing income poverty; ment; industrialization drives economic growth and facilities essential to businessandsocietal develop - innovation. Infrastructure provides thebasic physical development: infrastructure, industrialization and tion, addresses three important aspectsof sustainable accelerated economic growth); goal 8(united Africa and production); goal 6(blue/ocean economy for goal 5(modern agriculture for increased productivity all); goal 4 (transformed economies and job creation); standard of living,quality of life and well-being for scored inthis Goal are alsocovered ingoal 1(a high 2063. The areas of sustainable development under 12 indicators andisaligned with 7goals of Agenda Sustainable Development Goal 9 has8 targets and 6.1 6.2

sustainable industrialization andfoster innova- ient infrastructure, promote inclusive and ustainable Development Goal 9,to buildresil- Introduction Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063 - - istence) of Agenda 2063(see a major partner in globalaffairs and peaceful coex structure criss-crosses Africa); andgoal 19(Africa as (federal or confederate)); goal 10(world-class infra- exclusively oninfrastructure. innovation, andpriority area of goal 10isfocused value addition, covers issuesof industrialization and vation-driven manufacturing, industrialization and 2 of goal 4, namely, science, technology and inno- sustainable development: Sustainable Development inclusive andsustainable Goal 9,to buildresilient infrastructure, promote important aspectsof industrialization and foster innovation, industrialization addresses three and innovation. infrastructure, T ABLE 6.1 ). Priority area - Table 6.1 ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 9 OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063

SDG 9 TARGETS AGENDA 2063 GOALS 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, AND 19* TARGETS 1.1.4.8 At least detail technical and financial feasibility report for rapid transit system for all cities above 2 million people is completed. 1.1.4.11 All settlements in Small Island States are linked by frequent, efficient and effective, (where appropriate) land, air and sea rapid transit systems by 2020 1.4.3.4 Level of intra-African trade in agricultural commodities is increased by at least 100% in real terms. 1.4.3.5 Level of intra African trade in services is increased by at least 100% in real terms 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable 1.4.4.3 2013 Level of intra-African tourism is doubled in real terms and resilient infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, 1.5.1.8 Triple intra African Trade of agricultural to support economic development commodities and services and human well-being, with a focus on 1.6.2.2 Locally, owned shipping lines carry at affordable and equitable access for all least 5% of annual tonnage of cargo 2.8.1.5 Volume of intra-African trade is at least three times the 2013 level 2.8.1.6 Volume of trade with African Island States is increased by at least 10% 2.10.1.1 At least national readiness for implementation of the trans African Highway Missing link is achieved 2.10.1.2 At least national readiness for in country connectivity

to the African High Speed Rail Network is achieved by 2019 e tructur 2.10.1.3 Skies fully opened to African airlines

9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable 1.4.1.2 At least 30% of total non-extractive sector i nf r as industrialization and, by 2030, significantly industrial output is from locally owned firms. raise industry’s share of employment 1.4.2.1 Real value of manufacturing in GDP and gross domestic product, in line with is 50% more than the 2013 level. on an d ti on

national circumstances, and double its 1.4.2.2 Share of labour intensive manufacturing a v share in least developed countries output is 50% more than that of 2013 level 1.4.1.2 At least 30% of total non-extractive sector 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial output is from locally owned firms. y, i nno y, industrial and other enterprises, in particular 1.4.1.3 At least locally owned firms generate 20% tr in developing countries, to financial services, of the extractive sector industrials output. including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets 1.4.2.3 At least 20% of total output of the extractive industry is through value addition by locally owned firms. 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure 1.1.4.9 At least 50% of urban waste is recycled. and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use 1.7.3.5 All Cities meet the WHO’s Ambient In du s 9: Goal efficiency and greater adoption of clean Air Quality Standards (AAQS) by 2025 and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance

with their respective capabilities 836 E R CH A PT

83 84 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 T SDG 9 TARGETSSDG ABLE 9.c. 9.b 9.a private research anddevelopment spending workers per 1millionpeopleandpublic the number of research anddevelopment innovation andsubstantially increasing countries, including,by 2030,encouraging in allcountries, inparticular developing technological capabilitiesof industrialsectors 9.5 and value additionto commodities for, inter alia,industrialdiversification ensuring aconducive policy environment in developing countries, includingby development, research andinnovation least developed countries by 2020 and affordable access to theInternet in technology andstrive to provide universal information andcommunications and smallislanddeveloping States countries, landlocked developing countries to African countries, leastdeveloped technological andtechnical support countries through enhanced financial, infrastructure development indeveloping Facilitate sustainableand resilient Support domestictechnology Enhance scientific research, upgrade the Significantly increase access to 6.1

(C Africa) of aspiration 2;andgoal 19(Africa asamajor partner inglobalaffairs and peaceful coexistence) of aspiration 7. and communities) of aspiration 1;goal 8(united Africa (federal or confederate)) andgoal 10(world-class infrastructure criss-crosses (modern agriculture for increased productivity andproduction); andgoal 7(environmentally sustainable climate-resilient economies * Goal 1(a highstandard of living,quality of life and well-being for all);goal 4(transformed economies andjobcreation); goal 5 Source: Authors’ own analysis based onStatistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015). ONT) AGENDA 2063GOALS 1,4,5,6,7,8,10, AND 19* TARGETS to the African High Speed Rail Network isachieved by 2019 of thetrans African Highway Missing linkisachieved research anddevelopment isfully functional research anddevelopment isfully functional broadband accessibility by 2020 of theextractive sector industrialsoutput. industrial outputisfrom locally owned firms. innovation research andSTIdriven entrepreneurship development. as apercentage of GDP hasreached 1%by 2023 is increased by at least 50%of 2013levels innovation research andSTIdriven entrepreneurship development. as apercentage of GDP hasreached 1%by 2023 industry isthrough value additionby locally owned firms. output is50%more thanthat of 2013level is 50%more thanthe2013level. 1.4.1.3 1.4.1.2 2.10.1.3 2.10.1.2 2.10.1.1 7.19.1.2 1.4.3.6 1.4.2.5 7.19.1.2 2.10.1.7 2.10.1.6 2.10.1.5 1.1.4.6 2.10.1.8 7.19.1.3 1.4.3.6 1.4.3.1 1.4.2.5 1.4.2.3 1.4.2.2 1.4.2.1 Improvement indiversification index of 2013isat least20%. At leastlocally owned firmsgenerate 20% At least30%of total non-extractive sector At least1%of GDP isallocated to science, technology and Gross Domestic Expenditures onR&D(GERD) Access anduseof electricity andinternet At least1%of GDP isallocated to science, technology and Gross Domestic Expenditures onR&D(GERD) At least20%of total output of theextractive Share of labour intensive manufacturing Real value of manufacturing inGDP Skies fully openedto African airlines At leastnational readiness for incountry connectivity At leastnational readiness for implementation National systems/ infrastructure for National systems /infrastructure for Digital broadcasting isachieved asthenormby 2016 Realize at least 70%increase in Double ICT penetration andcontribution to GDP Attain 100%mobilepenetration by 2020 Increase 2013level of exports by 20%inreal terms 6.3 Data availability, current status in Africa and the progress made

Notwithstanding the importance of Sustainable Related Agenda 2063 targets: Development Goal 9, data availability is limited for i At least detail technical and financial feasibility some of the targets and indicators. Target 9.1, which report for rapid transit system for all cities of focuses on infrastructure-related indicators, has data more than 2 million people is completed; on air transport and railway infrastructures only. There are no organized data available, however, on road ii All settlements in small island States are and maritime transport. Target 9.2, which focuses on linked by frequent, efficient and effec- industrialization, has data for the indicators covered. tive, (where appropriate) land, air and There are no data for the two indicators of target sea rapid transit systems by 2020; 9.3 (9.3.1 (proportion of small-scale industries in iii Level of intra-African trade in agricul- total industry value added) and 9.3.2 (proportion of tural commodities is increased by at small-scale industries with a loan or line of credit)). least 100 per cent in real terms; Target 9.4 has three indicators: 9.4.1 (emissions of carbon-dioxide); 9.4.2 (emissions of carbon dioxide iv Level of intra-African trade in services is per unit of GDP (purchasing power parity)); and 9.4.3 increased by at least 100 per cent in real terms; (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of manufac- v 2013 level of intra-African tourism turing value added). For the three indicators, data are is doubled in real terms; available for 27 to 29 African countries, up to 2013. vi Triple intra-African trade of agricul- Target 9.5, which focuses on innovation research and tural commodities and services; technology, has data for the indicators covered. There are no data for the indicators of target 9.a. Indicators vii Locally owned shipping lines carry at least for targets 9.b and 9.c have data available. 5 per cent of annual tonnage of cargo; viii Volume of intra-African trade is at

Target 9.1 of Sustainable Development Goal 9 least three times the 2013 level; e tructur Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including ix Volume of trade with African island States is increased by at least 10 per cent

regional and trans-border infrastruc- i nf r as ture, to support economic development x At least national readiness for imple- and human well-being, with a focus on mentation of the trans-African affordable and equitable access for all highway missing link is achieved; on an d ti on a v

Box 6.1 KEY FACTS IN INDUSTRY, INNOVATION

AND INFRASTRUCTURE GLOBALLY i nno y, tr In 2015, manufacturing value added per capita was almost $5,000 per capita annually in developed regions, while it was less than $100 per capita annually in the least developed countries. Globally, energy efficiency and the use of cleaner fuels and technologies reduced carbon dioxide emissions per unit of value added by 13 per cent between 2000 and 2013. Although expenditure on research and development continues to grow globally, the poorest countries, especially those in Africa, spend a very small proportion of their GDP on such expenditure. In 2013, global investment in research and development stood at $1.7 trillion (purchasing power parity), up from $732 billion in 2000. Developed regions dedicated almost 2.4 per cent In du s 9: Goal

of their GDP to research and development in 2013, while the average for the least developed countries and landlocked developing countries was less than 0.3 per cent. Globally, third-generation mobile broadband covered 89 per cent of the urban population in 2015, but only 29 per cent of the rural population.

Source: United Nations (2016a). 856 E R CH A PT

85 86 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 tors of thedynamismandquality of air transportation. port andthe volume of freight are interesting indica- trade. The number of passengers carriedby air trans- of physical infrastructure for andcrucial international transportation. Air transportation is a key component No aggregated data isavailable onroad andmaritime mainly onprogress madeinair andrail transportation. data limitations, thischapter contains information investors andfostering economic growth. Owingto tion costs, increasing competitiveness, attracting new manner, thereby reducing production anddistribu- tion. It connects producers to markets inanefficient the promotion of manufacturing andindustrializa- Quality infrastructure is an important prerequisite for (passenger andfreight volumes, by modeof transport) who live 2kmofwithin anall-seasonroad) and9.1.2 Indicators: 9.1.1 (proportion of ruralthe population evolution of theseindicators for Africa, compared FIGURES xi xii Figure 6.1

Passengers carried (Millions) Skies fully openedto African airlines. rail network isachieved by 2019; connectivity to the African high-speed At leastnational readiness for incountry 1000 1200 6.1 200 400 600 800

0 AND 6.2 AIR TRANSPORT, PASSENGERS CARRIED Source: Statistics Division (2017)and2017 World Bank world development indicators. Africa (excluding

North Africa) 17.9 present thecurrent status and 38.2

44.0

45.1

North Africa 13.7

24.9

44.9

337.8 East Asia and the example, for both indicators, the levels for the group The overall situation masksimportant disparities.For 2010-2015. cent, respectively, during the periods 2000-2010 and travel, theprogress was 113per cent and18per 34 per cent duringtheperiod2010-2015.For air was 25per cent duringtheperiod2000-2010and 2010 levels. With regard to air freight, theincrease improved significantly, compared with their 2000and theless encouraging to seethat both indicators have tively, of world air travel and air Itshipping. is never represented 1.3per cent and1.5per cent, respec these figures, in2015, Africa (excluding North Africa) in Latin America andtheCaribbean.On thebasisof Asia andthePacific and2timeslower thanthelevel 2,854 milliontons, 23timeslower thanthelevel in On theother hand,the volume of air freight was times and6higher, respectively. Pacific andLatin America andCaribbean were 23 45 millionpeople, while thelevels for Asia andthe 2015, thenumber of passengers carriedby air was extremely low in Africa (excluding North Africa). In show that both air andair shipping travel remain with other regions andeconomic groupings. They Paciﬁc 726.1 961.3

1043.4 Latin America

Caribbean 96.5 and the 178.4

247.6

260.2 2000 2014 (UN classiﬁcation) Least developed

countries 7.7

18.1

26.3 2010 2015

26.2 - - Figure 6.2 AIR TRANSPORT, FREIGHT

200.000 188000.2 184315.2

2000 2010 182025.6 180.000 2014 2015 160.000

140.000

120.000 118257.2

100.000

80.000 73279.5 66350.8 64126.1 60.000 Freight (Millions of tons per km)

40.000 38573.5

20.000 6046.4 5730.9 4669.8 5133.0 2138.2 2838.5 2854.8 1711.6 1472.0 1664.1 158.4 180.1 613 586.4 851.5 0

Africa (excluding North Africa East Asia Latin America Least World North Africa) and the and the developed Paciﬁc Caribbean countries (UN classiﬁcation)

Source: Statistics Division (2017) and 2017 World Bank world development indicators. of least developed countries (African and non-Af- Rail transportation has been a determining factor in

rican), the 2015 levels were lower than those for the promotion of industrialization in advanced and e tructur Africa (excluding North Africa). This is a clear indi- emerging countries and could do the same in Africa. cation that African least developed countries repre- In the United States of America and the United

sent an important gap in air transport infrastructure Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, for i nf r as that need to be bridged if they are to become more example, the advent and spread of the industrial competitive and promote industrialization faster. revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances, to 1

With regard to North Africa, the number of passen- which railways contributed greatly. Likewise, in India, an d ti on a

gers carried in 2014 (i.e., 44.9 million) is higher than railways are helping the economy in many ways, v the figure for the rest of the continent (44 million). including by providing a fast and reliable transport This is likely due to the importance of tourism in the medium for people and various food and non-food economies of North Africa. The picture is different items (e.g., petroleum products).2 In these countries, y, i nno y, when it comes to air shipping. Indeed, the volume railroads have contributed to increasing the availa- tr of air freight in North Africa was 613 million tonnes bility of manufactured goods and food and to a reduc- in 2014, or six times lower than for the rest of the tion in the costs of these products.3 They have also continent (see FIGURE 6.2). Nevertheless, North Africa contributed to the development of the rail industry has made great and steady progress in both indica- through the creation of many railway-related facto- tors since the turn of the century. The indicator on ries, thus generating a considerable number of jobs. air travel increased by 82 per cent and 80 per cent, Railway transportation is still not very well developed respectively, during the periods 2000-2010 and In du s 9: Goal

2010-2014. On the other hand, air freight grew by 14 per cent during the period 2000-2010 and by 240 1 See http://industrialrevolutionresearch.com/ industrial_revolution_transportation.php. per cent during the period 2010-2014. 2 See www.importantindia.com/10832/ importance-of-railways-in-india/.

876 E R CH A PT 3 See www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/ baker_1800_soc/baker_by_gw_p.1/railroads.htm. 87 88 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 94.4 km per 100 km This compares poorly with theglobalaverage of Related Agenda 2063targets: km density in Africa isonly 20.4kmof road per 100 improvement during the past decades. Average road significant stagnation interms of infrastructural of poverty. Existing information indicates, however, tial to promote economic growth andliftpeopleout Road transportation in Africa hasthegreat poten- Middle East andNorth Africa. America and theCaribbeanand3per cent for the cent for Asia andthePacific, 10per cent for Latin other developing regions, theproportion is12per rail linesinthe world. By way of comparison with 59,634 km,corresponding to 6per cent of thetotal the rest of Africa, thelengthof rail linesamounted to opment indicators database of the World Bank, in in Africa. Based on2013data from the world devel - Target 9.2of Sustainable Development Goal 9 was merely 10per cent. per cent, andfor 10 African countries, thisindicator over thetotal roads available was approximately 50 33 African countries, the proportion of paved roads a bigissue. According to Escribano et al.(2008),for 2016). Where road infrastructure exists, itsquality is cent inZambia to 56per cent inKenya (Iimi et al., variations in rural areas, for example, from 17 per Africa, 2015;Gicheru andNkem, 2017), with large roads (Programme for Infrastructure Development in region, 50per cent of thepopulation enjoy access to (Iimi et al.,2016)compared with other developing road access rate in rural Africa is only 34 per cent iii ii i 2 of landarea, 25per cent of which are paved. per cent more thanthe2013level; Real value of manufacturing inGDP is50 is from locally owned firms; tractive sector industrialoutput At least30per cent of total non-ex is 50per cent more thanthat of 2013level. Share of labour-intensive manufacturing output share in leastdeveloped countries national circumstances, anddoubleits and gross domesticproduct, inline with raise industry’s share of employment trialization and,by 2030,significantly Promote inclusive andsustainableindus 2 and more than half paved. The - - on thecontinent. illustrates thelevel of development of manufacturing facturing sector. The value addedper in capita Africa per capitaandemployment generated by themanu- Indicators 9.2.1and9.2.2concern the value added of totalemployment) and 9.2.2(manufacturing employmentas aproportion Indicators 9.2.1(manufacturing value addedper capita) 2013. total drop of 2percentage points between 2000and Pacific decreased but slightly since then,resulting ina indicators were 25per cent in2000for Asia andthe cent for North Africa. It is worth noting that the same (excluding North Africa) andfrom 11.2to 11.5per per cent duringtheperiod2010-2015for Africa of GDP increased only slightly, from 10.3to 10.5 decade. Manufacturing value addedasapercentage significant progress duringthefirst half of thecurrent ally. Neither North Africa nor the rest of Africa made cent for Asia andthe Pacific and16per cent glob- per cent for alltheleastdeveloped countries, 23per per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12.6 Africa in2015.By comparison, thefigure was 14.0 (excluding North Africa) and 11.3 per cent in North a percentage of GDP stood at 10.5 per cent in Africa rest of thecontinent. Manufacturing value addedas situation significantly better in North Africa than the relatively low development inmanufacturing, with a prospects. Africa beganthepost-2015era with a and thereby improving socioeconomic development tial for increasing productivity, creating decent jobs world, manufacturing isseenashaving great poten- 2063. Indeed, asexperienced inother partsof the tion andprosperity for all,assought inthe Agenda facturing isessential to transforma bringabout - Adding value to Africa’s commodities through manu- percentage of GDP Indicator 9.2.1:manufacturing value added as a turing sector islow in Africa in general, more but so Similarly, employment provided by the manufac North Africa, compared with thesituation in2010. North Africa) andaslight increase of 0.5per cent for improvement of 14.6per cent for Africa (excluding rest of Africa. However, the2015figures reflect an per capita was 406 in North Africa versus 165 in the a group. In 2015,themanufacturing value added cially in West, East, Central and Southern Africa as manufacturing value additionislow rising,espe- but 2015. When onetakes into account population size, tion onthetwo indicators duringtheperiod2005- T ABLES 6.2 and 6.3 provide informa- - Table 6.2 MANUFACTURING VALUE ADDED PER CAPITA

(constant 2010 United States dollars)

VARIATION VARIATION 2010-2015 2005-2010 2005 2010 2015 (PER CENT) (PER CENT)

North Africa 348 404 406 0.5 16.1

Africa (excluding North Africa) 139 144 165 14.6 3.6

Source: Statistics Division (2017).

Table 6.3 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT AS A PROPORTION OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT

(per cent)

2000 2005 2010 2013 2005-2010 2000-2005

North Africa 11.9 11.2 11.9 … 6.25 -6.25

Africa (excluding North Africa) 6.1 5.6 5.4 5.4 -3.57 -8.93

Source: Statistics Division (2017). in non-North African countries. Between 2010 and Target 9.4 of Sustainable Development Goal 9 2013, manufacturing employment as a proportion By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit of total employment stagnated at 5.4 per cent in industries to make them sustainable, with Africa (excluding North Africa). By comparison, North increased resource-use efficiency and Africa showed a value twice as high, at 11.2 per cent greater adoption of clean and environ- in 2010 (see TABLE 6.3). It is to be noted that, unlike mentally sound technologies and industrial

North Africa, manufacturing employment regressed processes, with all countries taking action in e tructur in the rest of the continent between 2000 and 2013. accordance with their respective capabilities

Target 9.3 of Sustainable Development Goal 9 Related Agenda 2063 targets: i nf r as Increase the access of small-scale indus- i At least 50 per cent of urban waste is recycled; trial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, ii All cities meet the World Health Organization ambient air quality standards by 2025.

including affordable credit, and their inte- an d ti on a

gration into value chains and markets v The indicators for this target refer mainly to the Related Agenda 2063 targets: quality of production systems, especially in the manufacturing sector, and assess the extent to which they i At least 30 per cent of total non-ex- i nno y, are polluting. Given that it is at a very early stage of its tractive sector industrial output tr industrial development process, it is timely for Africa is from locally owned firms; to critically examine its capacity to promote sustain- ii At least locally owned firms generate 20 per able industries and sustainable development. cent of the extractive sector industrials output; iii At least 20 per cent of total output of Indicators 9.4.1 (emissions of carbon dioxide) and 9.4.2 the extractive industry is through value (emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of GDP (purchasing power parity)) In du s 9: Goal addition by locally owned firms.

Indicator 9.3.1: proportion of small-scale industries in From the available evidence, Africa’s contributions to total industry value added carbon-dioxide emissions remains negligible. In 2013, all African countries combined produced slightly more

896 E R CH A PT There are no data on this indicator. than 1,000 metric tons of CO2, a negligible fraction of 89 90 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 offers agood example inthisarea (see new technologies andrenewable energies. Morocco from industrialdevelopment through theadoption of room to find ways of decoupling highcarbonemission a latecomer to the industrialization process, there is trial development of the continent. Nevertheless, as ment, itobviously stems from thelow level of indus- sions in Africa may appear to be a positive develop- global 0.3unitsper unitof GDP. Although low emis- Africa contributes some0.2units,compared with the dioxide per unitof GDP (purchasing power parity), metric tons. With respect to emissionsof carbon the global emissions equivalent of more than 32,000 B implications for innovation Source: Government of Morocco (2015). development, which will transform thecountry’s commitments into sustainabledevelopment. an improvement incitizens’ living conditions through itsnational strategy for sustainable In addition,Morocco plansto pursue targeted programmes for environmental upgrading and planned for theendof 2015.Subsequent phasesare ІІandNOOR ІІІ. NOOR Ouarzazate in June 2013. The first delivery of electricity from thiscomplex was The first solar complex, I, NOOR with acapacity of 500MW, was establishedin efficiency. Its national energy strategy has two important objectives: which will contribute to makingindustriesmore sustainable, with increased resource-use Morocco ismakingsignificant efforts towards thepromotion of renewable energy, x 6.2 ox in andthetransformation with morethan1per cent as awholeand2 percent in thedeveloped regions. cent in2030,mainly inthebuilding,industry andtransportation sectors Achieve efficiency inenergy by saving 12per cent of energy in2020and15per of which 2000MW issolar power, 2000MW wind power and2000MW hydro power By 2020,ensure that 44per cent of installedelectricalpower comes from renewable sources, development, compared in thedeveloping region region spends less than region spendslessthan half of1percent ofits Currently, Africa asa

GDP on research and GDP onresearchand of African countries.of African PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MOROCCO This has adverse This hasadverse BOX 6.2 ).

development. Knowledge expansion and up-to-date and promoting home-grown economic and social through research are criticalto eradicating poverty Advances in scientific and technological knowledge time equivalent) per millioninhabitants) as aproportion of GDP) and9.5.2(researchers full- (in Indicators 9.5.1(research anddevelopmentexpenditure Target 9.5of Sustainable Development Goal 9 Related Agenda 2063targets: iii ii i and development isfully functional. National systems/infrastructure for research by science, technology andinnovation; and entrepreneurship development driven science, technology andinnovation research At least1per cent of GDP isallocated to has reached 1per cent by 2023; development asapercentage of GDP Gross expenditure onresearch and private research anddevelopment spending workers per 1millionpeopleandpublic the number of research anddevelopment aging innovation andsubstantially increasing oping countries, including,by 2030,encour sectors inallcountries, inparticular devel- technological capabilitiesof industrial Enhance scientific research, upgrade the - data provide countries with the tools to address Target 9.a of Sustainable Development Goal 9 emerging challenges. Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing Currently, Africa as a region spends less than half of countries through enhanced financial, 1 per cent of its GDP on research and development, technological and technical support to compared with more than 1 per cent in the devel- African countries, least developed coun- oping region as a whole and 2 per cent in the devel- tries, landlocked developing countries oped regions. This has adverse implications for inno- and small island developing State vation in and the transformation of African countries. During the period 2000-2013, Africa’s expenditure on Related Agenda 2063 targets: research and development as a share of GDP margin- i At least national readiness for imple- ally increased, by 0.23 per cent, in North Africa and mentation of the trans-African 0.01 per cent in the rest of Africa. Regardless of the highway missing link is achieved; marginal increases in Africa, the figures are substantially lower than those of other groups of countries. ii At least national readiness for in-country In 2013, developed countries registered increases of connectivity to the African high-speed 2.36 per cent, developing countries 1.16 per cent and rail network is achieved by 2019; the world as a whole 1.70 per cent. A similar trend iii Skies fully opened to African airlines. is also observed for Africa in terms of the number of full-time researchers. In particular, Africa (excluding Indicator 9.a.1: total official international support (offi- North Africa) had 95 full-time researchers per 1 cial development assistance plus other official flows) to million inhabitants in 2013, while other groups had infrastructure more researchers in place. Developed countries had 3,641 researchers per 1 million inhabitants, devel- During the period 2001-2006, Africa financed less oping countries 536 researchers and the world in than half (i.e. $43 billion) of its annual infrastructure general 1,083 researchers. needs of $93 billion, resulting in an annual deficit of $50 billion. Approximately two-thirds of Africa’s Undoubtedly, robust spending on research and devel- infrastructure spending is domestically resourced, opment is required for African countries, and, given from governments and private sector; the latter

the underperformance, aligning strategically with contributing around 20% of that spending. FIGURE e tructur development targets is essential in order to pursue 6.3 illustrates the contribution of donors to Africa’s sustainable development goals. infrastructure funding. During the period 2008-2010,

multilateral organizations consisting of the World i nf r as Bank, AfDB and the European Union provided more than half the official development financing (ODA plus non-concessional funds). Among the bilateral

donors, the highest contributions came from Japan, an d ti on a

France, Germany and the Arab States. v y, i nno y,

During the period tr 2001-2006, Africa financed less than half (i.e. $43 billion) of its annual infrastructure needs of $93 billion, In du s 9: Goal resulting in an annual deficit of $50 billion.

916 E R CH A PT

91 92 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Related Agenda 2063targets: Target 9.b:of Sustainable Development Goal 9 iii ii i Figure 6.3 per cent more thanthe2013level. Share Real value of manufacturing inGDP is50 is from locally owned firms; tractive sector industrialoutput At least30per cent of total non-ex cent of theextractive sector industrials output; At leastlocally owned firmsgenerate 20per

contributes to creating a Donors to Africas infrastructure (%) Increased mobilephone platform for innovation information andsocial in thebusiness sector.

value commodities additionto inter alia,industrialdiversification and a conducive policy environment for, oping countries includingby ensuring ment, research andinnovation indevel- Support domestictechnology develop- connectivity in Africa connectivity DONORS TO AFRICA’S INFRASTRUCTURE,2008-2010 Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment, 2012. is amajorsourceof 5% interaction; italso 6% 6% 21% 7% - 15% 21% the ratio iszero. remained thesamesince 2010,andfor sixcountries Kingdom and the United States. These figures have per cent for developed countries astheUnited such is extremely low, compared with approximately 0.5 0.1 per cent for all African countries with data. This contribution to total value addedisonaverage only the proportion of medium-tech andhigh-tech industry countries. Based onthemost recent data (i.e.,2013), Data for thisindicator are available for 29 African tech industry value addedin total value added Indicator 9.b.1:proportion of medium-tech andhigh- viii vii vi v iv 19% 50 per cent more thanthat of 2013level; of labour-intensive is manufacturing output 20 per cent inreal terms. Increase 2013level of exports by by science, technology andinnovation; and entrepreneurship development driven science, technology andinnovation research At least1per cent of GDP isallocated to of 2013isat least20per cent; Improvement indiversification index has reached 1per cent by 2023; development asapercentage of GDP Gross expenditure onresearch and addition by locally owned firms; the extractive industry isthrough value At least20per cent of total of output 27 otherdonors Germany France Arab funds Japan European Union African DevelopmentBank World bank Target 9.c of Sustainable Development Goal 9 is a major source of information and social interaction; Significantly increase access to infor- it also contributes to creating a platform for innova- mation and communications tech- tion in the business sector. In Kenya, for example, nology and strive to provide universal the mobile money platform, M-PESA, of Safaricom, and affordable access to the Internet in is leading a business revolution, with positive implica- least developed countries by 2020 tions for faster and efficient transactions and financial inclusion. In 2016, Safaricom had more than 25 Related Agenda 2063 targets: million registered M-PESA subscribers (Safaricom, 2016). i Attain 100 per cent mobile penetration by 2020; In terms of the spread of mobile cellular services, ii Access and use of electricity and Africa has made exceptional progress on high- Internet is increased by at least 50 per er-speed Internet access through 3G mobile broad- cent, compared with 2013 levels; band networks. During the past decade, the share of iii National systems/ infrastructure for research the population using 3G mobile networks in Africa and development is fully functional; has been converging with the rest of the world. iv Double information and communications tech- In 2014, 53.2 per cent of the population of Africa, nology penetration and contribution to GDP; excluding North Africa, had access to a 3G mobile v Realize at least 70 per cent increase in network, comparing favourably with least developed broadband accessibility by 2020; countries (50.1 per cent), landlocked developing countries (48.7 per cent) and small island developing vi Digital broadcasting is achieved States (48.8 per cent), but was well below the average as the norm by 2016. in developed countries (94.6 per cent) and the Indicator: 9.c.1 proportion of population covered by a world (66.0 per cent). 3G broadband connectivity at mobile network, by technology affordable costs can offer a wide range of socioeconomic benefits, including access to financial services Widespread access to broadband Internet is a key such as mobile money accounts. Consequently, policy driver of economic growth, job creation and social and decision makers need to make efforts to expand

inclusion. In addition, it serves as a transition to the coverage to rural and remote areas in Africa e tructur knowledge-intensive economies (Gelvanovska et al., where access is relatively lower. 2014). Increased mobile phone connectivity in Africa i nf r as on an d ti on a

6.4 Conclusion v y, i nno y, The review of progress on Sustainable Development low levels of industrialization than to good perfor- tr Goal 9, aligned with goals 1, 4 and 10 of Agenda 2063, mance in terms of inputs and techniques used. On a highlights the relatively low levels of infrastructure, positive note, the continent’s access to technology is manufacture and industrial development in Africa, improving significantly, with mobile network (2G and compared with other developing regions. Looking 3G) coverage growing faster and converging with the at historical trends, major progress was registered in rest of the world. infrastructure development, but manufacturing and industrial sector development stagnated in terms of For Africa, achieving Sustainable Development Goal In du s 9: Goal contribution to both value addition and job creation. 9 is key to improving productive capacities, reducing the continent’s dependence on primary commodities It is indicated in the review that the continent’s and promoting job growth through value-addition. production systems are less polluting than the rest African countries and their partners therefore need

936 E R CH A PT of the world, which can be attributed to the overall to make all possible efforts for the successful achieve- 93 94 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 States, Africa could for alsopush therenegotiation of North Atlantic Free Trade Area ledby theUnited recent debates on the continued feasibility of the labour-intensive and create decent jobs.Following attracting quality foreign direct investments that are creating more international trade and, opportunities ensuring effective and useful technology transfer, real benefits from every initiative. such This means tion with therest of the world, ensuringthat itdraws Africa alsoneedsto bemore strategic inits coopera- continental level. within theregional economic commissions andat the ment andbetter coordination of industrialpolicies obtain faster results interms of industrialdevelop- country comparative advantage isalsoimportant to national demandfor them. An increased focus on products to bemore competitive andincrease inter production andpackaging. Doing so will allow African pay attention to international normsandstandards of tion. Equally important istheneedfor countries to development. This situation requires special atten- water appears to be a serious obstacle to industrial um-sized enterprises andindustriesto energy and development. The limited access of smallandmedi- and domesticresources mobilisation for industrial ment are key to mobilizingforeign direct investment Continuous improvements inthebusinessenviron- over illicitfinancialflows could helpinthat area. and improved good governance and better control resource mobilization isanother urgent challenge, and technology. Significantly increasing domestic drain andincrease capacitiesintheareas of sciences development process, itisimportant to curbbrain place androle of research anddevelopment inthe other developing regions. In order to improve the research anddevelopment to levels comparable to The continent needs to increase expenditure on 2014 (Economic Commission for Africa, 2017). 2000-2008 to 3.5per cent duringtheperiod2009- which declinedfrom 7.3per cent duringtheperiod in order to increase manufacturing productivity, geared towards theneedsof thestrategies adopted Education systems andtechnical training shouldbe can bebasedonresources, agriculture or technology. Depending on the country context, strategies such opment strategies underpinnedby soundpolicies. other things,develop ambitiousindustrialdevel- To foster industrialization, Africa needs to, among tions canbemade. the chapters andbeyond, anumber of recommenda- ment of Goal 9.On thebasisof trends observed in - the Southern African Development Community. and Southern Africa, theEast African Community and established between theCommon Market for Eastern African Union andthetripartite free trade agreement Area andthe African commodity strategy ledby the Development in Africa, theContinental Free Trade for Africa’s Development, the Accelerated Industrial Development in Africa under theNew Partnership leveraged. These include the Programme for Industrial infrastructure and industrial development should be initiatives with thepotential to fast-track Africa’s At thecontinental andsub-regional levels, themany Africa, 2016). China, Japan andMalaysia (Economic Commission for socioeconomic development of countries as such has beenanimportant success factor for therapid planning with stronger andqualifiedtechnical teams their national development planningoffices. Effective that African countries strengthen thecapacitiesof To realize theserecommendations, itisparamount tion with itsdevelopment partners. improve theoutcomes of Africa’s economic coopera- tieth of summit the African Union, shouldbeusedto was establishedunder decisionNo. 465of thetwen- for South-South andtriangular cooperation, which agreements with Europe. In that respect, thecoalition its cooperation regarding the economic partnership To foster industrialization, industrial development among other things, develop ambitious Africa needsto, strategies.

CHAPTER 7 Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life below water 96 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 S resources. oped countries from thesustainableuseof marine small islanddeveloping States andtheleastdevel- andincreasingpollution theeconomic benefits to marine andcoastal ecosystems, preventing marine at promoting theconservation andsustainableuseof 7.1 TARGETS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 14 Table 7.1 including marinedebrisandnutrient pollution pollution of allkinds,inparticular from land-basedactivities, of the World Trade Organization fisheriessubsidiesnegotiation developing andleastdeveloped countries shouldbeanintegral part appropriate and effective specialanddifferential treatment for refrain from introducing new such subsidies,recognizing that that contribute to illegal,unreported andunregulated fishingand contribute to overcapacity andoverfishing, eliminate subsidies and basedonthebestavailable scientific information marine areas, consistent with national andinternational law yield asdetermined by their biological characteristics at leastto levels that canproduce maximumsustainable plans inorder to restore fishstocks intheshortest timefeasible, fishing practices andimplement science-based management illegal, unreported andunregulated fishinganddestructive including through enhanced scientific cooperation at alllevels restoration inorder to achieve healthy andproductive oceans by strengthening their resilience, andtake actionfor their coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts,including 14.6 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.1 14.5 resources for sustainabledevelopment, isaimed and sustainably usetheoceans, seasandmarine ustainable Development Goal 14,to conserve Introduction By 2025,prevent andsignificantly reduce marine By 2020,prohibit certain forms of fisheriessubsidies which By 2020,conserve at least10per cent of coastal and By 2020,effectively regulate harvesting, endoverfishing, Minimize andaddress theimpactsof ocean acidification, By 2020,sustainably manage andprotect marineand

ALIGNMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 14OF THE 2030 AGENDA WITH THAT OF AGENDA 2063 and Atmosphericthe 2013). Around Administration, land andsea(Neumann et al.,2015;National Oceanic recreational activities;andtheir connection between resources; access points to marinetrade andtransport; resources, in particular food and other subsistence cent of theglobalpopulation, becauseof their rich lations, currently estimated at approximately 40per and life ingeneral. Coastal areas attract large popu oceans andtheseasacriticalelement for humanity Water isanartery of life (Shahin, 2002),makingthe OF AGENDA 2063* TARGETS OF GOALS 4,6 AND 7 coastal andmarineareas are preserved and inland water and10per cent of coastal andmarineareas are preserved and inland water and10per cent of coastal andmarineareas are preserved and inland water and10per cent of coastal andmarineareas are preserved and inland water and10per cent of 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.2 At least17per cent of terrestrial At least17per cent of terrestrial At least17per cent of terrestrial At least17per cent of terrestrial

- world, population growth and rates of urbanization along the coastal areas are much higher compared The biggest security with the hinterland owing to significant economic challenge along activity and inward migration. The global population Africa’s coastlines, living in low-elevation coastal zones is projected to increase from some 625 million people in 2000 to especially around East approximately 900 million by 2030 (Neumann et al., Africa, is piracy. 2015). More than 3 billion people depend on fish for animal protein and some 300 million people make their livelihoods in marine fisheries (Economist, 2017; Neumann et al., 2015). The oceans play a key role in regulating the global climate and temperatures, as well as providing water and oxygen and serving as a repository for greenhouse gases.

Given the high population growth and increasing economic activity and that water is a global common

TABLE 6.1 (CONT)

TARGETS OF GOALS 4, 6 AND 7 TARGETS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 14 OF AGENDA 2063* 1.4.4.2 Eco-friendly coastal tourism increased by 20 per cent by 2020, with at least 10 per cent of the public revenue t e r

from it going to finance development a w 14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small programmes of the communities island developing States and least developed countries from w 1.6.1.1 At least 50 per cent increase the sustainable use of marine resources, including through in value addition in the fishery sector sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism in real term is attained by 2023 1.6.1.3 Marine biotechnology contribution to GDP is increased in real terms by at least 50 per cent from the 2013 level 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity 1.6.1.1 At least 50 per cent increase fe belo Li fe 14: Goal and transfer marine technology, taking into account the in value addition in the fishery sector Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and in real term is attained by 2023 Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets

14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of pm en t De v elo a i nable t oceans and their resources by implementing international

law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Su s

Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of “The future we want”

Source: Authors’ own analysis based on Statistics Division (2017b) and African Union Commission (2015).

977 E R CH A PT * Goal 4 (transformed economies and job creation); goal 6 (blue/ocean economy for accelerated economic growth); and goal 7 (environmentally sustainable climate-resilient economies and communities) of aspiration 1. 97 98 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 the East African coastline (Walker, 2015). of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean seaboard, and12along 2013. Of these,41occurred inthe west, intheGulf attacks were recorded in2014,down from 79in in numbers andtheseverity of attacks: 55piracy recent data show asubstantial declineinpiracy, both from 5to 44(Smed, 2015). The good news isthat doubled, from 84to 160,andhijackingsincreased the number of attacks off theHorn of Africa almost African coast escalated duringtheperiod2006-2008: Development Bank, 2010).Piracy alongtheEast lines, especially around East Africa, ispiracy (African The biggest security challenge along Africa’s coast- and thejurisdictionof accountable authorities. trade, resource utilization, environmental protection Maritime security includestheprotection of maritime stem from many of thesamechallenges asonland. activity. Crime, smuggling and armed attacks at sea 2015), given that they are spearheaded by human Most of theproblems at sea originate on land (Smed, Maritime security iscriticalinmostcoastal areas. acutely from thedegradation of marineecosystems. Small islanddeveloping States, inparticular, suffer by expert scientific information andbestpractices. and biodiversity andhabitat conservation, informed maintaining a good balance between economic use Managing coastal ecosystems sustainably requires water, isamajor concern (United Nations, 2017). species, includingthrough theexchange of shipballast land-based surroundings. The introduction of invasive than 80per cent of comes marinepollution from the areas ingeneral isachallenge. For example, more harvesting of underwater resources andthecoastal resource, however, themanagement andoptimal three timeslarger thanthecontinental landmass,as critical importance of Africa’s marinearea, which is preamble to goal 6of Agenda 2063 underscores the climate-resilient economies andcommunities). The creation) andgoal 7(environmentally sustainable in part with goal 4(transformed economies andjob for accelerated growth) of Agenda 2063and aligned and isfully aligned with goal 6(the blueeconomy Sustainable Development Goal 14has10targets 7.2

Targets andalignment with Agenda 2063 Walker, 2015). the location andextraction of resources (Smed, 2015; maritime boundary disputes anddisagreements over rebel activities,localcrimesyndicates, unresolved dimensions of maritimesecurity includeterrorism and problem coordination efforts are needed.Other key in order to best understand the magnitude of the ering andinformation- sharingfor accurate reporting tries to strengthen efforts to improve data-gath- reported. It istherefore important for coastal coun- the piracy incidents off thecoast of Guinea are not According to Walker (2015),approximately half of exploitation. port anddeveloping capacity for fishingandmineral in developing sea,river shipping, andlake trans- and aquatic biotechnology, investing more resources achieved through expanding knowledge of marine mation. The Agenda 2063targets are expected to be a potential driver of economic growth andtransfor of life below water inthecontext of Africa. transport anddeveloping biotechnology, investing capacity for fishingand to beachievedthrough of marineandaquatic expanding knowledge targets areexpected mineral exploitation developing shipping, ox b sea, riverandlake more resourcesin 7.1 The Agenda 2063 The Agenda highlights some of the key facts - Box 7.1 KEY FACTS ABOUT LIFE BELOW WATER FOR AFRICA

At least 38 African countries are coastal States, 6 of which are island States and thus have a keen interest in the improved management of life below water. Overall, Africa has a coastline stretching approximately 40,000 km. The island of Madagascar has the longest coastline (some 4,800 km long), with Somalia (3,000 km), South Africa (2,800 km), Mozambique (2,500 km) and Egypt (2,500) having the longest beaches on the mainland Because of the attractiveness of the coastal areas, they tend to be densely populated, with high population growth, increasing approximately 3.3 per cent annually. Africa’s coastal areas have the highest population growth and urbanization rates globally. The population of Africa living in low-elevation coastal zones is projected to increase from 54 million in 2000 to approximately 100 million by 2030. Coastal areas are therefore critical to Africa’s and the world’s economic growth and transformation through supporting large volumes of international trade at a low cost and improving poverty eradication, employment and tourism. Recent estimates show that more than 90 per cent of Africa’s exports and imports are transported on the sea (BusinessTech, 2015), higher than the global average of approximately 80 per cent. Africa’s sea ports, however, are often overcrowded owing to increasing trade that outstrips the capacity of existing facilities and managerial inefficiencies (African Development Bank, 2010). Sustained investment to expand maritime facilities and innovations that take into account the environmental implications of further development are therefore required. The biggest risk to coastal areas is environmental degradation, which is intensified by overfishing, the destruction of coral reefs and mangroves, pollution (from plastics, oil spills, etc.) and sedimentation. Since the nineteenth century, the temperature of ocean waters has increased by 0.7 degrees Celsius, and the trend continues. Current estimates show that the sustainability of fish stocks is declining, from 70.1 per cent in 2009 to 68.6 per cent in 2013. Approximately 90 per cent of global

fish stocks are fished to unsustainable levels. The impact of environmental degradation of coastal t e r areas is worse in developing countries. Coastal populations face the risk of rising sea levels, in a w particular for those living in low elevation zones (at altitudes of 10 metres or less above sea level), w which are likely to hit African coastal countries hard. The most recent estimates show that the total number of people at risk of coastal flooding will reach between 268 and 286 million in 2030. Africa’s at-risk population is expected to double from 13 million in 2000 to 26 million by 2030.

Source: African Development Bank, (2010); Neumann et al., (2015); Economist (2017). fe belo Li fe 14: Goal

7.3 Data availability, current status in Africa and the progress made

While the importance of Sustainable Development 14.5.1, are in tier I (with data), while the rest are in tier pm en t De v elo a i nable

Goal 14 cannot be overstated, data gaps and the III (see TABLE 7.2).1 t lack of methodological definitions for the majority of the indicators for this Goal are significant. Only two Su s

targets, namely, 14.4.4 and 14.4.5, have indicators for 1 Tier I indicators are conceptually clear, established methodology which data are available with agreed methodology. and standards available; data are regularly produced by countries. Specifically, of the 10 indicators, only 2, 14.4.1 and Tier II indicators are conceptually clear, established methodology and standards available. Data are not regularly produced by countries. Tier III indicators are a work in progress. There are no 997 E R CH A PT established methodology and standards or methodology/ standards are being developed/ tested. 99 100 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 2017). The key threats to the sustainability of global and to 68.6per cent in2013(Statistics Division, from 72.6per cent in2000to 70.1per cent in2009 sustainability of fishstocks isprogressively declining, levelto up 2013. According to thelatest data, the Data onthisindicator are available only at theglobal ically sustainable levels Indicator 14.4.1:proportion of fishstocks biologwithin - This target hasnorelated Agenda 2063target. Target 4.4of Sustainable Development Goal 14 Table 7.2 TARGET 14.c 14.b 14.a 14.7 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.1

INDICATOR INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 14BY TIER OF DATA AVAILABILITY managed usingecosystem-based approaches developing States, leastdeveloped countries andallcountries instruments aimingto combat illegal,unreported andunregulated fishing suite of representative samplingstations 14.c.1: 14.b.1: 14.a.1: 14.7.1: 14.6.1: 14.5.1: 14.4.1: 14.3.1: 14.2.1: 14.1.1: institutional framework which recognizes andprotects access rights for small-scalefisheries mined by their biological characteristics maximum sustainable yield asdeter feasible, at leastto levels that canproduce restore time intheshortest fishstocks based management plans,inorder to fishing practices andimplement science- and unregulated fishing anddestructive and endoverfishing, illegal,unreported By 2020,effectively regulate harvesting AND METHODOLOGY DEFINITION research inthefieldof marine technology of theSea, for theconservation andsustainableuseof theoceans andtheir resources implement international law, asreflected intheUnited Nation Convention ontheLaw through legal,policy andinstitutionalframeworks, ocean-related instruments that Source: Statistics Division (2016). WATER BELOW LIFE number of countries makingprogress inratifying, accepting andimplementing proportion of total research budget allocated to progress by countries inthedegree of application of alegalregulatory/policy/ proportion of national exclusive economic zones index of coastal eutrophication andfloating plasticdebrisdensity sustainable fisheriesasapercentage of GDP insmallisland progress by countries inthedegree of implementation of international coverage of protected areas inrelation to marineareas proportion of fishstocks within biologically sustainablelevels average marineacidity (pH) measured at agreed - (United Nations, 2017). and canleadto food insecurity andpoor livelihoods Such practices adversely affect theocean food chain ical sustainability andsocioeconomic development. because of their complex relation to trade, ecolog - the fishingindustry are receiving increased attention fishing anddestructive fishingpractices. Subsidies to fisheries includeoverfishing, illegalandunregulated TIER III III III III III III III III I I Target 4.5 of Sustainable Development Goal 14 range from 0.2 per cent for South Asia to 2.3 per cent By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of for South East Asia. The figures for Africa, however, coastal and marine areas, consistent with compare poorly with those of Latin America and the national and international law and based on Caribbean (3.1 per cent), the developing regions (4.2 the best available scientific information per cent), Oceania (7.4 per cent) and the developed regions (12.4 per cent) (FIGURE 7.1). Related Agenda 2063 target: For Africa, data are available for 30 of the 38 coastal i At least 17 per cent of terrestrial and countries for the years 2000, 2010 and 2016. However, inland water and 10 per cent of coastal the data points are the same for the three years. Of and marine areas are preserved. the 30 countries, 7 had a protected area coverage Indicator 14.5.1: coverage of protected areas in relation of more than 20 per cent in 2016, with 4, namely, to marine areas Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Mozambique and Namibia, exceeding 80 per cent (see FIGURE 7.2). Fourteen of The rest of Africa performs well in terms of marine the countries with coastal areas show zero protection protected areas, compared with North Africa and coverage relative to their marine areas. This is an issue much of Asia. In 2014, Africa (excluding North Africa) of concern, given the likely catastrophic consequences had 2.6 per cent coverage, compared with 0.9 per of environmental degradation of the coastal areas. cent in North Africa. For most of Asia, coverage rates

Figure 7.1 COVERAGE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN RELATION TO MARINE AREAS, BY REGION (2014)

World 8.4 t e r a w Developed regions 12.4 w

Oceania 7.4

Developing regions 4.2

Latin America and the Caribbean 3.1

South-eastern Asia 2.3

Small island developing States 1.5 belo Li fe 14: Goal

Eastern Asia 0.9

Western Asia 0.8

Caucasus and Central Asia 0.7

Least developed countries 0.5

Southern Asia 0.2 pm en t De v elo a i nable t Northern Africa 0.9 Su s

Rest of Africa 2.6 Protected areas relative to marine areas (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1017 E R CH A PT Data source: Statistics Division (2017). 101 102 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 face specific sustainable development challenges, (Shahin, 2002). The small islanddeveloping States km andof volcanic origin with low coral elevation oping States, with alandarea of less than2,000sq. rest of them are categorized as small island devel- Ocean. Apart from Madagascar (587,000sq.km), the Cabo Verde andSão Tomé andPrincipe inthe Atlantic Mauritius andSeychelles intheIndian Ocean and Africa hassixislandStates: Comoros, Madagascar, 7.4 Figure 7.2

Implications for small islanddeveloping States United RepublicofTanzania

relative tomarineareas(%) COVERAGE OF PROTECTED AREAS, 2016 Data source: Statistics Division (2017). Equatorial Guinea Guinea-Bissau Protected areas Mozambique Sierra Leone South Africa Madagascar Mauritania Seychelles Morocco Namibia Guinea Algeria Gabon Kenya Egypt 0 7 10 10 12 13 17 20 20 share many of thesamechallenges. omies of scale.Least developed countries often dependence onforeign imports andlimited econ- ability to natural disasters andexternal shocks,ahigh including smallpopulations, limited resources, vulner addressing them. in Seychelles andtheGovernment’s leadership in page) presents someof theenvironmental issues 30 33 33 40 50 60 60 80 83 BOX 7.2 (see next 100 100 100 100 - Box 7.2 SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: LESSONS FROM SEYCHELLES

With a population of 93,419 people in 2015 (some 200 people per sq. km) and an income per capita of $14,760 in 2015 (World Bank, 2017), Seychelles is an upper-middle-income country and one of Africa’s six small island developing States. Given its unique bird species and forests, Seychelles is one of the major biodiversity areas in the world. Sustainable Development Goal 14 and goals 4, 6 and 7 of Agenda 2063 are therefore of critical importance to the island. The country is committed to combating climate change to promote sustainable development. With a birth rate of 18.1 per 1,000 people annually, an economic growth rate of about 3.5 per cent annually in 2015 and tourism arrivals growing at approximately 9.4 per cent during the period 2011-2016 (303,177 visitors in 2016, compared with 194,476 in 2011), the pressure of human activity on land, beachfront property, water, food and energy in the fragile and resource-scare country is expected to increase significantly by 2020. Sustainable development is enshrined in the constitution, and the country aims to be a global leader in sustainable development. The sustainable development strategy for the period 2012-2020 presents a vision of realizing national economic, social and cultural potential through innovative, knowledge-led approaches, while conserving the integrity of the natural environment and heritage for present and future generations. The strategy includes 13 priorities, among them, sustainable social and human development, water sanitation and waste management, land use, coastal zones and urbanization, a green economy and climate change. The Ministry of Environment and Energy and all other ministries with a relevant portfolio take coordinated responsibility for the implementation of the strategy. Seychelles was one of the first countries in the western Indian Ocean region to designate marine protected areas. Thanks to sustained efforts, the country has 47 per cent of its territory under legal protection. Between 1995 and 2000, Seychelles sequestered more than 800 gigagrams of greenhouse gas emissions, making the country a net repository, notwithstanding the 34 per cent increase in t e r

carbon dioxide gas emissions, in particular due to the increased use of oil for electricity generation. a w Among the mitigation measures employed is the 18 MW wind energy farm completed in 2012. w Given the scale of the challenges, however, the resources required to maintain a comprehensive programme of environmental regulation are limited. The threats to a loss of biodiversity and the natural environment due to human activities and the consequences of climate change and biological invasions require close monitoring. The majority of the country’s coral reefs were infected by the mass coral bleaching of 1998 due to the unexpected warming of the waters following El Niño. Seychelles has no natural fresh water resources. Fish migration due to sea temperature changes is expected to adversely affect the tuna fish industry. Extended droughts are affecting the bird and tortoise populations. Coastal erosion due to rising sea levels and extreme weather partners affect nesting grounds for turtles and coastal fe belo Li fe 14: Goal infrastructure. In addition, the nation faces large water pollution challenges from industrial by-products and sewage. The Government is considering a policy to burn the use of plastics in the country. Monitoring the environment is complicated by the large number of islands (115 altogether) distributed over a surface area of 1.3 million sq. km. All the islands put together result in a total coastline of close to 500 sq. km, with surrounding coral reefs reaching close to 1,700 sq. km.

Source: Government of Seychelles, (2012); (2013); National Bureau of Statistics (2017). pm en t De v elo a i nable t Efforts at every level, namely, the community, Su s

national, regional and international levels, are required to ensure their sustainability. Unfortunately, this is one of the Sustainable Development Goals for which data gaps to measure progress are large.

1037 E R CH A PT

103 104 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 include thefollowing: dinated planningandresearch. Such measures could activities onthecoastal habitats through better coor gate theimpactof population pressure andeconomic the international community, needto domore to miti- Coastal national Governments, with ofthe support effort to generate baselinesfor effective reporting. change are areas requiring concerted international progress are large. Life below water andclimate Development Goals for which data gapsto measure ability. Unfortunately, thisisoneof theSustainable national levels, are required to ensure their sustain- namely, thecommunity, national, regional andinter the oceans andcoastal areas. Efforts at every level, and theriskof floodingare themainchallenges to lating theglobalclimate. Environmental degradation populations,supporting economic activity andregu- The world’s oceans andtheseasplay acriticalrole in d c b a 7.5

temperatures andsealevels; contingency preparations to deal with the rising with the vulnerabilities of thecoastal areas and activities andresidential establishment consistent Good planningfor population growth, economic programmes; integrated coastal zones andocean management tries, which towill help developand implement Stronger coordination amongthecoastal countries to deal with theenvironmental degradation. Strengthened technical capacity of coastal coun- living inlow-lying zones; ience, as well ascoping mechanismsto population Further research to understand and develop resil- Conclusion WATER BELOW LIFE - - tries andother development partners. These efforts needto besupported by member coun response strategies to reduce population exposure. adverse effects of climate change anddevelop oping States to review their vulnerabilities to the forheading support the African smallisland devel- The African Climate Policy Centre of ECA isspear recommendations. ened andresources mobilized to implement the marine technology. Such efforts needto bestrength- sustainable andexpanding scientific knowledge and addressing ocean acidification, makingfisheries and restoring marineandcoastal ecosystems, measures to address marinepopulation, conserving Development Goal 14, was aimedat discussing 5 to 9 June 2017, which focused onSustainable The United Nations Ocean Conference, heldfrom coordination andactionto ensure their protection. jurisdictions andtherefore require international commons problem. Most waters are national outside additional investment andprotection of theglobal to define property rights andresponsibilities for Action by theinternational community isrequired - - CHAPTER 8 Conclusion and recommendations 106 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 I Similarly, food insecurity remains amajor challenge in with large intercountry andintra-country inequalities. and Central Africa asagroup,remains widespread, in poverty. Poverty, especially in West, East, Southern not beeninclusive, thereby resulting inaslow decline The report’s authors find that growth in Africa has and fundingfor statistics andalackof political will. national statistical systems, limited prioritization of two Agendas. Data deficits stem largely from weak and monitoring of country-level performance onthe data deficits that haunt theeffective implementation The report began with ananalysis of thedaunting African Governments. progress, shouldtherefore bethefirst businessof all designing mechanismsfor monitoring andreporting development frameworks andplans,as well as holders. Incorporating both Agendas into national ities, drawing onthecollective actionof allstake- regional for support therealization of national prior Agendas provide aframework to galvanize globaland infrastructure) andGoal 14(Life below water). Both 5 (Gender equality), Goal 9 (Industry, innovation and hunger), Goal 3(Good healthand well-being), Goal Development Goals: Goal 1(No poverty), Goal 2(Zero Agenda focused onthefollowing sixSustainable 8.1 regional report on Agenda 2063andthe2030 ical forum onsustainabledevelopment, the2017 n line with thethemeof the2017high-level polit- Both Agendas provide a framework to galvanize Conclusion realization ofnational priorities, drawing on the collective action of all stakeholders. global andregional support for the - update, limitingtimely andinformed policy decisions. generated through national surveys take too longto data, includingonpoverty andinequality, that are vital for evidence-based policymaking. Some of the analysis andreporting. A robust data baseisalso require strengthening capacitiesfor data-gathering, The effective implementation of both Agendas will particular among women and young people. prevalence of vulnerable jobsand working poor, in has contributed to limited jobgrowth andahigh weak owing inpartto limited infrastructure. This value additioninmost African economies remains asfemalesuch genital mutilation. Manufacturing and discriminatory cultural normsthat reinforce practices progress hasbeenslowed by thepersistence of representation innational parliaments. However, and secondary schoolenrolment andincreased ment of women gauged interms of parity inprimary is alsoevidence of improvements intheempower ants andadeclineinadolescent childbirths. There as aresult of increased access to skilledbirthattend- made inreducing childandmaternal deaths, inpart tivity. Nevertheless, substantial progress hasbeen investment inagriculture andlow agricultural produc many African countries, fuelledinpartby limited strengthening capacities implementation ofboth also vitalfor evidence- analysis andreporting. A robust data baseis Agendas will require based policymaking. for data-gathering, The effective - - 8.2 Recommendations

A harmonized and opment for climate-resistant breeds and appropriate integrated approach to Agenda 2063 technology, irrigation and developing value chains, as well as other proactive measures, such as inves- and the 2030 Agenda is required tor-friendly policies and regulations, are required to The integrated nature of Agenda 2063 and the 2030 expand both agricultural output and productivity. Agenda calls for an integrated approach to their implementation and reporting. This will avoid dupli- Expand employment opportunities cation of effort and promote coherence in policy design and implementation. With the rapid population growth and a rising population of young people in most African countries, Address poverty and inequality capacity development and skills training to enhance employment opportunities are needed more than in tandem ever. More attention to labour-intensive sectors, such Efforts to reduce poverty are linked with and should as agriculture and processing, is needed to promote be aligned with goal 10 of Agenda 2063. Studies employment and to reduce poverty and inequality have shown that reducing inequality by improving faster, compared with growth in capital-intensive the livelihoods of the poorest and most vulnerable and skilled-labour-intensive sectors such as mining, helps to reduce poverty faster. Policies on job crea- finance and real estate. tion, increasing household income, securing property rights, advancing infrastructure development and Promote trade enhancing human capital and labour productivity are important for promoting inclusiveness, reducing Africa’s share of global merchandise exports remains poverty and ensuring inclusive growth. low, at approximately 2.4 per cent in 2015. While the unfavourable commodity prices, which dominate the Address remaining gender gaps bulk of Africa’s exports, are in part responsible for this, Africa can do more to benefit from the ever-growing It is essential to address gaps in school enrolment and international value chain. Eliminating internal and completion, especially at the secondary and tertiary external barriers to trade, including infrastructure levels, and eliminate child marriages and female bottlenecks and tariffs and promoting technology ti ons genital mutilation. Strengthening law enforcement, transfer and skills acquisition are vital enablers of quality of public services and increasing awareness trade competitiveness. In this regard, strengthening of the advantages of equal engagement will help to intraregional trade and South-South cooperation can further progress on gender equality. The social mores be useful for sharing experiences and introducing o mm en d a and traditions and structural constraints that impose new products to less competitive markets. Stronger obstacles to women’s empowerment need to be regional integration and regional development r e c addressed in order to improve women’s quality of life forums are key to supporting trade among countries and social development. of the South.

Increase investments in agriculture Expand fiscal space for an d u s i on This is urgently needed to contain extreme hunger, equitable spending promote food security and support agro-processing To realize the breadth and depth of both Agendas, industries and export trade. Notwithstanding the it is important for African Governments to design c l Con commitments for targeted investment in agriculture measures to expand fiscal space. Some of the areas under the Maputo Protocol, the sector remains highly to consider include improving tax administration; underinvested. No African sub-region met the target broadening the tax base; eliminating loopholes for of allocating 10 per cent of the national budget to agri- tax avoidance, especially among the rich; prioritizing

1078 E R CH A PT culture. Increased investment in research and devel- expenditure with the biggest impact on the less priv- 107 108 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Goals into national development itdoes plans,but aimed at localizingtheSustainable Development acceleration andpolicy strategy, support which is provide measures such includingthemainstreaming, both Agendas. At present, several tools attempting to framework for monitoring and reporting progress on effectively, Governments require aharmonized To beableto measure theimpactefficiently and for monitoring progress Apply aharmonizedframework reporting requirements of both Agendas. systems anddata-gathering of plansinsupport the ners, need to strengthen their statistics development statistical offices, supported by development part- be addressed by therelevant authorities. The national and categorization of gapsandissuessothat they can progress madein various areas andtheidentification are needed to ensure an accurate assessment of the by age, gender, income andgeographical location reducing poverty andinequality. Disaggregated data impact onoverall economic growth andprogress in ture on various sectors of theeconomies and their addition, itisalsoimportant to analyse expendi- education, health,labour andsocialprotection. In on, amongothers, trends inpoverty andinequality, different macroeconomic andmicroeconomic policies baselines andto continuously analyse theimpactof range of issues.It isimportant to generate data for capacity for gathering andanalysing data onabroad offices throughout thecontinent require astronger within andbetween countries, thenational statistics For timely policy decisions and adequate comparison for data-gathering andmanagement Strengthen capacityandsystems investment. and debt issuance shouldalsobesought for large ered asafirst option. Concessional external financing and infrastructure development, shouldbeconsid- critical priority aseducation, spending,such health fighting illicitfinancialflows. Domestic borrowing for of publicspendingto itsintended beneficiaries; and tation andsocialprotection); monitoring thereach ileged (especially education, health, water andsani- two frameworks, isneeded. same timelendsitself to measuringprogress onthe national development plans,ontheother, andat the between both Agendas, ontheonehand,and that helpsto first assessthedegree of integration and sub-national levels. A dynamicplatform or toolkit planningforsupports green economies at national green economy implementation programme, which nity accountability for theGoals; andtheintegrated identifying clear targets andinternational commu- sustainable development toolkit, which isaimedat not include Agenda 2063;thepolicy coherence for works andto address policy failures andgaps. impact evaluations, are neededto identify what advancements inmonitoring progress, as well as term planningandpolicy coordination andongoing in allaspectsof development programming. Long- dimensions of sustainabledevelopment are reflected sectors work together to ensure that thethree personnel is paramount in ensuring that the various national andsubnational planningagencies and and policymaking. The role of stronger andcapable grated andcoordinated approach to problem-solving an effective architecture institutional for aninte- Successful implementation of both Agendas requires Strengthen institutions infrastructure. in regional goods public asroad such andenergy pool fundingamongbeneficiary countries to invest and fundingisneeded.Such anapproach should ments, aregional approach to infrastructure design increased trade. Given thehighcost of invest such - continent towill help spur economic growth through tation systems andinterconnections throughout the Improvements inair, marine,rail androad transpor site for trade, manufacturing andindustrialization. Quality infrastructure isanimportant prerequi- development Prioritize qualityinfrastructure - References

African Development Bank (2010). African Development Report February-1 March 2013. Available from https://unstats. 2010. Tunis. un.org/unsd/statcom/doc13/2013-14-ECA-E.pdf. African Union (2003). Protocol to the African Charter on Human ______(2016). Planning for Africa’s development: lessons, in- and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. sights and messages from past and present experiences. Available from www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/pro- Addis Ababa. tocole_rights_women_africa_2003.pdf. ______(2017). Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanisation ______(2004). Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Af- and Industrialization for Africa’s Transformation. Addis rica. Available from www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/au/ Ababa. declaration_gender_equality_2004.pdf Economic Commission for Africa and African Union Commission African Union, Economic Commission for Africa, African De- (2014). Assessment report on the 2010 round of popu- velopment Bank and United Nations Development Pro- lation and housing census in Africa. Available from www. gramme (2016). MDGs to Agenda 2063/SDGs Transition uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ Report 2016: Towards an Integrated and Coherent Ap- Statistics/statcom2014/assessment_report_on_2010_ proach to Sustainable Development in Africa. Addis Ababa: round_of_census_edited_en.pdf. Economic Commission for Africa. Economic Commission for Africa, African Union Commission, African Union Commission (2015). African gender scorecard. African Development Bank and United Nations Devel- Available from https://www.au.int/web/sites/default/ opment Programme (2015). Africa data consensus. Addis files/documents/31260-doc-2015_auc_african_gen- Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa. Available from der_scorecard_en.pdf. www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PageAttachments/ final_adc_-_english.pdf. ______(2015). Agenda 2063: the Africa we want. A shared strategic framework for inclusive growth and sustain- ______(2016) MDGs to Agenda 2063/SDGs Transition Report able development. First ten-year implementation plan 2016: Towards an Integrated and Coherent Approach to 2014–2023. Available from www.un.org/en/africra/osaa/ Sustainable Development in Africa. Joint annual publica- pdf/au/agenda2063-first10yearimplementation.pdf. tion of the Economic Commission for Africa, African De- velopment Bank, African Union Commission and United ______(2016). African gender scorecard. Nations Development Programme. Basinga, P., Gertler P.J., Binagwaho, A., Soucat, A.L.B., Sturdy, J., Economic Commission for Africa and Organization for Econom- Vermeersch, C.M.J. (2011). Effect on maternal and child ic Cooperation and Development, (2014). The mutual health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health- review of development effectiveness in Africa: promise care providers for performance: an impact evaluation. and performance. Economic Commission for Africa and The Lancet, vol. 377, No. 9775, pp. 1421-1428. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop- BusinessTech (2015). Africa’s biggest shipping ports, 8 March. ment. Available from https://businesstech.co.za/news/gener- Economic Commission for Africa, United Nations Development al/81995/africas-biggest-shipping-ports/. Programme, OpenData and World Wide Web Foun- Cassidy, Megan. (2014). Assessing gaps in indicator availability dation (2016). The Africa data revolution report 2016: and coverage. Sustainable Development Solutions Net- highlighting developments in African data ecosystems. work Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa. Available from www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-docu- Center for Global Development (2014). Delivering on the data ments/ACS/africa-data-revolution-report-2016.pdf. revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa. Economist (2017). How to improve the health of the ocean, Digital Globe, (2015). Transforming our world: geospatial infor- 27 May. Available from www.economist.com/news/ mation key to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustaina- leaders/21722647-ocean-sustains-humanity-humani- ble Development. ty-treats-it-contempt-how-improve-health. Economic Commission for Africa (2008). Report of the Econom- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ic Commission for Africa to the Statistical Commission, (2009). Rapid assessment of aid flows for agricultural thirty-ninth session, 26-29 February 2008. Available development in sub-Saharan Africa. Investment Cen- from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc08/2008- Refe r en c es tre Division Discussion Paper. Available from www.fao. 14-ECA-E.pdf. org/3/a-bq476e.pdf. ______(2010). Reference regional strategic framework for sta- ______(2014). Area equipped for irrigation. Available from tistical capacity building in Africa. Addis Ababa. www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/infographics/Irrigation______(2013). Report of the Economic Commission for Africa eng.pdf.

to the Statistical Commission, forty-fourth session, 26 109 9 E R CH A PT

109 110 AFRICA SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 Liu, L., Oza,L., Liu, Hogan, S., D., Perin, J., Rudan,I., Lawn, J.E.,Cous - Kiregyera, Ben (2015). ______(2016). World economicglobal ecoa shifting outlook: - ______(2016). Inequality, gender gapsand economic growth: International Monetary Fund (2015).World EconomicOutlook: ______(2016).World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2016. InternationalLabour Organization(2015). World Employment Independent Expert Advisory Groupon theData Revolutionfor IAEG,(2016) Report of theInter-AgencyGroup andExpert on ______(2013).Seychelles development sustainable strategy Government of Seychelles, (2012).National preparations for Government of Morocco (2015).Morocco betweenMillen the - Girls NotBrides (2015).Endingmarriage child in Africa.Poli - Gelvanovska, N.,Rogy,and Rossotto, M. (2014). Broad C.M. - ______(2016).Ethiopiasituation report - April2016. Availa- projections to informpriorities: an updated post-2015 and nationalof causes childmortality in2000-13, with Mathers,ens, S., C.,Black,(2014). “Global,R.E. regional, Chain Strengthening Statistics,the Policy andDecision-making D.C. landscape. nomic January 2017 update. Washington, Paper, WP/16/111. Washington,D.C. comparative evidence for sub-Saharan Africa. Working Adjusting to World Commodity Prices . Washington,D.C. Geneva. wcms_368626.pdf. -dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/ Available from www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-- Social Outlook: TheNatureChanging of Jobs. Geneva. pdf. wp-content/uploads/2014/11/A-World-That-Counts. opment.Available fromwww.undatarevolution.org/ fatamobilising the revolutionfor devel sustainable - SustainableDevelopment (2014). A world thatcounts: iaeg-sdgs-meeting-05/2017-2-IAEG-SDGs-E.pdf Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/meetings/ Commission,Forty-seventh session,8-11March 2016. SustainableDevelopment. Goal Indicators to Statistical pubs/frmpubdetail.aspx?pubId=26 (Vol.2012-2020 1). Available from chelles%20National%20Report.pdf. abledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1019Sey- velopment, Rio 2012. Available from https://sustain Unitedthe NationsConference for SustainableDe - 2015. Goals: achievements andchallenges. National report Developmentnium Goals andSustainable Development ca-A-brief-by-Girls-Not-Brides.pdf. wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Child-marriage-in-Afri- cy Brief. Available from http://www.girlsnotbrides.org/ D.C.: WorldBank. Accelerating High-Speed Internet Access. Washington, band NetworksMiddle inthe Eastand North Africa: ments/resources-detail/en/c/410229/ ble from http://www.fao.org/emergencies/resources/docu . SUNMeDIA Stellenbosch. TheEmerging Data Revolutionin Africa: . . www.egov.sc/edoc/ - - Singh,Darroch, S., J.E.and Ashford,(2014). L.S. Addingthe up: it Shahin,(2002). Hydrology M. and Water Resourcesof A Africa . Say, L.,Chou, Safaricom(2016). AnnualReport 2016. Nairobi. Available from Paris21guidelines. (2017). NSDS Available from www.paris21. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration(2013). Na - Robin, N., T. Kleinand J. Jutting(2016). Public-private partner Neumann, B.,Vafeidis NationalBureau of Statistics(2017). Statistical bulletin: monthly Mo Ibrahim Foundation(2016). Strength innumbers: Africa’s ______(2016b). Basic profile of child marriage in Uganda. Male, Chata and Wodon, Quentin. T. (2016a). Basic profile of tive health2014.New York: Guttmacher Institute. costs andbenefits of investing insexual andreproduc lishers. Library series, vol. 41. New York: Kluwer AcademicPub - publication under the Water Science and Technology pii/S2214109X1470227X. Availablefrom www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ tematicanalysis. TheLancet , vol. (2014). Global causesof maternal death: a sysWHO - J., Gulmezoglu, A.M., Temmerman,M. and Alkema, L. pdf. Downloads/Safaricom_Limited_2016_Annual_Report. www.safaricom.co.ke/images/Downloads/Resources_ ment. Organizationfor EconomicCooperation and Develop - Development Co-operation Working Paper 27.Paris: forships statistics: lessonslearned,future steps.OECD org/nsdsguidelines tems to monitor globalgoals. Element 5,paper 1. Paris21 (2013).Strengthening national statisticalsys - www.oecd.org/dac/stats/44116307.pdf. (2010). Measuring aidto agriculture. Available from facts/coastal-population-report.pdf. 2020. Available fromhttp://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ tional coastal population report: trends from 1970to ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367969/. ment. PLoS One, vol. 10, No. 3. Available from www. to sea-level riseandcoastal flooding:aglobalassess- (2015). Future coastalpopulation growth and exposure tourism 2017/05.Government of Seychelles. data revolution. marriage-in-Uganda. ed/en/130701467995446706/Basic-profile-of-child- Available from http://documents.worldbank.org/curat- Knowledge Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. handle/10986/25466. Available fromhttps://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ Knowledge Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. marriagechild Democratic inthe Republic of Congo. 430–440. systematicanalysis.” TheLancet , vol. 385,No. 9966,pp. D., Gemmill, A., Tuncalp,O., Moller, A.B., Daniels, , T.A., . , J. and Zimmermann, J. , pp. e323–e333. 6, pp. 2, No. Nicholls , J.R. - - Smed, U. T. (2015). Maritime Security and Development in Af- United Nations Children’s Fund (2016). The State of the World’s rica. Centre for Military Studies, University of Copen- Children: A Fair Chance for Every Child. New York. hagen. Available from cms.polsci.ku.dk/publikationer/ ______(2017). UNICEF data: monitoring the situation of chil- maritime-security-and-development-africa/maritim_ dren and women. Available from https://data.unicef.org/ sikkerhed_og_udvikling_i_afrika__ulrik_trolle_smed_ topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/#. april_2016_.pdf. Walker, T. (2015). When reflecting on maritime security in 2014, Statistics Division (2016). Tier classification for global SDG indi- there is a good story to tell—but it is not the only one, cators. New York. Available from https://unstats.un.org/ 6 February. Institute for Security Studies. Available from sdgs/files/meetings/iaeg-sdgs-meeting-05/Tier_Classi- https://issafrica.org/iss-today/africas-maritime-securi- fication_of_SDG_Indicators_21_Dec_2016.pdf. ty-wish-list-for-2015. ______(2017a). UN data: a world of information. Available World Bank (2016a). Women, Business and the Law 2016: Getting from http://data.un.org/Data.aspx. to Equal. Washington, D.C. ______(2017b). SDG indicators: revised list of global Sustain- ______(2016b). World Bank open data. Available from http:// able Development Goal indicators. Available https://un- iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx. stats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/. ______(2017). World development indicator database. Avail- Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institute (2007). The measure- able from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.as- ment of poverty in South Africa project: key issues. Jo- px?source=world-development-indicators. hannesburg. World Food Programme (2015). El Niño: implications and sce- Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2015). Data for narios for 2015/16. Available from http://documents.wfp. development: an action plan to finance data revolution org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp280227.pdf. for sustainable development. World Health Organization (2013). Women’s and Children’s United Nations, (2015) The Millennium Development Goals Health: Evidence of Impact of Human Rights. Geneva. Report 2015. Available at: http://www.un.org/millenni- umgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20 World Health Organization, (2010) World Health Statistics rev%20(July%201).pdf 2010. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf ______(2016a). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016. New York. World Health Organization, (2006) Pregnant Adolescents: Deliv- ering in global promises of hope. Available at: http://apps. ______(2016b). Report of the Secretary-General: progress who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43368/1/9241593784_ towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Available eng.pdf from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2016/secretary-general-sdg-report-2016--EN.pdf. World Trade Organization (2015). Briefing note: agricultural issues. Available from https://www.wto.org/english/ ______(2017). Background documents to the Ocean Con- thewto_e/minist_e/mc10_e/briefing_notes_e/brief_ag- ference 2017. Available from https://oceanconference. riculture_e.htm un.org/documents. Refe r en c es

111 9 E R CH A PT

111