Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind Isabelle Anguelovski
Addressing the Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples
Lawrence E. Susskind Isabelle Anguelovski
Library of Congress Control Number 2008926096
© 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Program on Human Rights and Justice
Cover photo courtesy of Shizuka Hashimoto Community members resist the flooding of an Adivasi village by a dam project in India.
Contents
Abstract 1
About the Authors 1
Introduction: What is indigeneity? 3
1. Indigeneity and the land: The vital link 12
2. Defining borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures 18
3. Sustaining traditional ways of life 22
4. Using national and international strategies 27
5. State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims 34
6. Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims 47 7. First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future 52
The Case Studies 58
The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) 58 Isabelle Anguelovski
The Mapuche (Chile) 62 Alexis Schulman
The Amerindians (Guyana) 67 Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman
The Pima: A Gila River Indian community (Arizona, United States) 70 Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes
The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot (Maine, United States) 73 J. Eric Kent
The Native Hawaiians (United States) 78 Katherine Wallace
The Nisga’a (Canada) 83 Andrea Glen
The Tatars of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine) 87 Artur Demchuk
The Bedouins (Israel and Jordan) 91 Thalia Berman-Kishony
The Tsou (Taiwan) 93 Shunling Chen
The Adivasi (India) 98 Shizuka Hashimoto
The Richtersveld Community (South Africa) 102 Jessica Tucker-Mohl
The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea) 106 Autumn Graham
Notes 110
Abstract
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bout the Authors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
"! ! Introduction What is indigeneity?
#$%&'()!*+)!*,-.'/%0!/-1(*,2!-3!4'5%0%(6!7+),)!89:;;;!<1,1!.)-.0)!0'=)!'(!*+)!,1,%0! +'(*),0%(6>:!$-,)!*+%(!?;;!$'0)>!3,-$!*+)!/%.'*%0!/'*2@!4+)2!+%=)!0'=)6!*+),)!3-,!$%(2! &)(),%*'-(>:!)=)(!A)3-,)!*+)!/-0-('>*>!3,-$!()%,A2!B-1*+!C1)('%!)(*),)6!*+)!/-1(*,2!'(!*+)! >'D*))(*+!/)(*1,2!%(6!-//1.')6!*+)!%,)%!%$'6!='-0)(/)!%(6!,)>'>*%(/)@!E)>.'*)!$%(2! /+%(&)>!'(*,-61/)6!A2!*+)!/-0-('>*>:!*+)!<1,1F>!/->$-0-&2:!>1A>'>*)(/)!%&,'/10*1,%0! 0'3)>*20):!,)0'&'-(:!%(6!0%(&1%&)!%,)!>*'00!'(*%/*!%(6!%0$->*!)(*',)02!/-(>'>*)(*!7'*+!*+)! *,%6'*'-(>!*+)2!+%=)!3-00-7)6!3-,!/)(*1,')>@!4+)!7%2!*+)2!.,%/*'/)!%&,-3-,)>*,2:!3'>+'(&:! %(6!+1(*'(&!%,)!)(*',)02!>1>*%'(%A0)!%(6!+%=)!(-!0-(&G*),$!'$.%/*!-(!*+)!)/->2>*)$>!'(! 7+'/+!*+)2!0'=)@!B-/'%002:!*+)2!$%'(*%'(!%0$->*!(-!/-(*%/*!7'*+!*+)!-1*>'6)!7-,06!%(6! .,)3),!*-!,)$%'(!'(!'>-0%*'-(@!! 4+)!(%*'-(%0!&-=),($)(*!A)0')=)>!*+%*!'$.-,*%(*!&%>!,)>),=)>!0')!1(6),!*+)!0%(6! '(+%A'*)6!A2!*+)!<1,1!%(6!'>!'(*),)>*)6!'(!$%,5)*'(&!*+)>)!,)>-1,/)>!*-!$10*'(%*'-(%0! /-,.-,%*'-(>@!4+)!&-=),($)(*!+%>!%0,)%62!A)&1(!*+'>!.,-/)>>!7'*+-1*!/-(>10*'(&!-,! '(3-,$'(&!*+)!<1,1!.)-.0)@!#(*),(%*'-(%0!3'(%(/'%0!'(>*'*1*'-(>!+%=)!)(/-1,%&)6!*+)! (%*'-(%0!&-=),($)(*!*-!>))5!3-,)'&(!'(=)>*$)(*!*-!)D*,%/*!*+)>)!,)>-1,/)>:!7+'/+!7-106! )(>1,)!%!30-7!-3!=%01%A0)!3-,)'&(!/1,,)(/2!'(*-!*+)!/-1(*,2@!! #(!%66'*'-(:!*+)!&-=),($)(*!+%>!0%1(/+)6!%!/-0-('H%*'-(!.,-&,%$!*%,&)*'(&!*+)! '(6'&)(-1>!*),,'*-,')>!%(6!'>!)(/-1,%&'(&!'(+%A'*%(*>!3,-$!*+)!$->*!.-.10%*)6!/'*')>!-3! 4'5%0%(6!*-!*,%(>3-,$!*+)!0%(6!7+),)!*+)!<1,1!0'=)!'(*-!3%,$'(&!%(6!&,%H'(&!%,)%>@!I=),! *+)!.%>*!3'=)!2)%,>:!J9:;;;!.)-.0)!3,-$!*+)!/'*')>!+%=)!$'&,%*)6!*-!*+)!+'(*),0%(6>@!4+)',! '(*)(>'=)!&,%H'(&!%(6!3%,$'(&!.,%/*'/)>!%,)!A)&'(('(&!*-!1(6),$'()!*+)!'(*)&,'*2!-3!*+)! <1,1!/10*1,)@!K1,*+),$-,):!>$%00G>/%0)!$'(),>!%,)!61$.'(&!$),/1,2!'(*-!*+)!7%*),! >1..-,*'(&!*+)!3'>+!>*-/5>!-(!7+'/+!*+)!<1,1!.)-.0)!6-7(>*,)%$!6).)(6!3-,!*+)',!6%'02! (1*,'*'-(@! <+'0)!*+'>!'>!%(!%.-/,2.+%0!%//-1(*:!=),>'-(>!-3!*+'>!>*-,2!%,)!(-*!1(/-$$-(!'(! /-1(*,')>!7'*+!>'H%A0)!'(6'&)(-1>!.-.10%*'-(>@!E)>.'*)!*+)!(1$A),!-3!K',>*!C)-.0)! '(=-0=)6:!*+)!.),/)(*%&)!-3!%!*-*%0!(%*'-(%0!.-.10%*'-(!*+)2!,).,)>)(*:!*+)!/-(>*'*1*'-(%0! ,'&+*>!*+)2!%,)!-,!%,)!(-*!&,%(*)6:!)%/+!/-1(*,2F>!7'00'(&()>>!*-!%/5(-70)6&)!'(*),(%*'-(%0! *,)%*')>!.,-*)/*'(&!(%*'=)!.)-.0):!*+)!.%**),(!-3!-7(),>+'.!-3!>1A>-'0!,)>-1,/)>:!-,!*+)! -=),%00!.%**),(!-3!)/-(-$'/!6)=)0-.$)(*!.1,>1)6!A2!*+)!&-=),($)(*:!*+)!&)(),%0!>'*1%*'-(>! %,)!/-$.%,%A0)@!L(0)>>!7%2>!/%(!A)!3-1(6!*-!%00-7!(%*'=)!.)-.0)!*-!.1,>1)!*+)',!0'=)>!'(!%!
! " #$%%&'!()%*+*,&%,!-+,.!,.&+'!(/0,/'&*!$%12!3$',+(/0$'042!,.$,!'&()5%+6&*!,.&+'!/%+7/&! '&0$,+)%*.+3*!,)!,.&!0$%12!,.&4!-+00!%),!*/'8+8&9!! :1$3,$,+)%2!-.+0&!3&'.$3*!%)'#$0!$%1!&8&%!1&*+'$;0&!<')#!*)#&!3)+%,*!))-!($%!+%1+5&%)/*!3&)30&!*/'8+8&!+%!,.&!()%,&?,!)
"! ! #$%!&'()*!)%+*',-!,&!*$')!.-./0)')!.11(%))%)!23%)*',-)!,&!/.-1!.-1!'-1'4%-%'*0!.-1! *$%!'56,(*.-+%!,&!+,-*(,/!,&!.-+%)*(./!/.-1!*,!*$%!)3(7'7./!,&!'-1'4%-,3)!+,553-'*'%)8!#$%! )%+,-1!)%+*',-!%9.5'-%)!*$%!(%/.*',-)$'6!:%*;%%-!-.*'7%!*(':%)!.-1!*$%'(!'-*%(.+*',-)!;'*$! *$%!1,5'-.-*!+3/*3(%)!*$.*!)3((,3-1!*$%5!(%7'%;)!*$%!'56,(*.-+%!&,(!'-1'4%-,3)!6%,6/%)!,&!5.'-*.'-'-4!.!)3)*.'-.:/%!;.0! ,&!/'&%!*$(,34$!.!6.**%(-!,&!1%7%/,65%-*!*$.*!')!'-!$.(5,-0!;'*$!.!*(.1'*',-./!+,)5,/,40!?! .!6%,6/%@)!:%/'%&)!.-1!+3/*3(%8!#$%!&,3(*$!)%+*',-!&,+3)%)!,-!*$%!)*(.*%4'%)!3)%1!:0! '-1'4%-,3)!4(,36)!*,!&(.5%!*$%'(!/.-1!+/.'5)8!=%+*',-!"!/,,A)!.*!*$%!1'&&%(%-*!(%)6,-)%)!B,(! -,-C(%)6,-)%)D!,&!*$%!1,5'-.-*!)*.*%)!'-7,/7%1!.-1!$,;!.:,('4'-./!/.-1!+/.'5)!$.7%!:%%-! *(%.*%18!#$%!)'9*$!)%+*',-!)344%)*)!*$%!6(%+,-1'*',-)!(%23'(%1!&,(!*$%!&.'(!.-1!%&&%+*'7%! (%),/3*',-!,&!'-1'4%-,3)!/.-1!+/.'5)!*$.*!$.7%!-,*!0%*!:%%-!(%),/7%18!#$%!%)).0!+,-+/31%)! ;'*$!)6%+3/.*',-!,-!*$%!&3*3(%!&,(!'-1'4%-,3)!/.-1!+/.'5)E!4'7%-!*$%!)*(%-4*$)!.-1! ;%.A-%))%)!,&!)*(.*%4'%)!.-1!,66,(*3-'*'%)!+,-)'1%(%1!'-!*$%!6(%7',3)!+$.6*%()8! #.:/%!F!)355.('G%)!*$%!HIJ!+.)%)!;%!%9.5'-%1!'-!*%(5)!,&!)'9!1'&&%(%-*!&%.*3(%)!,&! %.+$!4(,36@)!/.-1!+/.'5)K!BHD!*$%!4(,36!,(!*(':%!+,-+%(-%1E!BLD!*$%'(!4%,4(.6$'+!/,+.*',-E! B>D!*$%'(!6,63/.*',-!!BID!*$%!)'G%!,&!*$%!.(%.!,++36'%1E!B"D!*$%!)+,6%!,&!*$%!/.-1!+/.'5)E!.-1! BMD!*$%!/%4./!.-1!6,/'*'+./!)*.*3)!,&!*$%)%!+/.'5)8!! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! J!#$%!+$.(.+*%(')*'+)!,&!*$%!N%1,3'-!'-!F)(.%/!.-1!O,(1.-!.(%!*(%.*%1!'-!*$%!*.:/%!.)!*;,!)%6.(.*%! 6,63/.*',-)E!*$,34$!*$%0!.(%!+,-)'1%(%1!*,4%*$%(!.)!,-%!+.)%!)*310!.5,-4!*$,)%!)366,(*'-4!*$')! .-./0)')8! ! " Table 1! ! Group/Tribe Location Number of Area Claim Status of the Claim (Continent, People Occupied country) "#$#%#&'! "-'/0! <9===!(,*>.? ABC9===!0#! E0*!"#$#%#&'!6>#4)!6-)F*/*36%!74/043!#! Unresolved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nresolved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
R! ! Group/Tribe! Location Number of Area Claim! Status of the Claim (Continent, People! Occupied! country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
! D Group/Tribe! Location Number of Area Claim! Status of the Claim (Continent, People! Occupied! country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
!
?! ! Group/Tribe! Location Number of Area Claim! Status of the Claim (Continent, People! Occupied! country)! <; << "#$%&'&! "()*+!! :0:;; <=>0=;;!+& ! 16&#-!*(!%!/(2*)(6!(?.)!&!*.))#*()@! Claim resolvedE!F+.!Nisga’a Final Agreement! ,-.)#/&0! (//7A#.3!B$#2/.!*#-.!#--.-()#&6C!#2!*+.! G&$!$#%2.3!8@!1&2&3&0!5)#*#$+!1(67-8#&0!&23! 1&2&3&! "&$$!D&66.@E!! *+.!"#$%&'&!(2!,7%7$*!H0!<>>IE!J*!#$!8(*+!&! 45)#*#$+! 6&23!$.**6.-.2*!&23!&!$.6KL%(?.)2-.2*! 1(67-8#&9! &%)..-.2*E!! 1)#-.&2!F&*&)$! M7)(A.!&23! :;;0;;;L N23.*.)-#2.3! F+#$!%)(7A!G&2*$!(KK#/#&6!$*&*7$!(K! Claims unresolved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laim unresolved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laims mostly resolved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
! > Group/Tribe! Location Number of Area Claim! Status of the Claim (Continent, People! Occupied! country)! 12 !"#$%! &#'()! ,)-..! -),//!0( ! 344567'85!#594:;$85<+(+65!*0'60!'#! Claims partially resolvedG!H7(7%#!$4!(%7$+$C?! "('*(+! <5#'#75=!>?!@(+!A0'+5#5!BC(D$<'7?! ;<(+75=!>%7!6$+49'67#!<5C('+G!&=$E7'$+!$4!(! E$E%9(7'$+F! <5#E567(>95!+(C5!4$'7(+7#)!'+!705!1KKL!6$+#7'7%7'$+M! 5#7(>9'#0C5+7!$4!(!>$=?!$85<#55'+;!'+=';5+$%#! '##%5#!'+!705!65+7<(9!;$85<+C5+7!'+!1KKNG!O+! 1KKK)!'+=';5+$%#!(67'8'#7#!#';+5=!705!Treaty of New Partnership between the Indigenous Peoples and the Government of Taiwan!*'70! 705+!PQQ!E<5#'=5+7'(9!6(+='=(75!H0%':>'(+! A05+G1,!H585<(9!'75C#!'+!705!Treaty!>56(C5! E(<7!$4!705!$44'6'(9!E$9'7'6(9!(;5+=(!(47556(%#5!$4!='#E9(65C5+7!6$+65<+#G!!! %E!7$!705!05';07!$4!1L,!C575<#!*(#!(99$*5=G! "05!$<';'+(99?!E9(++5=!05';07!$4!705!=(C!*(#! 1,/!C575<#G! ! 1N T(C(!BI705! &4<'6()! 1.)...!B,)...! /R)...!0( ! U5$66%E(7'$+!$4!9(+=!$4!*0'60!705! Claims resolved.!O+!2..L)!705!Y(+=!A9('C#! U'6075<#859=! H$%70! 4<$C!705! 6$CC%+'7?!*(#!='#E$##5##5=!$4!'+!705! A$%<7!$4!H$%70!&4<'6(!=575 1.! ! Group/Tribe! Location Number of Area Claim! Status of the Claim (Continent, People! Occupied! country)! #$%&&$'! ()*+%,+-! "4-566!7080! (C!D*9,! I=+,'A!?,=*9!,%!J0A<:+=,+%!I$0: ! "" Section 1 Indigeneity and the land: The vital link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and and territory in indigenous cosmologies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chacha-warmi!I.0!hari- warmi!&$!K)+7/)#J!&'!#$!+''+$,&#-!+-+*+$,!.(!,/+!7.'*.-.26!.(!,/+!K)+7/)#!#$%!<6*#0#!3+.3-+4! !"#$%&#'(#)#%*"+*%+%",-+.%&#(./%0jaqi1%(2%34-5'#*#%+.6%+.%(.*#/7+'%5+7*%48%*"#%34--,.(*$%9"#.% 2:"#%"+2%847-#6%+%34,5'#%0-+.%;%94-+.%<%chacha-warmi1=%>"('#%*"#%(.6()(6,+'%jaqi%(2%37#+*#6%(.% *"#%(-+/#%48%*"#%?,57#-#%@#(./A%*"#%*#7-%(-5'(#2%*"+*%4.#%5#724.%(2%.4*%34-5'#*#%9(*"4,*%*"#% 4*"#7=%!"#%34.3#5*%48%chacha-warmi%0*"#%B.6#+.%34,5'#1%#C57#22#2%*"#%6,+'(*$%+.6% 34-5'#-#.*+7$%.+*,7#%48%*"#%7#'+*(4.2"(5%&#*9##.%-#.%+.6%94-#.%(.%"+7-4.(4,2%7#'+*(4.2"(5%*4% *"#%2,774,.6(./%'+.6%+.6%.+*,7+'%7#24,73#2=%% D74-%*"#%2*+.654(.*%48%54'(*(3+'%+.*"7454'4/$A%B.6#+.%5#45'#%+7#%34.3#7.#6%.4*%4.'$% +&4,*%*"#%9#''E&#(./%48%#+3"%-+.%+.6%94-+.A%&,*%+'24%+&4,*%34.2*7,3*(./%+%8,*,7#%(.%,.(*$%9(*"% .+*,7#%(.)4')(./%+''%*"#%5#45'#=%D47%*"(2%D(72*%F#45'#A%G#)#7$*"(./%(2%chacha-warmiH%0B$-+7+1A% G#)#7$*"(./%(2%kari-warmi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yuukhl Nisga’aA%6#237(%"49%L(2/+O+%9#7#%5'+3#6%(.% *"#%L+22%)+''#$A%#.*7,2*#6%9(*"%(*2%574*#3*(4.A%+.6%"49%*"#%'+.6847-2%(.%*"#%+7#+%9#7#%37#+*#6%847% *"#%L(2/+O+=%D47%#C+-5'#A%*"#%L(2/+O+%&#'(#)#%*"+*%Txeemsim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�%#(%5/1'+,"/'%#$'0'%-(//'-#"(/0%.+'%#./#.,(5/#%#(%-$.))'/3"/3%#$'%*5/1.,'/#.)% -(0,()(3@%(*%'.-$%&'(&)'7%:$'%)(00%(*%$.+,(/"(50%-(//'-#"(/0%#(%#$'%/.#5+.)%')','/#0%"/2()2'1% A'(&.+1"B'0%#$'%050#."/.C")"#@%(*%#$'0'%-(,,5/"#"'07%% % Control over specific resources tied to location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umulipo4%'E&)."/0%#$.#%)./14%3(104%-$"'*04%./1% &'(&)'%.+'%"/#'+#!"/'1%./1%"/0'&.+.C)'78K%L./1%"0%.%,.#'+/.)%*"35+'%#(%#$'%I.#"2'%G.!.""./% &'(&)'7%>/%#$'"+%-(0,()(3@4%!.#'+4%)./14%G.!.""./04%Akua%M#$'%3(10N4%./1%#.+(%!'+'%.))%C(+/%*+(,% #$'%O.+#$%,(#$'+%Papa%./1%#$'%;6@%*.#$'+%Wakea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mapu W%)./1% ./1%che%W%&'(&)'N7%F.&5-$'0%C')"'2'%#$.#%#$'"+%'-(/(,@4%-50#(,04%./1%0&"+"#5.)"#@%.+'%"/'E(+.C)@% )"/6'1%#(%#$'"+%'/2"+(/,'/#7%F.&5-$'0%$.2'%.)!.@0%C''/%1'&'/1'/#%(/%#+.1"#"(/.)%)./10%#(%'/05+'% 05C0"0#'/-'%.3+"-5)#5+'4%$5/#"/34%3.#$'+"/34%./1%-.##)'X+."0"/37%L./1%./1%"1'/#"#@%.+'%"/#'3+.#'1% #$+(53$%+')"3"(50%-'+',(/"'0%05-$%.0%#$'%Nguillatun7%:$"0%.//5.)%-'+',(/@%#.6'0%&).-'%15+"/3% $.+2'0#%#",'%(+%*())(!"/3%.%/.#5+.)%1"0.0#'+7%>#%.))(!0%F.&5-$'0%#(%#$./6%#$'"+%3(1%(*%-+'.#"(/4% YK% % Ngenechen!"#$%"&'()$*'+)$"(),#'-.$&+-/&"0)'1))$"'+)"/#&'"2#$3)&'.(&"#$%"3),)&'-#,"4#5-,67!"/()&)$'" 23.558$-'67!"#$%"'+)"48'8()9":#/83+)&")()3'"#"reew!"'.')5!"()/()&)$'-$*"'+)"3.558$-'6;&"'-)&"'." '+)",#$%9""" <$)"3.558$-'6".4":#/83+)&!"'+)"=)+8)$3+)!"'#>)&"-'&"$#5)"4(.5"'+)"pehuen".("?/-$)" $8'@!"'+)"4(8-'".4"'+)"A(#83#(-#"'())!"$#'-B)"'."C.8'+)($"D+-,);&"(#-$4.()&'9"E$"'+)"&855)(!"'+)" &)5-F$.5#%-3"=)+8)$3+)",)#B)"'+)-(",.1,#$%"()*-.$"4.("'+)"A$%)#$"4.()&'&"'."3.,,)3'"'+)"4(8-'&" 1+-3+"'+)6"8&)"'."5#>)"4,.8(!"5-,>!"#,3.+.,!"#$%"4..%"4.("'+)-(",-B)&'.3>9"G+)"pehuen"-&"#,&." ()*#(%)%"#&"#"()%".0H)3'!"-$')*(#,"'."=8+8)$3+)"&/-(-'8#,-'6"#$%"#$")&&)$'-#,"),)5)$'".4"'+)-(" 3.&5.,.*69IJ"" " K.'+"-$"L#1#--"#$%"D+-,)!"-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)"$))%"3.$'(.,".B)(")3.$.5-3"#3'-B-'-)&"#$%" ()&.8(3)&!"&83+"#&"'+)"'#(.".("'+)"pehuen!"'."&8&'#-$"'+)-("1#6".4",-4)9"A'')5/'&"'."-5/.&)"#" %-44)()$'"3.558$-'6"%)B),./5)$'"5.%),".("()&'(-3'"8&)".4"'(#%-'-.$#,",#$%&"3+#,,)$*)&"'+)-(" -%)$'-'-)&9"" " Control of land use and access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tierra"2,#$%7"()4)(&"'."'+)"&/#3)"1-'+"()&.8(3)&"'+#'"-$%-*)$.8&"/)./,)" 38(()$',6".338/69"Territorio")$3.5/#&&)&"'+)"+-&'.(-3#,"(#$*)"-$"1+-3+"#"/)./,)"+#&"'(#%-'-.$#,,6" ,-B)%9""G+)"3.5/,)M"3.$$)3'-.$"0)'1))$"-%)$'-'6"#$%",.3#,-'6"3#$$.'"0)"0.8*+'".("&.,%O",#$%"-&" $.'"#"3.55.%-'6"-5/,6-$*"1)#,'+".("/.&&)&&-.$9"C8P#$#"C#16)(")M/,#-$&"'+#'"?583+"5.()"'+#$" &-*$-46-$*"'+)"/+6&-3#,"#$%"5#')(-#,"3.$'.8(&".4"#"()*-.$!"territorio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umak Allpa!"5#%)"8/".4"'+())"/#('&!".("&/#3)&X"Jahuapacha " TY !"#$%&'()*%Caipacha !"#$%$+,"#)*%+-.%Ukupacha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urinas,%>#29#%+,$%&#+,$.%F1,$&"%+,$+&4%J-1"#$,%72$9$%1F%"#$%"$,,2"1,(%2&%,$&",29"$.%"1%"#$% &#+8+-&%+-.%"#$%&72,2"&%!Yachak)4;K% %%%%%%%%%%@+,+(+'/%7$173$%0$32$C$%"#+"%91-",1332-6%"#$%/&$%1F%-+"/,+3%,$&1/,9$&%!,2C$,&*%F1,$&"&*%123)% >2"#2-%"#$2,%"$,,2"1,(%2&%"#$%sine qua non%F1,%8+2-"+2-2-6%"#$2,%",+.2"21-+3%>+(%1F%32F$*%2-"$,: 9188/-2"(%,$3+"21-&*%&192+3%,$3+"21-&*%+-.%F2.$32"(%"1%"#$2,%F/-.+8$-"+3%0$32$F%&(&"$84%@2-9$% ) >? Section 2 Defining borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures ! "#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!)*)-,,/!0%1%2'#*!(3!-!#-1%(#4*1-1'!%#!56%06!-!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!*''8*!1(! %7+(*'!-!*'1!(3!9-,)'*:!#(.7*:!-#$!%#*1%1)1%(#*!)+(#!16'7;!<#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'=*!0),1).'!6-*!1(! (+'.-1'!5%16%#!16'!0(#1'>1!(3!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).';!?(!*).9%9':!-!#-1%9'!1.%@'!5%,,!1./!1(!'*1-@,%*6! @()#$-.%'*!@'15''#!%1*',3!-#$!16'!$(7%#-#1!*(0%'1/;!!?6'%.!.',-1%(#*6%+!1(!16'!$(7%#-#1!0),1).'!%*! (31'#!$'3%#'$!%#!1'.7*!(3!@(.$'.!0(#1.(,;!?6'!+.'*'#0'!(3!-!@(.$'.!%#$%0-1'*!16'!'>%*1'#0'!(3! %#$%&'#()*!,-#$!-#$!1'..%1(./;!?6'!06-#0'*!(3!*).9%9-,!3(.!-#!%#$%&'#()*!+'(+,'!-.'!'#6-#0'$!%3! 16'/!0-#!-06%'9'!*(7'!$'&.''!(3!0(#1.(,!(9'.!56(!0-#!0.(**!16%*!@(.$'.!-#$!56-1!6-++'#*!5%16%#! %1*!1'..%1(.%-,!@()#$-.%'*;!! !!!!!A(##-#!-#$!B%,*(#!CDEEEF!%$'#1%3/!16.''!7-%#!1/+'*!(3!@()#$-.%'*!16-1!$'1'.7%#'! .',-1%(#*!%#!(.!-7(#&!*(0%'1%'*;!!Social and symbolic!boundaries!$'3%#'!7'7@'.*6%+!%#! 0(,,'01%9%1%'*;!G'(+,'!7%&61!06((*'!1(!*6-+'!16%*!3(.7!(3!@()#$-./!%#!1'.7*!(3!$%33'.'#1!0(#1'>1*! -#$!+.'**).'*;!Cultural boundaries!*'+-.-1'!$%33'.'#1!5(.,$*!(3!7'-#%#&!-7(#&!+'(+,'. Geopolitical boundaries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mi casa!C7/!6()*'F;!W-3-',:!-#!%#$%&'#()*!,'-$'.:!.'*+(#$'$!16-1! J16%*!6()*'!@',(#&*!1(!-,,K!L0)-$(.%-#!0%1%2'#*!-#$!.'X'01'$!16'!%7+,%0-1%(#!16-1!-!&.()+! 6%*1(.%0-,,/!'>0,)$'$!3.(7!L0)-$(.%-#!*(0%'1/!6-$!#(!.%&61!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+!(.!#-1%(#-,!@',(#&%#&;NY!!!! G).*)%#&!16'!16'7'!(3!6(7'!&.()#$!-#$!56(!@',(#&*!16'.':!W-3-',!'7+6-*%2'$!16-1:! )#,%8'!-#!(33%0%-,!&(9'.#7'#1!@)%,$%#&:!16'!<7-2(#!$%$!#(1!@',(#&!1(!-,,;!?6'!.%9'.!0(#*1%1)1'$!La selva es nuestra casa:!16'!"#$%-#*=!6(+'!-#$!*+-0'!(3!@',(#&%#&;!<#/!-01%(#!@/!()1*%$'.*!5%16%#! 16%*!1'..%1(./!.'Z)%.'$!#'&(1%-1%(#!5%16!%1*!%#$%&'#()*!(5#'.*;!?6%*!'>06-#&'!.'9'-,*!6(5!.-0'!-#$! 0,-**!$'3%#'!#(1%(#*!(3!0%1%2'#*6%+:!+.(+'.1/:!'>0,)*%(#:!-#$!3(.)7*!3(.!+-.1%0%+-1%(#;!! ! D[! ! Control of geographic borders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Ķ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ontrol of symbolic borders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ection 3 Sustaining traditional ways of life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ontrol over subsurface resources S.7$!./!'#$!*(')4$!2$.2,$%!)*!S.&'#!;/5)6(!8$5$!(+,$!'.!7()*'()*!6.*'5.,!.4$5!5$%.&56$%!&*0$5!'#$! ,(*0!'#$-!.66&2)$0!/.5!0$6(0$%9!!"#)%!#$,2$0!'#$7!1$*$5('$!(!%&%'()*(+,$!$6.*.7)6:!%.6)(,:!(*0! HH! ! !"#$%&"'!"()*+,$(-)($&"+$"+(.!+/&''-"$($!,+(.!0+"&1+$".)2$(3+4!(1!!"+(.!+/%!)($&"+&5+(.!+6&-(.+ 75%$/)"+6()(!+$"+898:+)";+(.!+!,()2*$,.'!"(+&5+(.!+)<)%(.!$;+%!=$'!+$"+89>?@+")($#!+A.&$,)"+ @+)5(!%+,!#!%)*+0!)%,+&5+<&*$($/)*+(%)",$($&"+$"+6&-(.+75%$/)@+(.!+C!,($(-($&"+&5+G)";+ C$=.(,+7/(+<%&'&(!;+20+(.!+7BH+I75%$/)"+B)($&")*+H&"=%!,,J+=&#!%"'!"(+&55!%!;+)+*)";+%!5&%'+ ,(%)(!=03+K)L$"=+);#)"()=!+&5+(.$,+"!1+*)1@+)+=%&-<+&5+B)')+@+(.!+H&-%(+)*,&+.!*;+(.)(+(.!+/&''-"$(0R,+.$,(&%$/+&1"!%,.$<+$"(!%!,(+$"/*-;!;+ /&''-")*+&1"!%,.$<+&5+'$"!%)*,+)";+;$)'&";,3QM+K.!+G)";+H*)$',+H&-%(+)1)%;!;+%!,(&%)($&"+&5+ (.!+%$=.(+$"+*)";+)";+'$"!%)*,@+1$(.+(.!+<&(!"($)*+5&%+);;$($&")*+!S-$()2*!+%!;%!,,@+$"/*-;$"=+5-";,+ 5&%+!"#$%&"'!"()*+%!'!;$)($&"3+F"+T/(&2!%@+M::U@+(.!+6&-(.+75%$/)"+=&#!%"'!"(+,!((*!;+(.!+ C$/.(!%,#!*;+/*)$'+&-(+&5+/&-%(+5&%+C+89:+'$**$&"+I)<<%&E$')(!*0+VMW+'$**$&"J3QN+++ +++++K.!+/&-%(+%!,&*-($&"+$"+5)#&%+&5+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+/&''-"$(0+)";+(.!+%!,&*-($&"+&5+$(,+*)";+ /*)$',+,(%!"=(.!"+$(,+)2$*$(0+(&+')$"()$"+(%);$($&",+!,,!"($)*+(&+$(,+,-%#$#)*3+K.!+*)";+/*)$'+ !".)"/!;+(.!+C$/.(!%,#!*;+ + MN Control over surface resources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ontrol over human resources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ection 4 Using national and international strategies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obilization through national and international coalitions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uilding representative indigenous organizations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egotiation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itigation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`9$-+),$2+)3.$*"+*#"$+-$>%,%2%?)$!","$/"'%43"/$%3/$'+,'),"/$:2$DED$"8*#+2""&6$C&$%$,"&)#'9$ 43$Q)3"$LMM`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a4"!43.$,"1"3'$04+#%'4+3&$%&$'++$&",4+)&$-+,$'("$&'%'"$'+$ W,"*%4,X9$'("$1+88)34'2$&""&$'("$<3'",SC8",41%3$D+884&&4+3$%&$'("$+3#2$#".4'48%'"$%,:4'",$'+$ ;)/."$'("$=1)%/+,4%3$&'%'"$%3/$+,/",$,"*%,%'4+3&6_L$C$-43%#$,)#43.$4&$"J*"1'"/$&(+,'#26$$ C&$&).."&'"/$:2$'(4&$1%&"9$#4'4.%'4+3$1%3$'%?"$&"0",%#$2"%,&$%3/$/+"&$3+'$.)%,%3'""$'(%'$ 04+#%'4+3&$+-$43/4."3+)&$*"+*#"&b$,4.('&$!4##$:"$,"/,"&&"/6$T+!"0",9$!("3$3%'4+3%#$1+),'&$,)#"$ *+&4'40"#2$43$-%0+,$+-$3%'40"$',4:"&9$'("&"$#".%#$/"14&4+3&$1%3$:"$)&"/$*):#41#2$'+$"8*(%&45"$'(%'$ 04+#%'4+3&$(%0"$:""3$1+884''"/$:2$'("$&'%'"6$c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ection 5 State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims ! "#$!%&'(&$)*$%!(+,(-.$+!/0!*-+*)$-12%!3$134$%!&1!32'%2$!&#$*'!.4(*5%!#(,$!3'1+2.$+!(!6*+$!'(-)$! 17!12&.15$%!(-+!'$(.&*1-%8!9-!%15$!*-%&(-.$%:!)1,$'-5$-&%!('$!-1&!$,$-!(.;-164$+)*-)!-(&*,$! &'*/$%!6$!.(-!$?3$.&!&#$%$!)'123%!&1!+*$!12&8!"#$!.(%$!%&2+*$%! 3'$%$-&$+!/$416!+$%.'*/$!&#$!6*+$!'(-)$!17!'$%31-%$%!/0!&#$!+15*-(-&!.24&2'$!&1!&#$!%&'(&$)*$%! .#1%$-!/0!*-+*)$-12%!3$134$%8! ! Type 1 – No reaction or negative reaction by the state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ype 2– Demands are heard by the state, but disputes are not resolved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�)-4#-4-$-&#$%79!+#-4+):$-&5-!+2#"$)+2#$%7#$7&;,$-&#-&+/3#$%7#5!%7)-)!%3<=>?## @%#%!%&#!"#-4&3$3&3#7!#3,54#5!%7)-)!%3#&A)3-<## Type 3 – Significant or partial resolution of land claims @%#3!/$3&3#)%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3#4$:&#/$%$*&7#-!#$7:$%5&#-4&)+#($%7#5($)/3#;,)-,55&33",((.<# 8-$-&3#4$:&#+&36!%7&7#!6&%(.#-!#-4&3&/$%73#$%7#4$:&#'&&%#0)(()%*#-!#&%*$*&#)%#5!%"()5-# +&3!(,-)!%#6+!5&7,+&3#-!#+&$54#+&3!(,-)!%<#B4+!,*4#3&:&+$(#3-+$-&*)&32#)%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3#4$:&# 3&&%#-4&)+#7&/$%73#3)*%)")5$%-(.#!+#6$+-)$((.#$77+&33&7<##C$-):&#-+)'&3#4$:&#$54)&:&7#3&("D 7&-&+/)%$-)!%2#+&$(#$,-!%!/.2#!+#6$+-)$(#$,-!%!/.2#$%7#4$:&#*$)%&7#")%$%5)$(#5!/6&%3$-)!%#"+!/# -4&#*!:&+%/&%-<## Self Determination B4$3&#!"#-4&#E$!+)#6&!6(&#)%#C&0#F&$($%7#7&/!%3-+$-&3#!%&#!"#-4&#*+&$-&3-#$54)&:&/&%-3#"!+# )%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3#$+!,%7#-4�!+(72#3&("D7&-&+/)%$-)!%<#@%#G>HI2#J+)-)34#3&--(&+3#$%7#E$!+)# 6&!6()*%&7#-4&#B+&$-.#!"#K$)-$%*)#$3#$%#$5-#!"#+&5!%5)()$-)!%#'&-0&&%#-4&#L+!0%#!"#M%*($%7# $%7#(!5$(#)%7)*&%!,3#6&!6(&3<##N+-)5(&#O#!"#-4&#-+&$-.#*,$+$%-&&3#E$!+)#-4&#P",((#&A5(,3):&#$%7# ,%7)3-,+'&7#6!33&33)!%#!"#-4&)+#Q$%73#$%7#M3-$-&3#R!+&3-3#R)34&+)&3#$%7#3,54#!-4&+#6+!6&+-)&3#$3# -4&.#/$.#5!((&5-):&(.#!+#)%7):)7,$((.#6!33&332#3!#(!%*#$3#)-#)3#-4&)+#0)34#$%7#7&3)+&#-!#+&-$)%#-4&# 3$/&#)%#-4&)+#6!3)-)!%<=## S!0&:&+2#'&-0&&%#G>?O#T#04&%#-4&#C&0#F&$($%7#L!%3-)-,-)!%#N5-#*+$%-&7#J+)-)34# 3&--(&+3#-4&)+#!0%#*!:&+%/&%-#T#$%7#-4&#GUVI32#3&--(&+3#5!%")35$-&7#E$!+)#($%7#$%7#0&+&#$((!0&7# -!#6,+54$3&#E$!+)#($%7#WG>XO#C$-):&#Q$%73#N5-Y<#Z%#-4!3)-):)7&2#)%#G>XV#3&$-3#)%#-4&#C&0# F&$($%7#[$+()$/&%-#0&+&#+&3&+:&7#"!+#E$!+)#&(&5-&7#+&6+&3&%-$-):&3<>X## @%#-4&#GUVI32#$#%&0#*&%&+$-)!%#!"#,+'$%#$%7#0&((D&7,5$-&7#E$!+)#$5-):)3-3#:!)5&7# "+,3-+$-)!%#$'!,-#-4&#"$)(,+&#!"#3,55&33):&#*!:&+%/&%-3#-!#+&36&5-#-4+)%5)6(&3#$%7#5($,3&3#!"#-4&# G>HI#-+&$-.<#B4&)+#$5-):)3/#(&7#-!#-4&#GUV?#B+&$-.#!"#K$)-$%*)#N5-#04)54#!"")5)$((.#+&5!*%)\&7# -4&#",((#(&*$(#3-$-,3#!"#-4&#!+)*)%$(#$*+&&/&%-<#@%#$77)-)!%2#-4&#K$)-$%*)#B+)',%$(#0$3#3&-#,6#-!# )%:&3-)*$-&#$%7#3&--(&#E$!+)#*+)&:$%5&32#)%5(,7)%*#-4&#)33,&#!"#($%7#(!33<>V## 8)%5&#-4&#GU>I32#3,55&33):&#*!:&+%/&%-3#4$:&#+&5!*%)\&7#-4&#%&&7#-!#+&3!(:)3-!+)5$(# E$!+)#*+)&:$%5&3#)%#$55!+7$%5�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gati Apa and Others v. Attorney General, ?KM#ABXYCA#KMBZYCU7#AI#$%.*#UCCXDIC#+.,#F1#+#&/**)8#F1#'8*#!//!&('(!.# 0*+,*4#[!.#\4+&87#Nationhood9IA##M&#,*6!.&'4+'*,#F1#'8*&*#'3!#,4+6+'()#,*-*0!/6*.'&7#&!6*# /!0('()+0#0*+,*4&#+//*+4#'!#F*#4*&(&'(.2#24+.'&#!"#24!%/#4(28'&#F+&*,#!.#'4(F+0#(,*.'('19#>8*1#+42%*# '8+'#'8*#.**,&#!"#5+!4(#(.,(-(,%+0&#+4*#.!'#,(""*4*.'#'8+.#'8!&*#!"#!'8*4#E*3#P*+0+.,#)('(]*.&9# >8(&#/!&('(!.#)+00&#(.'!#G%*&'(!.#4(28'&#F+&*,#!.#(.,(2*.*('1#+.,#'8*#/4(.)(/0*&#!"#4*)!.)(0(+'(!.# *6F!,(*,#(.#'8*#>4*+'1#!"#;+('+.2(9## J.#T*/'*6F*4#UCC^7#_('+#T8+4/0*&7#)!=0*+,*4#!"#'8*#5+!4(#_+4'17#+..!%.)*,#,%4(.2#+# _+40(+6*.'+41#`*.*4+0#[*F+'*#8(&#/0+.#'!#4+(&*#&!6*#G%*&'(!.&#+F!%'#'8*#)!.)*/'#!"#&*0"= ,*'*46(.+'(!.9#>8(&#/4(.)(/0*#8++(.*,#(.'*4.+'(!.+0#'4+)'(!.#"!00!3(.2#'8*#+,!/'(!.#F1#'8*#OE# Q%6+.#a(28'&#K!%.)(0#!"#'8*#[*)0+4+'(!.#!.#'8*#a(28'&#!"#J.,(2*.!%&#_*!/0*&#!.#$%.*#UI7#UCC^9# Q!3*-*47#E*3#P*+0+.,#N!(.*,#"!4)*('8#'8*#O.('*,#T'+'*&7#M%&'4+0(+7#K+.+,+7#+.,#'8*#a%&&(+.# L*,*4+'(!.#'!#!//!&*#OE#+,!/'(!.#!"#'8*#[*)0+4+'(!.#F1#'8*#*.,#!"#UCC^9IU## >8*#E*3#P*+0+.,#)+&*#&%22*&'&#'8+'7#*-*.#38*.#&*0"=,*'*46(.+'(!.#(&#+))*/'*,#F1#+# ,!6(.+.'#)%0'%4*7#0(6('&#+.,#4*-(&(!.&#+4(&*#F*)+%&*#&*0"=,*'*46(.+'(!.#(&#"%.,+6*.'+001#+'#!,,&# 3('8#'8*#/4*-+(0(.2#.!'(!.#!"#,*6!)4+'()#/0%4+0(&6#(.#'8*#.+'(!.=&'+'*9## VC# # Partial resolution of land claims !"#$%&'(")"$$"*+'$*'#,&'-*$#&.'/#"#&+',"%&'0".&'+10&'23143&++'"..3&++$*4'5"*.'65"$0+'"*.'#,&$3' 3$4,#'#1'+&578.&#&30$*"#$1*9':;#'0"*<'&7713#+',"%&':&&*'.&7&"#&.'13'.$+0$++&.':<'#,&'+#"#&'"*.' 7&.&3"5'41%&3*0&*#='>,&+&'+&#:"6?+'3&75&6#'#,&'6,"55&*4&+'#1'3&"6,$*4'"43&&0&*#'1*'#,&';5#$0"#&' 1:@&6#$%&+'17'+1%&3&$4*#<'"*.'#,&'3&5"#$1*+,$2':&#)&&*'!"#$%&'(")"$$"*+'"*.'#,&'+#"#&='' A1#,'!"#$%&'(")"$$"*'"*.'*1*8(")"$$"*'6$#$B&*+'"3&'")"3&'17'#,&'61*6&2#'17'+1%&3&$4*#<' "+'3"$+&.':<'01%&0&*#+'#,"#',"%&'&0&34&.'$*'3&6&*#'.&6".&+='>,&'+2&6#3;0'17'+1%&3&$4*#<' .&0"*.+'$*65;.&+'3&2"3"#$1*+C'#,&'5&4"5'$*613213"#$1*'17'5"*.8:"+&.';*$#+')$#,$*'&D$+#$*4' 6100;*$#$&+C'EF3&&'G++16$"#$1*H'13'EI$0$#&.'/1%&3&$4*# ' RM !"#$%$&'()*+,"#$,$()!-++.",$+/$0&$#$+&)+&!+1+2"!&)&#$+!)$2+)"31%4!+$(4&('+,"%$+)51(+1+6$()7%*+"8+ 4&!6%&,&(1)&"(9+35&0$+")5$%!+8$$0+)51)+)5$+/&00+3"704+0$'&)&,&:$+;.+)%$1),$()+1(4+6"()%"0+"#$%+ <131&&1(!-=>9++=?++@5&0$+2%$!!7%$+8"%+17)"(",*+1(4+!"#$%$&'()*+6"()&(7$+)"+/7&049+)5$+"7)6",$+ ,1*+4$2$(4+"(+35$)5$%+4&88$%$()+'%"72!+61(+10&'(+)5$&%+"/A$6)&#$!-++ + Recognized and effective autonomy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utonomy recognized but not implemented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onetary compensation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ection 6 Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims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reparing conditions within the community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he value of international pressure =0#!)&,#,!#F&3'(#+!'(!%0',!,%1+4!$#<#&/!%0#!)&-&)'%4!*2!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!CDE,!%*!#F#$%!-$#,,1$#!*(! 2*$#'5(!5*<#$(3#(%,6!B0#(!'(%#$(&%'*(&/!-$#,,1$#!*$!,1--*$%!+*!(*%!#F',%!*$!+',&--#&$8!%0#!<*')#,! ! MN !"#$%&'()*#+',,#$!&#-%()#%*#./0-#'.1%0&#%$2#%#2!.'$%$�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nlisting the dominant culture :&'(.!)&#$7'-!&.+&'("&,077",,#02&$,,"!'.-+&-#&.+)./"+-0,&72$.%,&.,&'-&%0,'"!&'("&,011-!'&-#& %"%*"!,&-#&'("&)-%.+$+'&702'0!"&;(-&7$+3&.+&'0!+3&1!",,0!"&/-6"!+%"+',&'-&/!$+'&-!&"51$+)&'("& !./(',&-#&.+)./"+-0,&1"-12"9&&& <+&=$.;$+3&#-!&"5$%12"3&#-!&'("&1$,'&';-&)"7$)",&'("&$7'.6.,%&-#&'("&=,-0&1"-12"&($,& #-70,")&-+&'("&!"2$'.-+,(.1&*"';""+&'("&=,-0&$+)&'("&/-6"!+%"+'&$+)&-+&'("&!"*0.2).+/&-#& 7$1$7.'8&$+)&.)"+'.'8&;.'(.+&'("&=,-0&7-%%0+.'89&=("&>$+&?(.+","&.+($*.'$+',&-#&'("&$!"$&($6"& !"/$!)")&'("&"7-+-%.7&$+)&1-2.'.7$2&$7(."6"%"+',&-#&'("&=,-0&;.'(&%.,'!0,'&$+)&*.''"!+",,&$+)& ($6"&*""+&!"207'$+'&'-&$77"1'&'(".!&.+7!"$,.+/&1-;"!9&@-!&'("&>$+&?(.+","&.+&'("&!"/.-+3&'("& $7(."6"%"+',&-#&.+)./"+-0,&$7'.6.,%&$+)&=,-0&,"2#A-!/$+.4.+/&($6"&7!"$'")&'"+,.-+,&*"';""+&'("& ';-&+"./(*-!.+/&/!-01,9&=("&)-%.+$+'&.+($*.'$+',&$+)&'("&2-7$2&1-2.7"&,""%&'-&#""2& ).,"%1-;"!")&*8&'("&!.,"&-#&'("&=,-09& :&BCCD&7-0!'&)"7.,.-+&#-0+)&$&=,-0&("$)%$+&/0.2'8&-#&!-**"!8&;("+3&.+&(.,&6.";3&("&;$,& E0,'28&"5"!7.,.+/&(.,&$0'(-!.'8&'-&1!-'"7'&=,-0&!",-0!7",&#!-%&$&>$+&?(.+","&'!",1$,,"!9FCG&&=("& 7$,"&,0//",',&'($'&.+)./"+-0,&,-6"!"./+'8&.,&-#'"+&!"E"7'")&*8&'("&)-%.+$+'&702'0!"&$+)&.',& .+,'.'0'.-+,&;("+&'("&';-&702'0!$2&$+)&2"/$2&,8,'"%,&7-%"&.+'-&7-+#2.7'9&=(.,&7$,"&$2,-& )"%-+,'!$'",&$+&.+7!"$,")&'"+,.-+&;.'(.+&'("&=,-0&7-%%0+.'83&;(.7(&($,&'$H"+&-6"!& !",1-+,.*.2.'.",&'($'&0,")&'-&*"2-+/&'-&/-6"!+%"+'&$/"+7.",&7!"$'")&*8&'("&)-%.+$+'&702'0!"9&& <#&'("&=,-0&$!"&'-&$7(."6"&'!0"&,"2#A/-6"!+$+7"3&.'&.,&",,"+'.$2&#-!&'("%&'-&!")"#.+"&'(".!& !"2$'.-+,(.1&;.'(&'("&+$'.-+$2&/-6"!+%"+'&$+)&;.'(&'("&)-%.+$+'&702'0!"9&=("8&%0,'&.+720)"&>$+& ?(.+","&.+&'("&"7-+-%.7&)"6"2-1%"+'&-#&'("&!"/.-+3&;(.7(&.,&*".+/&,'.%02$'")&*8&=,-0&$7'.6.'.",9& =(.,&,""%,&'-&*"&$&sine qua non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ngaging indigenous people in defining their status and rights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ection 7! First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future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eferences ! "#$!%&!'())*+&!Mining, the environment, and indigenous development conflicts&! ,-./012!31$456/$78!09!"6$:01;!<65//! ! "##=067>?!@A=;6A&!'@A&+&!'BCCD+&!The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland&!E-6>;F2!E-G5! 31$456/$78!<65//&!! ! H;4$/G;6?!"&!'BCCI+&!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley&!J5=!K06G2!LM906A!31$456/$78!<65//&! ! H6$;1!N&!O$##$;F/&!'())B+&!The Crimean Tatars. The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation.!P5$A512!@&Q&!H6$##&!! ! R>-6.>$##?!O&!;1A!S5115!%&T&!'5A/&+&!!'())U+&!!Islands in captivity: The record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians&!!R;FV6$AW5?!X"2!%0-7>!@1A! <65//&!!! ! R0;75/!Y&!'@A&+&!'BCC(+&!Aboriginal land claims in Canada: A regional perspective&!,0601702! R0ZZ!R#;6G!<$7F;1! ! R0>51!"&!'BC[I+&!Arab border-villages in Israel; A study of continuity and change in social organization&!X;1.>5/7562!X;1.>5/756!31$456/$78!<65//&! ! R6;$W?!\&!'BCCD+!Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawai’i&!!P;1>;F2!,>5!%.;65.60=!<65//&! ! E5;1?!H&!;1A!P54$!Q&!'5A/&+&!'())*+&!At the risk of being heard&!"11!"6V062!31$456/$78!09! X$.>$W;1!<65//&! ! ]$/>56?!"#;1!O&!'BCCD+&!H57=551!\-//$;1/?!L770F;1/!;1A!,-6G/2!R6$F5;!;1A!R6$F5;1!,;7;6/&! ^/7;1V-#2!^/$/!<65//&! ! ]$/>56?!O$##$;F!]&!'5A&+!'BCCI+&!Toward sustainable development? Struggling over India’s Narmada River&!"6F01G2!J&K&?!X&@&!%>;6Z5&! ! ]P"R%L&!'())I+&!Sarayaku?!El pueblo del cenit, identidad y construcción étnica&! ]P"R%L_RE@%2!`-$70&!!! ! N6$99$7>/?!,&!'())*+!Ownership, use, occupation and management of ancestral Akawaio and Arekuna territory in the Upper Mazaruni.!N-8;1;!'())*+&! ! T;#-;#;1$?!\&,&!!'())(+&!In the name of Hawaiians: Native identities and cultural politics&!! X$115;Z0#$/2!31$456/$78!09!X$115/07;!<65//&! ! T;/7$1W/!E&!;1A!O$#/01!,&!'BCCC+&!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State&!J5=!K06G2! LM906A!^17561;7$01;#!<-V#$/>56/&! ! II !"#$%&'()*+),-.+/+),0112/+)3&4%&%567.)#"&58%898%"&:;)<95%&755=)>786%&$%&')%&.%'7&"95)57;4? .787@A%&:8%"&+)B:&<7@@:C)D<"@%'%&:;)E89.%75)F@755) G:<<9@)G+),HII2/+)The Bedouin and the desert aspects of nomadic life in the Arab East+)D;<:&JC) E8:87)3&%K7@5%8J)"4)L7M)N"@$)F@755+) ) O:&'7@)-+P+()Q)R9&"S()-+),-.5+/+),011T/+)Contemporary indigenous movements in Latin America+)U%;A%&'8"&C)G:'9:@)F@755+) ) O:J&7)O+),HIIV/+)!"A7):&.)6"A7;:&.C)W67).%:;"'%#5)"4)8@%<:;):&.)&:8%"&:;)%.7&8%8%75)%&)G"@.:&() F@%N"&C)F@%N"&)3&%K7@5%8J)X@755+)) ) R#B"";()P+)),HIIV/+)Command of the waters: Iron triangles, Federal water development, and Indian water.)W9#5"&C)W67)3&%K7@5%8J)"4)D@%S"&:)F@755+) ) R#B9;;J)F+),011H/+)E%;7.)@%K7@5: The ecology and politics of large dams+)O"&."&C)Y7.)*""$5) :&.)*7@$7;7JC)Z&87@&:8%"&:;)>%K7@)L78M"@$+) ) R7%@)D+),HII[/+)As nomadism ends+)*"9;.7@C)U758K%7M)F@755+) ) R";;"J()W+),0111/+)The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. B:;':@JC)\%486)!"957+) ) >:9&78()P+),HII]/+)Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claims+) ^:&#"9K7@C)P"9';:5)Q)R#Z&8J@7+) ) >7:)D+),HII[/+)At the desert's green edge, an ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima+)W9#5"&C) 3&%K7@5%8J)"4)D@%S"&:)F@755+) ) >";.7()L+),011V/+)Unsettled past, unsettled future: The story of Maine Indians+)_:@.%&7@C)W%;<9@J) !"957+) >"57()D;7`),7.+/+),HIIT/+)Nisga’a: People of the Nass River.)L7M)D%J:&56C)L%5':a:)W@%<:;) B"9&#%;+) ) >"57()D+),0111/+)Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty+)R:.7%@:) F:@$C)!:@<"9@)F9<;%56%&'+) ) >"57&?YK%)Z+),011V/+)Taking space seriously: Law, space and society in contemporary Israel+) D;.7@56"8):&.)*9@;%&'8"&C)D56':87+) ) >"J()D+),HIII/+)The cost of living+)L7M)N"@$C)R".7@&)O%<@:@J+) ) E:MJ7@()E+),011V/+)Crude chronicles+)P9@6:AC)P9$7)3&%K7@5%8J)F@755) ) E#6""@;()G+),HIIT/+)Culture and change among the Muyu.)W@:&5;:87.) 2]) ) !"##$%#&'()'*+,,-.)'/"0#1'23$243#5'6%7"83%$9#':941903#';%7'1<3"0'=91903#)'>$%7$%5'?3;@1"$%'A$$@#)' ' !13B3%#$%'C)'*+,,D.)'Gender and modernity in Andean Bolivia)'E9#1"%5'F%"B30#"1G'$='H3I;#' J03##)' ' F2230'C;K;09%"'L"#10":1'M$9%:"4&'EJE&'N'/$03#1'J3$243O#'J0$80;PP3)'*DQQQ.)'Mazulingok: Indigenous peoples, land rights and mining in the Upper Mazaruni)' ' R;%8'!)&'R;%8'C)'N'J9'M)'*+,,D.)'The history of Formosan Aborigines: Tsou//Tai-wan Yuan- zhu-ming Shi: Tsou-zu-shi Pien'*"%'M<"%3#3.)'S;%T1$95'H<3'U"#1$0":;4'?3#3;0:<'M$PP"##"$%'$=' H;"V;%'J0$B"%:3)' ' R<"13&'?)'*DQQ,.)'Tribal assets: the Rebirth of Native America)'S3V'W$0@5'U3%0G'U$41';%7' M$P2;%G)' ' ' ' ' -X The Case Studies ! "#$!%&'$'!($)$($*%$+!,*!-#,'!'-.+/!0$($!%1*-(,2.-$+!2/!3&(-,%,3&*-'!,*!-#$!'3(,*4!5667!89"! :$;,*&(!1*!Addressing Land Claims of Indigenous Peoples. 9'&2$<<$!=*4.$<1>'?,@!:.;;$(! =.'-,*@!"&<,&!A$(;&*BC,'#1*/@!:#.*<,*4!D#$*@!=(-.(!E$;%#.?@!=*+($&!F<$*@!=.-.;*!F(&#&;@! :#,G.?&!H&'#,;1-1@!I1*&-#&*!C&.);&*@!IJ!K(,%!C$*-@!:-$>$*!L$0,'@!8&(,&!M$/$'@!=<$N,'! :%#.<;&*@!I$'',%&!".%?$(B81#<@!&*+!C&-#$(,*$!O&<<&%$!3(1>,+$+!)&%-.&$!-($&-;$*-'!1)!-#$!%&'$'!-#$/!'-.+,$+J! The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) Isabelle Anguelovski ! "#$!:&(&/&?.!3$13<$!1)!-#$!E$3&(-;$*-!1)!P&'-&G&!,*!-#$!=;&G1*!&($&!1)!K%.&+1(!&($!1(4&*,G$+! ,*-1!),>$!%1;;.*,-,$'!1)!Q@666!,*#&2,-&*-'J!"#$/!2$<1*4!-1!-#$!,*+,4$*1.'!4(1.3!%&<<$+!RD&*$<1'! C,%#0&'JS!"#$!%1;;.*,-,$'!',-!1*!-#$!2&*?'!1)!-#$!A121*&G&!M,>$(!7T!?,<1;$-$('!'1.-#$&'-!1)! P./1@!-#$!+$3&(-;$*-!%&3,-& TV! ! !!!!!!!!!!"#!$%&!%#!'()!*%&%+%,-!.)/.0)!%&)!1/21)&2)34!'()!Sumak Allpa!5')&&6'/&+7!6#!8%3)!-.!/$! '(&))!.%&'#4!/&!#.%1)#9!Jahuapacha 5'()!#,+74!Caipacha 5'()!)%&'(74!%23!Ukupacha 5'()!#-:#/607;! <()+!%38626#')&!'()#)!#.%1)#!%11/&362=!'/!'()6&!'&%36'6/2#;!>>?!*%&%+%,-!.)/.0)!:)06)@)!'(%'! 1/2'&/0062=!'()!-#)!/$!2%'-&%0!&)#/-&1)#!5&6@)!$/&)#'#4!/607!/2!'()6&!')&&6'/&+!6#!'()!sine qua non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anadian Journal of Development Studies B[PQR\$C[[9CC[@$ %/']04$:@$PBKKQR@$Changing interactions between humans and nature in Sarayaku, Ecuadorian Amazon@$X75.7'&1$-/,,@$X#?.@$7+$F*'&1$X#H#17?3#0.$&0-$:2'7#57172(4$%ND@$:5.&$D0/H#',/.&./,$ &2'/5*1.*'&#$%*#5/&@$:2'&'/&$H71@$QQ^@$$ $ $ CA The Mapuche (Chile) Alexis Schulman ! "#$%&'!()!*#%+#,-!./!012"!2,526#,.74!*#.*&#!25#,-2/'!-1#84#&9#4!$4!:$*7+1#;!+7%%#,-&'! +.8*%242,6!<#-=##,!>??;???!@A???!0#,474B!$,5!C;???;???!*#.*&#!@CDDA!+#,474BECAF!G1#!,$8#! :$*7+1#!8$'!<#!-%$,4&$-#5!&2-#%$&&'!$4!H*#.*&#!./!-1#!&$,5I!@mapu J!&$,5!$,5!che!J!*#.*&#BE!G1#! <#&2#/!-1$-!-1#!:$*7+1#!$%#!2,#K-%2+$<&'!&2,L#5!-.!-1#2%!#,92%.,8#,-!=$4!@$,5!%#8$2,4B!8$,2/#4-! 2,!-1#2%!#+.,.8';!+74-.84;!$,5!4*2%2-7$&2-'E!! ! M%2.%!-.!-1#!$%%29$&!./!-1#!N*$,241!)??!'#$%4!$6.;!-1#!:$*7+1#!.++7*2#5!$,!#,.%8.74! -#%%2-.%'!@7*!-.!OC!82&&2.,!1#+-$%#4!<'!4.8#!#4-28$-#4B!2,!-1#!4.7-1#%,!+.,#!./!N.7-1!P8#%2+$E! Q,&2L#!8$,'!,$-29#!*#.*!./!-1#!%#62.,;!-1#!:$*7+1#!5#/#,5#5!-1#2%!-#%%2-.%'!$6$2,4-!-1#! N*$,241!.9#%!$!92.&#,-!C??R'#$%!*#%2.5ECA(!!S,!C>TC;!-1#!N*$,241!$,5!:$*7+1#!426,#5!-1#!/2%4-!./!$! 4#%2#4!./!parlimentos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`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�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eferences :9-;*+8%<0%=>??@A0%Indigenous peoples rights in Chile: Progress and contradictions in the context of globalization.%B()#)+$),%'$%$.)%7'+',*'+%% :##"3*'$*"+%2"(%C'$*+%:!)(*3'+%'+,%7'(*55)'+%D$/,*)#0%EEF111%7"+6()##0%% D*!"+%G('#*)(%H+*I)(#*$98%F'+3"/I)(8%7'+','0%J'(3.%>?KL>0% % M(9'+8%<0%=LNN>A0%By Reason or by Force: Territory, State Power and Mapuche Land Rights in Southern Chile.%J'#$)(#%O.)#*#8%H+*I)(#*$9%"2%7'-*2"(+*'8%% M)(P)-)90%%% % Q/!'+%R*6.$#%S'$3.%=QRSA%=LNNTA0%Undue Process: Terrorism Trials, Military Courts, and the Mapuche in Southern Chile.%:I'*-'5-)%'$U%% .$$&UVV;;;0.(;0"(6V()&"($#VLNNTV3.*-)>NNTV*+,)W0.$!0%:33)##),%J'(3.%LNNX0%% % D4+'Y,)(8%J0%=LNNZA%[$.+",)I)-"&!)+$%'+,%,)!"3('$*3%3"+#"-*,'$*"+%*+%% 7.*-)U%$.)%J'&/3.)%\/)#$*"+0%1+%C'+6)(%[0]0%'+,%J/+"48%[0%=[,#0%A8% Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America0%S*-!*+6$"+8%][U%% <'6/'(%B()##0% XX% % The Amerindians (Guyana) Summer Austin and Jonathan Kaufman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porknocker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de facto(#0+(,$40#.(#0+6(*!6(&%#(5+(!5/+(#%(4+#(de jure'( ( References =+&#,!/(>&#+//$4+&"+()4+&"6;(Guyana;($&(?%,/-(:!"#5%%7;(!9!$/!5/+(!#(0##1@AA222'"$!'4%9A"$!A( 185/$"!#$%&.A3!"#5%%7A4+%.A46'0#*/'(( ( B,$33$#0.;(C'(DEFFGH'(Ownership, use, occupation and management of ancestral Akawaio and Arekuna territory in the Upper Mazaruni;(Guyana'( ( I+&&+..6;(J'(DEFFEH'(Amerindian Environmental Politics and Resource Justice in GuyanaI8*!&( K$40#.(=+&#+,;(L'='(M+,7+/+6;(NEONG;(!9!$/!5/+(!# 0##1@AA222'0,"5+,7+/+6'%,4A-%2&/%!-A,+1%,#P/0+&&+..6'1-3'( Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: Concluding Observations: Guyana(DEFFGH(=QKR(=%**';(SG,-(T+..';(U(GVE;(L'W'(R%"'(=ABLXA=YANS'( ( L11+,(Z![!,8&$()*+,$&-$!&(R$.#,$"#(=%8&"$/;()*+,$&-$!&(U+%1/+.()..%"$!#$%&(%3(B86!&!(!&-( :UU'(DEFFFH'(Indigenous Peoples, Land Rights and Mining in the Upper Mazaruni'( ( V\ The Pima: A Gila River Indian community (Arizona, United States) Steven Lewis and Maria Reyes ! "#$!%&'()*+!,+-$&!.$--/$0$*-1!%2-!)3!4556!7%,.%8!'1!-#$!9&):;2-!)3!/+*:0+&!*$=)-'+-')*!?$-@$$*!+*!'*:'=$*);1!9$)9/$!+*:!+!*+-')*!1-+-$A!!"#'1!/$='1/+-')*!1$--/$1!+! 2&'-'2+/!&$1);&2$!2/+'0!?$-@$$*!-#$!B'/+!C'D$&!E*:'+*!F)00;*'-G!7BCEF8!+*:!-#$!H*'-$:!.-+-$1! -#+-!:+-$1!?+2-&'2+?/G!-)!-#$!/+*:!+*:J!?G!$>-$*1')*J!-)!-#$!3/)@'*=!@+-$&1!)3!-#$! B'/+!C'D$&A!E*!-#$!0':QIR-#!2$*-;&GJ!-#$!O'0+!@$/2)0$:!-#$!P+&'2)9+!7)&!Pee Posh8!+1!+//'$1!@#)! @$&$!'*2)&9)&+-$:!'*-)!-#$!2)00;*'-G!@#'/$!1-'//!0+'*-+'*'*=!-#$'&!&$19$2-'D$!2;/-;&$!+*:! -&+:'-')*1A!"#$!BCEF!@+1!$1-+?/'1#$:!'*!IRST!?G!+*!U>$2;-'D$!V&:$&!+*:!-#$!2)*1-'-;-')*+/! =)D$&*0$*-!@+1!$1-+?/'1#$:!'*!ITMT!@'-#!-#$!E*:'+*!C$)&=+*'(+-')*!%2-AIMR! ! "):+G!-#$!BCEF!$*2)09+11$1!W55!1X;+&$!0'/$1!)3!/+*:!1);-#!)3!O#)$*'>J!-#$!2+9'-+/!2'-G!)3! -#$!1-+-$!)3!%&'()*+J!?)&:$&'*=!1$D$&+/!*$'=#?)&'*=!2'-'$1!+*:!-)@*1!'*!+!19&+@/'*=!;&?+*!+&$+A!! "#$&$!+&$!I6J555!0$0?$&1!/'D'*=!)*!-#$!BCEF!&$1$&D+-')*!+*:!+99&)>'0+-$/G!4IJ555!0$0?$&1!'*! -)-+/A!!"#$!BCEF!)9$&+-$1!-#&$$!2+1'*)1!+*:!+!N55Q&))0!&$1)&-J!=)/3!2);&1$J!?;1'*$11!9+& N5! ! !"#$%&'()*)&+,-).!/''01)'(+2.3#()'#.4&5()3'")&#.65#31#.7'45"").!'%.('85!5")'2%!)"'"#71!3'$%3)('+.' !1)'9#.!)"3':+4!"#.);'!1)'")%&#!<'+8'%(-#.#3!"%!#*)'4+.!"+&'+*)"'!1)'2%!)";'%.('!1)'!"#$)=3'"#71!'!+' 3)&&'+"'&)%3)'!1)'2%!)"/>?>' ' 01"+571'65%.!#8#4%!#+.'+8'!"#$%&'2%!)"'"#71!3;'!1)'#335)'+8'@5"#3(#4!#+.'#.'%(-#.#3!"%!#+.' 4%.'$)'%((")33)(/'9%!)"'"#71!3'.)7+!#%!#+.3'4%.'$)'%.'+,,+"!5.#!<'8+"'!1)'35""+5.(#.7'3!%!)'%.(' &+4%&'.+.AB.(#%.'4+--5.#!#)3'!+'5.()"3!%.('%.('!+'%,,")4#%!)'!1)'45&!5"%&'$)&#)83;')4+.+-#4' ()*)&+,-).!'.))(3;'%.('%7"#45&!5"%&'#.!)")3!3'+8'!1)'B.(#%.'!"#$)'%3'#3'!1)'4%3)'2#!1'!1)'CDBE/'' 91#&)'!1#3'#&&53!"%!)3'!1)'*%&5)'+8'%'.)7+!#%!)('3)!!&)-).!;'2#!1+5!'!1)'!1")%!'+8'&#!#7%!#+.;'!1)")'#3' &#!!&)'4+-,5&3#+.'!+'.)7+!#%!)/>?F''01)'CDBE'-%()'%'4"#!#4%&'()4#3#+.'!+'%4!#*)&<'35,,+"!'%.('%33#3!' #.'!1)'4"%8!#.7'+8'!1)'3)!!&)-).!'53#.7'&#!#7%!#+.'!+'&)*)"%7)'35,,+"!'8"+-'+!1)"'3!%G)1+&()"3/>?H' 01)'I"#J+.%'9%!)"'K)!!&)-).!3'I4!'LI9KIM>??'#3'5.#65)'#.'-%.<'2%<3/''B!'#3'!1)'&%"7)3!' 3)!!&)-).!'+8'B.(#%.'2%!)"'"#71!3'#.'N.#!)('K!%!)3'1#3!+"?O' ' 01)'I9KI'")3+&*)3'%&&'+8'!1)'CDBE'4&%#-3'8+"'2%!)";'%&&'4&%#-3'8+"'#.@5"#)3'!+'2%!)"' "#71!3;'%.('+!1)"'G)<'I"#J+.%'%.('&+4%&'-5.#4#,%&#!<'#335)3/'B!'+5!&#.)3'CDBE'4+.!"+&'+8'!1)' 2%!)"=3'()3!#.?P''B.'%((#!#+.;'!1)'I9KI',"+1#$#!3'!1)'CDBE'8"+-' 3))G#.7'%.'#.4")%3)'!+'!1)'45"").!'7"+5.(2%!)"'"#71!3'%.(',"+!)4!3'!1)'45"").!'CDBE'7"+5.(2%!)"' 8"+-',5-,#.7'.)%"'!1)'")3)"*%!#+.'$+5.(%"#)3/' ' Q+3!'#-,+"!%.!&<;'!1)'IK9I'2#&&'75%"%.!))'%'(),).(%$&)'35,,&<'+8'2%!)"'!+'CDBE' &%.(3;'%'!+!%&'%..5%&').!#!&)-).!'+8'POH;ORR'%4")A8))!/''91#&)'!1#3'%-+5.!'#3'+.&<'%'8"%4!#+.'+8'!1)' 2%!)"'!+'21#41'!1)'CDBE'#3'&)7%&&<').!#!&)(;'#!',"+*#()3'!1)'CDBE'2#!1'.)2'2%!)"'3+5"4)3'!+' "),&%4)'3+-)'+8'!1)'C#&%'D#*)"'2%!)"'!1%!'1%3'$)).'&+3!'+*)"'!1)'&%3!'4).!5"?S' B!'#3'%3!+.#31#.7'!1%!'!1)'CDBE'1%3'")!%#.)('#!3'#().!#!<'%3'!1)'TD#*)"'U)+,&)V'!+'!1#3'(% ' S> !"#$%&'(&#)*+,)-,')+.$''+/!#0+(1)+'!234567++8-9(+$0,-#(!2(':*+(1)+#);$;!'+-/+!"#$%&'(&#)+.$''+<#$2"+ ?@A+%&'(&#!'+!23+9,$#$(&!'+%-22)%($-2+(-+(1)+'!234++ + B2)+-/+(1)+,&#,-9)9+-/+(1)+CDEC+.!9+(-+,#-;$3)+!+/#!0).-#=+/-#+9)((')0)2(+-/+C#$F-2!+ @23$!2+.!()#+#$"1(9+%'!$094++E)2!(-#+G-12+H:'+I?*+C#$F-2!J+$29$9()3+(1!(+(1)#)+<)+,#-;$9$-29+/-#+ /&(&#)+@23$!2+.!()#+%'!$094+@2()#)9($2"':*+);)2+.$(1+(1)9)+,#-;$9$-29*+(1#))+-(1)#+C#$F-2!+(#$<)9+ (1!(+1!;)+%&##)2(+-&(9(!23$2"+%'!$09+(#$)3+(-+9(-,+(1)+CDEC+')"$9'!($-2456K+ + L'($0!()':+(1)+$0,!%(+-/+(1)+CDEC+.$''+<)+3)()#0$2)3+-;)#+0!2:+:)!#9+!9+(1)+>?@A+ .-#=9+(-+#)%-22)%(+(-+(1)+%&'(&#)+!23+%-90-'-":+(1!(+1!9+<))2+'-9(4++@2+(1)+0)!2($0)*+(1)+1$9(-#$%+ !9,)%(9+-/+(1)+CDEC+.$''+9(!23+!9+!+<)!%-2+-/+9&%%)99+/-#+(1)+0!2:+1&23#)39+-/+,)-,')+$2;-';)3+ $2+(.-+3)%!3)9+-/+!%($;)+2)"-($!($-29+(1!(+,#)%)3)3+(1)+9$"2$2"+-/+(1)+<$''4++C+>?@A+)'3)#+91!#)9+ 1$9+;$9$-2+-/+(1)+/&(&#)+.$(1+(1)+#)!'$F!($-2+-/+(1)+CDECM5NO P-#+3)%!3)9*+.!()#+9)((')0)2(+.!9+!+91!#)3+3#)!0+-/+-&#+,)-,')4+@(+.!9+!+;$9$-2+-/+ 9)%&#$(:+!23+9(!<$'$(:+/-#+/&(&#)+")2)#!($-29+(-+)2Q-:+!+<)(()#+R&!'$(:+-/+'$/)+1)#)+$2+(1)+ 3)9)#(+(1!2+(1)+-2)+0!2:+-/+&9+)23&#)34+S-.+(1!(+.!()#+9)((')0)2(+$9+!+#)!'$(:*+-&#+ A-00&2$(:+$9+/!%)3+2-(+.$(1+, &$2"+(1!(+3#)!0+<&(+.$(1+,#-()%($2"+$(+!23+<&$'3$2"+ &,-2+.1!(+,!9(+")2)#!($-29+1-,)3+.-&'3+%-0)+(-+,!99+.$(1+-&#+.!()#+9)((')0)2(4+D!()#+ $9+-&#+'!#")9(+!23+0-9(+,#)%$-&9+#)2).!<')+2!(&#!'+#)9-&#%)+!23+.)+%!2+2-.+'--=+/-#.!#3+ (-+1)',$2"+- )';)9+0))(+(1)+/&(&#)+%1!'')2")94+D!()#+9)((')0)2(+.$''+)21!2%)+-&#+ )%-2-0:+!23+$0,#-;)+-&#+R&!'$(:+-/+'$/)4+@(+.$''+)29&#)+9&9(!$2!<')+"#-.(1+/-#+(1)+%&##)2(+ !23+/&(&#)+,)-,')+-/+-&#+A-00&2$(:4+ + References L4E4+5O7+E)2!()+T)!#$2"94+IUOOV*+E),()0<)#+VOJ4 Arizona Water Settlements Act: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy And Natural Resources and the Committee on Indian Affairs4++L2$()3+E(!()9+E)2!()*+5O7(1+A-2"#)99*+59(+E)99$-2+ -2+E4+6VW4+D!91$2"(-2*+XAM++L4E4+>-;)#20)2(+Y#$2($2"+B//$%)+;$!+>YB+C%%)99+XBA@XM+ /MKO76O4.!$94++?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+V*+UOOZ+/#-0+ 1((,M[[/#.)<"!()4!%%)994",-4"-;[%"$<$2[")(3-%4%"$\3<2!0)]5O7^9)2!()^1)!#$2"9_3-%$3]/MKO76O 4.!$9++ + X)G-2"*+X4+IUOONJ4 History of the Gila River Water Settlements Act 2004+IA1!,()#9++ 5`7J4+?)(#$);)3+-2+X)%)0<)#+5*+UOOZ+/#-0+1((,M[[...4"$'!#$;)#4%-0[9)((')0)2(41(0+ + ?)!*+C4+I5KKWJ4++At the Desert's Green Edge: An ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima4+ a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+ + 8%A--'*+X4+I5KK6J4++Command of the waters: Iron triangles, Federal water development, and Indian Wwater4++a&%9-2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+C#$F-2!+Y#)994+ + E1&#(9*+G4+IUOOOJ4++Indian Reserved Water Rights: The Winters Doctrine in its Social and Legal Context, 1880’s-1930’s.++Legal History of North America (Vol 8).++S-#0!2M++L2$;)#9$(:+-/+ B='!1-0!+Y#)994+ WU+ + The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot (Maine, United States) J. Eric Kent !"#$%&'&#$()$*'+,#$+,$&"#$,(-&"#'.&#-,$/,+�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�$73$ .&'&#$8(H#-,1#,&$',0$+8,(-#0$73$&"#$)#0#-'2$8(H#-,1#,&:$&"#$&-+7#.$5#-#$0#.&+&4&#$',0$9(5#-2#..;$$ <,$&"#$KMP>.:$&"-##$()$&"#$)(4-$&-+7#.$5'8#0$'$.466#..)42$7'&&2#$&($8'+,$)#0#-'2$-#6(8,+&+(,$ Q$',0$&"#-#73:$9-(&+(,$)-(1$.&'&#$0(1+,',6#$FF$',0$&($-#6(H#-$2',0;$$!"#$-#.42&$5'.:$"(5#H#-:$'$ )2'5#0$',0$6(192+6'�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�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`*5."%")"6,")1()&.")a(1&"+)Q&$&",)1,)&."%"),02.)$)2*'#612$&1*(3))H"66O",&$761,."+)="+"%$6) 6$5)26"$%68)&%0'#,),&$&")\0%1,+12&1*()*>"%)?(+1$()&%17",3)L."),"&&6"'"(&)2*(=1%',)="+"%$6),&$&0,)=*%) &.")D$1(")&%17",)8"&;)&."),&$&")2*(&"(+,;)1&)61'1&,)&."')1()"P"%&1(/)&."1%),*>"%"1/()%1/.&,;)$(+)&.") ,&$&")"(\*8,)$()$'*0(&)*=)$0&.*%1&8)*>"%)&.")&%17",3)) L.1,)=0(+$'"(&$6)2*(&%$+12&1*()5$,)(*&)%",*6>"+)1()@ATW;)$,)"P.$0,&"+)("/*&1$&*%,)%0,."+) &*)/"&)$()$/%""'"(&)%$&1=1"+)78)&%17$6)'"'7"%,)7"=*%")&.")1($0/0%$&1*()*=)J%",1+"(&)9*($6+) 9"$/$(;)5.*)5$,).*,&16")&*)&.")6$(+)26$1'3)))L.")1,,0")5$,)+*5(#6$8"+)*%)"P#6$1("+)$5$8)$,)$) 7$&&6")=*%)$(*&."%)+$83)))?(">1&$768;)&.$&)+$8)2$'"3@Ub) Bb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eferences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he Native Hawaiians (United States) Katherine Wallace !"#$%&'(#)#*+),,#-./01#/2#3+4.56)"#)"7#80./14)"#90*5"4**#5":4.4*:*#*011/.:47#9;#:<4#=>#+5,5:).;# 2/.647#:<4#?)@)55)"#A5"-7/+B*#C044"#D5,5B0/E),)"5#:/#.4,5"F05*<#<4.#)0:#@/0,7#.46/-"5J4#:<4# 6/01#)"7#*09*4F04":#-/I4."+4":G$KL(#$K'##M"4#<0"7.47#;4).*#,):4.(#N.4*574":#O,5":/"#*5-"47#N09,56# D)@#$P'Q$RP(#)"#)1/,/-;#:/#S):5I4#?)@)55)"*#2/.#=>#5"I/,I4+4":#5"#:<4#5,,4-),#/I4.:<./@#/2# :<45.#*/I4.45-"#"):5/"#)"7#2/.#:<45.#,/**#/2#*4,2Q74:4.+5"):5/"G##H<4#,)@#0.-47#:<4#=>#:/# )6E"/@,47-4#:<4#20,,#.)+5256):5/"*#/2#5:*#)6:5/"*#)"7#*44E#.46/"65,5):5/"G$KT(#$KR(#$KK##U<5,4#*/+4# 24).47#:<4#)1/,/-;#@)*#+4.4,;#.<4:/.56),(#:<4#,)@#<)*#20.:<4.47#:<4#749):4#/I4.#?)@)55)"*B#.5-<:*# :/#*4,2Q74:4.+5"):5/"G$KV##W4*15:4#5"6.4)*47#)::4":5/"(#E;#\):<4.#Wakea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roken Trust: The Hawaiian Homelands Program: Seventy Years of Failure of the Federal and State Governments to Protect the Civil Rights of Native Hawaiians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roken Trust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eferences <%.,$%+''3#=9#&)8#>())(#?9#@(80A9#@BCCDA9##Islands in captivity: The record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians9##<&6!,+8*(E#?-.1%#F)8#G,(009## # H&'.&'&)+3#I9#:9#@BCCBA9##In the name of Hawaiians: Native identities and cultural politics9## J+))(&/-'+0E#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#J+))(0-1&#G,(009# # ?$%(.(,3#L9#@BCCBA9##Water and Power in Hawai’i: The Waiahole Water Case and the Future of the Islands9#K)/.!'+0%(8#8+00(,1&1+-)3#K)+2(,0+1"#-7#<&'+7-,)+&3#?&)1&#<,.M9## # K9?9#<-66+00+-)#-)#<+2+'#I+*%103#H&4&++#N82+0-,"#<-66+11((#@K?< QB# # The Nisga’a (Canada) Andrea Glen ! "#$!%&'()*)!)+$!,#$!-.$/01$!/2!,#$!%)''!3&4$+5!&6!6/+,#$+6!7+&,&'#!8/19:;&)?@@!!A6B$! CD ! MC !"#$%&'()*)$+&+$,-.$/&,$."#&0$12)&3$4#1)5'#$."#$6-50.$'72&.$-,$/"#."#0$%&'()*)$.&.2#$")+$4##,$ #8.&,(5&'"#+9$45.$."#$)1:,-/2#+(#3#,.$.").$)4-0&(&,)2$.&.2#$could$#8&'.$/)'$)$;&1.-0<$&,$&.'#2=>?@A$$$ !"#$Calder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alder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isga’a Final Agreement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ndian Act>???$$!"#$%&'()*)$[&'&3'$J-;#0,3#,.$")'$40-)+$ 2#(&'2).&;#$7-/#0'$-;#0$3-'.$&,.#0,)2$3)..#0'9$&,125+&,($.)8).&-,9$45.$,-.$-;#0$10&3&,)2$2)/>??A$$G.$ 1),$#'.)42&'"$&.'$-/,$7-2&1#$),+$1-50.'9$45.$)77#)2'$=0-3$%&'()*)$1-50.$+#1&'&-,'$/&22$(-$.-$."#$ 0#(52)0$70-;&,1&)2$1-50.$'<'.#3>??B$$V0-;&,1&)2$),+$=#+#0)2$2)/'$-=$(#,#0)2$)772&1).&-,$),+$."#$ PB$ $ !"#"$%"#&Charter of Rights and Freedoms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eferences !"#"$"%&'()*)+,&!-./01)"&2&3)+4"5"&3"*)-#%&Nisga’a Final Agreement 67&8/4/+*&9::;<%& "=")."1.>&"*&,**?@AABBBC")#DE)#"DC4DCD"A?(A"4(A#+4"A#)+$>FG>C,*0.&H3-B&3)+4"5"&I)#".&84(>>0>#*& 8D*%&JC'C!C&9:::K& & L-..-M%&NC&6OPPP ;W& & The Tatars of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine) Artur Demchuk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`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indigenous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ejlises;# 6-++%4",9=#"$%#G%1-:,).#2/#6+)(%'#'43#HI+')4%#'+%#/'.)45#'#4-(:%+#2/#&%+)2-&#%.242().=# 12,)").',=#'43#&2.)',#1+2:,%(&#"$'"#('I%#)"#3)//).-,"#"2#+%&1243#"2#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&8#.,')(&;#J%+9# ,)()"%3#/-43&#'+%#'*'),':,%#"2#'33+%&&#('49#2/#"$%#4%%3&#'43#1+2:,%(/#%"$4).#()42+)")%&;##K4,9# '#/%F#52*%+4(%4"#2//).)',&#)4#HI+')4%=#'43#&1%.)/).',,9#6+)(%'=#$'*%#&-:&"'4")',#%01%+)%4.%#)4# 3%',)45#F)"$#"$%#.$',,%45%&%3#:9#%"$4).#3)*%+&)"9#'43#)&&-%&#&-.$#'&#"$%#+%&%"",%(%4"#2/# /2+(%+#3%12+"%%&;#7$%#+-,%#2/#,'F#21%+'"%&#)4#'4#)(1%+/%."#F'9#)4#HI+')4%=#'#.2-4"+9#&"),,#)4# "+'4&)")24;#L0)&")45#.)")>%4&$)1#+%5-,'")24 #42"#5)*%#424M.)")>%4&#A&-.$#'&#"$2&%#+%"-+4)45#"2# 6+)(%'#/+2(#H>:%I)&"'4D#,%5',#+)5$"&#"2#1+)*'")>%3#,'43;## !#5+%'"#3%',#2/#)4"2,%+'4.%=#'43#'4#-4F),,)454%&&#"2#%45'5%#)4#4%52")'")24&#"$'"#F2-,3#,%'3# "2#+%'&24':,%#.2(1+2()&%&#"2#'..2((23'"%#%"$4).#3)*%+&)"9=#.'4#:%#/2-43#)4#&2(%#&%."2+/# HI+')4)'4#&2.)%"9#)4.,-3)45#('49#12,)").)'4&=#52*%+4(%4"#2//).)',&=#'43#.2((-4)"9#/)5-+%&#)4# 6+)(%';#E4#6+)(%'#"$%#(')4&"+%'(#('&&#(%3)'#&2(%")(%&#%4.2-+'5%#+'"$%+#"$'4#3)&.2-+'5%# )4"2,%+'4.%#'43#0%421$2:)';#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&#'+%#+%5-,'+,9#&-:N%."%3#"2#*).)2-&#&"%+%2"91)45#'43# -&%3#'&#&.'1%52'"&#/2+#('49#2/#6+)(%'O&#&2.)2M%.242().#'43#12,)").',#1+2:,%(&;# # 7$%#2452)45#A"$2-5$#42"#21%4,9#('4)/%&"%3D#.24/,)."#:%"F%%4#"$%#6+)(%'4#7'"'+# ()42+)"9#'43#"$%#('N2+)"9#2/#"$%#6+)(%'4#121-,'")24#)%+1%"-'"%3#"$+2-5$#P('N2+)"9M:'&%3# 3%(2.+'.9Q;##7$)&#&9&"%(#('I%&#)"#12&&):,%#"2#)542+%#'49#6+)(%'4#7'"'+&#.,')(&#'43#3%('43&# 42"#&-112+"%3#:9#,%5',#(%.$'4)&(&;##7$%+%#)&#'#4%%3#/2+#/-+"$%+#4%52")'")24#'43#4%F#',"%+4'")*%# .+%'")*%#'11+2'.$%&=#)4.,-3)45#"$%#1+)4.)1,%/#.24&%4&-&#:-),3)45#'43#3%,):%+'")*%#3%(2.+'.9;# References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he Bedouins (Israel and Jordan) Talia Berman-Kishony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eferences ='(*@#0%44%-*A.*The Tribes of Jordan at the beginning of the twenty-first century; Home and Homeland: The Dialogist of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan.** * +%99#,*B.*CDEEFG.*H01*H,%();",4%&'"(*";*=1-"#'(*$';1.*2(*The Bedouin and the desert aspects of nomadic life in the Arab East.*I$9%(:J*B&%&1*K('>1,)'&:*";*?17*L",M*N,1)).* * O%:(1*O.*CDEEPG.*Q"41*%(-*0"41$%(-J*H01*-'%$"3'5)*";*&,'9%$*%(-*(%&'"(%$*'-1(&'&'1)*'(*+",-%(6* N,'(51&"(J*N,'(51&"(*K('>1,)'&:*!,1)).** * @1',*I.*DEER.*As nomadism ends.*="#$-1,6* EV* * The Tsou (Taiwan) Shunling Chen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`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hicu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ren-yi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eferences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`?\abPPaQQc?#(214*;3V! ! ! bd The Adivasi (India) Shizuka Hashimoto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
"-&-8')-*.-&(0#(&(0-&9-0#4'"'(#('+*&#*)&9-2-(("-1-*(&1-#2/9-2&0#)& 2-9'+/2&)-!-.(2&'*&(0-'9!"'.#('+*;<=D& M0-&JJN&4-:#*&'*&-#9*-2(&'*CGD>&$0-*&(0-&O+9")&P#*,&-*(-9-)&'*(+&.9-)'(&#*)&"+#*& #:9--1-*(&!+9&QR>S&1'""'+*&$'(0&F*)'#5&(0-&2(#(-&+!&T/K#9#(5&U#0#9#20(9#5&#*)&U#)06#&N9#)-20;&& F*&CGDI5&U-)0#&N#(,#95&#&2+.'#"&$+9,-95&#*)&+(0-9&#.('8'2(2&V/-2('+*'*:&(0-&"-:'('1#.6&+!&(0-&JJN& !+91-)&(0-&Narmada Dharangrasta Samiti;&&M0-&Samiti&+9:#*'W-)&2'B&9#""'-2&$'(0&'(2&#""'-2&'*& (09--&)#1@#!!-.(-)&2'(-2&#*)&)-."#9-)&'(2&(+(#"&+33+2'('+*&(+&(0-&JJN&+*&(0-&:9+/*)&(0#(&(0-&+!!'.'#"& #22-9('+*&$#2&/*9-"'#4"-&+*&8#9'+/2&:9+/*)2;&&& T#'*'*:&*#('+*@$')-&#((-*('+*5&(0-2-&#.('+*2&0-"3-)&4/'")&#&.+#"'('+*&+!&+33+2'('+*& .#13#':*2&#:#'*2(&(0-&JJN;&&M0-&:9+$'*:&*-($+9,&+!&"+.#"&:9+/32&4-.#1-&,*+$*&(0-&Narmada Bachao Andolan&EXP7H&+9&(0-&J#8-&(0-&X#91#)#&U+8-1-*(;<=G&&M0-&+33+2'('+*&1+8-1-*(2&"-)& 46&(0-&XP7&"-)&)'9-.(&#.('+*2&2/.0&9#""'-25&1#9.0-25&)-1+*2(9#('+*25&!#2(25&#*)&"-((-9@$9'('*:& .#13#':*25&1+4'"'W'*:&#&"#9:-&*/14-9&+!&3-+3"-; & GG !""#$%&'$()*+,%$-.+/0$+,/$1234&5-+&)*$).$+,/$0/6&/7$0/1)0+8$+,/$9-*:$&%%2/;$-$;)52(/*+$+&+4/;$ Narmada: Next Steps<$$=,/$;)52(/*+$%-&;$+,-+$+,/$9-*:$.)2*;$*)$0/-%)*$+)$7&+,;0-7$.0)($+,/$ >>?$%&*5/$+,/$@*;&-*$A)6/0*(/*+$,-;$-;)1+/;$B-$5)(10/,/*%&6/$%/+$).$-5+&)*%$&*$4&*/$7&+,$+,/$ 0/5)((/*;-+&)*%$).$+,/$9-*:$(&%%&)* !GG$$ ! References ! "#$%&'#()!*+%,#!-.//012!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley2!345!67('8!9:;7(%$4(&%,?!@(4&&2! ! A7(&4)!"2!#>,4(>#,%7>#J2! ! H%&C4()!K%JJ%#+!H2!-4<21!-.//012!Toward sustainable development? Struggling Over India’s Narmada River2!*(+7>'8!3262)!A2L2!MC#(N42! !!!! E7?)!*2!-.///12!The cost of living2!345!67('8!A7<4(>!O%P(#(?2! ! E#Q#R7N#J)!"2!-DSST12!Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme Court and the Narmada Valley struggle2!U4>,4(!;7(!,C4!M,F#>G4)!W#5#C#(J#J! 34C(F!=>%$4(&%,?)!345!X4CJ%2! ! .S. The Richtersveld Community (South Africa) Jessica Tucker-Mohl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eferences * +;.,.$:*>&*?@((AB&*+,"*<#0,2";3="-/*78116$#29*C*D2,";3*=&*E-"FG8;*H2/&I*J"0-.;.2#8$*84*.* K<#%,2*#$*H.$/L*2,;86%,*.*063281.;9*M$2";"32&*N"23*32.%"*48;*#$2;8/602#8$*84*E!8;#%#$.-*+#2-"*#$28* N862,*E4;#0.$*-"%.-*3932"1&*12*Tul. J. Int’l & Comp. L.:*OPOQOR@&* * S#;G";:*D&*?@(('B&*+,#3*-.$/*#3*19*-.$/I*+,"*"=8-62#8$*84*T;8T";29*;#%,23*.$/*-.$/*;"48;1*#$*N862,* E4;#0.&*Conn. Int’l Law J. l 621&* * U;833*E&*?@((AB&*+,"*78$32#262#8$:*;"08$0#-#.2#8$:*.$/*2;.$3#2#8$.-*V632#0"I*H"338$3*4;81*N862,* E4;#0.*.$/*M3;."-&L*40 Stan. J. Int’l Law 47&* * H""*<&*?@(('B&*M$/#%"$863*<#%,23*.$/*2,"*W8-#2#03*84*M/"$2#29*#$*W832QET.;2,"#/*N862,*E4;#0.&*M$* X.;2,8-81"5*J".$*.$/*Y";81"*Z&*H"=#*?"/3&B:*At the Risk of Being Heard:*R(Q[(A&* * [(O The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea)! Autumn Graham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eferences >+&/0*(?8(@ABB9C8(?"0+-,(+53-0)(";()*$(DE(=$2+(F+1$("1()*$(G"1.."5(%+,,-.$/(";()*$(H"&)*(I,6'( ABBJ8(DEKI,6(?"0+-,(F"1+)"&+1.(L&"M$0)(N$3"&)(H"8(O(;"&(DE(=$2+(F+1+1.(P+5+)$28(98((( ( >+&/0*'(?8(@ABBQC8(R0)+1.(.,"7-,,6S(T0"K3",+)+0/(+1(L-34-(H$#(U4+1$-'(University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3(@9C8(R%-+,-7,$(-)( *))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",91"9VE+&/0*8*)5,( ( >+&/0*(?8(@ABBQC8(X,$-1+1.(43(DE(=$2+S(?$)),$5$1)(;-%"&/(G"1.."5(3$"3,$8(University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 4 @AC8(R%-+,-7,$(-)( *))3SVV###845+0*8$24VW++1$)VM"4&1-,V%",:1"AV"E)$2+8*)5,(( ( Y-0E/"1'(N+0*-&2(=8(@JZZ9C8(Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes? Resource Management in Asia-Pacific Working Paper No. 418(N$/"4&0$(F-1-.$5$1)(+1(R/+-K L-0+;+0(L&".&-5S(X-17$&&-8(( ( [4&)"1'([8(@ABBB'(R4.4/)(AJC8(BHP -25+)/(DE(=$2+(5+1$(+/($1%+&"15$1)-,(2+/-/)$&8(Asia Times8(R%-+,-7,$(-)(*))3SVV###8-)+5$/80"5V"0$-1+-VR!A9R*ZA8*)5,8(( ( ( AZB ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Notes Introduction What is Indigenity? "$!%&&'()*+,!-'!-./!"00#!1'2345-*'+!6/+737!5+)!-./!15+!%8/(*&5+!9/54-.!:(,5+*;5-*'+! <.--2=>>???$25.'$'(,>/+,4*7.>@9%>2(A4/&3$.-8B$! C!$D'+;54/;E!9$!<"0FGB$!1('2*/)5)!&'83+*-5(*5!'!*+)*H*)354$!I57!4/J/7!*+)*,/+57!J!/4!23/K4'!L523&./$! NutramE!M/5(!NNE!O$P$! O$!General Information on the Amerindian Population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ender and modernity in Andean Bolivia8!S'%-+,!.&,2!-0$!@+%2*X*!0*;$!:$$,!+,!@&#-0!S)$#+(*8!Y&>$;$#5!$;$#/&,$! *2#$$%!-0*-!-0$/!>$#$!+,!-0$!@*%!#+;$#!;*..$/!.&,2!:$D&#$!-0$!Z'#&7$*,%8!P&%$5!S8!H4666J8!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!C*3$+#*!T*#Q*++*,%!*,3!0')*,!#+20-%8!M8!^*#3! *,3!F8!_$,,$!H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$*++!S3;+%&#/!M&))+--$$!HVFMMPJ8!H466"J8!Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii8!!F$$!0--7<==>>>8'%((#82&;=7':%=%*(=0+6\6"=7#$D80-)! O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8! 4\8!9#*%Q5!C8!H"EENJ8!!90$!7&.+-+(%!&D!&77#$%%+&,*++8!L,!M8!^*#3!*,3!F8!_$,,$! HZ3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!! 4]8!9#*%Q5!C8!H"EENJ8!!90$!7&.+-+(%!&D!&77#$%%+&,*++8!M8!^*#3!*,3!F8!_$,,$! H$3%8J8!H466[J8!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians8!!M*):#+32$*++8!!G*,'*#/!"6!a!4\8!!! 4b8!O+Q$Q$!F(0$'$#5!G8!H4664J8!!Water and power in Hawaii: The Waiahole water case and the future of the islands8!!V,7':.+%0$3!3&(-&#*.!3+%%$#-*-+&,5!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!M*.+D&#,+*5!F*,-*!M#'`8!! 4E8!?#$..*,*!C8!H466[J8!L,3+2$,&'%!7$&7.$%5!$,$#2/5!*,3!$,;+#&,)$,-*.!c'%-+($>>8(+$.8=T':.+(*-+&,%=P*.(&eR#+$De44G'.6[873D! N68!0/0!F*>/$#,!F8!H466[J8!Crude chronicles8!f'#0*)!:$->$$,!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!*,3!L,g%!F0+2'*,2&!+,!C*#(0! 466\8! N48!F$$!Y*%-+,2%!f8!*,3!^+.%&,!98!H"EEEJ8!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State8!@$>!1&#Q$3+%0!V,+;$#%+-/!&D!S2#+('.-'#*.!F(+$,($%8! N[8!KOSMF?8!H466IJ8!F*#*/*Q'5!Z.!7'$:.&!3$.!($,+-5!+3$,-+3*3!/!(&,%-#'((+h,!g-,+(*8!KOSMF?=MfZF$..!-0+%!(&%)&.&2/0*-!0*77$,%!-&!-0$!$*#-0k!L-X%!.+Q$!*!0')*,!:$+,25!>0$,!/&'!%-*#-!-*Q+,2! :.&&3!D#&)!*!0')*,5!0$!%-*#-%!-&!3$(.+,$!*,3!-0$#$!+%!,&!-$(0,&.&2/!-&!0$.7!0+)!#$(&;$#8l!M+-$3!:/! KOSMF?8!H466IJ8!F*#*/*Q'5!Z.!7'$:.&!3$.!($,+-5!+3$,-+3*3!/!(&,%-#'((+h,!g-,+(*8!KOSMF?=MfZF!:$->$$,!L%*:$..$!S,2'$.&;%Q+!*,3!L,g%!F0+2'*,2&!+,!C*#(0! 466\8! ! """ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $%&!'()!*+,-*)./012!3./040/0)-!5)6!/,!01/)+!316!01/+3!)/(10.!.,1750./-8!60-/9+:31.)!,7!70-()-!316!23;)!69)!/,! 01.+)3-)6!1,0-)!316!.,1-)<9)1/!6).+)3-)!01!343053:050/=!,7!7,,6!+)-,9+.)-8!6)-/+9./0,1!,7!/+))->!;)60.0135! *531/->!316!5)34)-!9-)6!/,!:9056!+,,7-8!;050/3+0?3/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!316!6)3/(!/(+)3/-!/,@3+6-!.,;;910/=! ;);:)+-8!0-,53/0,1!,7!/()!/)++0/,+=!69)!/,!+,36-!.5,-0128!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!.)+);,10)-!69)!/,! -)0-;0.!501)-!.+,--012!*3+/-!,7!/()!-3.+)6!7,+)-/>!0;*,--0:050/=!/,!.3++=!,9/!/()!311935!.)5):+3/0,1!AB0-/3C>! 316!@3+!:)/@))1!-(3;31-!7+,;!/()!3+)3&!DEFGHI&!J#KKLM&!Sarayaku>!El pueblo del cenit, identidad y construcción étnica&!DEFGHINGOPHQ!R90/,&!!! $S&!T19/-,1!U,,6-!'&>!V5301)!T&>!W!D+31.0-.,!E&!J#KK#M&!IX,6(3;!Y0;632!3-!3!-,9+.)!,7!-/+)12/(!316! @)551)--!3;,12!/()!',(,1,!IX,6(3;!,7!H,9/()+1!F+0?,13!316!Z,+/()+1!H,1,+3>![)\0.,!Q!H=;*,-09;!,1! Z3/04)!F;)+0.31!@)551)--& Journal!of Sociology and Social Welfare, 29!J"M>!$L]L$&! ! Section 2!Defining!borders between indigenous peoples and dominant cultures ! $^&!Y3-/012-!O&!316!U05-,1!'&!J"^^^M&!Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and State&!Z)@!_,+`Q!I\7,+6! a1/)+13/0,135!b9:50-()+-&!G(3*/)+!#&!! cK&!!H3@=)+,!H&!J#KKcM&!Crude chronicles&!O9+(3;Q!O9`)!d104)+-0/=!b+)--&!"Ke]"K%&! c"&!G,()1!F&!J"^eLM&!Arab border-villages in Israel; A study of continuity and change in social organization&![31.()-/)+Q![31.()-/)+!d104)+-0/=!b+)--&! c#&!Y9;31!f02(/-!U3/.(&!J#KKcM&!d169)!*+,.)--Q!')++,+0-;!/+035->!;050/3+=!.,9+/->!316!/()![3*9.()!01! H,9/()+1!G(05)&!Human Rights Watch, (16)!L&!F43053:5)!3/Q!! (//*QNN@@@&(+@&,+2N+)*,+/-N#KKcN.(05)"KKcN.(05)"KKc&*67!! c$&!Y9;31!f02(/-!U3/.(&!J#KKcM&!d169)!*+,.)--Q!')++,+0-;!/+035->!;050/3+=!.,9+/->!316!/()![3*9.()!01! H,9/()+1!G(05)&!Human Rights Watch, (16)!L&!F43053:5)!3/Q!! (//*QNN@@@&(+@&,+2N+)*,+/-N#KKcN.(05)"KKcN.(05)"KKc&*67! cc&D,+!31,/()+!*)+-*)./04)!,1!U9]7)12>!-))!g(312!_]7&!The evaluation of Wu-feng: a Historical perspective!JWu-feng de Li-shi Di-wei)>!J01!G(01)-)M&!"S>!343053:5)!3/! (//*QNN@@@&10./&2,4&/@N/.N5)3+1012N:h$&*(*&!g(312!-/+,125=!3+29)-!/(3/!U9]7)12!.311,/!(34)!:))1! ).,1,;0.355=!)\*5,0/)6!'-,9!*),*5)!3-!0/!(3-!1)4)+!:))1!6,.9;)1/)6!01!31=!(0-/,+0.35!;3/)+035&!Y,@)4)+>!0/! 0-!<9)-/0,13:5)!@()/()+!/(0-!0-!3!.,1401.012!+)3-,1!3-!355!/()!(0-/,+0.35!6,.9;)1/-!@)+)!@+0//)1!:=!/()! G(01)-)!,+!/()!B3*31)-)!@(,-)!-/3`)!;3=!:)!3/!,66-!@0/(!'-,9!*),*5)>!316!@(,!;02(/!(34)!/()0+!,@1! *,50/0.35!32)163!@()1!6,.9;)1/012!/()!U9]7)12!-/,+=&! cL&!F..,+6012!/,!/()!H/3/)!,7![301)>!A/()![301)!D+))6,;!,7!F..)--!F./!JADIFFCM!2+31/-!/()!*),*5)!,7! /(0-!-/3/)!3!:+,36!+02(/!,7!3..)--!/,!*9:50.!+).,+6-!@(05)!*+,/)./012!5)20/0;3/)!2,4)+1;)1/35!01/)+)-/-!316! /()!*+043.=!+02(/-!,7!0160406935!.0/0?)1-&!!'()!3./!35-,!)1-9+)-!/()!3..,91/3:050/=!,7!/()!2,4)+1;)1/!/,!/()! .0/0?)1-!,7!/()!-/3/)!:=!+)<90+012!*9:50.!3..)--!/,!/()!;))/012-!,7!*9:50.!:,60)-&C!H))! (//*QNNi319-&-/3/)&;)&9-N5)20-N-/3/9/)-N"N/0/5)".("$-).K&(/;5&!!! ce&!a/!0-!0;*,+/31/!/,!1,/)!/(3/!/()!F+,,-/,,`!V316!,7![0.;3.-!@3-!1,/!3!*3+/=!/,!/()!-90/!/(3/!5)6!/,!/()! -)//5);)1/&!!_)/!/()=!@)+)!377)./)6!:=!/()!+)-95/&!F1=!.530;-!/()=!;02(/!:+012!,1!/()0+!,@1!:)(357!73.)6!/()! .(355)12)!/(3/!-9.(!.530;-!@)+)!,9/53@)6&!!F-!0/!(3-!/9+1)6!,9/>!/()![0.;3.-!2301)6!7)6)+35!+).,210/0,1!01! "^^">!7+))!,7!/()!.,;*+,;0-012!5312932)!/(3/!*5329)-!/()!"^SK!H)//5);)1/!F./&!!'()!dH!G,12+)--!*3--)6! /()!F+,,-/,,`!V316!,7![0.;3.-!H)//5);)1/!F./!JbE!"K#]"%"M>!2+31/012!/()!V316!j^KK>KKK!.,;*)1-3/0,1! 7,+!5,-/!5316-!316!L>KKK!3.+)-!316!.5)3+5=!6)701)6!/()!+)53/0,1-(0*!:)/@))1!/()!V316!316!/()!-/3/)!,7![301)&!! a/! *+,406)6! /()! -/3/9-! ,7! 3! 7955=! +).,210?)6! -,4)+)021! 2+,9*! /,! /()! [0.;3.-! 01! [301)&! H))! V+0;5)=! H&! J#KKLM&! Z3/04)! F;)+0.31! -,4)+)021/=! 01! [301)&! The Maine Policy Review, 13 J#M>! "#]#e&! J(//*QNN@@@&9;301)&)69N;.-.N[bfNk,5"$Z,#N:+0;5)=N:+0;5)=&(/;M&!'()+)7,+)>!0+,10.355=>!0/!;3=!:)!/(3/! /()![0.;3.->!@(,!(36!1,!-)3/!3/!/()!/3:5)!7,+!/()!(0-/,+0.!5316!.530;>!@055!*+,406)!3!;,6)5!7,+!+)6)701012! /+0:35]-/3/)!+)53/0,1-&!! ! Section 3!Sustaining traditional ways of life ! c%&!F129)5,4-`0!#KK#&! cS&!'()-)!.,1.59-0,1-!3+)!:3-)6!,1!70)56!@,+`!:=!a-3:)55)!F129)5,4-`0!3;,12!01602)1,9-!.,;;910/0)-!01! /()!F16)-!316!/()!F;3?,1!316!-9;;3+0?)6!01!3!+)*,+/!/,!I\73;!F;)+0.3Q!F129)5,4-`0>!a&!J#KK#M&!Gender Relations in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.! ""#!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $%&!'()*+,!-&!."%%/0&!Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993&!12345! 678+)*!9+&!:&!#&;!-<=>?+,!6&!.@AA#0&!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?! 67?+()=7!4<, Section 4!Using national and international strategies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y Reason or by Force: Territory, State power and Mapuche land rights in southern Chile. W3+,97;.'(8!)*.1(0.!&'(.;.>!W3;?(0.;15!/2!P*7;2/03;*>!V(0B(7(5%!!! $X%!P*78(0!?%!Y11/03(5!Z(3(0*7!/2!V0;1;.'!P/7,49;*>!E"[XHI>!=%P%A%!H"H%!! $\%!&'(!/;7!-/4+*35!V,07;3:1/3!A(./,0-(.!/2!&(]*.!'*.!*!@G!+(0-(31!6/0B;3:!;31(0(.1!;3!1'(!97/-B%!=((! Y4*!a-1/9(0!"HI%!Report #64/04 Petition 167/03, Admissibility, The Kichwa Peoples of the Sarayaku Community and Its Members%!Y?*;7*97(!*1! '11+JKK666%-;8'%/0:K*33,*70(+KFGG#(3:KO-,*8/0%"$X%GH(3:%'14!M3!1'(;0!+(1;1;/3!*:*;3.1!1'(!=1*1(>!b&'(! +(1;1;/3(0.!*77(:(!1'*1!1'(!=1*1(!;.!0(.+/3.;97(!2/0!*!.(0;(.!/2!*-1.!*38!/4;..;/3.!'*04;3:!1'(!c;-'6*! +(/+7(.!/2!=*0*5*B,!9(-*,.(!;1!'*.!*77/6(8!*3!/;7!-/4+*35!1/!-*005!/,1!*-1;?;1;(.!/3!1'(!*3-(.10*7!7*38.!/2! 1'(!=*0*5*B,!-/44,3;15!6;1'/,1!;1.!-/3.(31>!;1!'*.!+(0.(-,1(8!-/44,3;15!7(*8(0.>!*38!'*.!8(3;(8!D,8;-;*7! +0/1(-1;/3!*38!7(:*7!8,(!+0/-(..!1/!1'(!=*0*5*B,!-/44,3;15%!M3!*88;1;/3>!1'(!=1*1(!'*.!*77/6(8!1';08!+*01;(.! 1/!.5.1(4*1;-*775!?;/7*1(!1'(!0;:'1.!/2!1'(!=*0*5*B,!-/44,3;15%!M3!7;:'1!/2!1'(!2/0(:/;3:>!1'(5!-7*;4!1'*1!1'(! =1*1(!;.!0(.+/3.;97(!2/0!?;/7*1;3:!1'(!2,38*4(31*7!;38;?;8,*7!*38!-/77(-1;?(!0;:'1.!/2!1'(!=*0*5*B,! -/44,3;15!*38!;1.!4(49(0.>!.+(-;2;-*775!1'(!0;:'1!1/!+0/+(015!EY01;-7(!F"I>!D,8;-;*7!+0/1(-1;/3!EY01;-7(!F@I>! 8,(!+0/-(..!EY01;-7(!\I>!20((8/4!/2!4/?(4(31!EY01;-7(!FFI>!+(0./3*7!;31(:0;15!EY01;-7(!@I>!+(0./3*7!7;9(015! *38!.(-,0;15!EY01;-7(!XI>!7;2(!EY01;-7(!#I>!20((8/4!/2!*../-;*1;/3!EY01;-7(!"$I>!+/7;1;-*7!+*01;-;+*1;/3!EY01;-7(! FHI>!20((8/4!/2!(]+0(..;/3!EY01;-7(!"HI>!D,0;8;-*7!+(0./3*7;15!EY01;-7(!HI>!20((8/4!/2!-/3.-;(3-(!*38! 0(7;:;/3!EY01;-7(!"FI>!1'(!0;:'1.!/2!1'(!-';78!EY01;-7(!"[I>!(Q,*7;15!EY01;-7(!F#I>!'(*71'!*38!-,71,0(!EY01;-7(! F$>!;3!*--/08*3-(!6;1'!Y01;-7(.!dM!*38!dMMM!/2!1'(!Y4(0;-*3!R(-7*0*1;/3!/2!1'(!A;:'1.!*38!R,1;(.!/2!)*3I! ,38(0!1'(!Y4(0;-*3!P/3?(31;/3!/3!`,4*3!A;:'1.!E'(0(;3*21(0!1'(!bY4(0;-*3!P/3?(31;/3e!/0!1'(! bP/3?(31;/3eI%!&'(5!*7./!*77(:(!1'*1!1'(!=1*1(!'*.!2*;7(8!1/!-/4+75!6;1'!;1.!:(3(0*7!/97;:*1;/3.!1/!0(.+(-1! *38!:,*0*31((!1'(!*2/0(4(31;/3(8!0;:'1.!EY01;-7(!"E"II!*38!1/!*8/+1!8/4(.1;-!7(:*7!+0/?;.;/3.!1/!4*B(!1'(4! (22(-1;?(!EY01;-7(!FI>!9/1'!,38(0!1'(!Y4(0;-*3!P/3?(31;/3e%!=((! '11+JKK666%-;8'%/*.%/0:%*33,*70(+KFGG#(3:KO-,*8/0%$X%GH(3:%'14! XG%!&'(!4(*.,0(.!4,.1!b:,*0*31((!1'(!0;:'1!1/!20((8/4!/2!4/?(4(31!/2!1'(!4(49(0.!/2!1'(!=*0*5*B,! -/44,3;15>!*38!;3?(.1;:*1(!1'(!(?(31.!:;?;3:!0;.(!1/!1'(!*8/+1;/3!/2!+0/?;.;/3*7!4(*.,0(.>!./!*.!1/!;8(31;25! 1'/.(!0(.+/3.;97(!*38!;4+/.(!-/00(.+/38;3:!.*3-1;/3.e%!=((! '11+JKK666%-;8'%/0:K*33,*70(+KFGG#(3:KO-,*8/0%"$X%GH(3:%'14! X"%!M3!;1.!0(./7,1;/3!/2!1'(!"X1'!/2!U,3(!FGG@>!1'(!M31(0_Y4(0;-*3!P/,01!0(;1(0*1(.!1'*1!1'(!O-,*8/0;*3!=1*1(! 4,.1!b-/4+75!.10;-175!*38!;44(8;*1(75!6;1'!1'(!/08(0.!20/4!1'(!M31(0_Y4(0;-*3!P/,01!/2!`,4*3!A;:'1.>!;3! /08(0!1/!(22(-1;?(75!+0/1(-1!1'(!7;2(>!+(0./3*7!;31(:0;15!*38!20((!4/?(4(31!/2!*77!4(49(0.!/2!1'(!;38;:(3/,.! +(/+7(!/2!=*0*5*B,%e!&'(!P/,01!*7./!/08(0(8!1'(!;44(8;*1(!0(4/?*7!/2!1'(!(]+7/.;?(.!+7*-(8!95!1'(!PZP! -/4+*35!6;1';3!=*0*5*B,!1(00;1/05!1/!-*005!/,1!.(;.4;-!(]+7/0*1;/3%!=((! '11+JKK666%.*0*5*-,%-/4K/;7K3(6.G@G$F#%'147f(3:! XF%!'11+JKK666%.*0*5*B,%-/4K/;7K3(6.G$GH"X%'147f(3:!! ! Section 5!State reactions to indigenous peoples’ land claims! ! XH%!=((!P'*+1(0!H!/2!A/.(3_g?;!M%!EFGG#I%!The reemergence of space: the case of the Bedouin.!`*;2*! W3;?(0.;15>!M.0*(7%! X#%!h/,38*1;/3!2/0!A(.(*0-'!*38!=,++/01!/2!1'(!M38;:(3/,.!C(/+7(.!/2!P0;4(*%!EFGG#). Crimean Tatar: Report%!W38(01*B(3!;3!*--/08*3-(!6;1'!1'(!*01;-7(!F@1'!/2!1'(!h0*4(6/0B!P/3?(31;/3!2/0!1'(!C0/1(-1;/3!/2! i*1;/3*7!);3/0;1;(.!a2!P/,3-;7!/2!O,0/+(%!Y?*;7*97(!*1!'11+JKK666%,3+/%/0:K*01;-7(%+'+L;8N""GF!! X@%!d*]*>!j%!E"[[[I%!&0;9(.!*.!M38;:(3/,.!C(/+7(!/2!M38;*%!Economic and Political Weekly, 34!E@"I%! Y?*;7*97(!*1J!'11+JKK666%(+6%/0:%;3K!E.,9.-0;+1;/3!0(Q,;0(8I%! ""#!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! $%&!'()*+,(-.!/&!0"11#2&!In the belly of the river: Tribal conflicts over development in the Narmada Valley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slands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous HawaiiansB!!Z'1A)$>=0M!E4(/2!\%>!O)033B!+L"RP,"B!!! ])$55$%B!Honolulu AdvertiserB!! L-B!Y$H0H0!E:20(0)!>4:/4)'7!>$330)/'/$4%?$34)*! Z411$//00! TWEZZVUB! T+,,"UB! Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in Honolulu, HawaiiB!!E00!2//.MNN999B(3::)B=4?N.(A3N3':N2$,#,"N.)05B2/1! L_B!Y$H0H0!E:20(0)!>4:/4)'7!>$330)/'/$4%!`0A)(')*?$34)*!Z411$//00!TWEZZVUB!T+,,"UB!Reconciliation at a crossroads: The implications of the apology resolution and Rice v. Cayetano for Federal and State programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in Honolulu, HawaiiB!!E00!2//.MNN999B(3::)B=4?N.(A3N3':N2$,#,"N.)05B2/1! ! Section 6!Doing the ground work: Preconditions for successful claims ! LLB!E00!J'7H0%!A*!X3'A0770!C%=(074?3H$!/2)4(=2!'%!$%/0)?$09!9$/2!/20!74:'7!3/'55!45!DF5'1! C10)$:'!$%!Y$1'!/4!/20!X%>$'%!O)$10!@$%$3/0)!A*!@$744%!S4/2')$!^'/$4%3! E.0:$'7!V'..4)/0()!4%!'>0d('/0!24(3$%=!'3!'!:41.4%0%/!45!/20!)$=2/!/4!'%!'>0d('/0!3/'%>')>!45!7$?$%='B4)=N70//0)3N(%B70//0)B/4B.1B2/17!T7'3/!'::0330>!`0A)(')*!/2'/!/20!.)4A7013!'334:$'/0>!9$/2!/20!)02'A$7$/'/$4%!'%>!)030//7010%/!45!>'1R '550:/0>!.04.70!90)0!2'%>70>!.)4.0)7*B! ",PB!@4)/4%$%=!'!:'30!54)!@'.(:20!3075R>0/0)1$%'/$4%1'%!'!A'))07!45!24%0*!/2'/!'!Q'%>RZ2$%030!/)03.'330)!2'>! 3/470%B!! ",_B!E00!2//.MNN999B3')'*'H(B:41N4$7N%093,#""+LB2/17f03.! ! Section 7!First Peoples’ land claims: An uncertain future! ! ",#B!Arizona Water Settlements Act: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy And Natural Resources and the Committee on Indian AffairsB!!W%$/0>!E/'/03!E0%'/0!OB!^'):$'0%/!45!/20!W%$4%!45!cBZB!X%>$'%!Z2$053 ! ! ""#!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Quichwa people of Sarayaku (Ecuador) ""$%!&'()*+!,%!-.$$/0%!12(!2!34255!6(789*(':;!1'44:(8<=!>*!2!?@A*22(N+!8(!.$$J+!'85!*PF'A<;!24':(<*7!<'!Q%R!E8558'(!7'552A;!O'A!2!<'<25!'O!#%/! E8558'(!7'552A;!'O!*PF'A<2<8'(;%!?'<25!S:<;<2(78(9!2(7!T8;E:A;*7!T*E2(N+!-.$$K0!Ecuador Data At-A-Glance+!2D2852E5*!2252()*G! VA'I<@!D;%!1:5<:A*!8(!<@*!C42Y'(%!New York Times%! ""Q%!C))'A78(9!<'!<@*!CA<8)5*!UJ%.!'O!<@*!\):27'A82(!1'(;<8<:<8'(!'O!"RRU+!<@*!3<2<*!I855!]FA*;*AD*!<@*! :(FA*;)A8F<8E5*!FA'F*A<=!'O!)'44:(25!52(7;+!I@8)@!I855!E*!:(258*(2E5*+!:(2<<2)@2E5*!2(7!:(78D8;8E5*+! *P)*F'((2;;8*;!e%!-.$$J+!,2(:2A=0%!Le Mouvement Indigène en Equateur%! a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he Mapuche (Chile) ! "DX&!I;'!6%<<'2',5'!/'/>0'!L'.:'',!.;'!.:/!5',*+*'*!%*!5+22',.0A!+,'K>0)%,'6&!! "D#&!NA0:%,=!Y&!$"ZZ#8&!Indigenous peoples rights in Chile: Progress and contradictions in the context of globalization.!12'*',.'6!).!.;'!R),)6%),!! N**/5%).%/,!+5;'!:;/!:'2'!2'0/5).'6!L'.:'',!.;'!0).'!"#EE*!),6!')20A!"ZEE*=!.',*!/B',.!),6!6'B/52).%5!5/,*/0%6).%/,!%,!! R;%0'?!.;'!7)>+5;'!O+'*.%/,&!Q,![),C'2!4&b&!),6!7+,/`=!4&!$46*&!8=! Contemporary Indigenous Movements in Latin America&!c%0B%,C./,=!b4?!! Y)C+)2!12'**&!! "FF&!^,6'2!J)0M)6/2!N00',6'!$"ZXES!"ZXF8=!.;'!*/5%)0%*.!0')6'2!/+0)2!^,%.A!1)2.A=!XE=EEE!;'5.)2'*! /+5;'!),6!), 'K'5+.%M'!L/6A=!.;'!Q,*.%.+.'!B',.=! :)*!+5;'!*.2+CC0'!d0/*.!%.*!*>'5%<%5! 5;)2)5.'2e!),6!%,*.')6!L'5)B'!d),!%,.'C2)0!>)2.!/0%C;.!/<&&&.;'!0/:'2!50)**'*!%,!C','2)0&e "FP&!_2A),!DEE"&! "FH&!_2A),!DEE"&! "FW&!_2A),!DEE"&!!! ! The Pima: A Gila River Indian community (Arizona, United States) ! "FX&!75R//0=!b&!!$"ZZP8&!R/BB),6!/B',.=!),6!Q,6%),! :).'2&!I+5*/,?!I;'!^,%M'2*%.A!/?@@:::&C2%5&,*,&+*@,':6%2'5.%/,@! "FZ&!J''!U')!N&!$"ZZX8&!At the desert's green edge, an ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima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istory of the Gila River Water Settlements Act 2004%!JC,D./'!6%!&I,(1,@1/!,.! C..DEFFGGG%H(1,'(I/'%3*2F:/..1/2/+.%C.2! ! The Passamaquoddy and Penobscot (Maine, United States) ! "9"%!=555!U0!J/+:A:%!!MC/'/!(:!+,.A',11B!:*2/!>(:3'/D,+3B!@/.G//+!.C/!+A2@/'!D/*D1/!GC*!:/1O\(>/+.(OB! ,:!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!,+>!.C/!+A2@/'!*O!D/*D1/!/+'*11/>!(+!.'(@/:%! "9=%!&3'/,H/!(+O*'2,.(*+!O'*2!Protection of Tribal Cultural Practices through the Development of Native American Exposure Pathways!@B!?'/>!J*'/B4!Q+I('*+2/+.,1!Y('/3.*'4!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:%!!K/! :/.:!.C/!+A2@/'!*O!/+'*11/>!.'(@,1!2/2@/':!,.!V555`%!0//! C..DEFFGGG%/D,%H*IF:3(O*'A2F=55$FD'/:/+.,.(*+:F>,B=F'/HF:/::(*+=F3*'/B\O'/>%D>O!! "9;%!&+!/a3/11/+.!C(:.*'B!*O!.C/!31,(2!,+>!.C/!(2D1(3,.(*+:!*O!:*I/'/(H+.B!3,+!@/!O*A+>!(+!_'(21/B!0%! Z=559[%!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!:*I/'/(H+.B!(+!X,(+/%!The Maine Policy Review, 13 Z=[4!"=\=V%! ZC..DEFFGGG%A2,(+/%/>AF23:3FX7SFb*1";R*=F@'(21/BF@'(21/B%C.2[! "9$%!MC/!,A.C*'!C,:!>',G+!O'*2!2A1.(D1/!:*A'3/:4!(+31A>(+H!'/3/+.!(+./'I(/G:!G(.C!D'(+3(D,1!,3.*':!,+>!D,:.! '/:/,'3C!,:!,!>*3A2/+.,'B!O(122,^/'!,+>!G(.+/::!.*!.C/!/I/+.:!*O!.C/!"#<5c:%!!MC/!'/:A1.(+H!O(124!Abnaki: the Native People of Maine4!'/1/,:/>!(+!"#6"!(:!+*.!3A''/+.1B!(+!>(:.'(@A.(*+%!MC/!O(12!,+>!,11!(.:!*A..,^/:4! ,A>(*!'/3*'>(+H:!,+>!DC*.*H',DC:!,'/!,'3C(I/>!G(.C!7,::,2,dA*>>B!C(:.*'(,+!Y*+,1>!0*3.*2,C%!!R*.! :D/3(O(3,11B!3(./>!C/'/4!@A.!*O!(+I,1A,@1/!C/1D4!G/'/!X'%!0*3.*2,C4!GC*!(:!,1:*!,!2/2@/'!*O!XTM0J!,+>! P*C+!_,+^:4!>('/3.*'!*O!7/+*@:3*.!Y/D.%!*O!R,.A',1!S/:*A'3/:%! "99%!T.!(:!(2D*'.,+.!.*!+*./!.C,.!.C/!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:!G,:!+*.!,!D,'.B!.*!.C/!:A(.!.C,.!1/>!.*!.C/! :/..1/2/+.%!!e/.!.C/B!G/'/!,OO/3./>!@B!.C/!'/:A1.%!&+B!31,(2:!.C/B!2(HC.!@'(+H!*+!.C/('!*G+!@/C,1O!O,3/>!.C/! 3C,11/+H/!.C,.!:A3C!31,(2:!G/'/!*A.1,G/>%!!&:!(.!C,:!.A'+/>!*A.4!.C/!X(32,3:!H,(+/>!O/>/',1!'/3*H+(.(*+!(+! "##"4!O'//!*O!.C/!3*2D'*2(:(+H!1,+HA,H/!.C,.!D1,HA/:!.C/!"#65!0/..1/2/+.!&3.%!!MC/!U0!J*+H'/::!D,::/>! .C/!&'**:.**^!_,+>!*O!X(32,3:!0/..1/2/+.!&3.!Z78!"5=\"<"[4!H',+.(+H!.C/!_,+>!f#554555!3*2D/+:,.(*+! O*'!1*:.!1,+>:!,+>!94555!,3'/:!,+>!31/,'1B!>/O(+/>!.C/!'/1,.(*+:C(D!@/.G//+!.C/!_,+>!,+>!.C/!:.,./!*O!X,(+/%!! T.!D'*I(>/>!.C/!:.,.A:!*O!,!OA11B!'/3*H+()/>!:*I/'/(H+!H'*AD!.*!.C/!X(32,3:!(+!X,(+/%!0//!_'(21/B!0%! Z=559[%!R,.(I/!&2/'(3,+!:*I/'/(H+.B!(+!X,(+/%!The Maine Policy Review, 13 Z=[4!"=\=V%!! ?A'.C/'2*'/4!('*+(3,11B4!(.!2,B!@/!.C,.!.C/!X(32,3:4!GC*!C,>!+*!:/,.!,.!.C/!.,@1/!O*'!.C/!C(:.*'(3!1,+>!31,(24! G(11!D'*I(>/!,!2*>/1!O*'!'/>/O(+(+H!.'(@,1\:.,./!'/1,.(*+:%!! "9V%!T+O*'2,1!T+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!O*'2/'!7/+*@:3*.!JC(/O!_,''B!Y,+,4!&D'(1!=55V%! "9<%!M/1/DC*+/!(+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!g,(HC+!02(.C4!P'%4!&..*'+/B!O*'!.C/!.'(@/:4!X,B!=55V%! "96%!MG*!+/G:D,D/':!(+I*^/>!?h&&!.*!H,(+!,33/::!.*!.'(@,1!3*A+3(1!2//.(+H!,+>!>*3A2/+.:%!0//! MC(@/,A1.4!7%!Z=55V4!0A22/'[%!X,(+/!J*A'.!UDC*1>:!71/,:,+.!7*(+.!S/:/'I,.(*+!Y/+(,1!*O!&33/::!@B! X,(+/!R/G:D,D/':!.*!M'(@,1!X//.(+H:!,+>!Y*3A2/+.:!J*+3/'+(+H!8RW!8/,:/%!Wabanaki Legal News%!! MC(@/,A1.!+*./:!.C/!$\D,'.!./:.!.C,.!.C/!3*A'.!>/I(:/>!.*!>/./'2(+/!GC(3C!iC,.j!,!.'(@/!G,:!G/,'(+H!(+!,+B! H(I/+!3('3A2:.,+3/%! "9#%!M/1/DC*+/!(+./'I(/G!@B!P%!Q'(3!g/+.!G(.C!g,(HC+!02(.C4!P'%4!&..*'+/B!O*'!.C/!.'(@/:4!X,B!=55V%! "V5%!0//!_'(21/B!,'.(31/!3(./>!,@*I/4!/:D/3(,11B!(+!'/H,'>!.*!Qa/3A.(I/!h'>/':!(+!h'/H*+!,+>!R/G!X/a(3*! '/H,'>(+H!iH*I/'+2/+.\.*\H*I/'+2/+.j!'/1,.(*+:%! "V"%!_'(+H(+H!/3*+*2(3!D'/::A'/!*+!.C,.!:3,1/!(:!C,'>!.*!/+I(:(*+!.*>,B%!!MC/!M'(@/:!,'/!+*.!,+!/3*+*2(3! O*'3/4!GC(1/!.C/!D,D/'!3*2D,+(/:!2*:.!3/'.,(+1B!,'/%!!&3C(/I(+H!:A3C!/3*+*2(3!31*A.!G,:!D,'.!*O!.C/! :.',./HB!*O!M*2!MA'//+4!.C/!,..*'+/B!GC*!:D/,'C/,>/>!.C/!M'(@/:c:!/OO*'.:!(+!.C/!"#<5c:!,+>!GC*!3*+.(+A/>! ! ""# !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %&!'&()!*&(!%+,!-(./,0!12%.3!*4.(35!(,6,2%357!!8.0!4.9!'40!%&!0,,!%+,!-(./,0!:(&'!.2%&!42!,6&2&9.6! ;&',(+&10,,6.0.?,35!0%&;;,>! /5!0%4%,'.>,!(,*,(,2>19!.2!#$$@7!!-,3,;+&2,!.2%,(?.,'!/5!A7!B(.6!C,2%!'.%+!=4()!D+4?4(,,!M,22,!N787!H,>07I7!!H#$$OI7!Islands in captivity: The record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians7!!D49/(.>:,J!N&1%+!B2>!E(,007!!! "FO7! -+,! 84'4..! D&20%.%1%.&2! >,*.2,0! 84'4..420! &(! P4%.?,! 84'4..42! 40! 425! Q>,06,2>42%0! &*! 24%.?,! 84'4..420!'+&!.2+4/.%,>!%+,!84'4..42!R0342>0!;(.&(!%&!"SST "#$!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! programs benefiting Native Hawaiians. A summary report of the August 1998 and September 2000 Community Forums in Honolulu, Hawaii$!!%&&!'(()*++,,,$-.//0$123+)-4.+.5/+'6787"+)0&9$'(:! ";(!&.(6:5(&.!.-11&.(!('5(!2>?@!AB777!C)-0&D!E5,5665>.!?63&!6>!('&!.(5(&B!5>F!('&@!/2-?F!F6.5))&50! 4@!#7GG$!!%&&!='-0/'6??B!H$!5>F!I&>>&!%$E$!J&F.$K$!!J#77GK$!Islands in captivity: The record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians.!!=5:406F1&*!%2-('!L>F!M0&..$!;7N$!! ";O$!P235Q!I$!J"OONK$!E5,566R.!F60(@!.&/0&(*!S'&!/2>(6>-6>1!F&>65?!29!P5(63&!E5,5665>!?5>F!061'(.$!T>!=$! H50F!5>F!%$!I&>>&!JLF.$K$!J#77GK$!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians$!!=5:406F1&*!%2-('!L>F!M0&..$!"O"U#7N$! "<7$!M5Q5-Q5-!V$!J"OONK$!W&6>./06)(62>*!S'&!061'(!29!E5,56R6!(2!4&!0&.(20&F!(2!('&!X>6(&F!P5(62>.!?6.(!29! >2>U.&?9U123&0>6>1!(&006(206&.$!T>!=$!H50F!5>F!%$!I&>>&!JLF.$K$!J#77GK$!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians$!!=5:406F1&*!%2-('!L>F!M0&..$!N7NUN#"$$! "<"$!X$%$!%&>5(&$!J#77AB!Y50/'!AK$!Native Hawaiian Reorganization Act,!hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs$! "<#$!S05.QB!Y$!J"OONK$!!S'&!)2?6(6/.!29!2))0&..62>*!S'&!X>6(&F!%(5(&.!6>!E5,566$!T>!=$!H50F!5>F!%$!I&>>&! JLF.$K$!J#77GK$!Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians$!!=5:406F1&*!%2-('!L>F!M0&..$!#;;U#O7$! " ! "#" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Nisga’a (Canada) ! "$$%!&'()*!+%!,)-%.%!,"$$/.%!Nisga’a: People of the Nass River.!0)1!+2345(67!02(8494!:;2<4=!>'?5@2=%! #AA%!BC))@6!<3!>62)D!E'()C6!F'(5)==!G'!G6)!H;2G2(6!>'=?I<24!J)82(=4G?;)*!#!K)@)I<);!"$$L*!M?'G)-!&'()*! +%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty%!O4-)2;4!P4;Q7! R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!"$%!! #A"%!&'()*!+%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!BC2;2G!-45@)!4G!O)S24-257!>62)D!E'()C6!F'(5)==!45-!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3%! O4-)2;4!P4;Q7!R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!TUVTW! #A#%!!02(8494!2(!C4;G!'D!G6)!:(2I(62452@!=458?48)!D4I2=3%!!&'()*!+%!,)-%.%!,"$$/.%!Nisga’a: People of the Nass River.!0)1!+2345(67!02(8494!:;2<4=!>'?5@2=%! #A/%!X';!25(G45@)*!G6)!02(8494!<)=2)Y)!G64G!:Z))I(2I*!4!C2Y'G4=!D28?;)!25!G6)2;!@'(I'='83*!D=4GG)5)-!G6)! Y4==)3!<)G1))5!D'?;!I'?5G425(!G'!)54<=)!G6)I!'?5@2=%!#TT%! #AW%!Id. 4G!"L*!W"%!!! #AL%!:6)3!1);)!6)=C)-!<3!>6;2(G245!I2((2'54;2)(!25!-'258!('%!!\5)!'D!G6)!D'?5-258!02(8494!I)I<);(!'D!G6)! J45-!>'II2GG))!14(!+;G6?;!>4=-);*!16'()!('5!X;45Q!>4=-);!=4G);!C=43)-!4!Y2G4=!;'=)!25!G6)!02(8494! (G;?88=)%!!&4?5)G!K%!,"$$U.%!Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claims%! ]45@'?Y);7!K'?8=4(!^!O@_5G3;)%!"/"V"/#`!&'()*!+%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!BC2;2G!-45@)!4G!O)S24-257!>62)D!E'()C6! F'(5)==!45-!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3%!O4-)2;4!P4;Q7!R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!UT*L#%! #A$%!+G!G64G!G2I)*!G6)!H;2G2(6!P;2Y3!>'?5@2=!14(!>454-49(!6286)(G!4CC)4=(!@'?;G%!!_G!-)52)-!G6)!02(8494! @=42I!<)@4?()!2G!14(!5'G!45!4CC)4=!D;'I!4!>454-245!@'?;G!a?-8I)5G%!!>'4G)(!b%!,N-%.%!,"$$#.%!Aboriginal land claims in Canada: A regional perspective%!:';'5G'7!>'CC!>=4;Q!P2GI45%!"T%!!!!! #"A%!&'()*!+%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!BC2;2G!-45@)!4G!O)S24-257!>62)D!E'()C6!F'(5)==!45-!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3%! O4-)2;4!P4;Q7!R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!#TT%! #""%!Id. :6)!=41!<455258!_5-245!=45-!@=42I(!64-!<))5!;)C)4=)-!D'?;!3)4;(!)4;=2);%!! #"#%!Calder!Y%!Attorney General of British Columbia*!c"$W/d!B%>%&%!/"/%! #"/%!Id. ! #"T%!B45-);(*!K%!ef)!_5G)5-!G'!J2Y)!R);)!X';)Y);79!+!P;2I);!'5!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3%!University of British Columbia Law Review, 35*!"AL%!!! #"[%!&'()*!+%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!BC2;2G!-45@)!4G!O)S24-257!>62)D!E'()C6!F'(5)==!45-!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3%! O4-)2;4!P4;Q7!R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!#T[! #"U%!:6)2;!(?@@)((!4G!C=4@258!+<';28254=!2((?)(!'5!G6)!48)5-4!2(!)Z)IC=2D2)-!<3!G6)!D4@G!G64G!G6)3!1);)!4<=)! G'!()2S)!G6)!125-'1!'D!'CC';G?52G3!C;)()5G)-!<3!5)8'G24G2'5(!'Y);!G6)!;)C4G;24G2'5!'D!G6)!>'5(G2G?G2'5!45-! 8)G!C;'Y2(2'5(!C;'G)@G258!45-!4DD2;I258!+<';28254=!;286G(!25@=?-)-!G6)!5)1!@'5(G2G?G2'5%!!See!&4?5)G!K%! ,"$$U.%!Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claims%!]45@'?Y);7!K'?8=4(!^! O@_5G3;)%!#"[%! #"W%!See!&4?5)G!K%!,"$$U.%!Without surrender, without consent: A history of the Nisga’a land claims%! ]45@'?Y);7!K'?8=4(!^!O@_5G3;)%!#"[%! #"L%!H);8);!:%!,#AAA*!B)CG%V\@G%.%!:6)!2IC';G45@)!'D!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3!G'!>454-245(*!Canadian Speeches*! 4*!"/`!O'=='3*!:%!,#AAA.%!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. >4=84;37!X2DG6!R'?()%!"[[%!!!! #"$%!O'=='3*!:%!,#AAA.%!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. >4=84;37! X2DG6!R'?()%!"[WV"U/*!#A/V#A$%!!! ##A%!O'=='3*!:%!,#AAA.%!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. >4=84;37! X2DG6!R'?()%!#A$%!!!! ##"%!Nisga’a Final Agreement%!!:62(!;)C;)()5G(!4<'?G!Lg!'D!G6)2;!G;4-2G2'54=!G);;2G';3%!!H);8);!:%!,#AAA*! B)CG%V\@G%.%!:6)!2IC';G45@)!'D!G6)!02(8494!:;)4G3!G'!>454-245(*!Canadian Speeches*!4*!"/%! ###%!:6)!Indian Act 2(!4!D)-);4=!=41!G64G!G286G=3!;)8?=4G)(!G6)!4DD42;(!'D!4==!X2;(G!04G2'5(%!!_G!2(!4!I4a';! ('?;@)!'D!6'(G2=2G3!<)G1))5!+<';28254=(!45-!G6)!8'Y);5I)5G%!!&'()*!+%!,N-%.%!,#AAA.%!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty%!O4-)2;4!P4;Q7!R4;<'?;!P?<=2(6258%!WA%! ##/%!:6)!=)82(=4G2Y)!4?G6';2G3!'D!G6)!02(8494!J2(2I(!F'Y);5I)5G!25@=?-)(*! "##!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %&''(&)*!&+,!,(-.'/*0!/1(2,'*+!&+,!3&%(24!5*'-(/*50!&+,!/.+6'.2!&+,!5&2*!.3!(+6.7(/&+658!!Nisga’a Final Agreement. ! ##98!Nisga’a Final Agreement. ! ##:8!;25.0!61*!<(5)&=&!'*6&(+!61*!3>22!'()165!.3!?&+&,(&+!/(6(@*+51(A8!Nisga’a Final Agreement. ! ##B8!!Nisga’a Final Agreement. ! ##C8!DA**/1!E4!?1(*3!F.5*A1!G.5+*22!6.!61*!H'(6(51!?.2>%E(&!I*)(52&6>'*0!#!J*/*%E*'!"KKL0!M>.6*,!(+! N.5*0!;8!OP,8Q8!O#RRRQ8!Spirit dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga’a Treaty8!S&,*('&! T&'UV!W&'E.>'!T>E2(51(+)8!"K8! ##L8!;!C#X4*&'X.2,!*2,*'!.3!61*!Y(+/.2(61!E&+,!.3!<(5)&=&!/'(6(/(@*,!61*!6'*&64!.+!61*!)'.>+,!61&60!Z[6!\&5! ,.+*!E4!&!E>+/1!.3!4.>+)!)>45!.+!61*!+*).6(&6(.+!/.%%(66**!\1.!,.+=6!*-*+!U+.\!.>'!'*5.>'/*5!.'!.>'! />26>'*8]!!J*T&2%&!;8!O"KKL0!;>)>56!:Q8!?&+&,&!A&/6!)(-*5!&!6'(E*!5*23X'>2*!3.'!61*!3('56!6(%*8!The New York Times8! ##K8!See, e.g80![+6*'(.'!;22(&+/*!O"KKL0!;>)>56!$Q8!Interior Alliance denounces Nisga’a ‘template’ as a violation of human rights. ;-&(2&E2*!&6!166AV^^5(5(58+&6(-*\*E8.')^/2&'U^&>)R$KLE+(5816%2! #$R8!See, e.g80!2*66*'!E4!61*!T'*5(,*+6!.3!61*!_+(.+!.3!H8?8![+,(&+!?1(*350!`*''4!D8!O"KKL0!;>)>56Q8!Why the Nisga’a Agreement must not be the blueprint0!Khatou News8!&-&(2&E2*!&6V!! 166AV^^5(5(58+&6(-*\*E8.')^/2&'U^&>)KL+(5816%2! #$"8!D**0!*8)80!H'(6(51!?.2>%E(&!`'*&64!?.%%(55(.+!O#RR$0!a&22Q8!The Business case for treaties8!;-&(2&E2*! &6!166AV^^\\\8E/6'*&648+*6^3(2*5b$^A,3b,./>%*+65^H>5(+*55c?&5*#R8A,38!! #$#. D**!*8)8!S.22.40!`8!O#RRRQ8!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. ?&2)&'4V!a(361!W.>5*8!"#"d!H*')*'!`8!O#RRR0!D*A68Xe/68Q8!`1*!(%A.'6&+/*!.3!61*!<(5)&=&!`'*&64!6.! ?&+&,(&+50!Canadian Speeches0!40!"$8!`1*!(%A.'6&+/*!.3!61*!<(5)&=&!`'*&64!6.!?&+&,(&+50!Canadian Speeches0!40!"$X"C8!S.22.4!\&5!61*!/1(*3!3*,*'&2!6'*&64!+*).6(&6.'!&+,!H*')*'!\&5!61*!2&\4*'!\1.! '*A'*5*+6*,!61*!<(5)&=&!(+!61*!Calder!2(6()&6(.+8!!! #$$8!J*T&2%&!;8!O"KKL0!;>)>56!:Q8!?&+&,&!A&/6!)(-*5!&!6'(E*!5*23X'>2*!3.'!61*!3('56!6(%*8!The New York Times8! #$98!J*T&2%&!;8!O"KKL0!;>)>56!:Q8!?&+&,&!A&/6!)(-*5!&!6'(E*!5*23X'>2*!3.'!61*!3('56!6(%*8!The New York Times8 <.+X[+,()*+.>5!/.%%*'/(&2!3(51*'%*+!1&-*!1&,!-*'4!56'&(+*,!'*2&6(.+5!\(61!A*.A2*5!(+!?&+&,&!3.'! %&+4!4*&'5!E*/&>5*![+,()*+.>5!A*.A2*5!)*6!A'*3*'*+/*5!(+!61*!3(51*'48! #$:8!G(E5.+!G8!O"KKKQ8!?.%%*+65!.+!61*!J'&36!<(5)&=&!`'*&648!Public Policy Sources, 180!98! #$B8!G(E5.+!G8!O"KKKQ8!?.%%*+65!.+!61*!J'&36!<(5)&=&!`'*&648!Public Policy Sources, 7, 13! #$C8!G(E5.+!G8!O"KKKQ8!?.%%*+65!.+!61*!J'&36!<(5)&=&!`'*&648!Public Policy Sources, 3,48!!a'>%!J8! O"KKL0!;>)>56!""Q8!H>'*&>/'&65!5()+!&\&4!2(E*'64V!<(5)&=&!`'*&64!5*65!>A!A'(+/(A2*!.3!'()16!6.!-.6*!E&5*,!.+! '&/*8!Calgary Sun0!A8!":8!! #$L8!D**!S.22.40!`8!O#RRRQ8!The world is our witness: the historic journey of the Nisga’a into Canada. ?&2)&'4V!a(361!W.>5*8!$X"R8!! ! The Tsou (Taiwan) ! #$K8!`1*!.33(/(&224!'*/.)+(@*,!)'.>A5!&'*V!;%(5!O.'!T&+)/&1Q0!;6&4&20!H>+>+0!T&(\&+0!`5.>0!D(&54(&60! T>4>%&0!N>(U&(0!f&%(!O.'!`&.Q0!`1&.0!`>'>U>!&+,!Y&-&2&+8!`1*('!5(@*!'&+)*!3'.%!"CR0RRR!O;%(5Q!6.!2*55! 61&+!$RR!O`1&.Q8!`1*4!/.+5(56!.3!#c!.3!61*!6.6&2!`&(\&+!A.A>2&6(.+8!OD**! 166AV^^\\\856&68).-86\^/68&5Ag7[6*%h""$:Bi/6<.,*h#$LB8Q! #9R8!Xiang (5!61*!&,%(+(56'&6(-*!>+(6!61&6!(5!.+*!2*-*2!2.\*'!61&+!61*!/.>+648!;%.+)!61*!$"K!xiangs!(+! `&(\&+0!$R!.3!61*%!&'*!shan-di-xiang8!I(6*'&224!shan-di-xiang %*&+5!&!xiang!2./&6*,!(+!61*!%.>+6&(+!&'*&0! E>6!&5(,*!3'.%!61*!)*.)'&A1(/&2!%*&+(+)0!(6!&25.!%*&+5!61&6!61*!xiang %&4.'!O.'!xiang-zhangQ0!61.>)1! *2*/6*,!E.61!E4!(+,()*+.>5!&+,!+.+X(+,()*+.>5!-.6*'50 1&5!6.!E*!&+!(+,()*+.>5!A*'5.+8!;2(51&+!(5!.+*!.3! 61*5*!shan-di-xiang58 #9"8!`1*!5.>61!)'.>A5!.3!61*!`5.>!j!61*!Y&+&U&+&->!&+,!61*!D&=&'>&!j!2(-*!\(61(+!61*!E.>+,&'4!.3!Y&.X 15(>+)!?.>+640!\1.5*!2&+)>&)*5!&'*!,(33*'*+6!3'.%!61*!+.'61!)'.>A!(+!?1(&4(8!`1(5!A&A*'!3./>5*5!.+!61*! <.'61!`5.>!(+!?1(&X4(!?.>+648!`1*'*!(5!&25.!&!-*'4!5%&22!+>%E*'!.3!61*!<.'61!`5.>!2(-(+)!(+!<&+X6.>! ?.>+648!`1(5!A&A*'!3./>5*5!.+!61*!<.'61!`5.>!(+!?1(&X4(!?.>+648! #9#8!D**!J*-*2.A%*+6!T2&+!3.'!F(&X4(!?.>+6'4!OJia-yi XIen zong-he fa-zhan ji-huaQ0! 166AV^^)(5&A5'-R"8/A&%(8).-86\^/A(5^/A'A65^/1(&4(b/.>+64^/.>+64^,(56'(/6816%!O(+!?1(+*5*Q0!2&56!&//*55*,! a*E'>&'40!L!#RRC8!!! ! "#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #$%&!'((!)(*(+,-.(/0!1+2/!3,4!562786!9,:/048!;Jia-yi XIen zong-he fa-zhan ji-hua??@6A2-A4*B"&C-2.6&@,*&0D?C-6A?C-4-0A?C=6286EC,:/08?F(-240?F(-240&=0.!;6/!9=6/(A( "#$!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #$%&!'()!*(+,-.+!*/012.!3/4)516)12!+1!"777!,11/018)9!50:);!2(,2!5);25+82!2()!<+;(+1=!,19!8/::)82+1=!+1!2()! >+4)5!',1,.+?0!,19!@+2(+1!2()!)8/-2/05+;6!A,5?B!,19!,;;+=1)9!2()!>+4)5!C,1,=)6)12!*/66+22))!/+4)5!+;!2()!<+<2(!:,5=);2!5+4)5!+1!`19+,!,19!2()!:,5=);2!/1)!@(+8(!<:/@;!2/!2()!@);2&!!`2! <:/@;!@);2@,59;!/4)5!,!:)1=2(!/,Z,=/A,:B!K&!G#MMRH&!Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme Court and the Narmada Valley struggle&!*)125)!);/058);!V0205);!`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imits of law in counter- hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme Court and the Narmada Valley struggle@!I.+%&.!56&!%1.! F%-82!65!Z)J!)+8!V6D.&+)+4./![)J)1)&*)*!\.1&-!R+'D.&3'%2/!\.J!T.1*'@!"$H"N@!!!L1.!Z)+8!C4]-'3'%'6+! C4%!65!"=AG!0&6D'8.3!4)31!4670.+3)%'6+!(-%!'%!86.3!+6%!)00*2!%6!%163.!J16!1)D.!+6!56&7)*!*)+8!&',1%3@! #NQ@!X)M),60)*!#OOG>!"#! #N$@!S)%.*!"==Q>!"AO!!! #NN@!L1.!]-.3%'6+!65!^B1)%!'3!%1.!M-3%!4670.+3)%'6+_`!'3!*'K.*2!%6!3%)'&!8.()%.!3'+4.!%1.!*)+8!46+3%'%-%.!%1.! '706&%)+%!0)&%!65!)8'D)3'3a!46376*6,2@!!L1'3!'3!&.36+)+%*2!.<0&.33.8!(2!J6&83!65!%1.!)8'D)3'3!J16!0&6%.3%.8! ),)'+3%!8'30*)4.7.+%!(2!%1.!FFSb!^Our Gods cannot be moved from this place, so it is difficult also for us`! W6&3./!Y@!)+8!Y.&,.&!L@!:"==#?@!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review@!c%%)J)>!X.36-&4.3! d-%-&.3!E+%.&+)%'6+)*@!$=@! #NA@!:"?!E+!"=A=/!367.!"OO!0.60*.!J.&.!&.3.%%*.8!5&67!%1.!D'**),.!65!V)81.&!%6!%1.!3'%.!4)**.8!C76&6*'!6+! 5)D6&)(*.!%.&73!J1'41!'+4*-8.8!16-3.3/!)!34166*/!)!8'30.+3)&2/!5&..!.*.4%&'4'%2!)+8!J.**3!56&!'&&',)%'6+! J)%.&@!!eD.+!)5%.&!%1&..!2.)&3!0)33.8/!16J.D.&/!+6%1'+,!(.4)7.!)!&.)*'%2@!!E+!%1.!.+8/!%J6!%1'&83!65!%1.7! &.%-&+.8!()4K!%6!V)81.&!:I)-5'.*8!"==$>!"N?@!!:#?!C5%.&!367.!6-3%..3!65!%1.!FFS!J.&.!&.3.%%*.8!'+!L)*68)/! 6+.!65!%1.!&.3.%%*.7.+%!3'%.3/!%1.!46+5*'4%!)&6-3.!(.%J..+!&.3.%%*.8!)8'D)3'3!)+8!*64)*!)8'D)3'3!J16!1)8!*'D.8! '+!L)*68)/!J1'41!4)-3.8!#!7-&8.&3!)+8!364')*!5&'4%'6+!(.%J..+!(6%1!4677-+'%'.3@!!I6+3'8.&'+,!%1.!5)4%!%1)%! E+8')!1)3!3%&)%'5'.8!364')*!3%&-4%-&.!()3.8!6+!%1.!4)3%.!323%.7/!%163.!%6!(.!8'30*)4.8!)&.!1',1*2!*'K.*2!%6!5'+8! '%!8'55'4-*%!%6!)8M-3%!'+!%1.!+.J!4677-+'%2/!'5!%1.2!)&.!&.3.%%*.8!'+!%1.!4677-+'%2!4670&'3.8!65!1',1.&!4)3%.! 6&!364')*!4*)33!:S)%J)&81)+!#OOO>"A?@!!:P?!C+!6-3%..!65!%1.!FFS!3-(7'%%.8!)!*.%%.&!%6!%1.!E+8.0.+8.+%! X.D'.J!L.)7/!J1'41!J)3!4677'33'6+.8!(2!%1.!B6&*8!Y)+K!'+!"=="@!L1.!*.%%.&!0-(*'4'9.8!%1.!0*',1%!65!1.&! &.3.%%*.7.+%!3'%.b!^d6&%2!16-3.16*83!76D.8!5&67!W)+'(.*'!%6!S)&D.%)@!E+!6-&!5'&3%!2.)&!1.&./!J.!J)%41.8!PA! 65!6-&!41'*8&.+!8'.f@`!W6&3./!Y@!)+8!Y.&,.&!L@!:"==#?@!Sardar Sarovar: Report of the Independent Review@! c%%)J)>!X.36-&4.3!d-%-&.3!E+%.&+)%'6+)*@!"$O@!:G?!E+!%1.!3%)%.!65!V-M)&)%/!%1.!'+1)('%)+%!65!"=!D'**),.3/!)**! %1.!D'**),.3!%6!(.!3-(7.&,.8!(2!%1.!FFS/!1)D.!(..+!&.3.%%*.8!'+!"NQ!3.0)&)%.!&.1)('*'%)%'6+!3'%./!',+6&'+,! %1.'&!*6+,!3%)+8'+,!364')*!(6+8!:X62!"===>Q"?@! #N=@!W4I-**2!#OO">!PO"H#! #AO@!d6&!'+3%)+4./!'+!d.(&-)&2/!"=A=/!76&.!%1)+!A/OOO!65!0.60*.!,)%1.&.8!3'%.!'+!%1.!3%)%.!65!V-M)&)%!%6! 0&6%.3%!),)'+3%!%1.!46+3%&-4%'6+@!!E+!F.0%.7(.&!%1.!3)7.!2.)&/!)!,',)+%'4!&)**2!J)3!*)-+41.8!)%!%1.!%6J+!65! g)&3-8!'+!W)812)!S&)8.31/!'+!J1'41!#Q/OOO!%6!$O/OOO!0.60*.!5&67!)**!6D.&!E+8')!)%%.+8.8!%6!8.7)+8!)! 4670&.1.+3'D.!&.H.D)*-)%'6+!65!%1.!0&6M.4%@!F..!Y)D'3K)&!"==Q>#ON@!C*36!3..!X)M),60)*/!Y@!:#OOG?@!Limits of law in counter-hegemonic globalization: The Indian Supreme Court and the Narmada Valley struggle@! I.+%&.!56&!%1.!F%-82!65!Z)J!)+8!V6D.&+)+4./![)J)1)&*)*!\.1&-!R+'D.&3'%2/!\.J!T.1*'@!#Q@!!L1.!&)**2! "#$!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %&'()*+!,-*!.'/%0123450!674-801!79!:05;!"<<=!09+!('9,79>*+!>9,7&!8-*9!,-*!?-7*@!:797A,*5!'@!:0+-10! B50+*A-!C5'/7A*+!,'!5*D7*8!,-*!EEB;!! #F";!G9!"<<=H!I5;!.;I;!E-05/0H!,-*!?'//7AA7'9*5!'@!E(-*+>&*+!?0A,*A!09+!J57%*AH!0!A,0,>,'51!0>,-'57,1!'@! G9+70H!0CC*0&*+!,'!,-*!C5*A7+*9,!'@!G9+70!,'!-0&,!,-*!C5'K*(,!L?0>@7*&+!"< ! "#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %&'()*+(*,!-&./0!1&++2332&*!,4(!)('2(-!56!7,4!&8!9.%.3,:!!;2*&++2,,((!1&+?)23(0!&8!82'(!(@?(),3!-4&!,&&A!14<)%(!&8!)('2(-2*%!.//6!C:!E#FF"G:!B2/(*1(0!)2'()3: The ecology and politics of large dams:!H&*0&*I!J(0!K&&A3!<*0! K()A(/(6I!L*,()*<,2&*&++2,,((!3,<),(0!)('2(-2*%!,4(!?)&T(1,=!4(<)2*%! &?2*2&*3!8)&+!,4(!3, "#$!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! The Yonggom (Papua New Guinea) ! %&$'!()*+,-!.'!/"$$01'!Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993'!23456! 789,*+!:,'!;'!%'?@,-!7'!/#&&%1'!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?! 78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E6=>CFC>!G,*?C-A!6=98*!:,'!H"I!J=-K8**=L!78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E 6=>CFC>!6*,A*=B!78@8=*>M!4>M,,N!,F!6=>CFC>!=-O!D@C=-!4+)OC8@I!PM8!D)@+*=NC=-!:=+C,-=N!Q-CR8*@C+S'!#'!! DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTT*@9=@'=-)'8O)'=)T9=98*@T*B=9TG9=98*@T*B=9UV9H"'9OF!! %"&'!()*+,-!.'!/"$$01'!Social monitoring at the Ok Tedi project. Summary report to mid-1993'!23456! 789,*+!:,'!;'!H'!! %""'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN! %"#'!J)*+C-!P'I!],N^?-8>M+!]'I!_!`=B,)*!6'!/#&&%1'!`=-O!*8AC@+*=+C,-!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=L!J,B98+C-A! 98*@98>+CR8@'!a-!State, Society and Governance in MelanesiaI!PM8!D)@+*=NC=-!:=+C,-=N!Q-CR8*@C+S!78@8=*>M! 4>M,,N!,F!6=>CFC>!=-O!D@C=-!4+)OC8@I!4+=+8I!4,>C8+S!=-O!Z,R8*-=->8!C-!58N=-8@C=!6*,\8>+I!bC@>)@@C,-!6=98*! #&&%T"I!!=R=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTMON'M=-ON8'-8+T"cc0TH&"c&'! %"%'!D@C=-!b8R8N,9B8-+!(=-?'!/#&&0I!b8>8BK8*1'!Technical Assistance, Papua New Guinea: Preparing the PNG Gas Project'!P8>M-C>=N!D@@C@+=->8!789,*+I!6*,\8>+!:)BK8*!%$0cHI!%'! %"H'!J,-F)@C,-!,-!2?!P8OC!9N=-@'!PNG Post-Courrier'!/#&&"I!5=*>M!01'!DR=CN=KN8!=+! M++9LTTF,*8@+@',*AT=*>MCR8T9-AT>,-F,-,?'M+B,BT-8V@TdBN-8V@TV8N>,B8'=@9e-8V@f5`g5.&HH'dBN'!!! %"0'!5,NN,SI!3'!/#&&"I!2>+,K8*!%1'!(]6!=K=-O,-C-A!2?!P8OC!h!6:Z!+,!>N8=-!)9'!Reportage'!DR=CN=KN8!=+! M++9LTTVVV'*89,*+=A8')+@'8O)'=)T@+,*C8@T#&&"T&%,?+8OC'M+BN!! %"X'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN! %";'!Q:b6I!Q:Y6I!_!G,*NO!(=-?'!/#&&%1'!World resources 2002–2004:Decisions for the Earth: Balance, voice, and power'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV'V*C',*ATA,R8*-=->8T9)K@UO8@>*C9+C,-'>FBe9COg%;XH %"c'!6=BK=!W'!/"$$$I!D)A)@+!#"1'!G,*NO!(=-?!=@?8OL!a@!2?!P8OC!2?e'!Asia Times'!! %"$'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN! %#&'!WC*@>M!4'!/"$$X1'!JN8=-C-A!)9!2?!P8OCL!48++N8B8-+!F=R,*@!i,-AA,B!98,9N8'!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 4 /"1'! %#"'!]=*?C-@,-I!7'!/#&&&1'!!a->,B9=+CKN8!VC+M!,)*!8-RC*,-B8-+=N!R=N)8@'!GM=+j@!-8d+!F,*!2?!P8OCe! a-+8*RC8V!VC+M!4+)=*+!WC*@>MI!Higher Values, 13'! %##'!WC*@>M!4'!/"$$%1'!4,>C=N!CB9=>+!,F!+M8!2?!P8OC!5C-8!,-!+M8!i,-AA,B!RCNN=A8@!,F!+M8!:,*+M!3NSI!"$$#'! 2?E3NS!4,>C=N!5,-C+,*C-A!6*,\8>+!789,*+!:,'!0!F,*!2?!P8OC!5C-C-A!`CBC+8O'!""E"#'!!! %#%'!WC*@>M!4'!/"$$%1'!4,>C=N!CB9=>+!,F!+M8!2?!P8OC!5C-8!,-!+M8!i,-AA,B!RCNN=A8@!,F!+M8!:,*+M!3NSI!"$$#'! 2?E3NS!4,>C=N!5,-C+,*C-A!6*,\8>+!789,*+!:,'!0!F,*!2?!P8OC!5C-C-A!`CBC+8O'!cI!"H'!! %#H'!WC*@>M!4'!/"$$%1'!4,>C=N!CB9=>+!,F!+M8!2?!P8OC!5C-8!,-!+M8!i,-AA,B!RCNN=A8@!,F!+M8!:,*+M!3NSI!"$$#'! 2?E3NS!4,>C=N!5,-C+,*C-A!6*,\8>+!789,*+!:,'!0!F,*!2?!P8OC!5C-C-A!`CBC+8O'!"X'! %#0'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN! %#X'!WC*@>MI!4'!/"$$X1'!D>+C-A!AN,K=NNSL!Y>,E9,NC+C>@!C-!6=9)=!:8V!Z)C-8=I!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 3!/%1'!DR=CN=KN8!=+!M++9LTTVVV')BC>M'8O)T[CC-8+T\,)*-=NTR,N%-,%T?C*@>M'M+BN'! 488!=N@,!WC*@>M!4'!/#&' D-+M*,9,N,AS!=-O!=OR,>=>SL!=!>=@8!@+)OS!,F!+M8!>=B9=CA-!=A=C-@+!+M8!2?! P8OC!5C-8'!Critique of Anthropology,!##!/#1I!"$H!=R=CN=KN8!=+! M++9LTTVVV'BC-8@=-O>,BB)-C+C8@',*ATJ,B9=-ST,?+8OCH'9OF! %#;'!()*+,-!('!/"$$$I!D)A)@+!"%1'!(]6!=OBC+@!2?!P8OC!BC-8!C@!8-RC*,-B8-+=N!OC@=@+8*'!Asia Times'!! %#c'!WC*@>M!4'!/"$$X1'!JN8=-C-A!)9!2?!P8OCL!48++N8B8-+!F=R,*@!i,-AA,B!98,9N8'!University of Michigan Journal of the International Institute, 4 /"1'!! %#$'!.=>?@,-!7'!/#&&%1'!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?!78@,)*>8! 5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E6=>CFC>!G,*?C-A!6=98*!:,'!H"I!J=-K8**=L!78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E6=>CFC>! 6*,A*=B!78@8=*>M!4>M,,N!,F!6=>CFC>!=-O!D@C=-!4+)OC8@I!PM8!D)@+*=NC=-!:=+C,-=N!Q-CR8*@C+S'!;'!!! %%&'!]=*?C-@,-I!ka->,B9=+CKN8!VC+M!,)*!8-RC*,-B8-+=N!R=N)8@L!GM=+j@!-8d+!F,*!2?!P8OCel?@,-!7'! /#&&%1'!Muddying the waters of the Fly: Underlying issues or stereotypes?!78@,)*>8!5=-=A8B8-+!C-!D@C=E ! "#$ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! %&'()('!*+,-(./!%&01,!2+3!4"5!6&.71,,&8!91:+;,'1!<&.&/1=1.>!(.!?:(&@%&'()('!%,+/,&=!91:1&,'A!B'A++C! +)!%&'()('!&.D!?:(&.!B>;D(1:5!EA1!?;:>,&C(&.!2&>(+.&C!F.(G1,:(>H3!I3!!! ##"3!J(,:A!B3!KL$$LM3!N(>(/&>(./!O-!E1D(!K?/&(.M3!P.!Q3!R3!*1(.1,!K1D3M5!<1C&.1:(&8!>A1!);>;,1!+)!>,&D(>(+.3! Cultural Survival Quarterly, 26 K#M5!"S@"T3!?G&(C&7C1!&>!A>>08UUVVV3':3+,/U0;7C('&>(+.:U6BWU':X@ &,>('C13')=Y(DZ"S[$!! ##L3!J(,:'A!B3!KL$$4M3!2+!Q;:>('1!(.!O-!E1D(!:1>>C1=1.>3!Cultural Survival Quarterly, (28)!L3!! ###3!<+CC+H5!R3!KL$$"5!O'>+71,!#M3!\]%!&7&.D+.(./!O-!E1D(!^!%2_!>+!'C1&.!;03!Reportage3!?G&(C&7C1!&>! A>>08UUVVV3,10+,>&/13;>:31D;3&;U:>+,(1:UL$$"U$#+->1D(3A>=C! ##43!<+CC+H5!R3!KL$$"5!O'>+71,!#M3!\]%!&7&.D+.(./!O-!E1D(!^!%2_!>+!'C1&.!;03!Reportage3!?G&(C&7C1!&>! A>>08UUVVV3,10+,>&/13;>:31D;3&;U:>+,(1:UL$$"U$#+->1D(3A>=C! "#$!!