Check List 10(1): 28–32, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of lists and distribution pecies S

of of Alcatrazes Island, São Paulo State, * and Renato Rogner Ramos ists L (: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) Ronaldo Bastos Francini [email protected] Universidade Católica de Santos, Laboratório de Biologia da Conservação, Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 300, CEP 11015-002, Santos, SP, Brazil * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract: An important study site is the The Alcatrazes Archipelago; its main island is forested and occupied by marine birds and endemic species Islands of areterrestrial simplified vertebrates. and isolated Records ecosystems of specie that richnesshave been are used useful to study to assess ecological the degree and evolutionary of habitat isolation process.

and resilience, both relevant to practical of conservation. The pioneering registers of Lüderwaldt and Fonseca in 1923 continentalcited seven coastline.species of This butterflies. low richness We found is derived only threefrom hardof them physical and foundconditions eight of and island, two hinderingnew occurrences the colonization. during 1993- The 1994 and 2011 expeditions, respectively. Alcatrazes island has only 18 species of butterflies known against 538 species of its populations and community changed in short time space. Alcatrazes butterflies have good power of flight dispersal and feed on of secondary vegetation near-coastal habitats;

Introduction Studies involving records of species richness and taxon cycle in island colonization process are useful in assessing experimentally due their great complexities, but Islands are of the relationship between degree of habitat isolation Generally, ecosystems are difficult to handle and resilience, a theme relevant to conservation (New and of the highest quality. They are systems relatively isolated withsimplified variations microcosms and quantity that constitute of species natural that allow laboratories testing types of studies, especially with communities of islands, ecological and evolutionary theories (MacArthur and andThornton have 1992). been widelyButterflies used are in appropriate works such tools as Krakataufor these Wilson 1967). (New et al. 1988; Bush and Whittaker 1991; Dennis et al. Darwin’s notes during the Galapagos expedition in 2012) and the British tidal Isles (Dennis at al. 2010). The coastal area of the São Paulo state (Mongaguá to the modern theory of island biogeography, which changed Bertioga), where Alcatrazes Archipelago is inserted has the1835 vision were about the first archipelagos steps that (Darwinunleash the1859). development of et al. 2011). The Alcatrazes Archipelago comprises 13 Islands, This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of islets, and slabs that are part of the Ecological Station of the538 terrestrialknown biota species of the (Francini Alcatrazes Archipelago due Tupinambás created in 1987, and now managed by the the importance of its conservation as the most distant Chico Mendes Institute for Conservation of Biodiversity continental island of the littoral of the São Paulo.

(1923), the island was inhabited in the past by people, Material and methods which(ICMBio explored 2013). Accordingits natural to resources Lüderwaldt and and constructed Fonseca The Alcatrazes Island has an area of 17 km2 and is three houses. In addition, more recently, the Brazilian Navy used the archipelago for military training, but these 34 km from the north coast of São Paulo state, Brazil activities ceased at the end of 1990s. (Campossituated (24°06′55.55″ et al S, 45°41′34.51″ W) approximately The main island, Alcatrazes, is forested and has the found in the Island are the marine rocky shores but it may biggest nesting place of marine birds of the south and . 2004; Figure 1A-B). The main physiognomies southeast coast of Brazil (Rezende 1987), and also endemic species of terrestrial vertebrates (Bataus and Reis 2011). formations,be considered with an inselberg predominance (Porembski of Myrtaceae 2007; Figure trees 2A), and Syagruswith strong romanzoffiana marine influence and open species and was published by Edwall (1897) but the The collections had Sisbio Authorization number The first scientific work about Alcatrazes described new (Arecaceae; Figure 2B). 1994 were deposited in the collection of Museu de first complete description of the island biota was the work Zoologia31172-1 da (23/09/2011). Universidade Voucher de São Paulo, specimens São Paulo, from 1992-Brazil Octoberof Lüderwaldt and November and Fonseca 1920. (1923) The physical (but see aspects Lüderwaldt of the (MZUSP). insular1926; Fonsecaenvironment 1957) were which described studied by Wendel the island (1915) during but other published studies focused on plants (Löfgren 1897a, The sampling effort encompassed 72 h of field b; 1898; Visnadi and Vital 2001), invertebrates (Leitão inaccessiblework using sites entomological we used photographic nets to capture equipment. butterflies We 1923; Schubart 1955; Hoffman 1971), and vertebrates alsoalong searched the tracks actively (Figure for 1C) possible and the resourcesisland slopes. for adultsIn the (Vanzolini 1950; 1973; Marques et al. 2002; Campos et al. 2004). historical collection list of Alcatrazes Island published by and larval host-plants. The species found were added to

28 Francini and Ramos | Butterflies of Alcatrazes Island, Brazil

Discussion

ResultsLüderwaldt and Fonseca (1923). low species richness when compared to an equivalent continentalThe butterfly area. assemblage The data of from Alcatrazes two consecutive Island has Alcatrazes Island (Table 1), all of them being common expeditions on April 1993 and 1994 showed only 11 and speciesThere with are wide 18 geographical butterfly species distribution. known from the Austroeupatorium a walking of only four hours along one trail in the Vale do inulaefolium Chromolaena odorata, five active butterfly species, respectively. In the same years, EmiliaThe sonchifoliabutterflies, wereMikania using micrantha of, Mikania cordifolia H.B.K.Vernonia (Figure scorpioides 4A), (Asteraceae) which richnessRio Quilombo, could beSantos related (Figure to the 1B), prevalent showed conditions more than of the50 are in bloom during the autumn (end of March to June). All physicalbutterfly environment. species (RBF, Several unpublished areas were data). covered This reducedby bare of(Figure them 4B) being and considered agricultural weeds (Aranha et al. 1982) and possibly remains of the incipient agriculture When the clouds are low, the condensed moisture allows practiced when the island was occupied, as indicated by rocks (Figure 2A) and there is no permanent water body. the presence of Ricinus communis an environment that is hot and dry and not adequate for 4C). the use of liquid water by plants (Figure 2B). This creates (Euphorbiaceae; Figure most butterfly species. There is also the spray of salt water

Figure 1. Location of the Alcatrazes Island in SE Brazil (A) showing the surrounding coastal area (B) and sampling points in expeditions of 1993, 1994 (yellow circles), and 2011 (red circles).

29 Francini and Ramos | Butterflies of Alcatrazes Island, Brazil that, in days of agitated sea, may contribute to increase reduced resources and could lead several species to local the water loss by terrestrial organisms. There was no meteorological station in the island but in Moela Island, near to Guarujá. The mean annual rainfall is lower than the restrictionextinction. forTherefore, adults and these larvae. effects may cause difficulties interior continental area (Santos 1965). The hot and dry in establishment of a butterfly species due to resources climatic pattern of Alcatrazes was indicated by plates of crystallized salt between rocks near the sea by Lüderwaldt We Lüderwaldt found only and three Fonseca of them, (1923) but cited found seven another species eight of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). rocks is bigger than the vegetation area. During the dry expeditions (Table 1). season,and Fonseca the lack (1923) of freshwater and also because bodies thein the area island covered is not by andOne two species new occurrences collected during in 1920 1993-1994 (Lüderwaldt and 2011 and Actinote corysina [sic], restricting the phenological cycles. The high quantity of probably is Actinote carycina Jordan, 1913 and is in fact nitratesadequate and condition phosphates for survival accumulated of plants due and to butterflies, sea birds FonsecaActinote pellenea 1923) and pellenea identified, a common as widespread species

leaves of A. inulaefolium, M. micrantha, and M. cordifolia but seenguano, on affect Chromolaena the quality odorata and development of flowers and wein Southeast never saw Brazil exuviae (Francini or larval and skins Penz in2006). these Its plants. larvae This eat hostburnings plants caused when by deposited Navy bombing on leaf since or floral 1980s surfaces, probably as may indicates events of colonization and extinction with (Figure 3). In addition, the populations are ephemeral in Alcatrazes Island and its a turnover of species. Therefore, it seems that butterfly species, such as cassius and other are probablyassemblage brought changed by the in winds, short timewhile space.the bigger Small-sized species

Danaus plexippus and , can disperse actively, but nonewith greatpresented flight signscapacity of residence. and migratory potential, such as

species may have better competitive ability during this process.However, Species despite in which the colonization adults use food difficulties, resources some of their larval host plants can have a generation without relying on other plant species in an island with limited resources. In the Alcatrazes there are many palms of Syagrus romanzoffiana Brassolis astyra where the butterflies of species maintain resident (Brassolini; populations Figure in the 4D) island. found Two abundant strong evidencesresource for corroborates their larvae. that For this this species reason, is they resident are able in the to

island;island: 2)1) Theone leavesindividual of their collected host plants, in October S. romanzoffiana 2011 was a, Figure 2. newlyare available emerged during indicating all seasons. its life-cycle was completed on showing the inselberg landscape with marine rocky shores in lower portion and (A) open Profile forest, of Alcatrazes with predominance Island view of from trees north of the to familysouth, Myrtaceae and Syagrus romanzoffiana. (B) Low clouds surrounding (Thornton 2007), the species of Alcatrazes are very the island top where dew provides liquid water to Alcatrazes plant frequentIn the same along way the as continental butterflies of coastline, the Krakatau with Island good community. dispersal and wide distribution, which feed on plants of

species with high colonization ability and high migration secondary vegetation near-coastal habitats. Generalist colonize. Conversely, specialists with weaker dispersal capacity and are lower potentially colonization the first ability visitors enter to later. arrive We anddid

arrivalnot find on forest-dweller the island. Thus, butterflies. specialists These also are have probably a short stayless time;vagile they and rapidlytheir host-plants will become less extinct, likely evento be if present colonization after et al. 2012).

seemis briefly to dependsuccessful on (Dennisthese dynamics and need more time to recoverThe oscillations from the of impact butterfly of natural assemblages and anthropogenic of Alcatrazes interferences. Therefore, more collection and investigations Figure 3. Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) showing the effect of salt deposition due to seabird colonies, with high nitrates and phosphates in will be necessary to follow life cycles, turnovers, and their droppings.

colonization process of Alcatrazes’ butterflies.

30 Francini and Ramos | Butterflies of Alcatrazes Island, Brazil

Figure 4. (A) Austroeupatorium inulaefolium, (B) Mikania cordifolia, and (C) Ricinus communis. (D) The newly emerged imago of Brassolis astyra found in the last trip.

Table 1.

Species of butterflies observed or collected at Alcatrazes Island, SP and the Families of their larval host-plant (FLH-P): Acanthaceae (ACA), Arecaceae (ARE), Apocynaceae (APO), Asteraceae (AST), Cruciferae (CRU), Passifloraceae (PAS), unknown (?). NomenclatureHylephilla used by phileus Lüderwaldt or Polites and vibexFonseca. (1923) (L&F), collectors name and dates of expeditions: Herman Lüderwaldt (HL), Ronaldo Bastos Francini (RBF), Renato Rogner Ramos (RRR); species presence (X). Observations: material not found in the MZUSP. * Possibly a common Brazilian species such as COLLECTORS AND DATES OF EXPEDITIONS TAXA NOMENCLATURE L&F FLH-P HL RBF RBF RBF RBF RBF&RRR 1920 Apr. 93 Feb. 94 Apr. 94 Jun. 94 Oct. 2011 Hesperiidae Hesperiinae sp. Hesperia sp.* X Urbanus proteus proteus (Linnaeus, 1758) Thimele proteus LEG X X ? - - - - - Libytheinae - - - - Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777) X Lycaenidae ------ hanno hanno (Stoll, 1790) Hemiargus hannus LEG X Leptotes cassius cassius (Cramer, 1775) cassius Cr. LEG X X X - - - - - Thecla sp. Gargina gargophia (Hew.) X - - - ? - - - - - Actinote pellenea pellenea (Hübner, [1821]) Actinote corysina [sic] Jord. AST X Brassolis astyra astyra Godart, [1824] ARE X - - - - - Danaus erippus (Cramer, 1775) APO X X - - - - - Dryas iulia alcionea (Cramer, 1779) Colaenis julia PAS X X X - - - - lansdorfi (Godart, 1819) ACA X F. - - - Hamadryas februa februa (Hübner, [1823]) X - - - - - Morpho helenor achillaena (Hübner, [1823]) X ? - - - - - - - - - - Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) Pieris orseis Godt. CRU X Eurema albula sinoe (Godart, 1819) X - - - - - argante LEG X X ? - - - - - philea (Linnaeus, 1763) LEG X (Fabricius, 1775) - - - - Riodinidae - - - - - Synargis calyce LEG X

(C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862) - - - - -

31 Francini and Ramos | Butterflies of Alcatrazes Island, Brazil

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