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India plans to invest 2007 Rs 20,000 crore to To order your capture about nine to 10 ������������������� copy mail us at: per cent of the world’s [email protected] shipbuilding share over 2008 the next 10 years or so. OR 4 Page 6 call (+91 11) 24644763 re 2 ess C Synergising n Futu 24644693 adi Re operational plans 24620130 FORCEnet and resources, ��������������� FORCEnet is ��������������� Sensor Weapons the US Navy’s Force Modernization m route to NCW

diness a Innovate Speed Upgrade and Information Near-Ter Re Adapt to Exercise � � � � � � � ������� Capability Technology 21 is Experiment Operate its network Issue 5 2008 ▸ V o l 3 N o 5 “Given the cordiality and complete under- standing between the leadership of our coun- at sea. WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET Web Enable Knowledge Superiority 3Page 4 tries, I have no doubt that our defence rela- nt e rr tions are bound to grow manifold. We need u C adiness Transmitters Receivers Re C4ISR Computers Networks to develop a mutually beneficial defence Information relationship, holistic in content and scope.” Satellites Integration Sensors Hardware Software —Defence Minister A.K. Antony at an Indo-Russian meet

October 6 to 7, the Naval Symposium on Information Systems turned out to be a most informative and interesting

event. With Technology

� � �two � � �paral � � � - lel sessions being conducted simultaneously, the scope and horizon of the symposium touched new heights. Selecting a subject for inclusion in this issue of SP’s Naval Forces became a challenge given the plethora of presentations and range of technical papers submitted. Finally, Next Generation Networks was selected as it is the most significant technology evolution in recent times that have Potent mix of far-reaching impact on the conduct of war- fare—also the subject of the lead story. An article on US Navy’s cooperative strat- egy for the 21st century, and their approach to NCW and information technology afford POWER & PACE an overview of what is happening in the most technologically advanced country in the world. The convergence of traditional technology domains of 3Cs has changed the paradigm of The highjacking on September 15 of MT Stolt Valor is big news because 18 crew members, electronic system design and development. Here’s a simplified analysis of emerging Net including the captain, are Indian. Denied per- Centric Warfare and Next Generation Network technologies. mission to carry out a rescue operation, the Photograph: US Navy Indian Navy has now been permitted to patrol The F/A-18 Hornet rests on aircraft carrier USS George Washington. Information systems immensely synergise the combat capability of the navy. the region. The fate of the crew hangs in bal- CAPTAIN (RETD) T.N. PRANESHA, IN ance even as this issue goes to press. We at SP’s Naval Forces earnestly hope and pray he most significant technology evolu- this convergence. Although ‘3C’ convergence Centric’ to ‘Software Centric’ to ‘System Centric’ that the hostages are safe and released soon. tion in recent times with far-reaching has evolved primarily to cater the needs of civil- to ‘Network Centric’ paradigms over a period. impact on the conduct of warfare is ian communications, it has brought in a change Demand for high performance embedded com- the emergence of ‘Next Generation at fundamental level in evolving integrated solu- puting and increase in order of complexity of TNetwork (NGN)’. NGN is the out come of the tions to complex problems. embedded software require leveraging diverse convergence of communication, control and developments in related technology fields. computing (3C) technologies. The impact of ‘3C’ Influencing the military convergence would encompass all electronic Influence of the above on military equipment and Reference models equipment, systems and sub-systems pertain- systems development could be seen in terms of Excellent progress has been made in concep- ing to emerging war system infrastructure, irre- conscious shift in thinking from traditional equip- tualising the reference model for C3I application spective of the specific functional sub-domain ment centric solutions to mission centric networks context. The perception of viewing C3I system as they serve. Further, the paradigm shifts that this paradigms. Conceptually, the trend is character- a decision support tool at tactical and strategic convergence has created in the system design ized by emphasis on building equipments and decision making in the context of conduct of war and development, repair, upkeep and exploita- systems with ‘COT’s based systems and sub sys- had been in focus in evolution of a composite “A pleasure as always, to see SP Guide tion contexts needs drastic adaptation in the way tems’ with ‘Middleware Centric’ system integration generic C3I reference model for facilitating the Publications’ yeoman service for the technology is managed. using ‘Open standards based’ intra and inter sys- development and integration of open systems armed forces of India. My best wishes,” Additionally, at deployment level, apart from tem connectivity. These network-able equipments based product and systems. This generic C3I said Admiral Sureesh Mehta, Chief of the traditional repair and upkeep support for the sys- and systems should support a variety of ‘Network reference model was originally evolved in the Naval Staff, at the SP’s stand at NAVSIS tems, need exist for a-priori validation of specific Centric’ applications that could eventually create context of US DoD efforts to stream line their ’08 in Delhi. (Report on page 9.) mission plans at operational level and fine-tun- a ‘Mission Centric’ network that provides flexible C3I efforts in early nineties and later adapted by ing of the system parameters in the context of solution at the mission level. others for evolution and customisation of the ref- the mission as a critical part of mission planning C3I product line has evolved over past three erence models pertaining to the specifics associ- activity. Creation of appropriate controlled syn- decades as a prominent force multiplier. The ated with the command control structures, com- thetic environment and use of the same in the speed of developments in the related technology munication infrastructures and the warfare related problem solving contexts stated above is the key domains render very high rate of obsolescence doctrines of the incumbent end users. A good capability buildup needed to support the above and also extreme difficulties in coping up with life example of this adaptation is that of Royal Navy’s activities. Reduction in engineering development cycle support associated with the deployed prod- C3I acquisition and modernisation programme JAYANT BARANWAL cycle time and ability to handle design of higher ucts. Qualitatively, the technology focus in these (DERA/SS/AWS/CP990013) and US DoD’s Circa PUBLISHER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF complexity systems are the two main impacts of product line has undergone shifts from ‘Hardware 2000 and 2010 and GIG programmes.

Continued on page 3

SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 1 ‘Boeing has offered IN the P-8I’

Dr Vivek Lall, Boeing IDS Country Head, talks to SP’s Naval Forces on the company’s strategies and collaborations to capture the Indian market

SP’s: What is the company profile of Strategic University relationship with the Indian F/A-18E/F Super Hornet: The F/A-18E/F Super whom you have tied up/likely to tie up for joint Boeing Integrated Defense Systems? Institute of Science to design a “wing of the Hornet offers India the most advanced see-all, venture/collaboration/offset arrangements? Dr Vivek Lall: A unit of The Boeing future”, using advanced materials and manufac- do-all combat fighter in production today, capa- Dr Vivek Lall: Boeing cannot divulge the names Company, Boeing IDS (www.boeing. turing concepts. ble of defending the nation from the Himalayas to of specific companies we have tied up with com/ids/ ) is one of the world’s largest Boeing IDS is divided into three capabilities- the Indian Ocean with unmatched lethality, pilot because that information is competition sensitive. space and defence businesses. driven businesses: safety and the promise of more than 30 years of However, we can tell you that the Super Hornet Industry Speaks Until recently, India relied on indig- • Precision Engagement and Mobility US Navy-funded upgrades. industry team has tied up with 37 strategic Indian enous capabilities and non-US suppliers Systems: This business includes Airborne CH-47 Chinook: The CH-47 Chinook offers India companies across a breadth of disciplines in the for its defence requirements. But improved rela- ASW/ISR, Global Mobility Systems, Global Strike a powerful workhorse helicopter, as capable in aerospace domain, including design, engineer- tions between Washington and Delhi have forged Systems and Rotorcraft. supporting the Indian Army in rugged high alti- ing, parts manufacturing and aerostructures. a stronger alliance between the two countries • Network and Space Systems: This business tude outposts, as it will be helping build India’s and created the opportunity for defence acquisi- includes combat systems; command, control infrastructure and transport life-saving relief sup- SP’s: What is your company policy regarding tions from US manufacturers. Boeing has offered and communications (C3) networks; expendable plies to victims of natural disasters. Transfer of Technology? the Indian Navy the P-8I—an unique variant of launch programmes; missile defence systems, AH-64D Apache: Apache Longbow is the most Dr Vivek Lall: Transfer of Technology is a require- the US Navy’s P-8A Poseidon—for India’s long- network programmes; space and intelligence lethal rotorcraft platform ever to enter production, ment requested as part of specific programmes range maritime reconnaissance and anti-subma- systems; and space exploration. with the force needed to protect the soldier by in India. In such instances, Boeing will review the rine warfare competition. • Support Systems: This business includes taking the fight to the adversary with technical requirements and determine if they can be met In February 2008, The Boeing Company maintenance modification and upgrades; inte- superiority, which translates to technical over- by the Boeing offering. If so, Boeing will develop and Tata Industries Limited agreed on a plan grated logistics services; and training systems match when compared to threat systems that a competitive bid and enter into the competition. to form an Indian joint venture company that and services. Apache Longbow crews might encounter. will initially include more than $500 million (Rs In addition, IDS has an Advanced Systems Harpoon: Harpoon, the world’s most successful SP’s: What are the strategies and business 2,440 crore) of defence-related aerospace com- unit linked with Boeing’s Phantom Works organi- anti-ship missile, features autonomous, reliable, plans for establishing your company in India? ponent work in India for export to Boeing and sation that develops new technologies. all-weather, lethal, over-the-horizon capability. Dr Vivek Lall: Boeing’s plan in India is to develop its international customers. In December 2007, C-17 Globemaster III: The C-17 Globemaster a long term partnership to strengthen all aspects Boeing IDS President and CEO Jim Albaugh had SP’s: What are the products already sold in III is designed to fulfill military and humanitarian of India’s aerospace capabilities, civilian and signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) India and which are the ones the company airlift needs well into the 21st century. defence, in the 21st century. Being the world’s with Hindustan Aerospace Limited to bring as would like to promote? Network Centric Operations: Boeing IDS is largest aerospace company we are uniquely much as $1 billion (Rs 4,885 crore) in exportable Dr Vivek Lall: P-8I: The P-8I is the world’s most developing and integrating a number of transfor- positioned to bring to bear the depth and breadth defence aerospace work to India. In February advanced anti-submarine and anti-surface mational programmes, systems and systems-of- of human talent, technical expertise and a variety 2007, at Aero India, Boeing signed an MoU with warfare plane, offering India the reach, speed, systems that will provide its customers with new of aerospace and defence resources that will Larsen & Toubro Limited for joint exploration of technology and endurance necessary to protect network-centric warfare capabilities. help India strengthen its self-reliance and leader- business opportunities in India’s defence sec- 7,000 km of coastline, and to extend beyond ship in the fields of national security, civil aviation, tor. Boeing’s Phantom Works has instituted a India’s shores to protect global shipping lanes. SP’s: Which are the Indian companies with defence, space technologies. Harpoon heralds new vistas The missile is expected to add new dimension to the operational capability of the Indian Navy

REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) S. RAMSAY

n September 9, coinciding (MMA) as a replacement for the P-3C Orion. The fication and tracking of surfaced submarines and Block II is the latest version of Harpoon missile, with an Indian delegation’s Initial Operational Capability planned for MMA for small, fast moving vessels that operate in coastal capable of strike against land based targets and visit led by Defence Minister the US Navy is 2013, which points to simultane- waters. In addition, Raytheon is supplying the ships in littoral environment. Block II incorporates A.K. Antony, US Defence ous induction of this next generation aircraft into new GPS anti-jam, integrated friend or foe, towed GPS/INS guidance system from the Joint Direct AcquisitionOSecurity Cooperation Agency (DSCA) the US Navy as also the IN. self-protection suites with Broadcast Information Attack Munitions, mission computer, software and recommended to the US Congress the A look at the operational characteristics of the System and secure UHF satellite communica- GPS antennae from Stand-off Land Attack Missile sale of Harpoon missiles worth Rs 765 two versions of the aircraft would further highlight tions. EDO Corporation is developing rotary sono- (SLAM) and SLAM Expanded Response missile. crore ($170 million) to Indian defence forces. the extent of standardisation purported through buoy launcher with pneumatic ejection. The data Jaguars of IAF are currently equipped with India had projected to the US a requirement of the notification. The industrial team comprising links are being developed by Northrop Grumman Sea Eagle anti-ship and sea-skimming missiles. 20 AGM-84L and four ATM-84L Harpoon mis- Raytheon, Northrop Grumman, Smiths Industries, Information Technology Division. Harpoon AGM-84L Block II with its latest tech- siles for the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Carrying a wide range of weapon load, the nology upgrades, makes an ideal replacement Navy (IN). While the IAF is to induct Harpoons to aircraft is equipped with an integral bomb bay for Sea Eagle for Jaguars. The deal is expected augment fire power of its Jaguars in the maritime stacked with free-fall bombs, Raytheon Mark for the missile system along with associated strike role, the missile system is expected to pro- 54 Torpedoes and Depth Charges. “Harpoon” equipment and services which would pose vide operational flexibility to the IN. The missile is Block II or possibly Block III air-to-surface mis- no difficulty in absorbing the technology and expected to add new dimension to the operation- siles, installed on the under-wing hardpoints, integrating on existing platforms. The pros- al capability and provide improved fire power to would be the main armament of the aircraft. An pects, therefore, could include induction on the surface units and the air elements of the IN. advanced version of Mark 54 Torpedoes which IAF’s Su-31 MKI in maritime strike role and IN’s Significantly, Boeing Integrated Defence can be fired from high altitude is most likely to Sea Kings or its successor. Optimistically, even Systems, manufacturers of the Harpoon, are on be fitted on board. This weapon configuration, MiG-29K aircraft being acquired from Russia the verge of clinching an order worth Rs 9,446 along with countermeasures like electronic war- along with INS Vikramaditya (formerly Admiral crore ($ 2.2 billion) from the Indian govern- fare self-protection suite, which includes Terma Gorshkov) lends itself favourably for integration. ment for the purchase of eight P8I Long Range AN/ALQ-213(V) electronic warfare management Finally, the standardisation would be complete The Harpoon Maritime Reconnaissance Patrol Aircraft. This Photograph: Boeing system, directional infrared countermeasures set if Boeing IDS were to emerge winners in the versatile next generation, state-of-the-art maritime and radar warning system, all being supplied mega deal of jets for selling Super Hornet F/A- surveillance aircraft is scheduled to join the IN CFM International, GE Aviation and Spirit Aero by Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems, would 18 to the IAF. by 2013 as a replacement for Russian MR TU Systems is headed by the Boeing Integrated configure P8A and P8I as a most potent anti-sub- Another exciting prospect that could emerge 142Ms. The significance of the Pentagon’s DSCA Defence Systems. Upgraded AN/APY-10 mari- marine warfare and anti-surface warfare aircraft. on acquisition of Harpoon missiles is the third notification that the missiles will assist the IN to time surveillance radar and signal intelligence Versatility of the missile system rests in the dimension: submarines of IN. Harpoon can be develop and enhance standardisation and opera- system is developed by Raytheon. This radar characteristics that it can be launched from launched from submarine torpedo tube launcher tional ability with the US is to be viewed in the provides for imaging, detection, classification of surface ships, aircraft and the submarine. The through a capsule called ENCAP containing the context that Boeing Integrated Defence Systems stationary ships and small vessels and for coastal missile uses mid course guidance with a radar to missile. Induction of Harpoon missiles provides is currently engaged in developing the P8A and overland surveillance in Synthetic Aperture surface ships. Its low level, sea-skimming trajec- that opportunity to the naval planners to explore Poseidon for the US Navy who plan to purchase Radar (SAR) mode. In high resolution imaging tory, active radar guidance and warhead design the possibility of modernising Shishumar Class

WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET 108 units of the Multi-mission Maritime Aircraft SAR mode, it provides imaging, detection, classi- ensures high survivability and kill probability. submarines with TLM capability.

2 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 De_Millennium Version2 E 260x191.qxd 04.09.2008 8:58 Uhr Seite 1

Countering asymmetric threats F r o m sim u lat i o n a n d t rai n i n g s yste m sto navals e nso r s , e f f e c t o r sa n d p r o t e c t i o n s yste m s , R h e i n m e tall Defence offers pioneering solutions for naval applications. For example the Millennium naval gun system which effectively engages air, sea and land targets and can be used in combination with any advanced fire control system, or readily integrated into existing inner layer defence systems. Due to itshigh rate offire and the use of Ahead ammunition, Millennium is the onlymedium-calibre naval gun capable of engaging fast-moving incoming air targetshighlyeffectivelyand with a high probabilityofstructuralkill . More information at: www.rheinmetall-defence.com

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Potent Mix of Power & Pace Continued from page 1

Emerging Digital Battle Field and tion system automation that ensures communi- Command & Control Warfare cation system improvements in terms of rapid, ‘3 C’: Technology Convergence & Impact... Developments and maturity levels achieved in the reliable, and re-configurable communication information technology domain have immense systems. Distributed Control Equipment & Systems Trends... influence on bringing in qualitative changes in the • Seamless and reliable communication systems, Applications • ‘Mision Centric’ Networks electronic battle space. Integration of the compu- and services. tation world with the physical world and connect- • The shift in focus from the platform to the net- • ‘Network Centric’ Applications Computer ing human players with a pervasive web of inter- work. Technology Technology • ‘COTS-based’ Systems / Subsystems active computers and physical devices to create • The shift from viewing actors as independent to an all-pervasive, ubiquitous digital battlefield that viewing them as part of a continuously adapting • ‘Midleware Centric’ Integration gives decisive advantage in the conduct of war- battle field environment and ecosystem. • ‘Open Standards based’ fare is the prevailing trend. While this trend helps • The importance of making strategic choices to Networking immensely in achieving goals of consolidation adapt or even survive in changing ecosystems. Technology Intra & Inter System Connectivity and integration of information resources that con- Basic attributes of this network centric shift in tribute to the operational success, it also opens paradigm are: Design Focus on: up new flanks of vulnerabilities in the form of tac- • Network substrate is shared by many systems. > Evolvable • High Performance Integrated Suites that are: tical C2W. The strategy to build infrastructure and • The network can be built in increments which > User Friendly systems in this context is to integrate information will allow insertion of upgrades. • Rapid Cycle Time systems and devices into architectural spaces, • End systems can be shared among information • Component Reuse at S/ W & Firmware level > Affordable allowing users to interact with their surroundings systems (for instance, two systems receiving data in an intuitive and role based manner. In light of from the same sensor). Capability build up to carry out coordinated Operations over widely this strategy, architectural space can be consid- • End systems may be upgraded and replaced distributed geographical areas ered as an interface between people and digital on a piecemeal basis as they become obsolete information. This is essentially leading the equip- or the mission changes. ment and system design trends to the concepts as required basis. NGN: ‘Paradigm shifts’ of ‘Mission Centric Networks’, ‘Network Centric NGN Technology Overview • Unified and robust data structure across differ- Combat Systems’, ‘COT’s based Systems & Sub- Following technologies form the core of NGN sys- ent layers of the composite network is a critical Widespread availability of digital broadband systems’, ‘Middleware Centric System Sub–sys- tems apart from middleware technology: constituent of the NGN technology. access technologies at intra-system interconnec- tem Integration’ and ‘Open Standards based Intra • Structurally, the NGN will comprise of a core • Technologies that handle context of an applica- tion and ship system infrastructure levels, cou- Inter System Connectivity’ paradigms. The world Packet Switched (IP) backbone network that sup- tion (at communication, control and Data planes pled with robust digital communication links at of military communications is also evolving into ports heterogeneous Access networks. level) are also integral part of NGN technology. ship-to-ship, ship-to-air and ship-to-shore levels, a collaborative model, that brings in all elements • Net enabled user devices are connected to design choices at product architectural level are of communication, including text, on-screen pre- the Access networks based on the end user The Driving Technologies very high. Further, the maturity and availability of sentations, audio,diverse types of sensor data, system requirements. These constitute manned/ Some key driving technologies in the develop- very high performance heterogeneous process- computer screens, web pages, white boards, unmanned sensor networks that provide real time ment of modern NCW products and systems are ing platforms, integrated tool chains and devel- “live” video, video on demand pulled from video information to the system. signal processing, new processor architectures opment environments and third party resources servers, streaming media, mobile participants, • Application networks which are essentially and processing platforms, ubiquitous ad-hoc for technology and application domain specific and hybrid combinations of all of the preceding. computer networks with customised distributed sensor networks technology, real time data fusion, middleware for the selected platforms lead to Following are additional issues at NCW sys- user applications that are built on the core distributed objects technology, client–server para- further level of choices in architectural design tem level architectural design context: network and accesses the information from the digm in embedded systems, embedded CORBA/ space. It is appreciated that enormous market • Need to determine the criteria for communica- user devices through the access networks on DCOM/JAVA–integration and so on. potential coupled with diverse application needs

Continued on page 10

SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 3 US Navy weaves a web FORCEnet is the US Navy’s route to NCW and Information Technology 21 is its network at sea

S t r a tLT e g y GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND

“This strategy represents a new vision for the 21st century. It codifies was slow enough to reach the recipient in longstanding challenges and reflects a commitment by the maritime hours and at times even in days. By the time NET-CENTRIC WARFARE services to work cooperatively with friends, partners and allies to US got involved in Kosovo in 1998, situation realise a shared vision of mutual security, stability and prosperity.” had improved to the extent that information was —Admiral Gary Roughead, available almost in real time but interoperability Chief of Naval Operations, October 17, 2007 re 2 ess C was still a problem. n Futu The current scenario is very encouraging. adi ver the ages, a warfighter has Through Wide Area Network in Afghanistan, Re required two key elements to Special forces can call for a strike and update FORCEnet win wars: intelligence about the the naval strike aircraft en route to the target. enemy and fire power to destroy it. Automation has reduced human intervention Sensor Weapons OTechnology has greatly influenced both these allowing near real time exchange of track infor- Force Modernization aspects to make it more timely and effective. mation. Erstwhile Secretary of Defense Donald m The use of electro-magnetic spectrum has had Rumsfeld had given six transformational goals diness a Innovate Speed Upgrade an all encompassing effect on command, con- out of which three pertain to information technol- Near-Ter Re to trol, communications, computers, intelligence, ogy. The first one is to protect the information Adapt Exercise Capability surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) sys- networks followed by use of information technol- Experiment Operate tems. Use of computers and Internet have been ogy to link US forces to fight jointly and finally to a natural corollary to the on going revolution. maintain access to space and protect the vital Synergising the operational plans and capabilities from attack. NCW integrates informa- Web Enable Knowledge Superiority resources for all type of operations through tion at macro level in the battlefield which could nt e network centric warfare (NCW) has become the be used to advantage by widely dispersed units. rr u holy grail for the defence forces globally. The A robust networked force improves informa- C Transmitters Receivers Readiness C4ISR US has been leading in NCW; although their tion sharing, enhances the quality of informa- Computers Networks Information environment is more complex due to joint glob- tion and situational awareness, and synergises Satellites Integration Sensors al operations, but still they have achieved fair the timely use of resources leading to mission Hardware Software amount of success. FORCEnet is the US Navy’s effectiveness. The objective of FORCEnet has route to NCW and Information Technology 21 been to transform the C4ISR architecture to (IT21) is its network at sea. link navy and marine corps elements with joint, allied, and coalition forces through seamless, FORCEnet interoperable integration with the Department • An enterprise-alignment and -integration installed across the fleet. It delivers the first inte- Sea Power 21 is the US’ plan to model the of Defense Global Information Grid. The defini- initiative to serve as a change agent and an grated network that brings local and wide-area country’s navy to face the challenges of the tion given by the US Navy is: engine for innovation, potentially touching connectivity and applications to fleet users. The 21st century. Its critical components are Sea • The operational construct and architectural every naval program. objective is to provide the fleet with a modern Shield, Sea Strike and Sea Basing. Sea Shield framework for Naval Warfare in the Information This will be achieved through an integrated communications capability that utilizes com- will provide naval capabilities related to home- communications and network backbone which mercial-off- the-shelf technologies. IT-21 will land defense, sea control, assured access, and ▸▸▸ Sea Power 21 is the US’ will enable real-time passage of data to and improve situational awareness, collaborative projecting defense overland. Sea Shield is a from forces anywhere in the world. It is equally planning, force sustainment, deliberate and broadened concept for naval power projection plan to model the country’s important to achieve information security crisis planning and time-critical strike. Its com- and Sea Basing projects the sovereignty of the navy to face the challenges through multiple layered defence architecture. ponents are the Global Command and Control US globally. Space & satellite capability: FORCEnet System-Maritime and the Global Command FORCEnet assists Sea Shield, Sea Strike of the 21st century. Its critical depends highly on space-based systems as Support System (GCSS). GCSS is he sup- and Sea Basing in transforming the fleet into a components are Sea Shield, they play a critical role in the timely collec- porting network which consists of a group of fully netted combat force. It integrates warriors, tion and distribution of information, allowing individual programmes, the largest of which is sensors, networks, command and control plat- Sea Strike and Sea Basing. ◂◂◂ forces to have a distinct edge over opposing the Naval Tactical Command Support System forms, and weapons into a fully netted combat forces in the execution of any mission glob- (NTCSS). NTCSS is software that allows func- force. The US Navy had learned the hard way Age, to integrate warriors, sensors, networks, ally. It necessitates a seamless, interoperable, tions, such as aviation and shipboard mainte- about the lack of interoperable communica- command and control, platforms, and weapons global communications grid and allocation nance, supply system and other administrative tions and systemic command and control into a networked, distributed combat force, of Satellite Communications(SATCOM) on a support functions. On any day, millions of mes- problems in Grenada during 1983, Operations scalable across the spectrum of conflict from real- time basis. The next generation Advanced sages and billions of data bits are being shared Desert Shield and Desert Storm in 1990-91 and seabed to space and sea to land. Narrowband Satellite Communications System among operational units in a secure manner. Kosovo in 1998. • The naval command-and-control component delivers cost- effective communications with The Network Ashore Navy-Marine Corps During Operations Desert Shield and for Sea Power 21 and Expeditionary Warfare. improved capability. Intranet brings integrated network capabil- Desert Storm the communications had • The future implementation of Network Centric Undersea warfare: FORCEnet also requires ity ashore and, along with the IT-21, enables improved but still the passing of information Warfare in the naval services. integration with undersea fixed and deployable day-to-day work of the Fleet. In addition to the sensors that are a part of Integrated Undersea ships, a large percentage of all the navy’s piers Surveillance System (IUSS). The surveillance are connected directly to the Internet. SEA POWER 21 and cueing inherent to these systems are criti- cal to tactical anti-submarine warfare because Projecting Defensive Assurance of their ability to cover large areas while simul- assure allers, deter adversaries, sustain access SEA POWER 21 taneously networking multiple sensor systems. Sea Shield With the focus on homeland security, IUSS Its core concepts are supported by Sea Warrior, Sea plays an important role in the defense of har- Trial and Sea Enterprise bours and other national assets. SEA POWER 21 will enhance US’ capability to operate in- Innovation to the Warfighter... dependently around the world in an offensive and defensive rapid prototyping, Naval Fires Network: NFN allows sensor data Sea Trial scenario. It is based on Sea Shield, Sea Strike and Sea Basing, concept development, and other intelligence information to be rapidly coordinated experimentation converted to accurate targeting information enabled by FORCEnet. These core concepts are supported by Sea Warrior, Sea Trial and Sea Enterprise. for PGMs. It implies that after acquiring target Preparing the Warfighter... Sea Shield develops naval capabilities related to homeland the right skills, information from a UAV, transmit this informa- Sea Warrior FORCEnet defense, sea control, assured access, and projecting defense in the right place, Sea Strike tion into a network and get it converted into at the right time overland. By doing so, it reassures allies, strengthens deter- Projecting Offensive Power... ballistic data to engage the target. rence, and protects the joint force. responsive, precise, and Resources to the Warfighter... Time Critical Strike: US Navy has developed Sea Strike is a broadened concept for naval power projection optimum resource allocation presistent Sea Enterprise rapid targeting technologies that, when com- that leverages enhanced C4ISR, precision, stealth, and endur- increased productivity, bined with existing technologies like real-time enhanced procurement ance to increase operational tempo, reach, and effectiveness. tactical manned reconnaissance, real-time Sea Basing projects the sovereignty of the United States image screening/geo-registration, and image globally while providing Joint Force Commanders with vital Sea Basing seeking smart munitions, provide an immediate command and control, fire support, and logistics from the sea, rapid targeting capability and lay the founda- thereby minimizing vulnerable assets ashore. Projecting Operational Independence... FORCEnet is the US Navy’s plan to transform the fleet into a joint power from the sea tion for future manned, and fully automated time critical strike systems. It relies greatly fully networked force. It integrates warriors, sensors, networks, command and control, platforms, and weapons into a fully upon integrating systems of the C4ISR grid. netted, combat force.

WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET IT-21: IT-21 is the US Navy’s network at-sea

4 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 MH-60 Helicopters A Technology Leap for Naval Forces

The U.S. Navy’s most sophisticated multi-mission helicopters are available to navies worldwide. Developed for littoral zones and open ocean, the newly operational MH-60R and MH-60S are built and integrated with advanced systems to perform missions currently served by six U.S. Navy helicopters — anti-submarine and surface warfare, airborne mine countermeasures, combat search and rescue, vertical replenishment and medical evacuation. Configurable to mission preferences. Interoperable with U.S. forces. Supportable worldwide. And in production. The MH-60 multi-mission helicopters. A navy’s most versatile fleet protection asset.

302-55129_MH60_NF.indd 1 6/26/08 1:57:32 PM facilities. Grintex India Ltd is a ship design Infrastructure Protection house striving to grow.

Naval perspective As the nation’s economy grows, the navy is required to shoulder ever increasing respon- sibilities of protecting national assets at sea, including the sea lanes of trade which are a nation’s lifeline. As the navy is required to increase its reach and punch for handling both peace and wartime threats, it requires more ships which are faster and bigger. Shipbuilding capability is, therefore, strategic from the naval perspective also. Shipbuilding Till recently, naval shipbuilding was con- fined to three defence PSUs: Mazagon Dock Ltd, Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Ltd and Goa Shipyard Ltd. However, due to Gaining size constraints the Indian Aircraft Career had to be ordered on CSL as no defence yard can build a ship of this size, even though CSL has no previous experience of building a war- ship. There is hardly any naval shipbuilding programme which is not affected by serious momentum time and cost overruns, which of course is a India plans to invest Rs 20,000 crore to capture about nine to 10 per cent matter of serious concern for the navy and the onecranes government. Upswing in commercial shipbuild- of the world’s shipbuilding share over the next 10 years or so ing has fuelled a new trend for building smaller ships (to class) in commercial private yards. A REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) N.P. GUPTA Photograph: Photograph: K vibrant shipbuilding industry can also comple- ment the naval and coast guard requirements and serve their interests when required. iscovery of a drydock at Lothal in leading shipbuilding nation in the 1960s and Gujarat dating back to 2500 BC 1970s, followed by Korea. HMS Trincomalee Way ahead Harappan civilization is testimony to While shipbuilding is generally known to be HMS Trincomalee is a 38-gun frigate built in Bombay for the Government support: Considering the ben- the glorious past of Indian shipbuild- cyclic in nature, following the global economic British navy. The designer was a Jamsetjee Bomanjee. She efits that will accrue to the national economy, Ding. Indian seafarers have known to have sailed recession cycles, KPMG report has revealed was laid down in 1816 and launched in October 1817. Her both direct and indirect, including the high the high seas and travelled to far flung coun- that shipbuilding growth from 1980 to 2005 on dimensions were 180’x 40’ and of 1,447 tonnes. She arrived employ-ability and growth, government is tries for commerce and trade. the average has been about 6 per cent, com- in Britain after the cessation of the Napoleonic war and was required to take policy decisions to promote From the 17th to the 19th century, sturdy pared to average of 4 per cent for other manu- immediately placed in ordinary until 1845. She was then refit- shipbuilding industry. After shipbuilding indus- wooden sailing ships constructed in India facturing industry. Since 2005 this industry is ted and commissioned into service in 1847 for a period of try attains the critical mass, ancillary industry were considered to be superior that those in a boom which is likely to last till 2012 or so, 10 years. She is now on display in Jackson Dock, Hartlepool. will be viable and will have multiplier effect on built elsewhere. The second oldest floating after which normal average growth is expected. HMS Trincomalee is the oldest floating British frigate and the the economy. Shipbuilding and related activi- ship (still existing), HMS Trincomalee was However some experts believe that no climb second oldest floating ship in the world. ties need to be declared infrastructure industry built in Bombay in 1817. However, advent of down of demand is likely and boom is likely to to attract necessary funding support for the mechanical propulsion and steel as material of last much longer. It would perhaps be surpris- at 1.2 to 1.3 per cent of global shipbuilding (in sector, including the FDI. construction resulted in withering of the art of ing if current global recession spares shipbuild- terms of deliveries). It is also interesting to note Subsidy: All countries who have made a mark shipbuilding in India. ing industry. that Indian shipping fleet is old (average age of in shipbuilding have been supported, particu- Riding on the current boom, China has rap- fleet about 18 years) and would need replace- larly in the years of initial development, with Nature & importance idly emerged as one of the leading shipbuild- ment in the next five to six years, bringing subsidies in the range of 30 to 40 per cent. Shipbuilding is a capital and labour intensive ing nations in the last few years. At present, tremendous increase in demand. This trend is The Government of India had also allowed 30 industry. It involves heavy structural fabrication China, Korea and Japan together account for reflected in the order book (by value) and turn- per cent subsidy for construction of seagoing and installation of large variety of equipment nearly 90 per cent of world shipbuilding (deliv- over of Indian shipyards that have increased by vessels, some years ago. As demanded by the and systems depending on the type of ship eries), with respective market share of 18 per about 20 times and three times, respectively. industry, subsidy needs to be ensured for the desired to be built, and is thus dependent on a cent, 36 per cent and 36 per cent. China’s rise Investment has also grown 20 times. This next 20 to 30 years. In fact, it is more important large ancillary industrial base. While warships as shipbuilding superpower has been stupen- growth has been driven by various factors, that subsidy is made available at the appropri- are inherently more complex due to high den- dous, taking advantage of cheaper labour and including domestic and international demand, ate time without bureaucratic hurdles as hap- sity of high-tech equipment and the stringent helped by government policies and support. cheaper labour, availability of skilled workforce, pens in countries like China and Korea. environment in which the ships as well as their However, China imports most of the equip- high growth of national economy, ease of Tax benefits: Because of global nature of the equipment is required to perform, commercial ment and fittings and consequently has 60 per availability of capital and stable political sys- industry, shipbuilding needs to be extended vessels are relatively simpler, cheaper and cent import content for ships built there. China tem. The fact that order books of other major tax benefits/exemptions / tax holidays to make take less time to build. Shipbuilding industry aims to become largest shipbuilding nation of shipbuilders abroad are full has also helped in it internationally competent and also to make Because terror knows no bounds. both commercial and warship is a reflection the world by 2015. In pursuance of this goal, bringing overflow to Indian yards. it attractive for Indian shipping companies to of industrial prowess of a nation. It generates China is setting up large number of huge There are 27 shipyards in India, 10 in the place orders on Indian Shipyards. Today’s tax employment and helps in growth of economy shipyards and concentrating on building large public sector (eight Centre, two state) and 17 structure is such that Indian ship owners find to an extent no other manufacturing industry ships despite disadvantages in terms of tech- private owned. All, barring two—Hindustan it cheaper to order ships abroad and Indian is known to do. Shipbuilding industry is also nology and non-availability of well developed Shipyard Ltd (HSL) and Cochin Shipyard Ltd shipbuilders find it more cost effective to build peculiar compared to other manufacturing ancilliary industry. (CSL)—are small shipyards by international ships for foreign owners. This is a somewhat industry because of the fact that ships are built standards. HSL and CSL are rated as mid-size anomalous situation and needs to be corrected to specific requirement of the customer. On the ▸▸▸ In the last five to six years, yards capable of building ships upto 80,000 by suitable tax reforms and giving shipyards other hand, in other industries, like vehicles India has registered a strong and 1,10,000 dead weight tonnes, respectively. the status of Export Oriented Unit(EOU) and and cars manufacturing, products are manu- Indian shipyards are currently building rela- Special Economic Zone (SEZs). factured on the basis of perceived requirement growth in the shipbuilding tively smaller ships, Offshore Supply Vessels, Human resource: Human resource is the most Developing and deploying technology to assess the situation. Identifying the threat. Getting crisp information where it needs to go, so that and then sold. industry to claim 1.2 to 1.3 per Platform Supply Vessels and bulkers, to name important ingredient for success of any ven- As transportation of goods by water a few, and do not have the capability or capac- ture. Shipbuilding is no exception. To design timely action can be taken. transport is the most cost effective means of cent of world share ◂◂◂ ity to build container ships, VLCCs and other and build ships, high quality Naval Architects, transportation, 90 per cent of world trade by specialised vessels. Indian shipbuilding capac- supervisors and tradesmen are required. Four Raytheon has been doing exactly that for decades on more conventional battlefields and is now delivering the same quality NoDoubt™ volume—70 per cent by value—is undertaken ity is expected to grow to 5 per cent of world Institutions—IIT Kharagpur, IIT Chennai (Ocean through sea. Trade and commerce has always Surge in India share by 2012 and about 8 per cent by 2015. Engineering), Cochin University (Shipbuilding solutions to our friends and allies to protect our critical infrastructures… our way of life… our people. been important for geo-political and economic Despite glorious shipbuilding traditions, growth In the next 10 years or so, Indian shipbuild- Technology) and Andhra University—pro- standing of a country. Shipbuilding is, there- of Indian shipping fleet and, even more, the ing capacity can grow to about 10 per cent duce no more than 60 graduate level naval fore, a strategic imperative for any nation and development of Indian shipbuilding capacity of world share as per current estimates. An architects and ship technologists. Quality of needs to be encouraged to realise large direct have been dismal, with global share of these investment of Rs 20,000 crore (about $4.5 education by no means is to international stan- and indirect economic and strategic benefits. two sectors in the year 2000 a mere 1 per cent billion) is expected to be made in Indian ship- dards and number is by far too small to meet and 0.1 per cent, respectively, totally dispro- building in next five to seven years. ever increasing needs of growing industry. In Global growth portionate to the country’s size, coastline and Existing shipyards are currently expanding addition, a large number of naval architects After World War II (WW II), the US emerged as geopolitically advantageous position. Ships capacities and some of the shipping compa- seek greener pastures abroad, Singapore the strongest nation on earth—militarily, tech- built in India account for only 10 per cent of nies have come forward to set up new green and Korea being the most favoured destina- nologically and economically. In the 1950s and ships owned by Indians. Worse, the share of field shipyards. Large Indian business houses, tions. Even though a number of institutes have www.raytheon.com 1960s, the US and Europe dominated the ship- Indian merchant shipping has declined from 36 like SKIL Group, L&T and Adani Group, have mushroomed and these attempt to convert building industry. Reconstruction after the dev- per cent in 1989-90 to 14 per cent in 2005-06. come forward to invest heavily in setting up a mechanical engineers to naval architects and astation of WW II saw Japan using shipbuilding However, since 2000, the growth of Indian number of large Greenfield shipyards, some of shipbuilders, the situation seems to be far from

WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET industry as a vehicle of progress to emerge as shipbuilding has been strong and now stands them integral or co-located with port and repair satisfactory. ©2008 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. Continued on page 8

6 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008

IDS020_IP2_SPNF_053108.indd 1 5/15/08 4:22:35 PM Infrastructure Protection

Because terror knows no bounds.

Developing and deploying technology to assess the situation. Identifying the threat. Getting crisp information where it needs to go, so that timely action can be taken.

Raytheon has been doing exactly that for decades on more conventional battlefields and is now delivering the same quality NoDoubt™ solutions to our friends and allies to protect our critical infrastructures… our way of life… our people.

www.raytheon.com

©2008 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company.

IDS020_IP2_SPNF_053108.indd 1 5/15/08 4:22:35 PM IN offers to pursue Somalian pirates Is denied permission to rescue Indian crew from the hijacked MT Stolt Valor due to lack of rules, conventions and treaties O p e r a t i o n s LT GENERAL (RETD) NARESH CHAND

As early as 258 Fastforward to the present Piracy & counter initiatives AD, the Gothic-Herulic Today, piracy is a major international problem, London-based International Maritime fleet raided towns with flash points existing globally: Organization (IMO) has been dealing with the on the coasts of the West Africa: About 25 cases are reported annu- problem of piracy and armed robbery since Black Sea and Sea of ally, mainly against ships-at-anchor, awaiting 1983, when the IMO Assembly adopted its first Marmara. The most berth with Nigeria. The modus operandi involves resolution on the subject in reply to a paper sub- dreaded pirates in a gang of about 10 personnel invading the ship mitted by Sweden to Maritime Safety Committee, medieval Europe were at night to threaten and overpower the crew and IMO’s highest technical body. The paper dwelt Illustration: Sonal Ratan Illustration: the Vikings, who were steal the contents. Nigeria made a valiant effort to on the alarming rise of piracy. In December 1985, warriors and looters counter this with temporary success but the situ- the UN General Assembly called upon IMO “to n September 15, MT Stolt Valor was from Scandinavia. An Englishman named William ation is same as before. study the problem of terrorism aboard or against hijacked by pirates off the Somalia Maurice was the first person to be hanged for Malacca Strait: Prior to 1989, the Malacca ships with a view to making recommendations on coast and held hostage at the piracy in 1241. Strait was considered to be relatively safe appropriate measures”. Two further resolutions Somalian port of Eyl. The ship is India: Since the 14th century, there was relent- with about seven cases of piracy and armed have been adopted by the IMO Assembly since OHong Kong owned and has 18 Indians among less wars between Muslim-ruled Bahmani robbery reported annually but it rose to 50 that time—resolution on “Prevention and suppres- its 22-member crew. Coming from Suez Canal, it Sultanate and Hindu kings rallying around the by 1991. Lloyd’s of London reports that some sion of acts of piracy and armed robbery against was bound for Mumbai. The master of the ship Vijayanagara Empire in the Deccan Plateau of 70,000 merchant vessels carrying a fifth of ships [A.683(17)]” in November 1991 and resolu- is Captain Prabhat Goyal from Dehra Dun. The India. Wars required frequent resupply of horses all seaborne trade and a third of the world’s tion on “Measures to prevent and suppress pira- pirates have reportedly demanded Rs 6 crore imported through sea from Persia and Africa crude oil shipments transit annually. It passes cy and armed robbery against ships [A.738(18)]” as ransom. According to International Maritime which was subjected to frequent raids by bands between Malaysia and Indonesia who do not in November 1993. Both resolutions refer to the Bureau, Somali pirates have attacked 55 ships of pirates based in the coastal cities of western have good relations, thereby further complicat- UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The 1983 since January and still hold at least 11 merchant India. During the 16th century, there was frequent ing the security environment. The insurance arm IMO Assembly resolution noted with great con- ships with 200 sailors captive. Commodity carri- European piracy against Mughal Indian vessels, of Lloyd’s classified the strait as a war zone in cern the increasing number of incidents involving ers and chemical tankers are among the popular especially those en route to Mecca for hajj. June 2005 and, as a result, Malaysia, Singapore piracy and armed robbery and recognises the vessels that are hijacked. South East Asia: Piracy in South East Asia and Indonesia improved the security in their grave danger to life and the grave navigational The Indian Navy had proposed hot pursuit began with the retreating Mongol Yuan fleet own areas. Lloyd’s responded by suspended and environmental risks to which such incidents which was turned down by Defence Minister A.K. after the betrayal by their Javanese allies. They the rating in August 2006. The Strait, in some can give rise. It then “urges Governments con- Antony due to international legal and diplomatic preferred the junk, a Chinese ship using a stretches, is shallow and narrow and requires cerned to take, as a matter of highest priority, all ramifications. Indian warships cannot intervene more robust sail layout and which is still in use. precise navigation. This makes it is easy to measures necessary to prevent and suppress in Somalian waters because of UNSC resolution However, the most powerful pirate fleets of East board undetected at night. Apart from the acts of piracy and armed robbery from ships in or 1816 that authorises only “States cooperating” Asia were those of Chinese pirates during the danger to the crew of the ship, there is hazard adjacent to their waters, including strengthening with Somalia’s “transitional government” for a mid-Qing dynasty. posed by a ship often carrying dangerous car- of security measures”. period of six months to enter its territorial waters North Africa: The Barbary pirates were pirates goes, steaming at full speed, unattended, and Along with International Maritime Bureau, the to “repress acts of piracy and armed robbery” by and privateers that operated from North African in narrow waters. “all necessary means”. It is understood that the ports of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salé and ports The Gulf of Aden: The Gulf of Aden is a vital Government of India is working with the Indian in Morocco, attacking shipping in the Western waterway for shipping, especially for Persian Troubled waters Navy to work out appropriate responses to piracy, Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades Gulf oil. Tankers shipping crude oil from Middle Definition of piracy as contained in Article 101 of especially when Indian crews are affected. as well as on ships on their way to Asia around East to Europe and the US via Egypt’s Suez the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 Africa until the early 19th century. Canal must first sail through the Gulf of Aden, Piracy consists of any of the following acts: Origins of piracy Caribbean: The golden era of piracy in the which lies between Somalia and Yemen. • Any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depreda- Piracy has ancient origins beginning with the Caribbean was from 1560 until the mid-1720s. Approximately 11 per cent of the world’s sea- tion, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers time when nations started using oceans as Many pirates came to the Caribbean after the end borne oil passes through the Gulf of Aden on of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed: trade routes. The earliest recorded piracy is of the War of the Spanish Succession and stayed its way to the Suez Canal or to regional refiner- – on the high seas, against another ship or aircraft, or against during 13th Century BC, when the Aegean and back. Piracy in the Caribbean originated from the ies. The Gulf of Aden is an area known for acts persons or property on board such ship or aircraft; Mediterranean were threatened. During a voy- conflicts among the rival European powers like of piracy, making it dangerous for shipping. – against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the age across the Aegean Sea, Julius Caesar was England, Spain and Dutch United Provinces, over The International Maritime Bureau reported jurisdiction of any State. kidnapped by Cilician pirates in 75 BC and trade and colonisation. Most of these pirates were over two dozen actual and attempted attacks • Any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or released after the ransom was paid. Later, he of English, Dutch and French origin. Hollywood in 2007. A number of terrorist attacks have also of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship captured the pirates and imprisoned them. The adventure movie series Pirates of the Caribbean been carried out in the Gulf, including the 2000 or aircraft. • Any act inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in Roman Senate invested Pompey with powers to starring Johnny Depp have ignited afresh interest attack on the American guided missile destroy- sub-paragraph (a) or (b). deal with piracy in 67 BC. in piracy by portraying them larger than life. er, the USS Cole. Continued on page 10

Gaining momentum Continued from page 6

At the level of supervisory staff, drafts- ▸▸▸ At present, China, Korea Experts believe that parent industry (shipbuild- prowess of a nation. men and tradesmen, the scenario is no bet- ing) has to achieve critical mass (sufficiently India has registered a strong growth in ter. There is only one institute in Goa which and Japan together account large volumes) to make ancillary industry the shipbuilding industry for the last five to imparts formal diploma level education in Naval for nearly 90 per cent of world viable. Concept of ship building clusters where six years to claim 1.2 to 1.3 per cent of world Architecture. Government needs to support ports, shipyards and ancillary industry are co- share. The country aims to invest Rs 20,000 the industry by facilitating opening of more shipbuilding (deliveries), located for cutting down costs may be adopted crore (about $4.5 billion) in the next five to institutions, both in public and private domain, with respective market share with government support. Government may seven years in shipbuilding to take about nine to train naval architects or shipbuilding tech- of 18 per cent, 36 per cent also consider fiscal support for ancillary indus- to 10 per cent of world shipbuilding share over nologies at the degree/diploma level as well as try in line with parent industry. a period of the next 10 years or so. tradesmen level. Shipyards themselves need to and 36 per cent ◂◂◂ Global by nature, the industry needs to be pool resources to set up apprentice schools to Conclusion provided with suitable policy and fiscal sup- train skilled tradesmen. India with expertise to develop basic designs. Despite a glorious past, India today does not port by way of long term subsidy, its smooth Research and Design: R&D effort pertaining to Few smaller organisations with limited expertise figure on the world map as one of the lead- implementation, tax benefits, infrastructure shipbuilding in India is almost negligible. The (including some freelance naval architects) ing shipbuilding nations. Shipbuilding today is status, SEZ and EOU benefits. In addition, National Ship Design and Research Centre, an have come up. However, these organisations dominated by Japan, Korea and China. China government support to facilitate development institute of national importance set up some 15 need encouragement and support from the has rapidly emerged as a major shipbuild- of suitable human resource, promotion of R&D years ago with Dutch help, has unfortunately indigenous shipbuilders and the government. ing force with an eye to lead the world in few and design effort, development of ancillary not been able to sustain itself. Commercial Fiscal support by way of exemption from ser- years. Largest shipyards are being set up industry is essential to achieve the goals for a shipbuilders are building ships to imported vice tax and other such measures may be in China. Sea transport is by far the cheap- vibrant shipbuilding industry, which could also designs. necessary. est mode of transportation for goods. Hence, serve the interests of navy and coast guard Even detailing of design is mostly offloaded Ancillary Industry: As high as 60 to 65 per the importance of promoting the shipbuilding where required. to foreign design houses or design houses cent of the cost of a ship pertains to equip- industry. This industry has multiplying effect set up by them in India. Off late, one reputed ment, fittings and materials that go inside the on employment generation as well as wealth The writer is former DG Naval Design, IN and at present CEO,

WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET foreign company has set up a design house in ship. Most of these are imported at present. generation and is a reflection of technological Naval and Maritime Systems Division, Grintex India Ltd.

8 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 IN Chief moots greater defence, industry ties CII meet NAVSIS ’08 focuses on defence IT needs besides highlighting a plethora of key issues

REAR ADMIRAL (RETD) S . R A M S AY

he Indian defence forces Earlier, welcoming the IN Chief, Ajai are being used for credible real time data link- PKI and Stenography and Opportunities and and industry must come Chowdhry, Chairman, CII National Committee on age and communication within the Indian Navy. Way Ahead. Among the speakers were Jishnu together on a formal plat- IT/ITES & E-commerce and Chairman & CEO, In his concluding remarks, Ashok Kanodia, Aravindakshan of Tejas Networks articulating on form, particularly in the HCL Infosystems Limited, expressed optimism Chairman, CII Defence Sub Committee on IT “Carrier-Class Ethernet and its Value Proportion Tinformation technology (IT) sector, that the ongoing IT drive initiative by the IN would and Communication, and Managing Director for Defence Networks”; Rahul Agarwal from which is increasingly relegating more open more business opportunities for the Indian of Precision Electronics Ltd said, “There are Nortel Networks presented concepts on Show Review traditional and conventional forms of industry. While appreciating the support that immense possibilities, particularly in the IT sec- “Networks for Defence”; Captain (Retd) T.N. warfare to the sidelines, said Admiral the IN has been extending to CII, he recalled tor, that have so far been unexplored. It is up to Pranesha, IN introduced the “Emerging Trends Sureesh Mehta, Chief of Naval the Indian Navy-CII seminar on “Implementation the industry to tap the unrealised potential.” in NCW and NGN Technologies”; Colonel Staff and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee. and Management of Data Centre: Issues and Issues like next generation networks, NCO, (NS) Patrick Koh Lai Hock, Director Industry Inaugurating NAVSIS ’08, the Naval Symposium Challenges” was held in January. NAVASIS ’08 open source systems and SAAS, identity Solutions Group-Defence, SAP Asia Private on Information Systems, Admiral Mehta said was yet another step in the ongoing partnership management, access control and surveil- Limited shared experiences in “NATO–CWID Indian industry could help complement the Indian of the IN and the CII. lance, trends in IT training, green computing, Coalition Warfare Interoperability and sug- Navy’s (IN) IT needs by providing a good mix of World over, Chowdhry pointed out, IT is public domain for private use, ERP, enterprise gested Network Centric Operations Framework security policy and up-to-date technology. “This being viewed as a ‘force multiplier’ and “at a information security management and encryp- for the Indian Navy”; N.S. Gowri Ganesh from was an opportunity for the Indian industry as the time when the IN faces the task of meeting its tion/PKI and stenography were also discussed. the Centre for Development of Advanced IN was already implementing a number of proj- needs with decreased resources and reduced NAVSIS ’08 attracted enthusiastic response Computing presented “Deployment Strategies ects that incorporate latest concepts and technol- manpower, it could use the strength of the from leading Indian IT companies. Sponsors of SaaS in Open Source and Complimentary ogy,” he said, adding the partnership should last domestic IT industry to meet its needs”. The for the symposium were SP Guide Publications, Models”; Alok B. Lall from Microsoft Corporation from cradle to the grave. advent of IT has not only enhanced the combat Raytheon, Infosys Technologies Limited, India Private Limited highlighted “Software as a According to Admiral Mehta, the IN aims to capabilities but also revolutionised communi- Mahindra Defence Systems, SAP India Private Service and Emerging Trends”; Arun Taneja of leverage the power of IT and achieve Net-centric- cation systems. Navies across the world are Limited, Nortel Networks India Private Limited, Tata Consultancy Services presented a paper ity through collaborative integration and a strate- increasingly relying on IT as a tool to increase Microsoft Corporation India Private Limited, on “Multi-Biometrics for Positive Identification”; gic partnership with the industry. This was espe- combat capabilities in contemporary warfare. Tejas Networks limited, Sigma Electro Systems and Udai Singh from NIIT Technologies Limited cially important as a number of projects are being The role of IT has gained prominence in various and NIIT Technologies Limited. shared thought process on “Scalable Distributed implemented and there is a need to benchmark essential functions of the IN such as communi- The symposium comprised parallel Technical Education and Training for Defence using these as per prevalent international standards. cation, information warfare, weapon systems, Sessions on Next Generation Networks, Net Synchronous Learning”. The two-day symposium from October 6 to 7 was network centric warfare, logistics and simula- Centric Operations, Open Source Systems and The concluding session was presided over jointly organised by the Confederation of Indian tion. The IN has in place a state-of-art data net- SaaS, Identity Management, Access Control by S. Sen, Principal Advisor, Confederation of Industry (CII) and the Integrated Headquarters work connected up to the field units. Warships and Surveillance, Trends in IT Training/ E Indian Industry. Vice Admiral Dilip Deshpande, of the Ministry of Defence (Navy). Admiral Mehta at sea are now being linked to this network. Learning, Green Computing, Public Domain for AVSM, VSM, Controller Warship Production & also released a technical journal and inaugurated Apart from this, various access network tech- Private Use, ERP the Way Ahead, Enterprise Acquisition, Integrated Headquarters, MoD an exhibition on information systems. nologies particularly the satellite communication Information Security Management, Encryption, (Navy) delivered the valedictory address.

SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 9 Somalian pirates Continued from page 8 initiated to promote regional action to address sea or in a port areas are perceived as crimes sea of its own State or of a third State.” MoD silent on hot pursuit piracy and armed robbery against ships. against the State and thus subject to its national As per this definition, conditions of hot pur- On October 16, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) announced the To assist in anti-piracy measures, IMO laws. The Convention permits a coastal State to suit are not fulfilled as the ship was within the deployment of a Indian Navy warship in the Gulf of Aden to issues monthly reports on piracy and armed exercise the right of hot pursuit of a foreign ship internal waters of India. However, if India has patrol the normal route followed by ships flying the Indian robbery against ships submitted by member if its competent authorities have good reason aspirations to play a bigger role in the Somalian flag and sailing between Salalah (Oman) and Aden (Yeman). Governments and international organisations. to believe that the ship has violated the laws region then it has to find ways to circumvent This anti-piracy patrol will be carried out in coordination with Some of the circulars IMO has issued are: and regulations of the coastal State. Hot pursuit narrow definitions and legalities. After all, the DG Shipping, who will keep Indian flagship vessels informed • Recommendations to Governments for prevent- must be commenced when the foreign ship or US and France are already patrolling the area in case they want to travel in the Indian Ocean along with ing and suppressing piracy and armed robbery one of its boats is within the internal waters, to safeguard their national interest. The Indian the Indian Navy ship. The warship will be equipped with he- against ships. the archipelagic waters, the territorial sea or Navy should be allowed to play a bigger role in licopters and marine-commandos. Since the Indian Navy will • Guidance to ship owners and ship operators, the contiguous zone of the pursuing State, and the region. protect only Indian flagship vessels, the fate of Indian crew shipmasters and crews on preventing and sup- may only be on non-Indian flagships as also those sailing under Flag of Convenience, which is quite common, hangs in balance. The pressing acts of piracy and armed robbery. continued MoD is also silent on ‘hot pursuit’. Meanwhile, the fate of the • Directives for maritime rescue co-ordination outside the Gulf of Aden: Maritime Security Patrol Area (MSPA) centres on acts of violence against ships territorial Indian crew of MT Stolt Valor remains uncertain. ��� ��� ��� In November 2001, the IMO Assembly sea or the adopted the Code of Practice for the contiguous IMO has been working to find solutions and some Investigation of the Crimes of Piracy and zone if the ����� of the initiatives are: Armed Robbery Against Ships as well as mea- pursuit has • IMO had started a project in 1998, phase one sures to prevent the registration of phantom not been ������������������������������� of which consisted of a number of regional semi- ships. The 24th session of the IMO Assembly in interrupted. ��� ����������������� ���������������������������� ��� ������������ nars and workshops attended by government November-December 2005 adopted a resolu- Once it is ���������������� representatives from countries in piracy-infested tion on piracy and armed robbery against ships broken off it areas followed by phase two which involved a off the coast of Somalia. cannot be number of evaluation and assessment missions resumed. for different regions. India’s perspective The right of • The Regional Co-operation Agreement on Indian Navy’s request for hot pursuit in Somalia hot pursuit Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against primarily to save Indian citizens has been ceases as ������� ships in Asia (RECAAP), which was concluded denied due to lack of rules, conventions and soon as the ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� in November 2004 by 16 countries in Asia, and treaties. UN Convention of the Law of the Sea ship pur- �������������� includes the RECAAP Information Sharing Centre. defines conditions of hot pursuit as, “Incidents sued enters ���������������������� ������������� �������������� ���������� • A programme of sub-regional meetings was of piracy and armed robbery in the territorial the territorial

Potent Mix of Power & Pace Continued from page 3

Military Operations Process Model into a consistent set be examined concurrently. Their ability to rep- concepts to effectively deliver the requisite knowl- of system specifica- resent complex, multi-threat scenarios makes edge to the variety of decision makers to facilitate tions across the three them powerful media for training and mission the making, execution and monitoring of deci- Perception Information Capabilities Capabilities layers, carrying for- rehearsal. High quality visualisation may be sions about military responses. The role of M&S ward of the same to used in the SE to enhance understanding. in this work is to assist in the development of new the subsystems and The various parts of an SE may be located concepts and then to allow rapid, cost effective Knowledge other basic building at a single site or distributed across many sites. but realistic testing of the resulting benefits and to blocks, assessment SEs may be used within a single stage of a provide feedback to the system designers for fur- Situation of the impact of local given defence activity, but in their most devel- ther development. Integral with such an iterative Assessment engineering tradeoffs oped form they offer a means to integrate M&S process is the development of various metrics at subsystem/com- across the life cycle (of, say, equipment). SEs such as MoPs and MoEs with which to gauge Own Reasoning Possible ponent level on the extend the well established benefits of Modeling improvements or otherwise at each step. These Goal Capabilities Plans mission performance, & Simulation (M&S), providing a more complete metrics must relate overall effectiveness of the design validation picture of interaction between players and the system-of-systems in meeting military objectives Selection of Decision Adversary’s and verification and world in either real or non-real time. to performance of individual components of the Best Plan Capabilities Courses of Action final acceptance of a system under development. system in this context Measures of Performance Execution can not be accom- Selection of appropriate metrics for assessment Conclusion Capabilities plished using tradi- of design alternatives and end performance Convergence of traditional technology domains tional approaches in of a SE based system or solution is a problem of 3Cs has changed the paradigm of electronic view of the extremely and requires attention. Several heuristic as well system design and development. Impact on the Action Plan Execution high level of com- as rational approaches exist for choosing the naval assets buildup context would be in terms of plexities involved. MoP’s. Measure of Effectiveness (MoE) is also need to adapt to the changed situation and inno- The above scenario used in some context. Extensive exposure to vate appropriate approaches to cope up with the associated with networked distributed applica- would result in a drastic paradigm shift in the way experiment design and data analysis field is means to handle incidental complexities associ- tions segment would bring in a paradigm shift in we manage technology. Further, at deployment required for handling these issues in the SE ated with this grand convergence in next genera- product development approach for next genera- level, in addition to traditional repair and upkeep based solutions context. tion systems and technology induction context. tion network centric systems. Key examples: of systems, need exist for a-priori validation of Creation and use of appropriate SE that support • Shift of product design focus from current hard- specific mission plans at operational level and Use of SEMS in Complex System complex problem resolution would be the key ware centric software centric approach to System fine-tuning of the system parameters in the con- Design Context capability needed to address this situation. Centric Network Centric approach. text of the mission on an ongoing basis Traditionally, SE and M&S technologies has • Differentiation between the ‘Combat System been used to develop and evaluate new system The writer works with Alpha Design Technologies Pvt Ltd, Bangalore. Qualitative Requirement(QR)’ and ‘Combat Modeling & Simulation System Specifications‘ and approaches for bridg- Modeling and simulation technologies form the ing the gap between the two are important for the core of synthetic environments. Ability to con- system acceptance and success in this context. ceive and model the real world situations and • A clear understanding and addressing of the exercise them in an appropriate simulation frame- ‘Functional (desired)’ and the ‘Incidental (unde- work so that right data that have relevance to the sired)’ performance issues assume key impor- specific problems of real world is generated for tance in achieving smooth system induction analysis and inference are produced form the • Understanding and addressing of what is nec- core capability in this domain. Creation of appro- essary to generate demand for technologies that priate controlled synthetic environment and use have the ‘potential to re-structure missions and of the same in the problem solving contexts stat- warfare’ or for technologies that meet inchoate ed earlier is the key capability build up needed to needs and have potential to create new missions support these activities. and forms of warfare is essential in this context. Synthetic Environment (SE) could be • Development of diverse customised solutions defined as a computer- based representation using standardised hardware, reusable middle- of the real world, usually a current or future ware and software building blocks resulting in battle space, within which any combination of ‘economy of scope’ rather than ‘economy of ‘players’ may interact. The ‘players’ may be scale’ as an index for technology and market computer models, simulations, people or instru- competitive advantage for the building blocks as mented real equipments. They can provide a well as end products. medium for exploration and experimentation, enabling alternative design, course-of-action Adaptation ‘blues’ and policy options to be examined concurrently The need for carrying forward co- existence of by all stakeholders at relatively low cost, prior legacy equipment and systems in the context of to commitment. For example, future equipment NCW adds additional dimension of system com- characteristics (performance, cost, timescale)

WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET plexity. Formulation of QR’s, translation of QR’s and mode of use (doctrine and tactics) can

10 SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 Publisher & ▸ ▸ ▸ In Brief Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Editorial Adviser India floats tender for new Cadets to sail Tarangini additional 74 personnel and 21 distress. Besides synergy and additional Mesma modules are R. Adm (Retd) S.K. Ramsay maritime helicopters; to to celebrate NDA’s gemini boats with OBMs, div- jointness amongst the three currently under construction for Senior Tech Group Editor initially acquire 16 Diamond Jubilee ing equipment, communication services, all future wars or con- sister boats PNS Khalid and Lt Gen. (Retd) Naresh Chand The Indian Ministry of Defence sets and other support equip- flicts will demand the Special PNS Saad and will be inte- Assistant Editor has issued an RFP for advance ment. It would be recalled Forces to play an increasingly grated with them when they Arundhati Das multi-role naval helicopters that the Indian navy had also dominant role at all levels of come up for major refit. The Sub-Editor and AgustaWestland, EADS and pledged to donate two days war, be it strategic, operational Mesma programme, launched in Bipasha Roy Sikorsky could be in the run. food rations in respect of serv- or tactical. Special Forces of 1995, provides robust high-per- Contributing Editor Russia’s Kamov/Rosboronexport ing naval personnel for the the three services are the Para formance solution to increase Lt Gen. V.K. (Retd) Kapoor may also be under consider- flood victims which has also Special Forces of the army, the the submerged endurance of Air Mshl (Retd) V.K. Bhatia ation as the Indian Navy has been sent. Marine Commandos or MARCOS otherwise conventional diesel- CONTRIBUTORS Indian Indian Navy Kamov Ka-28, Ka-31 AEW, apart of the navy and the Garuds of electric submarines. India from Sea King helicopters on The National Defence Academy the air force. Admiral (Retd) Arun Prakash its inventory. The initial require- (NDA) is a premier tri-service Vice Adm (Retd) R.N. Ganesh ment reportedly is 16 helicop- training institution of the General Dynamics NASSCO Vice Adm (Retd) P.J. Jacob ters, with a possible increase country and is completing 60 launches USNS Carl US Navy awards General R. Adm (Retd) Raja Menon to 60. The helicopters will be years of glorious service to Brashear US Navy rolls out new Dynamics $268 mn deal for Cmde Rajeev Sawhney Dr W. Lawrence Prabhakar equipped with anti-ship and the nation in January 2009. General Dynamics NASSCO, anti-submarine warfare Virginia Class submarine anti-submarine warfare equip- In order to commemorate a wholly owned subsidiary mission package Europe Alan Peaford, Doug ment, including cruise missiles this grand occasion, a large of General Dynamics, has The US Navy rolled out its new Richardson, Andrew and torpedoes. These should be number of events are being launched the US Navy’s lat- anti-submarine warfare mission Brookes (UK) able to operate both from ships organised. In the series of such est resupply ship, USNS Carl package for the Littoral Combat USA & Canada and land, and capable of being events, a sailing expedition Brashear (T-AKE 7), during Ship (LCS) at a ceremony Lon Nordeen (USA) refuelled in flight. The possible by the officers and cadets of at Naval Base Point Loma Anil R. Pustam (West Indies) contenders could be Ka-27 fam- NDA to a few Indian Ocean Naval Mine & ASW Command West Asia/Africa Wikipedia ily of Rosoboronexport/Kamov, Region countries on board Complex, San Diego. LCS can H.R. Heitman (S. Africa) AgustaWestland’s Super Lynx a sail training ship Tarangini be configured to deploy with The US Navy has awarded Chairman & Mg Director and EH101 medium-heavy heli- has been scheduled from any one of three interchange- General Dynamics Electric Jayant Baranwal copter which is used in both September 21 to November able mission modules: the Boat a $268 million (Rs 1,315 Admin & Coordination naval and search-and-rescue 24. The ship will visit the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) crore) contract modification Bharti Sharma roles, NH90 NFH medium naval ports of Salalah (Oman), Port module; mine countermeasures to provide lead construction US US Navy Design helicopter (Eurocopter is a major Victoria (Seychelles), Male (MCM) module and surface yard services for Virginia Class Associate Art Director: shareholder), Sikorsky’s new (Maldives) and Colombo (Sri a christening ceremony per- warfare (SUW) module also nuclear-powered attack subma- Ratan Sonal MH-60S naval utility helicopter, Lanka) before terminating its formed by Lauren Brashear, know as mission packages. The rines. Electric Boat is a wholly Layout Designs: and its counterpart the MH-60R journey at Kochi on November Master Chief Brashear’s grand- first ASW mission package will owned subsidiary of General Rajkumar Sharma which would add anti-submarine 24. She will traverse a distance daughter. The ship is named in use several different vehicles Dynamics. Under the modifica- Published bimonthly by Jayant and surface warfare capabilities. of 4,900 nautical miles in honour of Master Chief Petty like MH-60R, unmanned air tion, Electric Boat will maintain Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide Publications P Ltd. All rights 65 days. Two officers and 60 Officer Carl Brashear, the first vehicle, unmanned surface and update design drawings reserved. No part of this pub- cadets in two groups will take African-American to qualify vehicle and associated sen- and data for all Virginia Class lication may be reproduced, part in the expedition. and serve as a Master Diver in sors, towed array sonar, submarines, including technol- stored in a retrieval system, Indian Navy seeks six more the Navy. Brashear’s military remote towed active source, ogy insertions, throughout or transmitted in any form or diesel submarines; global career was portrayed in the unmanned dipping sonar and their construction and post- by any means, photocopying, RFP to be issued next year 2000 movie Men of Honour. multi-static off-board source shakedown availability periods. recording, electronic, or other- India has reportedly initi- IN Chief releases Joint Brashear was one of the first (to detect, classify, localise, In addition, Electric Boat will wise without prior written per- mission of the publishers. ated the process of acquiring Doctrine for Amphibious African-Americans to graduate track and engage submarines perform Virginia Class devel- Printed in India: six more submarines on the Operations from the navy’s diving school. in the littoral environment). opment and design studies. by Rave India lines of the under-construc- Chairman Chiefs of Staff While participating in a salvage LCS is a new breed of US Navy Initially awarded in October (www.raveindiapress.com) tion Scorpenes to augment its Committee and Chief of mission in March 1966, his left warships with versatile war 2005, the contract has a total © SP Guide Publications, underwater warfare capabili- Naval Staff Admiral Sureesh leg was nearly severed in an fighting capabilities, capable of potential value of $443.4 mil- 2008 ties. Global RFP is likely to be Mehta has released the “Joint accident. Faced with a serious open-ocean operation but opti- lion (Rs 2,175 crore) for work Subscriptions & Advertising issued next year. The aim is Doctrine for Amphibious infection and years of rehabili- mized for littoral and coastal to be completed through Details may be acquired to have a submarine strength Operations”. The doctrine is tation, he chose amputation. missions. Operational experi- September 2009. Electric from the contact informa- of 30 in a decade or so to meant to serve as a guide- In April 1968, after complet- ence and analyses indicate that Boat and its construction tion below: upgrade its under water fighting line on how armed forces ing a battery of fitness tests, future adversaries will employ partner, Northrop Grumman SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS capability. India already has 16 intend to plan and conduct Brashear became the first asymmetric means to deny the Shipbuilding, have delivered PVT LTD submarines of the Russian Kilo these operations and achieve amputee to be restored to full US and allied forces access five ships of the class to the POSTAL ADDRESS and German HDW Shishumar full synergistic effect of joint diving status. into critical coastal regions, US Navy and five additional Post Box No 2525, Class. India is likely to request combat power. It lays down such as strategic chokepoints submarines are under contract. New Delhi for information from major sub- the commonality between the and vital economic sea lanes. 110 005, India marine manufacturing countries three services, for the smooth CORPORATE OFFICE like Russia, France and Italy. conduct of amphibious opera- IN chief unveils Joint A 133 Arjun Nagar, tions. The Chief of Army Staff, Doctrine for Special Ezhimala Naval Academy Opp Defence Colony, New Delhi General Deepak Kapoor, Chief Forces Operations Pakistan Navy to commence BTech 110 003, India of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Admiral Sureesh Mehta, the completes acceptance course in 2009 Tel: +91 (11) 24644693, Procurement of aircraft F.H. Major and other senior Chairman, Chief of Staff testing of PNS Hamza Defence Minister A.K. Antony 24644763, 24620130 carrier Admiral Gorshkov officials of the three forces Committee and the Chief of the The Pakistan Navy has com- has informed the Lok Sabha Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 In a written reply, Defence were also present on the Naval Staff, formally unveiled pleted customer acceptance that the Ezhimala Naval REGD OFFICE Minister A.K. Antony informed occasion. the “Joint Doctrine for Special testing of PNS Hamza, a DCNS- Academy is under construction Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 the Lok Sabha that the gov- Forces Operations”, authored designed type Agosta 90B die- at present. The academy will Email: [email protected] ernment has still not agreed by HQ Integrated Defence sel-electric submarine featuring commence conducting BTech REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES to pay the additional cost Staff’s, Doctrine Branch. The a Mesma air-independent pro- course for 750 cadets/com- BANGALORE, INDIA to Russia for procurement IN conducts flood relief necessity for bringing out this pulsion (AIP) system in a dedi- missioned officers with effect (Air Marshal (Retd) of the aircraft carrier Admiral operations in Bihar; doctrine has been mooted by cated hull section. The Mesma from academic session com- B.K. Pandey) Gorshkov. Contracts and sup- donates food rations current global trends wherein AIP module generates electrical mencing 2009. The BTech pro- 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kammanhalli Main Rd., plementary agreements com- In view of the flood situa- such integrated forces have power without snorkelling, so gramme has been drawn up by Bangalore 560043, India. prising repair and re-equipping, tion in Bihar, Indian navy was operated jointly in numerous enabling the boat to remain the navy in conjunction with Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 logistic supports and training requested to deploy relief highly sensitive situations. The submerged for far longer. Jawaharlal Nehru University MOSCOW, RUSSIA were concluded for acquisition teams with gemini craft and Special Forces of every nation and the All India Council for LAGUK Co., Ltd. of the aircraft carrier in January OBM to Purnia. Accordingly, are potent force multipliers. Technical Education. The acad- (Yuri Laskin) 2004 at a cost of $974 million relief teams from each of the To recall India’s own experi- emy will have state-of-the-art Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., (Rs 4,780 crore). The Russian three naval commands at ence, during the latter part of facilities to undertake training. 11/15, app. 132, side has submitted a revised Mumbai, Visakhapatnam and the 1980s, its army and naval In the intervening period, Naval Moscow 115172, Russia. Master Schedule indicating a Kochi were activated at short Special Forces were employed Orientation courses are being Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 delay in the project and an notice and airlifted to the in operations conducted in conducted to utilise the basic www.spguidepublications.com increase in price for repair and affected areas on the same Sri Lanka as part of the IPKF, training infrastructure avail- RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25836 re-equipping of the aircraft car- day. A total of 125 person- while, to a limited extent, the Navy Pakistan able since June 2005. So far, rier due to increase in scope of nel and 45 gemini boats with Indian Army and the IAF were The submarine was built six such courses have been work not originally envisaged. OBMs and other diving and also involved in the Maldives by Pakistan Naval Dockyard in completed. support equipment were sent. where they went in at the Karachi under a DCNS technol- The teams were augmented by request of its government in ogy transfer programme. Two

SP’s NAVAL FORCES 5/2008 11 SPs NavalForcesEfa290X418:Layout104/09/200815.18Pagina WWW.SPSNAVALFORCES.NET . S M E T S Y S E C N E F E D C I N O R T C E L E F O N O I T C U D O R P D N A N G I S E D SMALL “ITEMS”. SMALL GREAT PERFORMANCES. GREAT