The biosphere Tissues Order Ecosystems Organs and Response to organ systems the environment
Evolutionary adaptation
Reproduction
Communities Cells Regulation Organelles
Organisms Energy processing Atoms
Growth and development Populations Molecules 1 2
Sunlight
Leaves absorb light energy from Leaves take in the sun. carbon dioxide CO2 from the air and release Sunlight Heat oxygen. When energy is used Producers absorb light to do work, some O energy and transform it into energy is converted to 2 chemical energy. thermal energy, which is lost as heat.
An animal’s muscle cells convert Chemical chemical energy Cycling energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical chemical energy to do Chemical energy in work such as growing nutrients food is transferred new leaves. from plants to consumers. Leaves fall to Water and Animals eat (a) Energy flow from sunlight to (b) Using energy to do work the ground and minerals in leaves and fruit producers to consumers are decomposed the soil are from the tree. by organisms taken up by that return the tree minerals to the through soil. its roots. 3 4
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm
(a) Wings (b) Wing bones
Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm 5 6 Nucleus A
DNA C Nucleotide T A Sperm cell T Cell Nuclei A containing DNA C C
Fertilized egg G with DNA from Embryo’s cells with T Egg cell both parents copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from A both parents G T A
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA 7 8
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain A Negative feedback Enzyme 1 Ursus americanus (American black bear) B Ursus D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step. D D C Ursidae Enzyme 3
D Carnivora
(a) Negative feedback
W Mammalia
Enzyme 4
X Chordata Positive feedback + Enzyme 5
Excess Z Z Y Animalia stimulates a Z step. Z Enzyme 6
Z Eukarya
(b) Positive feedback 9 10
(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea
15 µm 5 µm m µ m µ 2 2
(c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia
Cilia of Cilia of Paramecium windpipe 100 µm cells
Kingdom Plantae 0.1 µm
Protists Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope
Kingdom Fungi
11 12 Warbler finches Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Green warbler finch Certhidea olivacea
COMMON Gray warbler finch ANCESTOR Seed-eater Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked
Bud-eater Bud-eater ground finch Geospiza difficilis Vegetarian finch Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Tree finches Woodpecker finch Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch 1 Population with 2 Elimination of 3 Reproduction of 4 Increasing Camarhynchus parvulus Cactus-flower- Cactus-flower- varied inherited individuals with survivors frequency of Large cactus eaters eaters traits traits that ground finch certain traits Geospiza conirostris enhance Ground finches Cactus ground finch survival and Seed-eaters Geospiza scandens
reproductive Small ground finch success Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris 13 14
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb
Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem
Test of prediction Test of prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 15