The biosphere Tissues Order Ecosystems Organs and Response to organ systems the environment

Evolutionary adaptation

Reproduction

Communities Cells Regulation Organelles

Organisms Energy processing Atoms

Growth and development Populations Molecules 1 2

Sunlight

Leaves absorb light energy from Leaves take in the sun. carbon dioxide CO2 from the air and release Sunlight Heat oxygen. When energy is used Producers absorb light to do work, some O energy and transform it into energy is converted to 2 chemical energy. thermal energy, which is lost as heat.

An ’s muscle cells convert Chemical chemical energy Cycling energy from food to kinetic energy, the energy of of motion. A plant’s cells use chemical chemical energy to do Chemical energy in work such as growing nutrients food is transferred new leaves. from plants to consumers. Leaves fall to Water and eat (a) Energy flow from sunlight to (b) Using energy to do work the ground and minerals in leaves and fruit producers to consumers are decomposed the soil are from the tree. by organisms taken up by that return the tree minerals to the through soil. its roots. 3 4

Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Membrane Cytoplasm

(a) Wings (b) Wing bones

Nucleus (membrane- enclosed) Membrane- DNA (throughout enclosed organelles nucleus) 1 µm 5 6 Nucleus A

DNA C Nucleotide T A Sperm cell T Cell Nuclei A containing DNA C C

Fertilized egg G with DNA from Embryo’s cells with T Egg cell both parents copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from A both parents G T A

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA 7 8

Species Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain A Negative feedback Enzyme 1 Ursus americanus (American black bear) B Ursus D Enzyme 2 Excess D blocks a step. D D C Ursidae Enzyme 3

D Carnivora

(a) Negative feedback

W Mammalia

Enzyme 4

X Chordata Positive feedback + Enzyme 5

Excess Z Z Y Animalia stimulates a Z step. Z Enzyme 6

Z Eukarya

(b) Positive feedback 9 10

(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea

15 µm 5 µm m µ m µ 2 2

(c) Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia

Cilia of Cilia of Paramecium windpipe 100 µm cells

Kingdom Plantae 0.1 µm

Protists Cross section of a cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope

Kingdom Fungi

11 12 Warbler Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Green warbler Certhidea olivacea

COMMON Gray warbler finch ANCESTOR Seed-eater Certhidea fusca

Sharp-beaked

Bud-eater Bud-eater ground finch difficilis Platyspiza crassirostris

Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Insect-eaters Insect-eaters Tree finches Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch pauper

Large tree finch Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch 1 Population with 2 Elimination of 3 Reproduction of 4 Increasing Camarhynchus parvulus Cactus-flower- Cactus-flower- varied inherited individuals with survivors frequency of Large cactus eaters eaters traits traits that ground finch certain traits Geospiza conirostris enhance Ground finches Cactus ground finch survival and Seed-eaters Geospiza scandens

reproductive success Geospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finch Geospiza fortis

Large ground finch Geospiza magnirostris 13 14

Observations

Question

Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burnt-out bulb

Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem

Test of prediction Test of prediction

Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis 15