CEU eTD Collection Jewish self-conceptions in fin-de-siècle Hungary: the Eastern "Other" In partialfulfillment for the degree ofMaster of inNationalism Arts Studies Supervisor: Professor Michael Miller Department of Nationalism Studies Nationalism of Department Jewish Studies Specialization Central European University Central European Budapest, Hungary Budapest, András Sziklai Submitted to Submitted 2010 By CEU eTD Collection ocuin...... 53 ...... Conclusion 46 question...... refugee Jewish the War and World First The The reactionstothefirstZionist congress and theEastern Jewish-question...... 37 28 ’Ostjude’...... the of issue and the –Affair Tiszaeszlár The 21 ...... inHungary Jewry and assimilationist humor Jewish Jankó, Borsszem 13 sphere...... non-Jewish and the Jewish the in development onJewishThe sociologicaldata immigration Hungary, to anditsacademic review...... 5 Literary Introduction...... 1 h ocp fJws uo...... 24 humor...... Jewish of concept The CEU eTD Collection Consciousness, 1800-1923 significant in avery changed the East, Jewsof the to relationship the as aconsequence and 'Ostjude', the of image the Aschheim, to According German. to Yiddish of closeness the Jews and Eastern populations of large areas, whichhad to vicinity Germany of inter aliaof hadcase, the because ahighly in relevant context German The 'Ostjude' the brethren. Jewish eastern their and Jews western 'enlightened' the between developed, least, level into on the at of aseemingly imagery the unbridgeable gap assimilating of intoJews in nationalEurope frameworks caused the severing of relationshipthe of the Jewsintegration the that argument the is investigation and Aschheim's of ideas essential the of One the traditional society. gentilebourgeois the of nature inmeritocratic deep belief the JewishGerman frameworksmiddle class according integrate to the 'Ghetto' and to strived traditional the the of socio-cultural surroundings to ofthe tenetssolidarity. of the as The 'Ostjude' theleftbehindidea Jew constructed was acultural a counter-type who to ideology of the BildungThis Jew. ofthe assimilated that to a negative archetype rather and withsevering a "Ghetto"', the in 'Jews the of reality socio-cultural the of reflection the not mainly was indeed Aschheim claims, as 'Ostjude', imagethe of Jew.The 'Western' assimilated of the in Jew self-image the played 'Eastern' imagethe thatthe of rule thecritical on elaborates 1 Strangers" and "Brothers book: classic, already Aschheim's, Steven by inspired is research The War. mainstream assimilated Jewish from World inHungary 1880'suntil the public First the This thesis Introductionis an attempt to research the figure of the 'Ostjude' in the discourse of the Steven Aschheim, Steven 1 , aninvestigation in fieldof the cultural-ideological history. Aschheim Brothers and Strangers, The East European Jew in German and German Jewish , (Madison, Wisconsin, London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1982). 1 CEU eTD Collection case, the percentage of the Jewish population in Hungary was much higher than in highermuch than was in Hungary population Jewish of the percentage case, the the cultural and the political discourse of cultural the 19 of and the political discourse in element essential highly a was Jew the of image the milieu, German the to Similarly 'Ostjude'?the image of negative the from themselves differentiate to side 'assimilated' on the attempt of era?Wastherean the discourse antisemitic the andto areaction was areflection inHungary 'Ostjude' on the discourse Jewish the extent what case.To German the with in for Jewsin model comparison of assimilation Hungary the essential parameters the understanding assimilated of the Jewry in of Hungary notionthe 'Ostjude'the of bewould tothe factor which like toexamine.The key I wouldcontext, in Hungarian the However, the validity, ornon validity, ofhis thesis can be attributed to various conditions well. as case Hungarian in the valid are context German inthe investigation Aschheim's of the German that background to had cultural acommon society gentile Hungarian the into integration case. In my Nextthesis I'dto like context. German significant to researchin Jew'the 'Eastern the of criteria socio-cultural the to corresponded which Hungary, whether there differences,thewas a considerable Jewish population, mainlyresults on the North-Eastern parts of eastern the regions residedbyJewsmore living according to also butcustoms, traditional of Steven and Europe areas of thecentral between area asimilar border Hungary constituted that we can I believe that theassert, issue of the 'Ostjude' is notless relevant tothe Hungarian case. Not only assimilation. of ideal class middle the decisively challenged nationhood' that way,mainly the the GreatWar.during Jewish longingsolidarity forand 'an authentic Jewish discourse around Jewish 2 th century Hungary, when in the Hungarian the in when Hungary, century CEU eTD Collection otherwise the translations of the press articles aremine.) pressarticles of the translations the otherwise Jewish liberal middle class and its urbanliberal gentile environment. (If not told by established governmental politicalthe by in forces atthe and1868, directed aimed beginning and 1880'ssatiricalthe till Holocaust-, of a Jankó- Borsszem pressorgan the 2 Egyenl twomainorgans: press era through of the intend discourse research theJewish I to be in will immigration discussed paper. Jewish the Jewish current. The linkbetween divisioninternal inside this HungarianJewry and mainly which atitswith centre by assimilationist dominated Budapest a Neolog was country the of territory central the and Hungary; today's of region eastern north the and counties Carpathorus of Slovakia, regions –the eastern Eastern in North the population part of pre-Trianon Hungary – the western part of today Slovakia –; the Hassidic Jewry can be classified into three main populations: the Orthodox in the North Western Following division the tripartite suggested byJacob Katz and Michael Silber, Hungarian Furthermore, the case of Hungary is especially interesting due to its internal division. of the antisemitic as well as the Jewish discourse of the periodin Hungary. Jews" and the "caftan Jews", their dichotomy and their conflation were central elements "cravat of the Theimages moreprocess. gradual beena has naturally, emancipation, social their Hungary, in Jews the of emancipation legal the to contrast In Hungary. to the historical in Reception, anequalstatus churches Jewishreligion granting the steps, intwo 1867 with granting andin equalpolitical rights, 1895 with so-calledthe in basically happened in Hungary Jewry the of emancipation legal The souls. million a about FirstWarto World of outbreak Germany, the at the Jewisharriving population the Ithank Prof.Carsten Wilke for reminding me of context.this Ę ség- the central press organ of mainstream Neolog Jewry in Jewry from Neolog the Hungary mainstream of central press ség- the organ 3 2 CEU eTD Collection negative aspects of this thesis is entirely of mine. this thesis isentirely aspects negative Wilke, as forwell, his valuable insights. However, responsibilitythe for any possible thankCarlsten the processofitsthroughout andwriting. Prof. elaboration I’dlike to I wouldlike to thank Prof.for Michael Miller ideaof the project presentthe andhis guide 'Ostjude' in it. vital in around of Jewish integration discourse role theHungary the question of and the of the understanding the way to in asignificant contribute will my research that I believe War. Great the libels, the reaction the first Zionistto in Congress Basel and the refugee question around blood modern mayor the of one Affair, Tiszaeszlár The inHungary: history Jewish war in pre- constitutive three events mainly press organs around two research I'd liketo these 4 CEU eTD Collection antisemitism,Studies on Jewish-questionthe in20 and London:and The John Hopkins University Press, 1986). 4 Tanulmányok a zsidókérdésr Hungary]in Ostmitteleuropa, Pietsch, "Der jüdische Einwanderung aus Galizien und das Judentum in Ungarn", Anfänge des Zionismus in Ungarn (1897-1904) 3 onto further, image projected ofthe elements the negative projects society, reference the image.live "Other's"onto the criteria the striving created The"Other"upto inturn, to of of the "Other" in the creation the describes Gilman Germany. Jewsto Eastern of discourse immigration the face of in the Jews German of assimilated of theapprehension the for as hegemonicexplanation enlightening an be might society, as the Self-Hatred, Anti-Semitism and HiddenLanguageof the projection Jews" the "Jewish volume his in of self-hatred, its (Jewish) on theory fears psychological Gilman's Sander envisage possible ways of analysis of the topic. background academic andto abroader against Aschheim's situatingterms work of in my for thesis essential They are Europe. Central of context socio-cultural speaking The sources discussed below dealwith issue the of 'Ostjude' the mainly in German- the in chapter. discussed a separated is it and Hungary, to of immigration Jewish aspects sociological mainly,the on stresses, of literature,Hungarian topic,Jewry. whichishighly The existing to our relevant explicit effort, which deals with imagethe of the ‘Eastern Jew’ in the socio-cultural arena in'Ostjude' the JewishHungarian milieu valuable can insights.grant Indeed, thereisno context Hungarian There works arenumerous touching upon phenomenon the Eastern Jewsof in the Literary review Sander L. Gilman, Katzburg, Nathaniel, , (Budapest: Osiris Kiadó, 2001); Péter Hanák, (1989): 271-293;János Gyurgyák, Jewish Self-Hatred, Anti-Semitism and theHidden Language of theJews 3 Antisemitism Hungary,in 1867-1914 , however I believe, that a paper dedicated entirely to the idea of the Ę l a huszadik századi Magyarországon , (Köln: Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, 2001); Walter th century Hungary], (Budapest: Gondolat, 1984). A ZsidókérdésA Magyarországon 5 Zsidókérdés, asszimiláció, antiszemitizmus, asszimiláció, Zsidókérdés, , (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1969); PeterHaber, [Jewish-question, assimilation, Juden in 4 , publishedin 1986, [The Jewish-question [The , (Baltimore Die CEU eTD Collection Eastern Jews and diverted them on Western Jews. Brenner argues for a more "multiple", a for argues Brenner Jews. Western on them diverted Jews and Eastern passjudgment itself, on negative meantby stereotypes Jewry previously to adapting adapted a harsh criticismmagazine so the Jewry, ofWestern self-conception the toreformulate however sufficient – in an anti-Western, anti-capitalistWestern spirit as - ofwell magazine in encompassinga Jewish legitimization of wasthe Western ethnicity Europe the assimilated the as around avant-guard" Eastern"nationalist the of endeavor essential The population. Jewish elements.around The "glorification" circle intellectual the massesof East, the Jewish the "regenerating" aiming at of tendency "something of Eastern of a JewryRobert wasMaxwell not of the German-Jewish press." In contrast with the Wayne State University Press, 1998). Press, University State Wayne an LeoWinzpersonage of (1876-1952), around – The magazine und theyearspublished between 1901-1923. West" centered Aschheim's, at least in the eyes of the author, through the Berlin based magazine "Ost 5 und West DavidA. Brenner'sstudy, "Marketing Identities, The Invention of Jewish inEthnicity Jew. 'Ostjude' is at the same time the fear and hatred from the 'Ostjude' "inside" the assimilated 'real' the towards versed hatred The self-hatred. Jewish of epithet the than other no is Jewish discourse German by assimilated the image created of the Gilman, 'Ostjude' the to according sense, this In society. dominant to the integration of in process the "Other" embodies Theimage of a subgroup. tothesubgroup thefears primal the transferred David A.Brenner, Ost undWest " 5 , publishedinvestigates anopposite understanding in1998, of tothat Marketing Identities, The Invention of Jewish Ethnicity in Ost und West designed the magazine rather to "reeducate" the assimilated German assimilated the "reeducate" to rather magazine the designed 6 Ostjude himself, coined by Brenner as , (Detroit: Ost CEU eTD Collection solidarity solidarity itisthan usually depicted. more immigrants wasmuch towards the more andmuch its positive of conscious Jewish Jewry Western of attitude overall the that claims Wertheimer organizations community Based on activity Jewish the of counterparts. immigrant Jews assimilated and their between contacts social by Ostjuden "tangible" towards the the studying Jewish attitude ontheWestern existingWertheimer to revision the picture endeavors environment, socio-political German the examining to Next issue. avital signifies War World in First Jews the Eastern the of participation the ingeneral, research the to Similarly in wellbeforemightenlighten us antisemitic existing the 1920's. tendencies Germany on them ofthe German citizenshipGerman necessarily, authorities attitude the towards no had immigrants the Since immigrants. Jewish regarding policies administration legislation and state i.e.the German environment political and concrete the discourse gentile public the represent to intends Wertheimer Jews, view onthe Eastern negative the of understanding challenge conventional the In addition to into. integrate to supposed in Jewsfrom Eastwere the environment immigrating Imperial the Germany of the parameters andeconomical actual demographic deals with book history,the Wertheimer in of cultural-ideological thefield research University Press, 1987). 6 European Jews inImperial Germany" East Strangers: "Unwelcome Wertheimer's is Jack War Great the till establishment An additionaldifferences than it could be assumed. hyphenated Jewish around 1900,which self-identification muchfor morewas tolerant important study on Eastern Jews in the German Empire from its Jack Werheimer, Jack Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews inImperial Germany 6 , published Aschheim'sin with 1987.In contrast 7 Ostjude and with the socio-cultural , (New York: Oxford York: , (New CEU eTD Collection War I" 8 of New York Press, 1983). 7 Assimilation and Identity" Hungarian L.Jewry. Indeed, Marsha Rozenblit's study "The Jewsof Vienna 1867-1914, studies in the context of Viennese Jewry could contribute significantly to my research milieu, inbelieve on I Aschheim'sthat German the wasconducted Imperial Though research Habsburg Austria duringWorld War I" aNationalMarsha in TheJewsof "Reconstructing Rozenblit herstudy Identity: terms. divisions into even in organizational become translated which Empire the of regions Eastern the from immigrated Jews and Jews Viennese integrated divisionyesterday",European Jews wasabetween there of significant though,Even harsh. very was Jews' 'Eastern and Jews 'Western' to between cleavage the quotefulfillment, Stevenaspiration Aschheim, of Jews the Though 'sub-society'. Jewish their formed in Vienna of Jews the subculture", "Jewish Vienna "today's to integrate intooccupational, housingand constructing educational patterns; DavidSorkin's term German on the gentile Jews societyJewish habitants of demonstrates Vienna. abovethe Rozenblitt claimin of terms were did not comefrequently to their the and gentile the between an end came to never separateness social the that argue the East and whowere partand intellectuals artists of parcel Viennese fin-de-siècle,shethe does Jewish is numerous the of aware theauthor War.Though Great of the outbreak emancipationnewly of in Austro-Hungarian until Jews the established the the Empire from period the investigates Vienna legal 1867 andthe 1914. Rozenblit between Rozenblit'senvironment. study history covers thesocial of Jewishpopulation the of Marsha L. Rozenblit, Marsha L. Rozenblit, , (New York: Oxford, 2001). Reconstructing a National Identity: The Jews ofHabsburg Austria during World The Jews ofVienna 1867-1914, Assimilation and Identity 7 , has numerous issues that are in common with incommon the issues Hungarian , hasnumerous are that 8 , publishedin 2001, portrays the relationship 8 , (Albany: State University CEU eTD Collection Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001). Civilization, Jewish of Library 9 foremost political-in the ofJewishexistence organizational Vienna theaspects during David Rechter's study "The Jews of ViennaMonarchy the as solitary safeguard of their "tripartite-identity". and the First World War" beliefRozenblit, of Jewsin half the the Austrian the the empirethe of regarding Thistendency argues confirmed, authoritiesattitudes. often antisemitic displaying local the will of the against refugees the sakeof for the theiron part who acted war, the during thecentral authorities could address organizations them.towards Jewish The solidarity and sympathy much felt community the as well as individuals in Vienna city, the Jewish community caused masses Jewish by Eastern the aroused reaction antisemitic the in Prague Whereas to urge the central in and general. and Bohemia with Moravia specifically caseof inthe Prague contrast authorities praised ismuch expatriates the to reference to organizational Jewish Viennese the refugees, expulse the refugees the towards negative attitude Jewsarecriticized foroccasional empire.Viennese Though from the of Galiciathe regions from intheWestern issuethe refugee question Jewish the of possibility existencethe of of such identity.a hyphenated Rozenblitdeals explicitly with to Rozenblit, Jews in andin Vienna Monarchy sawthe Prague as theguaranteefor the sympathy national andwith dominant Accordinggroup "asenseofJewishthe ethnicity". acultural apparatus, state the towards one apolitical a Jewish"tripartite-identity": of adaptation the enabled empire the of character multinational the that argues The author identificationown group in the midstof disintegratingthe Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. their in the wayJewsunderstood with hervolume Rozenblit deals comparative manner. between Viennese and Jews Jewish Eastern refugees duringin War the Great a David Rechter, David The JewsVienna of and theFirst World War 9 , (London, Portland, Oregon: The Littman The Oregon: Portland, (London, , 9 , depicts first and first , depicts CEU eTD Collection German Jewish emancipation. The process of Jewish emancipation in the German in the emancipation Jewish of process The emancipation. Jewish German of an association representing Jewish collective-interests was against the inherentlogic of last of quarter the 19 the inpublished Jewish 1972,discusses againstgrowing argumentation antisemitism from University Press, 1972). 10 Anti-Semitism, toGerman 1870-1914" volume, "JewishReactions Ismar Schorsch's thedeep divisionsdemonstrated fractions betweenthevarious insideViennese Jewry. Rechter, in to according situation in Vienna, refugee capital.agitation The the intensify antisemitic masses to unjustified, servedasapretext of refugees the not Jewish and the efficiency of the aid provision grew accordingly.The fear of Viennese Jewry was Jewishthe side,from inBrith B'nai of thedirection Zioniststhe the sympathy expressed provide aid tothe refugees. Evidently, we cannotspeak about ahomogeneous reaction on to minority- ethnic Jewish 'non-existent' the of representatives the as – state Austrian The representatives East. the from masses Jewish the face of in the solidarity fear and of contempt, mixture antisemitic feelings on the ofside of the gentile population, while Viennese Jews theexhibited a various strong in Their aroused Vienna highest. appearance byfarthe percentage of Jews was segmentsfrom ofGalicia. the way.community From the Tenvery beginning of Monarchy. The refugee question during the wardemonstrates claiminthis aneloquent cooperated thousandsof the war Vienna became between political the growingdecades connectedness ethnical inthe and of last the the the withofmain aimrefugees of thethe refugeesgentile flooded and in the developments political between emphasizesparallels War.Rechter the Great the Jewishthe capital, political amongst arena. themOne of thethese political developments was the Ismar Schorsch, Ismar Jewish Reactions Germanto Anti-Semitism,1870-1914 th century on. According to Schorsch's understanding, the notion the understanding, Schorsch's to According on. century 10 , (New York, London: Columbia 10 , CEU eTD Collection Brandeis University 2005. Press, University Brandeis Edward Said. Theysuggestas "Orientalism"conceiving of theidea notadiscourse, of that from "Orientalism" notion the of understanding alternative an suggest authors Jews" edited by KalmarIvan Davidson andDerekJ.Penslar published in 2005. the and "Orientalism collection in the described "Orientalism", term the of understanding extended the serve might Ostjude the of question the on viewpoint additional an As inGermany. emancipation Jewish of failure inpublic face Schorsch,Jewishself-confirmation of the to accordingthe witness, to bears claims nationalistic Polish and German between region Posen in the Jews of situation the of its criticism and Berlin, from Jews Eastern of deportation of face the the in protest Centralverein's The identification. Jewish of sort a defined to amount actually numerous Jewsassimilated in Germany onlyintellectual the message, which could forCentralverein's in agitation constituted struggle public antisemitic Germany against the Furthermore, Jewry. German of reality political of thesense of testimony bears which aventure, Glaubens Jüdischen Staatsbürger Deutscher like the Centralverein projects considers Schorsch Arendt, Hannah with contrast In Christian. a become to and wasnonand –thattheultimate test than Germans other giving ownJewishness upone's Jews between differences narrow the committed to most were the who Judaism, Reform it became clear to those However, environment. gentile German from them their differentiated which peculiarities ready to undertake Jewishgive those to upgradually while,inJewsweresupposed the subjects, return, the project - especially its in weresupposedtogrant measured Jewish citizenship for state(s) way German a those belonging to 11 cultural realm was perceived as a development of Ivan Davidson Kalmar and Derek J. Penslar, eds., 1 Orientalism and the Jews 1 quid proquo , during which the German , (Waltham, Massachusetts: (Waltham, , 11 The CEU eTD Collection JSAH 13 (Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2005, 94-108. European Jewry", in Ivan Davidson Kalmar and Derek J. Penslar, eds., 12 at same time. the environment non-Jewish the of perception the through and eyes’ own their ‘through themselves, Bois. This understandingfor the stands double viewwith which communitiesJewish saw in aofW.E.B.appeared 1903article “double Theidea conceptof the consciousness”. is in later paper, the on andreflect introduce, like Iwould that to concept, An additional one. Orientalist an Ostjudeessentially the as glanceon Jewish European Western Jewry" European TheFaceof Arnold Zweig's East in Discourse Orientalist Dervish: a Like Pray "To volume same in the article Isenberg's cultural form itschanging history. contentthroughout Indeed,inthis Noah spirit, be the idea and can of variety, historical viewedasa "Orientalism" and geographical "language of Orientalism" can be applied As the a result, Foucault. Michel from borrowed of terms the both asalanguage- rather to various Orientalistic discourses, in terms of Olga Bush, "The Architecture of Jewish Identity: The Neo-Islamic Central Synagogue of New York" ofNew Synagogue Central TheNeo-Islamic Identity: ofJewish Architecture "The Bush, Olga Noah Isenberg, "To Pray Like a Dervish: Orientalist Discourse in Arnold Zweig's The Face of East 63, 2 (June, 2004):182. 2 (June, 63, 13 12 12 embodies the comprehension of the Orientalism and the Jews , CEU eTD Collection of my research basis the thatconstitutes sources the about information additional some providing Before and thenon-Jewish sphere Hungary, its and academicdevelopmentintheJewish The sociological data on Jewish immigration to residing in Hungary for decades, the appearance, behavior and linguistic skills of linguistic appearance, skillsin behavior of the residingthese for and Hungary decades, and Budapestand larger centers, though territories urban the of Hungary to Northeastern from migration the as well,easy.internal was primarily was There not immigrants the and migrants these between differentiate to and westward, way their on Hungary through passed whoJews waveof indeedsignificant a There were new tothe world. mainly even in assaid though, this period, surpass itbefore, notdid wave the emigration,of 1900? around There arefive main for it. There reasons was immigrationa minor wave real considered immigration Jewish why If wasa substantial so, immigration. their from in exceeded theemigration fact, Jews Hungary of Atthisincrease. period, natural in growth1900wasbasically the around of Furthermore, Jewishpopulation resultthe the point. highest its at arrived immigration Jewish about fervor antisemitic the which population, was though, from only 5%4.6% to between 1880sandthe periodin 1910,the 3.9% to 5% of thepopulation in in from Hungary, inin fact,grew 909,531 1869 542,279 from to 1910, overall population number Jewish Gyurgyák, actual of andthe the byJános data accumulated theories of Hungary. circle historians like of Hungarian Gyula Szekf The actual from massive 1900wasan in Jewish immigration Galicia theory around accepted the growth 19 Hungary in the to figuresof immigration on actual Jewish the Jewish , however, I would like to sketch briefly some sociological data on the 13 Ħ and others. According the to andothers. th century. The myth of a CEU eTD Collection Hungary, A Political History of Ideas], 14 in even ‘Khazar-legend’, the to referred Venetianer Lajos very defensive, was response publicnot toconfuse the ‘Galician-question’ ‘Jewishthe with TheJewish question’. “On calles Bartha on volume KhazarLand”, where the the Bartha’s 1901, Miklós from Hungary on the Jewish as wellshows the development of asthe historiography on and sociologicalthe writinggentile about Jews in side.Szekf Pál and Gyula to Teleki mainly herefers 1920’s- the of beginning at the On the gentile side, Pietsch in majorisPietsch’s Hungary interest thegentile of immigration Jewish to Galician critic cites “nucleation” time, same at the Jewry and, integrationist of the -urbanization patterns sociological of Jewish Western European and Eastern amid situation sociological an in-between traditionaldescribes and scene, Hungarian the to on moves than author The century. 19th the of half in immigration from in East, Jews German second the the Jewish faceof the assimilated Jewish of anxiety the out points and context German the with article his opens Pietsch masses Jewry. Hungarian of aspects sociological the of analysis ina complex offers Hungary”, the North-EasternThe article of Walter Pietsch,leave well.” to as wanted the others aJew“when departed, manner, in acollective “The immigration areas ofhappened and settlement leavingareait in also agiven and Terézváros Lipótváros, when Jews from Galicia of and mainly the in city, the areas of concentrate certain to Jewstended patterns, urban settlement Hungary. Jewry in of in terms Finally, significant. very was brethren assimilated their and them between and toBudapest, moved the dissimilarity Between and 50000Jews 1910some 1891 Budapest. primarily urban to centers, Jewishmigration that, was to In addition to from Europe. who’darrivedfrom just those Eastern necessarily different Jews werenot János Gyurgyák, A ZsidókérdésA Magyarországon, Politikai Eszmetörténet, [The Jewish-question in (Budapest: Osiris Kiadó, 2001), 76-79. 14 Ħ . Pietsch 14 CEU eTD Collection immigration from Galicia and the Jewry in Hungary”], 15 ground. in cleavage causedJewry Hungarian 1868Congress on a denominational the than it “Galician barbarity”discussion because wouldabout have causedan even deeper critical about Galicianthe Jewish immigrants.Itcould simplynotengage in a sincere Hungarian washighly elite Jewish insideJewry, assimilated Hungarian the contrasts and sharp were there hand, other the On Trianon. after society Hungarian the in position Hungarian Jewry GreatWar, the after beingitself with stabilizing itsoccupied own assume defense of not the nobility could argues,Hungarian one hand,Pietsch the response nor theliberal neitherside, on gentile nobleHungarian on Jewishside.On the no serious got antisemiticin isithow propaganda the 1920’s asks, the possible, that than author the so, If section. in above up the aresummed of researches these results Jewish andnon-Jewish on sociological Jewish immigration Hungary. works to The between difference wasnosignificant Alajosthere Kovács, of of research the appearance the in sense,after is, sociological that the conclusion Pietsch’s years 1735-1738. from Judeorum, engagedof in Conscriptio the Secondly, ascholarly analysis Márton which considered Jewrynot Hungarian in in butdenominational ethnical an sense. revolutionary in two aspects. Ern of volume The First, this was the 1922, as to establish community betweenJewish ablood and non-Jewish Hungarians. first historical work on the Jewish side Walter Pietsch, “A zsidók bevándorlása Galíciából és a magyarországi zsidóság” [The Jewish 15 Ę Márton, from 1941, “The family-tree of Hungarian Jewry”, was Jewry”, Hungarian of family-tree “The 1941, from Márton, 15 Valóság, (1988), 11, 46-59. CEU eTD Collection southward of the Jews of the Felvidék and Kárpátalja, areas generally characterized by characterized generally areas Kárpátalja, and Felvidék the Jews of of the southward population which generally coincided with reform the minded mainstream population, society designate speaking decisiveintendwas definitely the to –geographically I Jewish non-Jewish into the integrate to population Jewish of the segments certain of determinacy homogenizing state is indeed of present assimilation mainstream of inJewry Hungary 1900.Though around central the – even if its policies are not always coercive - the France, Germany, and the United States" United the and Germany, France, 16 the system. surrounding society understanding obsolete against the of into absorption complete the the to similar becoming of will individual's the more emphasizes assimilationism of wave recent the assimilation, of sense' 'traditional mentioned above the to returning of from from nor view. of point an feasiblea normative Instead analytical neither itwas not dominance- years again a differentialist of after longerno beadopted could and nation homogenizing discourse" modernist– state universal the "Enlightenment one. The prevailing inunderstanding of assimilation 1960's the itswith emphasis on the complex" more analytically and defensible a "normatively to rather assimilation of notion isanymore return multiculturalism. classic dominance of not the to bytheories This after decadesof inoccurs last field of decade. Thisreturn political the sciences BrubakerRogers arguesthat a return notionto the of assimilation can bediscerned in the 'acculturation' and similar concepts in the field of historical studies and social sciences. problematize'assimilation',integrationistengaged I'dliketo notions: in discourse, the the Jewry, which mainly, section the of deals,Hungarian paper with present Since the The interm 'assimilation' perspective a historiographical Rogers Brubaker, "The return of assimilation" Changing perspectivesimmigration on andits sequels in 16 Brubakers' notions on integration are indeed useful to examine indeed process the onintegration notions useful to are Brubakers' Ethnicand Racial Studies 16 24 (July, 2001):531-548. CEU eTD Collection Egyenl 18 Ziporah Brody,(Hannover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1998). Katz, Jacob introduction: the toin referred already Silber, Michael 17 the Jews,in a reciprocalwhile process: emancipation the sides "self-perception" terms Jewry. ofpost-emancipation two The signified two meantGerman the role of embodimentthe state granting equal emancipationthe inEngland;of concept Catholics the of "assimilation" represented the rights to of by notions."emancipation" Theterm German 1828following liberalsafter was adopted assimilationinadequate historical lookingneed analysis" "astoolsfor of andthere's alternative of increasingly became "assimilation" and "emancipation" terms the that claims Sorkin was Jewishissue. our to is relevant article Sorkin's that regeneration till1871-Ibelieve incase German nation-state the a central of thenon-existence mainly case and – German Hungarian the the between differences important thereare Though through inHungary. Jews of tendencies integrationist of the features grasp central the to attempts concepts and their ApplicationHistoriographically articlethe of "Emancipation Sorkin David Assimilation,and Two to German versions. Orthodox the and Neolog the - between Jewish History" can thoughtbe very lead useful by Miksa inSzabolcsi our important was even more strict than as was faith" "Jewish term the the faith" Jewish the of "Hungarians in identification: the that Neologas one,the and somewhere religion Jewish the of termcommandments essential the to committed remained Hungary "Hungarian"–in Jews the of section Neolog the that fact the emphasize to have we integration Jewish Lajosrespectively. tendencies, Hasidic and orthodox Szabolcsi would argue that the religious Lajos Szabolcsi, and Katz Jacob from derives tendencies on religious based differentiation geographical above The Ę ség], A house divided: orthodoxy and schism innineteenth-century Central European Jewry, (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 13, 78-82. Két emberölt Ę , Az Egyenl Ę ség évtizedei (1881-1931), [Two generations, The decades of 17 18 17 In addition to the voluntary nature of trans. CEU eTD Collection 20 History", 19 Diaspora. the in Jews of existence collective the of understanding their tactics; political their of nature the forces; political gentile with alliances of possibility movement"; the by preferred narrative "historical the terms"; in geographical lies question Jewish the to solution the "Whatshould betheirin cultural orientation terms- language mainly"; of "Where does 19 in the politics Jewish a and typology by heconstructs political questions movements, these answering of Mendelssohn begins his book with seven basic questions differentrelating to Jewish Politics". Jewish Modern "On study Mendelssohn's isEzra in Hungary Jewry One of the main sources that I would like to rely on to explain the basic tenets of Neolog Hungary, ideal the for acculturationistsenvironment phenomena. cultural and social political, of spectrum awider integrate can which 'acculturation' or 'integration' adaptation terms the of a Jewishby subculture Katz,David Jacob Sorkin Sorkin and others. the suggests of idea the of introduction the Toury, Jacob by embourgeoisement – concepts other with substitute historical them anymore. analysis weretentative suggestions there asto Indeed, historiography. developments made These these terms, soSorkin inadequateasserts, for in Jewish etc.–whichdeveloped social – internal, viewpoints comprise numerous the to able not were they and connotations, negative or positive clearly historiography Jewish of currents in different and camps political Jewish across earned expressions above of The emancipation. counterpart the constituting reform and educational occupational Ezra Mendelssohn, Ezra David Sorkin, "Emancipation and Assimilation Two concepts and theirApplication to German – Jewish Leo Baeck InstituteYearbook 20 On Modern JewishPolitics th and 20 the 35 (1990): 17-33. th century. These questions are: "What are the Jews"; are the "What are: These questions century. , (New, York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 5. 18 19 CEU eTD Collection 21 attractive, culturally dynamic, in economically But ghetto. spiritual the from themselves distance Jews preparedto number of of asubstantial theexistence requires integrationism Jewish agrowingsector. urban and by dynamism economic be characterized to region this expect would ...(O)ne fold national the into Jews accept to enough liberal "attractive" nation into which the Jews would be all-to-happy to integrate; and a country bya nationalities;culturally acountry dominated minority existenceof legitimate "(A) country or region that beasfollows. would integrationism was either mononational...and that refused to recognize andachievements "saw in andpluralism religious toleration a desiredvalue. the historical ideals, for the integrationists 'age the stood of emancipation' and its of terms In Mendelssohn. and Moses Maimonedes Alexandria, of asPhilo such lived, became partand parcel of non-Jewishthe cultural intellectual milieu in which they'd figures who were Jewishtradition, the represent to were chosen who figures, intellectual patriotism, and low profile in in andemancipation acceptance conceived toleration, resulted countries vigorous these politics- as far as itininnot in or in Palestine Uganda, butrather or Unitedthe States A periodHungary. of concernedlied question collective Jewish the of solution The self-understanding. their to central was Jewishsettled rights. were Jews the Thein which context national the of relevance The "hereness". as English inMendelssohn,integrationist the context was"doikeyt" into which could be translated to according notion, central The Palestine". Our is Our Home, as:"This summarized JewishThe be couldacculturationist political current's about understanding politics Ibid , 6-16. In political terms, claims Mendelssohn, the ideal environment for Jewish for environment ideal the Mendelssohn, claims terms, political In 19 21 CEU eTD Collection 23 22 acculturationist bourgeois urban Jewry in Hungary. view, Herzl Mendelssohn's Theodor wereand MaxNordau exceptions in a mostly definingforemost itself first onlinguistic and on andnot ethnical terms. In nation Hungarian the of understanding in its inclusive was nationalism liberal Hungarian Italy, and Hungary in the period between the Ausgleich and the First Word War. Indeed, oldstyle religious orthodoxy...but also modern Jewish nationalism." and aboveall liberal politically Jews wouldcountries...such bereject likely notonly to Ibid, Ibid, In geographical terms such areas, according to Mendelssohn, are the US, France, US, the Mendelssohn, are to areas,according such terms In geographical 49-50. 48. 20 23 22 CEU eTD Collection base the – Hungarians, 'majority' Magyarproportion would havebeena'minority'of the indeed,Hungary, without million the nearly declaiming Jews linguistic –ona themselves open to discussionsignificant and – to thata great the Hungary's Jewsaround1900constituted the economicalcontribution development, to extantwas theready only minorityin toparticular joingroup – ethnicthe in in ofthe and inBudapest population importance Hungary general 100000. The Jewish or magyarizationreligious was farremains beyond population surpass notof did 50000, whereasBudapest around in it arrived1902 to ofits the sheerbelieved inthe 'contract of inemancipation' theHungarian In 1870 context. Jewish the population numerical activity (1867)Hungarian emancipated newly of the mainstream Jewry, whose deeply of share cultural and commercial industrial, the of the resulta decisiveextent, Budapest was,to of the society. The flourishingits ofdevelopment. terms, of absolute forsureinterms pace of than Next tomostindustrial thriving and cultural Turn capitals ifin of Century the not Europe- their become itsto Budaand unparalleledof one of Óbuda)andbegan development Pest, the capital of part in eastern Monarchy Austro-Hungarian the the became united 1873 (out phenomenon,more ofmiddle specifically in Jewry a phenomenon The class Budapest. an urban and foremost first was society Hungarian the Jewsinto of integration Great War, is usually coined as the golden age of Jewish assimilation in Hungary. The The second half of The halfof second 'long' the 19 background on morethe visual primary source my of thesis: Borsszem Jankó. moving thisBefore into analytical the sections paperIwould of provide some Jewry in Hungary Jankó,Jewishhumorandassimilationist Borsszem th century, especially century, between and the especially period the 1867 21 CEU eTD Collection in Budapestin at the turnof century],the 26 ideas ideas from the age of Reform to the Holocaust], Komlós, Aladár 1890:and 25 Viktor Karády, IstvánKozma, 24 Hungary'. 'historical of borders the between by an antisemitic political party in the Hungarian parliament. On the other hand, the hand, other the On parliament. Hungarian the in party political antisemitic an by the 1880's on, the antisemitic feelings in the Hungarian society were expressed explicitly issue wasfundamental in BorsszemJankófor two main On reasons. onehand,the from Jewish The becoming. in 'metropolis' the in reality social day every of incidents the than others no were incidents, political the to next topics, its press, Hungarian the of themes conventional the with contrast In in Hungary. class middle Jewish the vision open and the progressive,dynamic itself -,reflected party governmental by inestablished 1868 the – Jankó Borsszem mainly weeklies, comic The actuality. day every of image mirror other hand Jewish humor adjusted itself to the reality of Hungary and Pest, being the very the on culture, of Jewish character international hand the one the on jokesreflected these of Budapest infamous –cabarets reaction: Hungarian the of eyes inthe or - famous in the Whether doubt. any is without influence of the Jewish joke might be subject tofurther elaboration, as we'll see, but its long-lasting Thedefinition anecdote. Hungarian traditional to the as asubstitute joke, Jewish was the integrating Jewish middleclass to culturethe of Pest and of Hungary in sense abroader in the bourgeois capital. culture newlyborn the – society German the into integration Jewry's German about notion Aschheim's Steven socio-cultural theenvironment, Jews co-constituted Budapest- to agreatpartuse of to Miklós Konrád,"Orfeum és zsidó identitás Budapesten aszázad-fordulón" [Orfeum and Jewishidentity More onJewish assimilation and participation in the socio-cultural context of Hungary between1867 More on the policies of magyarization of the Hungarian state in the period of the dual monarchy: Magyar-Zsidó szellemtörténet a reformkortól a holocaustig, [Hungarian-Jewish history of Név és nemzet Budapesti Negyed , [Name andNation], (Budapest: Múlt és Jöv 26 22 , whether in the newly born comic weeklies, comic born newly in the whether , 24 Integrating, though, into the Hungarian the into though, Integrating, 16, (2008), 351-368. 25 One of the main contributions of the of contributions main the of One (Budapest, 2002). Ę , 1997), 105-110., CEU eTD Collection 2. Gardenand theWorkshop] [Embourgeoisment and ethnical prejudice in the second half of the 19 the of half second the in prejudice ethnical and [Embourgeoisment 29 http://www.mediakutato.hu/cikk/2003_01_tavasz/02_judapesti_bulevaron. 28 Schorske, eds., (New York: RussellSage Foundation, 1993), 229-233. Budapest and New York: studies in metropolitan transformation, 1870-1930, 27 inBuleváron" her"Judapesti Kati article Vörös very dilemmas of the predominant segment of its readers: the Jewry of Pest. dealtwith since Borsszem beJankó's basictaskwas reflectiveto and of tothe responsive Jewish issue was naturally dealt with from a entirely different perspective. It had to be the end of the 19 historical development and the social context of the caricatures about Jews in the press at detecting its origins in the Middle-ages. Vörös sees in the illustration of the 'figure of 'figureof seesintheillustration of the Vörös in origins theMiddle-ages. detectingits Jew, the of of figure the 'dehumanization' focuses andthe the 'demonization' – Vörös on issues, etc. abovethe around discourse entireof nature the pseudo-scientific male, andthe specific inborn distortions of the Jewish body, the feminization of the figure of the Jewish the nationalities, Jewsandother between the contrast suchas:the features – century after dealing with the Indeed, by theoreticians. Christian Antiquity Middle-ages, ininthe late Jews,and the dominant features tothe attributed inits essentiality theological centrality the ofare embedded for reasons the visual depictioncentury European nationalistic discourse.of The origins of the discoursethe on the Jews and the Jews in the 19 19 of self-imagination the to central Hanák,was Péter argues character", of a "national notion The historical relevance. their according to sources several romantic nationalism. romantic Kati Vörös,Kati "Judapesti Buleváron" [On Boulevardthe of Judapest], Péter Hanák, "Polgárosodás és etnikai el etnikai és "Polgárosodás Hanák, Péter Géza, Buzinkay, "The Budapest Joke and Comic Weeklies as Mirrors of Cultural Assimilation", in th century. As for the visual representation of the 'Jew', Vörös century.As for draws on visual the representation of 'Jew',Vörös the 29 , (Budapest: Gondolat, 1988), 81. (cited by Vörös,Kati "Judapesti Buleváron", The alleged national character of the Jews was vital to 19 Ę ítélet a magyar társadalomban a 19. Század második felében" második Század a 19. társadalomban a magyar ítélet 23 28 gives an elaborate picture on the th century], in Thomas Bender and Carl E. Carl and Bender Thomas A kert és a m 27 th Ħ century hely [The th th CEU eTD Collection 31 30 centuries. passed of archetype Jewish the with common in nothing nearly have who Jews of generations later influences which tendency, this about critical is also he time same and ready to mock itself and to amuse itself on the basis nation which iscapable only the Jewsare the in thefactthat entirely thepride negates not of its character flaws, but at the Komlós in Though EuropeanChristian society. the of centuries Jewish segregation andat aimingcorrecting at the–allegedflaws (A. Sz)- developed thelong during brethren according to the measurements of the non-Jewish socio-cultural world, mocking their and see themselves to began Jews These ghetto. of the outskirts leftthe first Europe Aladár Komlós datesThe concept of Jewish humorback the origins of the Jewish joke to the times when the Jews of in the identification of the Jews with the visual image of the ‘Jew’. result was its reproduction. The standardization of this visual image of the ultimate its ‘Jew’ but resultedmessage, its challenge to intended have might Jankó in Borsszem ‘Jew’ of the presentation the argues that Vörös a "cultural code". into Jew the of concept the Borsszem Jankó, andAdolf Ágai as its main designer, played in processthe of turning role, that the about critical very she's facepropaganda, in of the antisemitic tolerance' of a socio-cultural contexthumanity itself. before the Holocaust, his/herbeing, towards exclusionnot from only the community nations butof from which all changed ultimatelystudiedWiestrich-, byRobert asavital step on way the depictto Jewthe as inhumane an the 'limit of Jew' in the Middle-ages as a complicit of the Satan or imbued with Satanic features – Ibid, Ibid , 3-5. 6. 30 Though admitting that BorsszemJankó's visual was world simply part 24 31 does CEU eTD Collection Langen, 1921), 307. 33 32 endthe 19 humorthe of at of Jewish nature subversive inaccuracy. The exaggeration of cultural popularand politicalmotives culture exactly proves their society, andbythe liberal thepossible vision homogenizing alternative bourgeois to a suggests terms national and class racial, in gender, Transgression transgression. itsis milieu socio-cultural flaws the ever-prevailing the of represent ability to The main which feature, enables popular culture tobe so sharpin its critique and inits be inits overestimated critique of consensus dominantthe high culture and high politics. Gluck, according cannot The importance to of culture, popular culture. genrepopular of humor as Jewish of nature a representative subversive Gluck mainly the emphasizes infin-de-siècle Budapest". culture humor popular and "Jewish Mary article: Gluck's importantA very andilluminating highly contribution thenature of on Jewish humor is “self-awarness.“ of anexpression rather of “weakness” less of a sign itin sees he and expense, own their at laugh to Jews the of ability exceptional the well "Die Fuchs,In Eduard book in in praises context, same the his as Juden derKarikatur" inrepresentation of nurture "Jewishheroism Jews the andself-gratitude". order to artistic for increase for an wishes and in jokes Jewish adecadence for he hopes Jews, and that, he asserts that this self-irony diminishes void naturevery withholds observersof becomingtheir them of Havingsaid "fanatic". to some extent the self-appreciationKomlós argues that the fact that the Jews are capable of laughing at themselves,of and tobethe Hungarian political discourse in general and its antisemitic motives in particular. On the On of official attitude the assimilationist the to viable alternative itsuggested a hand, other particular. in motives antisemitic its and general in discourse political Hungarian Budapest was directed in two different directions. On the one hand, against the official Eduard Eduard Fuchs, Aladár Komlós, Die Juden in derKarikatur [The Jews inthe Caricature] Magyar-Zsidó szellemtörténet areformkortól a holocaustig, 25 , (München: Verlag Albert 54-57. 33 th century in 32 CEU eTD Collection 35 A. Kann Memorial Lecture 34 implied,hemainstream the standardsbeing withoutsociety…Jokes, subjects of heldto taboo voice to could give who fool mantle classic of the theprotective enjoyed reason, society, ordinarily repressed or unavailable for serious discussion. The humorist, for this mirror the deepestof reflected truths was a that crooked ... , Ágai out "Humor, pointed self-irony. Nevertheless he was consciousness of the genuine nature of humor. and was in towards genrethe Hungarian the ambivalent discourse daily public Jewish of and culture popular became figureslater Mór) othersinHungarian – well-known which Wahrmann of thefigure banker (basedon Jewish the W.M.Börzeviczy, Jewish grocer, Jankó –Itzigfamilias, Spitzig the assimilating pater Jewish Salamon Seiffensteiner the Ágai, who was the originator of the most successful andlong-lasting figures of Borsszem 1930s. "illusions" of from ageof the – lookingemancipation back 'sobering' ofthethe period mainlydirected not is though criticism atKomlós's Ágai's critical. very was Komlós customs their in direction, he is languageand assimilate in their brethren to hisJewish sametimethe and encouraging at turned society byin Hungarian tendencies Komlósantisemitic increasing the fighting at will Ágai's About rather into a liberal general the paradigm era. of assimilationist the challenged and appearance critic on press. There's no doubt, thethe adherence of these figures to their Jewish traits of personality Hungarian society, were, if it was possible, not even mentioned by the mainstream Jewish approach Jewish aradically into the different which represented integration towards Jankó, Borsszem of or halls cabaret the of figures hyphenated The establishment. Jewish Aladár Komlós, Mary Mary Gluck,"Jewish humor andpopular culture in fin-de-siècle Budapest", 35 Magyar-Zsidó szellemtörténet areformkortól a holocaustig, . 26 Twenty-Third Annual Robert 175. 34 CEU eTD Collection 36 audiences." competent culturally by beneeded decoded to that distortions but social realities of reflections not were Mary Mary Gluck,"Jewish humor andpopular culture in fin-de-siècle Budapest",5. 36 27 CEU eTD Collection 39 Üzenete, Echo of Tiszaeszlár: Histerias of Bloodlibels Hungarian inthe Press (from 1882 till 1918)”, in Lajos Szabolcsi, sixtylater: years“The fireEgyenl of of phrases the Borrowing affair. the around publicdiscussion of passionate resultthe present paper. The main issuesbut very sensealso regarding concerning the notspecific only two inageneral source of constituent was the Tiszaeszlár of libel blood The present discourse. Jewish mainstream Hungarian thesis, the in nature important an more the all assumed event the Monarchy the of part (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 26. 1993), 38 Kutatócsoport, Judaisztikai MTA (Budapest: 37 essential instance in Jewishquestion of the Hungary. Hungarian as other. the on “truth-seekers,” hand,one and well the on as slaughterers),” ritual (Jewish shachters’ in the of “defenders into society theHungarian European in tothatof Itdivided Dreyfuss Affair anddevelopment social the importance France. gentile and libel in Hungary themodern erabearsduring striking in similarities its political and Jewish press Hungary in Jewishhistory infirst general Hungarian blood- and of particular. Indeed the turned it anThe into Tiszaeszlár-Affair an – The Tiszaeszlár Affairthe of the’Ostjude’ andissue was a one of the constituent events of the history of dualist Egyenl by the foreign Jewish project,press, however itis worth mentioning that andthe affair was followedthis with great attention fact of present is the scope the beyond in Affair press foreign the Tiszaeszlár the portrayal of did not escape the attention of the editors of János Pelle, “Tiszaeszlár visszhangja: Vérvádhisztériák a Magyarsajtóban (1882-t LajosSzabolcsi, Egyenl Ę Ę ed., György Csepeli,(Budapest: Minoritás Alapítvány,1996), 43-62. ség ség, itself.) 03.12.1882, 11. Két emberölt 39 Only fifteen years after the emancipation of Jews in the Hungarian in the Jews of emancipation the after years fifteen Only Ę , Az Egyenl Ę ség évtizedei (1881-1931), Emlékezések,dokumentumok, 37 28 The extraordinary attention thatit got in the 38 Egyenl Ę (To present an account on the ség wasignited byalightning Ę ség , was established as a Ę l 1918-ig)” [“The Vérvádak CEU eTD Collection (Budapest:Osiris, 2007), 135-137. what your Hungarian Homeland become, The History ofHungarian nation-idea and of nationalism], 42 (Budapest:MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 28, (the translation is mine). 41 (Budapest:MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 25, (the translation is mine). discussed. To demonstrate to what extent liberal Hungarians saw Hungarian Jews as a Jewsas Hungarian saw Hungarians liberal what extent to demonstrate To discussed. sphere was private the restrainedto inpublicor be demonstrated shouldactivity religious nation. whether the question inside practice the of Even civicHungarian the of this self-definition was the classification of the Jews in Hungary as a religious minority characteristic essential The of Moses. religion the of Hungarians as itsounded Reform’, themselves –previously,the‘Age of during faith” as“Hungariansof Israelite the Jewry describing assimilationist German of thestandpoint reflected Jews liberal integration integration of Jews in Hungary in an optimistic way. and sawemancipation that current the of waspart stance The Neolog society. Hungarian essay is the question howof Neolog Jewry itselfdefined vis-à-vis the surrounding serves asanoverarchingthreadinthepresent Indeed, that crucialquestions of the one pluck it out, corroding the evil web, which is overlaid the whole of Jewry.” to thrives and fever fanatic in a lie the of root the for looks counter…he the to down lie until he the nails rest not to he avow makes and libel, blood the of thecrazy tale he hears when smolders heart urbanintellectual. His Jew,the poor the landowner, the The gentry, native. he its was since county the forhalf. ayear Heknows anda leave not spot the does Lajos Szabolcsi, the son of Miksa Szabolcsi described it 50 years later as follows. 40 of editor future the inadecisiveway influenced The affair sixty years ago. That celestial war, which emited this lightning, was called Tiszaeszlár.” János Gyurgyák, LajosSzabolcsi, LajosSzabolcsi, “When the “Affair” started in“When started “Affair” thethe he spring of leaveseverything,1882, and he Két emberölt Két emberölt Ezzé lett Magyar Hazátok, Amagyar nemzeteszme és nacionalizmus története, [That’s Ę Ę , Az Egyenl , Az Egyenl Ę Ę ség évtizedei (1881-1931), Emlékezések,dokumentumok, ség évtizedei (1881-1931), Emlékezések,dokumentumok, 29 42 The self-definition of Hungarian Egyenl Ę ség , Miksa Szabolcsi. 41 40 CEU eTD Collection nationalism], története, [That’s what your Hungarian Homeland become, The History of Hungarian nation-idea and of 44 European European nations…” nation-race, whose goal is the bringing to heels, and if possible annihilation, of the 43 ( anation-race fact, of in point “The Jewsare, for aracial definition. opted Russia, from Istóczy immigration unequivocally clarified even by the antisemites themselves. Relating to Jewish lectures differentdefined.of two Quoting shows that thisIstóczy classification not was To begin with, the antisemitic view of the Jews was racial,Hungary, however as in Germany, this till the racialend of the viewGreat War, was was the antisemitic critique model in of assimilationist on it.)was formed existing the it, that theonly of result reevaluation a As axiom. unchallengeable an became emancipation legal Jewish and assimilation Jewish elite, national-liberal the of policy official the to (According establishment. understandings of in Jewishquestion forthe the exceptnational-liberal Hungary- The Neolog standpointnation. Hungarian butof the adenomination caseof is in you the are not serviceof, the that was in contrast, case becausethe youryou efforts, for IthankAs anon-Jew nation. the from of body the practically, scoundrel self-defensewant those against todissociateassassins who Hungarian Jewry withdenominational interest,I see in your only performance phenomenon the legitimate of all otherMe, whobecause ofmy cannot be religion accused ofhavingmy pen guided by a Jewish or of editor to the gentile reader gentile denomination and notas an ethnic or national group, I’d like quoteto a letter written by a Quoted in János Gyurgyák, R. Y., 43 Egyenl (Budapest: Osiris, 2007), 146. Ę ség , 03.12.1882, 9. népfaj 44 In his speech’ ‘Palestine in1875,he represented amore cultural Ezzé lett Magyar Hazátok, A magyar nemzeteszme és nacionalizmus ), a race, with a specific national religion, namely a conquesting Egyenl Ę ség in the midst of the storm around Tiszaeszlár. 30 CEU eTD Collection Hungary, A Political History of Ideas], Hungarian Jews won’t be afraid Straussz exemplify very “Butwell attitude. this Ibelieve with andIam convinced, the that the sense of their truth and Jewishthe population inresiding Hungary unifiedas as possible. Adolf The words of right…As soon as the 46 45 The general position of antisemiticthe propaganda. to central naturally was population alien asan Jews the of theconsideration or east the criticism formulated by antisemites. In this context, the issue of Jewish immigration from a as such wasseen Affair Tiszaeszlár The illegitimate. considered was assimilation as we’ve seen ideologicalonly liberal-nationalist ally campitself, Neolog the of was the establishment above, and standards. its religious of in terms establishment the with in its dealing concessions any critic ofthem. the liberal The orthodoxfrom also a certain Jewsin anation the distance kept and social as Hungary considered paradigm criticized on and of legalequality atbut the citizens the vital, considered same of Hungary the ittime prospects society of view antisemitic the from itself dissociated the current gentile mainly This well. of NeologJewish camp, so-called from The sharply differed position as standpoint dissimilationist the Neolog furthermore,body, soul and man with us.” for makingChristian civilization, tous,should should assimilate into melt us,should same bethe too manyshouldstate, give upevery plan attackingof us…should frankly compromise with the for Palestine. But those leave integratingHungarian into are incapable society to option.of He advised Jewswho who stay in Hungary should “cease to form a state within the János Gyurgyák, Quoted in Ibid, 146. A ZsidókérdésA Magyarországon, Politikai Eszmetörténet, [The Jewish-question in Egyenl 45 Ę ség (Budapest: Osiris Kiadó, 2001), 229-231. in the face of the Tiszaeszlár Affair was representing Affair Tiszaeszlár the inthefaceof 31 46 The CEU eTD Collection 49 48 that themotivethat for appearance the of ‘Jewish the innotquestion’ Hungaryshould be argues Acsády in Hungary. idea antisemitic the of expansion the for reasons possible the In the editorial of all”. at connection [themselves] gladly with the issues of Galician Jews, with whom Hungarian Jews have no occupy not do “[they] that though declared They Tiszaeszlár. of case the to resemblance libel striking with be blood another appearedto report on issue,which the obliged to 1882 the first account appears and opens as follows. The editors of follows. editors The as appears andopens account first 1882 the In December historical itcontext. given at the represent howto journal’s task andthe of epitomizes very well the understanding of understanding the well very epitomizes time same the at Galicia in place taking blood-libel a similar about reports The Jewry is to join the Hungarian national community.” Hungarian of ”elements all for follow to policy right the Affair Tiszaeszlár the after especially that believes Acsády Neolog.” the about think they Orthodox, the scorn they ”though Jewry, Hungarian inside sections different the between differentiate genuinely Jewry ( is only one in Hungary, legal situation there present the according to that Acsády,argues Ignácz it. The author, against acting itself againstthose defend to inand endevours its tobecomein Hungarian itsJewry unified anintegral of society efforts Hungarian part 47 in article An additional moment, the whole band have failed, together with theirhouse of cards.” rabble sees that the Hungarian Jew did not shrink, he will not fear them…and at that Ignácz Acsády, Adolf Strausz, “A „Függetlenségr “A Strausz, Adolf Egyenl Ę Zsidóság ség, 17.12.1882, 6. Egyenl ) recognized. Acsády claims furthermore, that the antisemites do not do antisemites the that furthermore, Acsády claims ) recognized. 49 Egyenl Ę ség, Egyenl Ę 11.02.1883, 1. ség at the end of December 1882 Ignácz Acsády elaborates on IgnáczAcsády endelaborates the 1882 of at December Ę Ę l”-r ség Ę l” [About the “Independence”], in “Independence”], the [About l” shows that indeed shows halothat intellectual the itaround saw 32 Egyenl Ę 48 ség of Hungarian Jewry as a whole Egyenl Ę ség 47 , 03.12.1882, 7. Egyenl Ę ség felt CEU eTD Collection 51 50 agitation. such to prone be to mature is too nation Hungarian the the Hungarianof disinvolvment the Catholic particularly highlights author The sources. Russian from Churchfinanced in the campaign. Thecampaign propaganda antisemitic organized an Acsády describes In thefollowing, author expresses his opinionand for this the horror-fiction of Tiszaeszlár was created.”that home, or they migrate to America. In time, new means of agitation have beto thought of, clear, and thoseit herecould moving this become [Hungary]…Butberealizedthat manipulation will feared Russianagainst are Russian Jewsthemselves moreover expelled spoken the of, is not certainly Jews don’t in Jews of settlement Russian Hungary come the Hungarians, that wouldwho warnedthe have here, but ratherto turn Hungary into a Jewish state! ... In thethey first minutes of the panic,return there was no one, wants Israelite The Kagal, Alliance the by agitation. accordingly planned previously the to their “Fire!,” exploitedyellswhen someonewas suddenlysuchapanic,whichthen there Hungary!inflood Likeapackedtheatre They to “Thewant Russian Jews are coming! from immigration in werediffusedRussia Hungary. intensive Jewish about that rumors Acsády claims lessrequire energies. seemed to it since question Jewish the on fell choice the Hungary In states. nation Western in order issues Count Ignatyev toundermine minority various inwho public exploits Europe the of ambitions Pan-Slavic is the it Instead, scene. Hungarian the on influence decisive a have not theredid discourse thepolitical because in Germany, not but for abroad, looked should backbe Itscauses,an internal he to Hungarian discourse. argues, traced Ignácz Acsády, “Visszapillantások” [Retrospectives], Ibid, 1-2. 33 Egyenl Ę ség , 31.12.1882, 1. 50 51 CEU eTD Collection Ismar Schorsch, “The Myth of Sephardic Supremacy”, of Sephardic Myth “The Schorsch, Ismar Schorsch: ofIsmar article the in elaborated was Judaism Reform of 53 (Budapest:MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport, 1993), 26-27. to benefactor, our is which nation, the by foolish and ignorant seen be to condemned, eternity? and in Latin, and don’tIs they represent the honour, the ornament and the pride of Israelit for forbiddenYehudaAbraham Halevi, and wrote Ibn Ezra…who sangin inSpanish, Arabic, in Greek HaNagid, Samuel onlyAbravanel, Yitzchak Don Maimon, Ben Moshe knees: their on down for us to draw forefathers, get our of all look back…to “Theyin shouldchildren Israel front of whom from non-Jewishtime. same the more moresociety andat Hungarian be the could contribute could appreciated knowledge?reformed Judaism. thoughtthatrabbis He vernacular speakingthe of hostingthe society Are we a as for archetype the followingSpanish Diaspora the and Spain’ ageof ‘the golden legacy who looked upon Schwartz, Sephardic rabbinicthe of rabbis.the Szabolcsi quotes respect and could knowledge their understand could also Hungarians sothat Hungarian study encouragedrabbisSchwartz Very Judaism,much inthespiritof Reform to in believedneeded, sphere. primarily linguistic the were that reforms rabbi. Schwartz led to his expulsion from yeshiva, and put on end to Schwartz’s aspirations to become a Szabolcsi inhis article to thoughts refers the atthe ageof of Schwartz 18, whichactually very similar, both of them being educated in the traditional Jewish schooling system schooling Jewish traditional in the educated being them of both similar, very andwere of Szabolcsi Schwartz background educational The Affair. of Tiszaeszlár the claims to be in the possession of the notes of Salamon Schwartz himself, the main Szabolcsi context. intheJewish culprit question Eastern of the thetheme regarding article 52 of same On page very the Asimilar argument about the respected position the legacy of Sephardic rabbis occupied inthe discourse LajosSzabolcsi, 53 Két emberölt Ę Egyenl , Az Egyenl Ę ség Ę ség évtizedei (1881-1931), Emlékezések,dokumentumok, Miksa Szabolcsi himself publishes an interesting an publishes himself Szabolcsi Miksa 34 Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 34, (1989): 47-66. 52 . CEU eTD Collection 55 Damascus blood-libel and their consequences to Prof. Carsten Wilke. Carsten Prof. to consequences their and blood-libel Damascus Studies, values. policies, in rather“emancipationist” terms universalpolitics,of which to appealed thisthat not waveof in tobeunderstood ought solidarity framework the of nationalist nor the manifestation of some sort of proto-nationalist Jewish reaction. Frankel claims Salamon”, 54 Damascus affair nor the vestiges of the traditional notion of Jewish historical school of Simon Dubnow. Frankel did not consider this Jewish reaction to the context, Frankel asserts,Frankel,is the waveit of Jewish solidarity, was which followed right from the beginning.difficult In this to explain modern politics.Jewish One surprisingthe of aspectsof affair,the argues Jonathan the affair in terms of thethe nationalistaffair. HisDamascus Affair Jonathan intensively of Frankel records 1840. on various the researched centralis the Tiszaeszlár, of that concernto similarities striking bears which libel, blood Another was, at the time weshouldthat any do not service tothe good Hungarian people?” of the study burns, andstudy, who only diffuse the holy of teach wewerecondemned,God, doctrine of the case, thewhom wefield owe gratitude, of by this Hungarian people, us, in whose heart the divine torch defense association] was brought to discussion on the pages of pages on the discussion to brought was association] defense [Jewish Védegylet” a “Zsidó of idea organization of even the the Affair, Damascus of the in aftermath the Universelle Israelite Alliance of the establishment the similarly to and Jewry, responseon partof the astrong Hungarian public stimulated discussion Jonathan Frankel, “”Ritual Murder” in the Modern Era: The Damascus Affair of 1840”, Affair Damascus The Era: Modern inthe Murder” “”Ritual Frankel, Jonathan Salamon Schwartz, “Izrael reménye” [The Hope of Israel], quoted in Miksa Szabolcsi, ”Schwartz Szabolcsi, Miksa in quoted Israel], Hope of [The reménye” “Izrael Schwartz, Salamon 55 3/2 (1997): 1-16. I owe the idea of comparisonthe between the Tiszaeszlár Affair andthe Indeed, in the case of Tiszaeszlár as well, the process itself itself following the and process in aswell, the caseof Indeed, the Tiszaeszlár Egyenl Ę ség, 31.12.1882, 2-3. 35 Egyenl 54 shtadlanut Ę ség Jewish Social . The idea of , lobbying, CEU eTD Collection 57 szó” [Asincere word], 25.03.1883, 6-7; S. W., “Védjük magunkat!” [Let’s defend ourselves!], more traditional Jews, similarly to Egyenl to similarly Jews, traditional more of accused,the is butnodivision madeJewry division explicit between and assimilated the ‘Ostjude’the is affairthat Jankó around in isdiscernable Borsszem features visual the 56 understanding of Mary Gluck on functioningthe of humor.popular in much vain the murder,the of very alleged the ritual of chronicle absurdity the the of expresses and accusations antisemitic from the off theedge takes rather setting ridiculous insuch a of theme the representation The [1] have would newspapers readers." poor orchestra. The subtitles tell us: "there's need of such Representatives musicalof mainnewspapers the instruments in forthe play thepit the a comedy in such a heat, so that the trousersandslippers. wearing hisback, withhanging short wings a fly cord, on of ona nose', side locks, club feet, etc. He holds a huge knife, but he looks rather amusing figure: 'Jewish the caricature of hasJewish thevisual archetypal Eastern the attributions around a theatre stage, above which the ritual slaughter of Eszlár is hanging on a cord. He issue"The Man"- opened the Golden 1882. Thesceneis of July 16, situated depicted isalluding illustration Fly"- romanceJókai:1882. The called"Thetothe Golden of Mór in discussion the illustrationJankó during published Borsszem I'd like addto July an to in context. Hungarian conceived the this association followed the logic of denominational and or social organization, ÁrminVárnai, “Mily alapon szervezkedjünk?” [On what grounds should we self-organize?”, "Az Arany Légy" [The Golden Fly], Golden [The Légy" Arany "Az Ibid, Ibid, 7. Borsszem Jankó 56 Ę ség. 36 , 16.07.1882,, 1. Ibid., 7; G…. J.W., “Egy 57 The instance only Egyenl Ę szinte Ę ség, CEU eTD Collection Flohr andJehuda Reinharz (New Oxford:York, Oxford University Press,1995), 540-541. 58 made in Jewsof anticipate Hungary the law of marriage 1895 the civil enactment over reception of the Jewish religion as equal the to Catholic and the Protestant beliefs and the yeareven more 1895brought success the liberal to spiritof governing The the parties. againstvictorious the politicalbehind forces whichstood the Affair Tiszaeszlár and the main its organ public,and Egyenl public life. mainstream press Jewish The of Hungary,Jews inHungarian peak the age of yearsaroundgolden the 1900signify of of Jews the emancipation legal years the after Thirty public. Jewish Hungarian earsof emancipated sound the more the radical not to could congress during the conceived initiatives the scene.However, 'neutral' a more to move event the to decided inGermany, Herzl various organizations Jewish opposition of fierce the butbecause of shouldhave taken Herzl inMunich,accordingplace the to plans of Theodor (1860-1904), inadopted August 1897by Zionist in first the Basle. Congress Originally congress the was which Program ideas of main Basle the so-called arethe principles cited The above necessary, tothe attainment of the aim of Zionism. where obtainingconsent, steps towards government counsciousness. 4.Preparatory country. 3.The strengthening fostering and of national sentimentJewish and of each laws with the in accordance local international and institutions, appropriate 2. workers. The organization bindingand together of wholethe bymeans Jewry of 1. The promotion...of byJewish colonization the Palestine of and agricultural industrial of means to attainment this the end: thefollowing contemplates public law.TheCongress The aim of ZionismEastern Jewish-question is to createThe reactions tothe first Zionist congress and the for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by "The Basle"The Program (1897)", in The Jew in the Modern World 37 58 , compiled and edited by Paul Mendes- by Paul edited and , compiled Ę ség, seemed ség, CEU eTD Collection balanced picture on the reception of Zionism in Hungary. The acceptance andthe acceptance in Hungary. reception the of on The Zionism balanced picture drawsa idea Schweitzer inparticular. theZionist to its andgeneral on relationship in Jewry Hungarian on said above the with accordance in much very is Schweitzer Gábor 180. the influx of impoverished, Yiddish-speaking impoverished, of influx the from Hungary Jewsfrom Europe...'protecting' by Eastern of settled, course, persecuted tendencies', could political separate with political nationality 'aseparate not constituting Hungary,though still support the Hungary's this Jews in meantthat Zionists, the forgeZionism'...For ared-white-and-green establishment of Hungarian 'In AsHerzlhimself patriotism. deep-rooted must one observed, Hungary, a Jewish state in Palestine – to be Zion in 1897 etc. On the other hand, Haber argues that there was an Zionistmovement – the activity of Samuel Bettelheim, the establishment of Ahavath emphasizes support the of centerPressburg, the of Jewishin Orthodoxy Hungary,the to Haber hand, one the On Hungary. of setting integrationist the about Mendelssohn Ezra of understanding of Zionism inHungary, which is one, compatible with understanding the of Zionism in Hungary](1897-1904), 60 Peter Haber, in Haber, Peter his volume, faith. Jewish of this Hungarians of andthe a common argumentthe destiny way the Hungarians of the Arthur, Koestler, 59 warriors Hungarian the alongside were nation Jewish the of members basin by assert tribesamillennium even Some Hungarian the tended ago. to that Carpathian the conquer of the of year anniversary alleged pride the of with 1896 the great Michael Miller, "Zionism in Hungary", review of review Hungary", in "Zionism Miller, Michael On the historical conjectures on the Khazar ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Ashkenazi of ancestry Khazar onthe conjectures historical the On attempt to reconcile aspirations for a Jewish national homeland with a fervent and fervent a with homeland national Jewish a for aspirations reconcile to attempt The thirteenth tribe, the Khazar Empire and itsheritage, Die Anfänge des ZionismusDie Anfänge inUngarn, by Peter Haber, by Peter Die Anfängedes Zionismus in Ungarn [The beginnings 38 East European Jewish Affairs Ostjuden . 60 (London: Pan Books, 1977). , 34/2 (Winter, 2004): presents aspecific presents 59 , strengthening CEU eTD Collection 62 Zionism and Hungarianthe Jewishpublic opinion], ofpolitical Beginnings the Herzl, need no do Jews Hungarian the [Why közvélemény" zsidó magyarországi 61 nationality." Jewish be of can’t he Hungarian, he’s if And Hungarian. regarding his Regarding hisnationalitywant hereligion. tobe doesnot than any other Jewish being of is (which exactly enough) satisfied “Theis Jewin Hungary completely As stated: anation.Szabolcsi arenatobeconsideredasanethnicity or political position be,andvery inindeedbeenwant intheHungarian havea would delicate to not did Hungary in Jews the that was Herzl against argument main Szabolcsi's nation. disagreement was the centralfor basis main The Herzl. Theodor tenet with in Vienna in 1904 ofmeeting his of Zionismaccount consideringSzabolcsi's Miksa the than JewsCentury' the of 'Turn the first at Jews Hungarian of andpatriotism the and foremost a moreThere'sdepict nosource genuine sharpthe to between disagreement Zionist thought Zionistmovement. The other is that Zionism does not contradict patriotism." Eastern parts North- the masses in great ofpopulating Jews the of our expulsion the and Jews homelandPolish and can Russian of influx the of beimpediment the that tackledis one The directions. in two enlightenment with success only with“Active has no in need,There Zionism midst, ground is a Hungary. in for our the means of the Congress: Basel in the speech inhis asfollows said inHungary, scantZionists the movement, as an alternative to Hungarian nationalism had no chance. János Rónai, one of account. Indeed, even in Zionism Zioniststhe that Hungary understood, as a political in his to all referred are "red-white-green-Zionism" mentioned camp the above and integrationist Neolog the of fierce opposition circles, the itin to Orthodox resistance Lajos Szabolcsi, és a kezdetei cionizmus Apolitikai zsidóknak? amagyar Herzl kellett nem "Miért Schweitzer, Gábor Két emberölt Ę , 84. Budapesti Negyed 39 4 (1994/2), thetranslation mine. is 62 61 CEU eTD Collection general… and Christians uniteJewsa few so haveto that hundred thousand people would not only from the point of view of the of view of point the from only not be done, thing would agreat orartisans be cultivators them to and educate anywhere else, or in Tripoli, or in Palestine, or in Argentina, situated be could people these If flee? people, Where whowereexpatriated, homeland.from poor should these expulsed their from by were confiscated miserable authority, superior everything the Jews, who Jerusalem’. Silberstein believes that Zionism has to narrow its scope to assist image of returning the Hungarian of as the‘newthe andrestates religions”; Hungary even “acknowledged solemnly our long mocked, persecuted and defamed religion as one The author underlines that the Hungarian state gave equal rights toits Jewish citizens and Hungary. outside else anywhere project a national at aims which movement national any in themselves for legitimacy see cannot they therefore and Hungary is Jews Hungarian idea. one and that homelandà-vis the Silberstein of Zionistthe Adolf emphasized only Egyenl In a month beforeJuly 1897 in theCongress about openingpiece Basel, of the idea?legitimacy tothe Zionistgrant question indeed I’dlikeJewish Eastern further. the research Could context, issue to the society. Though I’ve alreadyuponthequestion of Jews inthis touched Eastern the in general,first and sawit, and as foremost, a threat its to position inside Hungarian As discussed above,Hungarian highly Jewry Neolog critical Zionistidea,was the about Ę the expulsed tofindthe areafew Jews anewhomeland hundred …There thousand ség reiterated the basic believes of Hungarian Neolog Jewry about its stance vis-its stance about Jewry Neolog Hungarian of thebasic believes ség reiterated denomination 40 but from a humanistic viewpoint humanistic a from but CEU eTD Collection 64 and daydreaming pullulate, sentimentality soul the in sophisticated “decadents, whose has influence only Zionism over people. “hysterical” influence oversome have up his newly acquired position and move toZion. Ger Siècle Europe. Ger Siècle Europe. what extent the discourse of whatextent discoursethe of Egyenl 63 Ger of article The of existence bondinany national between Jews presentage was the explicitly denied. the even and avoided, carefully was identification national to alluding any legislation; the of internal issuesHungarian is it general the of ideas enlightenmentthe which should lead inframework of cautiously a universal in the argument, this case its humanism in case the Hungary or for the easing of the plight of Jews inside in Russia,Jews for rights equal the of assertionin terms are claims will political bethe positionedWhether definition. is notbased Hungary, of criteria on of any argumentation the sort self-national the whichclaims. various matters, Similarly upon to in Jewish-question touched the The is interestingsecond moral aspect the on arguments which authorbaseshis the and Central Europe but those Jewish masses which suffer the pogroms in Eastern Europe. mainthe population Zionismthat should strive to aid isnot assimilated Jewry in Western believes that there is legitimacySilberstein question. Zionist the foron the analysis Zionistin Silberstein’s ideas vital project two are There to act on behalf of Jews. Though, soul. not knockwithout ahomeland,body dragginglikehis epidemicsinhis amartinet, and Ödön Ger Ödön Adolf Silberstein, “A sionizmus” [Zionism], 63 Ę , “Még egyszer a sionizmus” [Ones again Zionism], again [Ones a sionizmus” egyszer “Még , Ę Ę referred to above is an excellent and intriguing example as well as to as well as example intriguing and excellent an is above to referred asserts in the article that European emancipated Jewry will not give not Jewry will European emancipated in asserts that article the Ę ség was part of of of general the ség waspart Fin-de- discourse Egyenl 41 Ę ség , 11.07.1897, 1-2. Ę Egyenl explains however that Zionism do Ę ség , 18.07.1897, 1-2. 64 CEU eTD Collection 68 Aschheim. 67 66 Hungary. entered already whoof expulsion Jews the opposes author the grounds, humanistic on Again, intensively. phenomenon the control up brought issuethe of immigrationGalician a numberof andthatthere’stimes, need to 65 Egyenl fact that the stresses on of article the Theauthor Galicia. from Hungary into immigrated Jews who with unequivocally issue wasconnected ban the The was harsh. foreign junkmen from practicing their activityin Budapest.The reaction Egyenl of such issue. Augusta clear-cut municipality 1897the banish In Budapest decidedof to always not was Jews from “Eastern” the Jewry Hungarian of separation Naturally, the Eastern Jewish question, amongst others. 19 of aproduct Judaism,much asNeolog Zionism,was words, as other ideals.Zionist In first Zionist Congress in Basel,and determined ina way decisive formulation the of same of very the wasthevice-president environment, century socio-cultural European enough, the bourgeois societysame are those who are receptive to the Zionist arguments.Nordau, Ironically for the appropriate are not decadents who modern of age,those the requirements for the who reflected in Max Nordau his volume “Degeneration”. very by formulated butrecall phrases linesthe cannot above the encounters When reader the much a dominantlook at its strange blooming in an alien way and can notunderstand it.” current Zionism hasfluctuates.” influence only “sophisticated nerves”… “We over thehealthy in the 19 Sándor Fleischmann, “A külföldi ószeresek” [The foreign junkmen], foreign [The ószeresek” “A külföldi Fleischmann, Sándor E. Steven from studied I’ve that arguments with in accordance are my conclusions that believe I Max Nordau, Max Ibid, th century European muchvery its determinedbourgeoisie European century which understanding of the 2. Degeneration, (New York: H. Fertig, 1968). 67 66 42 The description of those who are unsuitable 68 Egyenl Ę ség , 15.08.1897, 1-2. 65 Ę ség to Ę ség th CEU eTD Collection today], 70 themselves. by Herzl and Nordau headed aremildly emphasized, features racial the Jews, bourgeois Herzl,light on his head,in the desert. On the rest of the picture we can observe properly dressed in additionsketch in its up left corner displaying the People of Israel following Moses, with rays of minor hasa The caricature today.” Palestine ones…and ofJewsto “Thetitle: exodus to wearing mainstream Jewry amusing The discussed period. Hungarian the bearsthe during piece a typicalwhat extent thehat notion issue demonstrates in in to Borsszem Jankó, A appeared 15.09.1897, of the caricature of of Jewish19 colonizationHolyland.” in the Middle in ideathe the Jewish colonization stateless,of supported manythe miserable East was smileddoes refer positively a lessto radical minorityupon inside Zionist circles, who, “for the sake of by author the denomination. However, to according defineJewry Hungarian Hungary to in Jewry basic of the Neolog with credo contradiction isin which entity complete congress. Szabolcsi’s main concern is that the Zionists strivedefine to Jewry as a national in the participants the about voice critical highly a raises himself Szabolcsi Miksa standpoint against Zionism – on the occasion of the congress in Basel], 69 loyalty absolute the restates article The be Zionists?” we can sense what “In question: the columnof Egyenl The editorial [2] light associated with the representation of the figure of Moses in the book of Exodus. rays of tothe cigarthe from alludes dispersing smoke acigar; the is smoking colonizers, issue Egyenl of first the On the pagesof “A zsidók kivándorlása Palesztinába hajdan – és most.” [The Exodus of the Jews to Palestine ones –and ones Palestine Jewsto ofthe [The Exodus – ésmost.” hajdan Palesztinába kivándorlása zsidók “A Miksa Szabolcsi, “Álláspontunk a sionizmussal szemben – a baseli kongresszus alkalmából” [Out Borsszem Jankó, 69 12.09.1897, 9. Ę ség, two weeks after the congress openedtheissuewith weeks after congress two the ség, Ę ség, which was published after the congress, the after ség, whichwaspublished 43 Egyenl Ę ség th , 05.09.1897, 2. century European century 70 CEU eTD Collection 12.09.1897, 1-2. 71 all the costumers come now to his shop on thestoreowner responds, public the that scaredall opprobrium storeowners, so other that the Sabbath. Solomon Seiffensteiner claims,responds negatively. The rabbi inquires why hethan so shows much gratitude? The storeowner the and Sabbath, the closed on his store he keep will whether him rabbi asks publicthe he him opprobrium; evenbrings abottle of The petroleum oil as apresent. becauseit. of The upcoming Sunday arrives rabbi tothe storeowner the thankhim forto a joke about astoreowner who opened onthe Sabbath. The rabbi scolded him publicly recalls Seiffensteiner Solomon Congress, in Basel the participating lawyer from Hungary Aftera wealthy havingseen Jewish quarter. in Budapest’s store a grocery figure owning figure by is traditional written Jewish Seiffensteiner, the Solomon published of the as piece masses. The Jewish of theEastern ease theplight mainly, to serve, in reality would An additional piece in Borsszem Jankó presents the understanding that the Zionist project question.” is million homeless aEuropean four destiny people Russia aregoingon...the of from expulsions the years For Moscow. and Newa the along homeland no has Jews claims, that ”the Russian Jew can be a Zionist. Because the finger of God shows, that the place author theme alsothis occupies Jews animportant of the Indeed, time. Russian recurring theworld. The around Jewsall of itself from Jews, and meeting the amongst with sympathy.Adolf forenhancingSilberstein aiming thecongress praises the faith at is seen that isof congress the afeature there Hungary; however Jewsto of Hungarian Adolf Silberstein, “Mennyiben lehetünk mi sionisták” [In what sense can we Zionists], be can sense what [In sionisták” mi lehetünk “Mennyiben Silberstein, Adolf 71 44 Egyenl Ę ség , CEU eTD Collection 72 inBasel. Congress Zionist firstin the whopartecipated farthose from that stand not did as weknow, Zionism, about masses dealtwith. Theirunderstanding was of European predicament Eastern the been lookedhave might It in Hungary. at public Jewish withmainstream the of eyes in the legitimate extant, skepticism, to someI belive, extant, that, indeed, but thethe question ideainstead he likewould encourage his to colleges todoso. ofthat the Easternit could Jews, turnedlikeemigrate, not to remedywould Hungary from lawyer wealthy the vain, in that, same the the Zionist the idea, to some “Tönödések” [Speculations], Borsszem Jankó Borsszem , 03.10.1897, 6. 45 72 CEU eTD Collection Egyenl article inEgyenl to turned Szabolcsi Dezs Transylvania. of regions southern the of in Rumanianthe additional front, Jewish appeared from refugees Budapest, this time, with Later, approaching the Jewish Galician refugees. for 25,000 of temporary residence government of was the approval the maindiscourse of antisemitic issue thethe However, andindustry made wonders for sakethe of during state the the war.” involved than its proportionboosting andambiguous affairs ofmilitary provisions, Hungarian Jewry evenlessseemed in the society.propaganda. Hesucceeded toclaim in that terms of delinquency in form the of price- On the contrary, hecontradictby provided information antisemitic the to furnish the statistical data abundant asserted, “Jewish trade hisafter father’sMiksa’s considerable deathin1915,dedicated in space newspaper to the 73 In fact, Lajos Szabolcsi, who assumed the editorship and the management of Egyenl matter issues: central the of army the refugee and the supplies question. two on concentrated Galicia from immigrants Jewish on and Jewry Hungarian on critique years. antisemitic inthe Indeed, topic thepre-war than moreacute much occupied a discourse. becamein moreThe and significant‘Jewish-question’ more publicthe the political and In thisbe undermined. to commenced integration Jewish changing ensured intentions, the of level the on atmosphere, atleast that, atmosphere public official and legislative toits end. The Jewry close came theWith beginningthe GreatWarthe of golden the ageof emancipationthe Hungarian of question of the EasternThe FirstWorld War and the Jewish refugeequestion Jewish refugees LajosSzabolcsi, Ę ség, (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai Kutatócsoport,1993), 13, 183-184. Két emberölt Ę ség to defend ség mass”“miserable to this The of articlerefugees. of Ę , Az Egyenl Ę ség évtizedei (1881-1931), [Two generations, The decades of 46 Ę Kosztolányi to write an to Kosztolányi 73 Ę ség CEU eTD Collection 75 26.08.1916, 1-2, quoted in Lajos Szabolcsi, shows the standard image of an ‘Ostjude’ crossing the border of of andHungary, Galicia border the image crossing ‘Ostjude’ of an standard the shows Galician Jews isin its issue in February 1915. Theillustration, called “The Roundabout”, An additional example of the publicists mockingrather wayin Borsszem Jankó. of Borsszem Jankó relating in a scornful way to barberthe insidehimself theshop. cleaning upsidelocks in dressed The last part of showes sequence the a modern way.leaving barbershop, the Dezs description of above the to similarly with umbrellas, Jewsis discernible- ‘Eastern’ dressed traditionally long alineof On first, the pictures. three sequence of is a drawing today. The till in Budapest quarter Jewish the of streets main the of – one street in Dob barbershop 1916 governmental grantinga asylum. InJanuary of 1915 adrawingappeared about than it, much the about earlier anddidsketches publish East, massesfrom the Jewish traditional immigration of waves of the Jankónoticed ofBorsszem The caricaturists mourning gowns on.” on. The misery of the world did notfound us unprepared. We should even nothave to put when putcaparison black, Weintumbledown umbrella… also, arealways dressed others ‘millionaireAll tears’… of property: our of And some some clothes, books. prayer a a is he that Jew, the about says language, Jargon in writes who poets, our of “One Jews, but unmistakably a stereotypical language isemployed. these of defense In the Jew. Eastern the on discourse from the borrowed unequivocally 74 withhave much been in treated caution caseofEgyenlthe Kosztolányi appears in Egyenl “Egy Dob utcai borbélym Ibid, 184-186; Dezs Ę Kosztolányi,“Mi huszonötezren...” [We twenty-five thousand…], Ę Kosztolányi. In the central piece, supposedly the same Jews are Jews same piece,the supposedly central Kosztolányi.the In 74 Ħ helyben” [In abarbershop in Dob street], Ę ség in August1916.The idioms byKosztolányiused are Két emberölt 47 Ę , 184-186. 75 [3] A phenomenon that should that phenomenon A [3] Ę Egyenl ség, could be represented in ség, couldbe represented a Ę ség , 10.01.1915, 5. Egyenl Ę ség , CEU eTD Collection might be connected to the geographical direction, refers to the Khazar-Jewish legacy discussed previously. discussed 78 legacy theKhazar-Jewish to refers direction, geographical the to be connected might geographically to Jews residing in theNorth-Eastern counties,Karpatoruss, of Hungary. second,The which 77 76 relations, institutions, characteristics, customs of Jews in Hungary and of non-Jews play a ‘Jewish-question’ in Hungary? Which of phenomena Hungarianthe society; which social of the the reasons What are 2. is essence? its what if yes, in Hungary, ‘Jewish-question’ intellectuals, public figuresin and artists andMay 1917 follows. sounded as 1.Isthere a issued journal by of the the survey a was however, Szabolcsi, for war, the during instance, disturbing most The tribes. Hungarian ancient the of descendents pure racially only the be would KhazarJews thistheory, these to according that emphasizing, ‘Khazar-legacy’, Besides, he reiterates claims. disprove antisemitic the to data statistical further provides recriminations, to these the common position attitude. Szabolcsiduring the Russian professedoffensive inhisthey atraitorous reaction of assimilationist Jews ‘Khazar’ amongst level unemployment the accusations, Jewry on the antisemitic the to According issue arrive. ‘Kaftan-Jews’ them of instead and offield, war the tothe theHungarians take “themilitary trains Ráth stated, Endre populations inHungary. Jewish Eastern atthe were directed discourse antisemitic of critics the The harshest activities. respectable, non- or dishonest, their mocking or Jewry, Galician of situation desperate the presenting Galicia. gendarme backto byaHungarian Jews the is expulsion of the drawing actof the last activities. The presented while working as engagingin,peddlers or business supposedly, dubious Jews horseman Later, areperceptible. alien supposedly when inthebackground LajosSzabolcsi, simply refers reference the First, context. present the in connotations twodifferent has ‘Khazar’ term The “Körforgalom” [Roundabout], “Körforgalom” Két emberölt Ę Borsszem Jankó , 192-193. 76 [4] The question arises whether the caricature aims at aims caricature the arises whether Thequestion [4] Twentieth Century , 15.02.1915, 10. 48 . The survey was issued to 150 77 was extremely high, and high, extremely was 78 CEU eTD Collection European University Press, 2006), 115. 80 15. antisemitism, Studies on the Jewish-question in twentieth century Hungary] Tanulmányok a zsidókérdésr The Survey of the Twentieth Century], in Hanák Péter, ed., 79 in Egyenl stance Jewish the what extent as to indicators, as serve might they forreason this exactly Jewish-question in Hungary. two opinions The ornotfrom Jewish intellectuals, but examples of opinions considering the issue of the ‘Ostjude’ an essential componentin the Before I move on to the Szabolcsi’s opinion I would like to cite two representative paradigm. liberal its of framework in the elements key its of one assimilation Jewish considered elite liberal governing when national the again-spotlight along period after supplies Jewish-question and conditions putthe economical in worstening the the social of army scancals corruption mentioned the above around atmosphere The deteriorating the survey was naturally of publication the arond larger background society. The intoHungarian integrate to path, the social discontentmentauthor spured with Hungarian the ongoingattitude Jews of toofthe strive theGreat Jewish forWar. origins as well- in published springthe of total1917. Thevolume considered amistaken side asassimilation the reason for questionnaire volume andthe was the baptism, unsuccessful as the rightassimilationThe immediate project. view? The ‘Jewish-question’event, in Hungary, which social or legislative reforms are necessary in your you consider Whatinthe of thesolution part 3.do ‘Jewish-question’? the of creation the which prompted the editors of the journal to release the György Litván, György “A zsidókérdés Magyarországon, A 79 Ę ség differed from the attitude of the Hungarian society on the issue. A Twentieth-Century Prophet: Oscar Jászi, 1875-1957, Ę l ahuszadik századi Magyarországon, [The Jewish-question, assimilation, The Way of the Jews Way The of Huszadik Század 49 körkérdése”, [The ‘Jewish-question’ in Hungary, Zsidókérdés, asszimiláció, antiszemitizmus, asszimiláció, Zsidókérdés, , written by Péter Ágoston- of Jewish (Budapest, New York: Central , (Budapest:Gondolat, 1984), 80 CEU eTD Collection the Christian morals Christian of ideas infusedwith the the Humanism…” aloof them keeps Talmud the of moral-doctrine The environment. Christian its from itself specificities, but because principally its of extremely antic religious customs itsecludes its racial because of partly ethnicity of homeland. This our parts Northeastern a census,part of mainlyit atall, not knowHungarian had infested great and it does the in occasion of German the itself locks.calls This ethnicity regularly andhis side tasteless considers stranger everyone who does notspeak his jargon, does not wear his ugly kaftan called by vulgarcustom Galician.Thismelt into not did the Hungarian nation, he is who jargon, German acorrupted speaking orthodox, characteristics, Eastern strongly This Eastern not forJewry, the Eastern Jews who were sharply different from the assimilated Hungarian Jews. “we have to coin definitely as ethnicity. This is the Jewry with 81 Jen Dr. culture-Jew in the third or forth generation.” separateness, astoday. Onlyathin skimming of will segment contributethis to our and tradition his on insist years thousand another in even maybe will who peasants, immigration and“segment by natural increases population that of growth Jewry, which about critical very was he Nevertheless, Jews. the for as well as nation Hungarian the to contribute it of in would ofmixture only races that the terms andhebelieved were given, its thatJewish legalconditions at hand, was integration Hungary.He believed, though, in isMarcell such there issue that theJewish-question Dr. Benedek believed an as 82 Benedek Marcell, in “A zsidókérdés Magyarországon, A Magyarországon, in“Azsidókérdés Marcell, Benedek Ibid, 58. Ę Cholnoky Cholnoky in Jewish-question the believed, that would if a generation disappear , which is one hundred times more Hungarians’)hundred (the , whichis conservative times our one than 50 81 Huszadik Század 82 körkérdése”,44. also by CEU eTD Collection for granted, that these masses who reconciled themselves with sufferings and sufferings with themselves reconciled who masses these that granted, for situate itnow, amongstthemselves, right take new altogether Wehave to conditions… “There need is willing a improvementof good and forguide thesemasses Jewish who vision Hungarian Jewry assimilationist aboutpossessed ‘Ostjude’.the mental conditions of andThe social shouldfollowing predicament. quote the exemplify leave their behind to assistance needs Jews these that heargues and massesdwell, these territory understanding inwhose from countries requests the of author The enclosure. plight Jewsfrom their Eastern liberate means to be appropriate the should emancipation legal andsocial that he believes life,and of Jewish aspect natural is attitude a ghetto the entity in it terms “that of bereligion and culture”, theiris can stated, living environment homogenous be although considered analtogether “cannot Eastern Jewry claims, that Jewry. Mezei Eastern about in critics their anymore restricted not were they Rumania and inRussia in of of presentation Jews the occasion the Jewry divided, Hungarian present (1851-1932). Though the intellectual (1851-1932). Though Egyenl around intellectual circles the of the Eastern Jewry” was written by the prominent publicist and politician Ern politician publicist and prominent by the Jewry” waswritten of Eastern the 83 of representativeEgyenl article cite War,I would a of theperiod Great like to the about discussion To concludethe question.’ possible suggestions legislative of potential in steps theframeworkof ‘Jewish-the for Jewish the laws in the end becauseof 1930s,the of mentioningthe between the claimed questions inhisreminiscences might survey the thatthe of have paved the way even he survey; a such of idea mere the about critical utterly was himself Szabolcsi LajosSzabolcsi, ghetto. 83 ” Mezei contradicts the “Jewish nationalist current”, who argues that this that whoargues current”, nationalist the “Jewish ” Mezeicontradicts Két emberölt Ę , 194-200. Ę ség from “Theség from of beginning road the article, 1917. The 51 Ę ség made efforts notto ség made efforts Ę Mezei CEU eTD Collection 85 betrays ahighly biasedview of ‘Ostjude’. the the East of masses Jewish the of description stereotypical even ifit’s not Jews European Eastern vis-à-vis journal, satirical a of as temper, a such itself permitted have not not that far from each other. Egyenl Egyenl of outlook the between difference the however The attitude of the contributors of Borsszem Jankó is definitely malicious in this case, 84 reversed, so zsír becomes rizs (rise), and that is kosher, right? readseverything God He responds,that fat inHungarian). inpork (zsírspeculates he that ashamed not is he whether asked is one and converse, features, custom and racial clear Jews, with morals”. Three “Galician bears title: the piece The speculation. in part presentJewish businessmeninintendspublished 1915, to whotake army supply which was A Jewry.caricature, of in Eastern his account further goes Jankó Borsszem the sunlight.” congelation,is whoscrubing hisveiled for andeyes long is staggering blinkinginto and the world of in and dazzled doubtfully around look themselves incellarswould atrophied cultivation the freesimilar to are who alienage, of feeling the to were constrained who persecutions, civil existence, like the man who just woke up from a long “Galíciai erkölcs” [Galician morals], Ern Ę Mezei, “A keleti zsidóság uj utja” [The new road of Eastern Jewry], ofEastern road new [The utja” uj zsidóság “A keleti Mezei, 84 Borsszem Jankó Borsszem Ę ség as the offical press organ of Neolog Jewry could 52 , 10.10.1915, 12. Ę ség and Borsszem Jankó might be might Jankó Borsszem and ség 85 [5] Egyenl Ę ség , 06.01.1917, 3. CEU eTD Collection certain way in one of the organs and were said in another way in the other organ could organ in way other the in another and in organs weresaid the way of certain one inwere said that a things that mightsuggest, This fact a certaincongruent. was to extent discernable on its pages. andis it well have commitment, a similar not newspaper, did beingasatirical Jankó, The important idea to remember arena.Borsszem Jewry inpublic Hungarian of the Neolog official the representative is that the publics Borsszem since Jankó, from verythe beginning its it mission understood own in terms of of readers Egyenl that in mind, keep to have We silenced. not they were divisions denominational than deeper cause could they Pietsch, Walter of analysis the in seen we’ve as relevant, much were frequently the East European Jews of yesterday" European Jews of East the were frequently eyes of thethe in and Jewishown, in their tasks different basically assume which andorgans, press different the gentile society inin examine Hungary Jews of theself-representation to outstanding opportunity as well. Even though "today's German Jews 86 Egyenl between contrast The Jewsthemselves. of the immigration constituted a genuine threat, in the eyes of the gentile society and in the eyes GermanSimilarly to the the European question environment, Eastern Jewish of aswell. aspirations integrationist their appreciation of the a decisive extent influenced to Jewry of sections Hungarian other of the society Hungarian of the judgment the that Jewry of sections Neolog the However, beHungarian realized, and covered. hardly could deep were very nested, already andthose newcomers between one tothe or splitChasidic Neolog-Orthodox- the to refer we whether Jewry, Hungarian of divisions internal The Conclusion Aschheim, Ę ség was more sensitive to the De Bois type of ‘double-consciousness’ than Brothers and Strangers, xxvii. 53 Ę ség and Borsszem Jankó offers an offers Jankó Borsszem ség and 86 , still the divisions were very CEU eTD Collection perceived, it handbe Ágai,between the theantisemitescould other and the company around on according confirm aboutKati of argumentthe the common Vörös in elements visual the discourse to the assertionspeculations around the army supplies with a slightly antisemitic tone. Thisof could Mary formoreblatantly uponverysensitive sure,touched as and, issues, issueof the the Gluck, as claim that the caricaturiststhe of Borsszem Jankó displayed the featureskey of this discourse delegitimization Iwould Hungary Europe. from Eastern immigrating to etc.of Jews features linguistic behavior, of of‘objective’ patterns ascertain some sort beto able onequestion should of the answerdefine. this To isto hard discourse antisemitic the or of gentile the internalization As to what extentfeltanymore suchvicinity ‘Ostjude’the to than a generation earlier. the representation Jewry inintegrated wentindeed a through Hungary significant acculturation and didnot 19 the of middle the of waves significant the of the Eastern to libel close blood- wasstill is Tiszaeszlár the Hungary, that immigration to waves the Jews might be a possiblecan reason for that. Another possibility,be based on the sociologicalconsidered data on butchanges GreatWar.the The Zionist dramatically refugees Galician during Congress, as the first aboutthe discussions the around is similar attitude The propaganda. antisemitic the Jankó. TheJewry residingas inHungaryis unified to referred possibleas intheface of if not in upon, in of visual the Jewishparticipants the of Borsszem representation terms touched is issuehardly Affairthe Tiszaeszlár caseof In the the isgiven stage. ‘Ostjude’ the of theme the extent what to as chronologically, observable, change certain is a There in circumstances. various andexpressed differently reader, same by the thought be even could and coin, the of sides different two simply been have 54 th century, whereas in the 1920s some of of century,the whereasinthe1920ssome CEU eTD Collection integrate into Hungarian bourgeoisie. into Hungarian integrate challenging tackle to for Egyenl Mosse, in the framework by L. elaborated George of firstforemost, discourse andto the ‘respectability’, pertained, of the bourgeois context, German in the as Hungary, in ‘Ostjude’ the on discourse the society, that though, and thereforeOne torealize have partner to discourse. antisemitic the image,wasnot and respectable it was certainly more antisemiticby argument itsdemonstrating absurdity. Egyenl Ę ség, whose contributors firmlység, whosecontributors and explicitly strived to 55 Ę ség, according to itsség, according tosolemn CEU eTD Collection 56 CEU eTD Collection Jews Gilman, Sander L., Langen,Verlag Albert 1921). Fuchs, Eduard, Jewish SocialStudies, Frankel, Jonathan,“”Ritual Murder” in Modernthe TheEra: Damascus Affair of 1840”, 1993). 1930, Assimilation", in Buzinkay, Géza, "The Budapest Joke and Comic Weeklies as Mirrors of Cultural of New York" ArchitectureofJewish Neo-Islamic CentralSynagogue Olga, Identity:The Bush, "The (July, 531-548. 2001): and its sequels in France, Germany, and the United States" "TheBrubaker, return Rogers, of assimilation" Changing onimmigration perspectives West Brenner, DavidA., University Wisconsinof 1982). Press, German Jewish Consciousness, 1800-1923 Steven, E. Aschheim sources Secondary Bibliography , (Baltimore and London:TheJohn Hopkins University Press, 1986). , (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998). Thomas Bender and Carl E. Schorske, eds., (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, JSAH Die Juden inderKarikatur Jews [The intheCaricature] Budapest and New York: studies inmetropolitan transformation, 1870- Jewish Anti-Semitism Self-Hatred, andtheHidden Language of the 63,2(June, 2004). Marketing Identities, The JewishInvention of EthnicityinOst und Brothers and Strangers, TheEastEuropeanJew in Germanand 3/2 (1997):1-16. , (Madison, Wisconsin, London: The i Ethnic and Racial Studies , (München: , 24 CEU eTD Collection Katzburg, Nathaniel,Katzburg, 1998). European Jewry, Jacob, Katz, Karády, Viktor and Kozma, István, BrandeisMassachusetts: University Press, 2005. Kalmar, Ivan Davidson and Penslar, Derek J., eds., 94-108. Orientalism andthe Jews Face of East European Jewry",in Ivan Davidson Kalmar and Derek J. Penslar, eds., Isenberg, Noah, "To Pray Like a Dervish: Orientalist Discourse in Arnold Zweig's The on on Jewish-questionthe in 20 a huszadik századi Magyarországon Hanák, Péter, Zionism inHungary (1897-1904)] Haber, Peter, nation-idea and ofnationalism], whattörténete, [That’s your Hungarian Homeland become,TheHistory ofHungarian János, Gyurgyák, question inHungary,A Political History of Ideas], János, Gyurgyák, Third AnnualRobertA.KannMemorial Lecture Gluck, humorin Mary, "Jewish fin-de-siècle popular and Budapest", culture A house divided:orthodoxy and schism innineteenth-century Central Die Anfänge desZionismus inUngarn(1897-1904) [TheBeginningsof Zsidókérdés, asszimiláció, azsidókérdésr antiszemitizmus, Tanulmányok trans. Ziporah Brody, (Hannover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, Ezzé lett Magyar Hazátok, Amagyar nemzeteszme ésnacionalizmus A Zsidókérdés Magyarországon, PolitikaiEszmetörténet, [TheJewish- Antisemitism inHungary, 1867-1914 , (Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis, (Waltham, Massachusetts: University 2005, Press, th century century Hungary], Gondolat, 1984). (Budapest: (Budapest: (Budapest: Osiris, 2007). , (Köln: BöhlauVerlag GmbH& Cie, 2001). Név ésnemzet [Jewish-question, assimilation, antisemitism, Studies ii . , [Name andNation], (Budapest: Osiris(Budapest: Kiadó, 2001). Orientalism andtheJews , (Tel Aviv:1969). Dvir, (Budapest, 2002). Twenty- , (Waltham, Ę l CEU eTD Collection Alapítvány, 43-62. 1996), (from 1882 tillin 1918)”, 1918-ig)” [“The EchoofBloodlibels of in Tiszaeszlár: Histerias Press Hungarian the Pelle, János, “Tiszaeszlár visszhangja: Vérvádhisztériák a Magyar sajtóban (1882-t The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001). David Rechter, Nordau, Max, Nordau, Affairs Jewish [The beginningsof Zionismin Hungary] (1897-1904), Miller, Michael, "Zionism in Hungary", review of Press, 1993). Ezra, Mendelssohn, CentralYork: University European 2006). Press, György, Litván, 368. century], the of turn the at inBudapest identity Jewish Konrád, Miklós, "Orfeum és zsidó identitás Budapesten a század-fordulón" [Orfeum and Múltés Jöv [Hungarian-Jewish historyideas the of from age of ReformtotheHolocaust], Komlós, Aladár, Books, 1977). Koestler, Arthur, Ę , 1997). , 34/2 , 34/2 2004): 179-182.(Winter, Degeneration, The Jews ofViennaand the First World War A Twentieth-Century Prophet: Oscar Jászi, 1875-1957, Magyar-Zsidó szellemtörténet areformkortól aholocaustig, The thirteenth tribe, the Khazar Empire and itsheritage, On Modern Jewish Politics Vérvádak Üzenete, Vérvádak (New York: H. Fertig, 1968). iii ed., György Csepeli, (Budapest: Minoritás , (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Die Anfänge des Die Anfänge Zionismus inUngarn Budapesti Negyed Budapesti by Peter Haber,by Peter , (London, Portland, Oregon: East European (Budapest, New (Budapest, 16, (2008), 351- (London: Pan (London: (Budapest: Ę l CEU eTD Collection http://www.mediakutato.hu/cikk/2003_01_tavasz/02_judapesti_bulevaron Kati,Vörös, "Judapesti Buleváron" [On Boulevardthe of Judapest], 82. The decadesofEgyenl Szabolcsi, Lajos, Szabolcsi, Schorsch, Ismar, Schorsch, during World War I" Rozenblit, Marsha L., (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983). Rozenblit, Marsha L., 59. German – Jewish History", –Jewish German Sorkin, David, "Emancipation and Assimilation Two concepts and their Application to Negyed Budapesti Herzl, Beginnings the of Zionismpolitical and Hungarianthe Jewish opinion],public no need do Jews theHungarian [Why közvélemény" zsidó és amagyarországi kezdetei cionizmus A politikai zsidóknak? magyar a Herzl kellett nem "Miért Gábor, Schweitzer, 34, (1989): 47-66. Supremacy”, of “TheSephardic Myth Ismar, Schorsch, London: Columbia University 1972). Press, Werheimer, Jack, Werheimer, from andtheJewry immigration in Jewish Galicia Hungary”], [The és zsidóság” a magyarországi Galíciából “A Walter, bevándorlása zsidók Pietsch, Jewish ReactionstoGerman Anti-Semitism, 1870-1914 Két emberölt Unwelcome Strangers: EastEuropean Jews inImperial Germany 4 (1994/2), translationthe is mine. , (New York: Oxford,, (New 2001). Reconstructing aNationalIdentity: TheJews ofHabsburgAustria Ę The Jews ofVienna1867-1914, Assimilation and Identity ség], Leo Baeck Institute Leo BaeckInstitute Yearbook (Budapest: (Budapest: MTA Judaisztikai 1993),Kutatócsoport, 13,78- Ę , Az Egyenl , Ę iv ség évtizedei (1881-1931), [Twoség évtizedei generations, (1881-1931), Leo Baeck Year Leo Baeck Institute Book, 35 (1990):17-33. Valóság, (1988), 11, 46- , (New York, . , , CEU eTD Collection 03.12.1882, 7. Strausz, Adolf,“A „FüggetlenségrStrausz, Zionists], Silberstein, Adolf,“Mennyiben lehetünk mi sionisták” [In what sense can we be Silberstein, Adolf, “A sionizmus” [Zionism], “A sionizmus” Adolf, Silberstein, ”Schwartz Salamon”, ”Schwartz Schwartz, Salamon, “Izrael reménye” [The Hope of Israel], quoted in Miksa Szabolcsi, Y., R., 06.01.1917, 3. Mezei, Ern 26.08.1916, 1-2, quotedin Szabolcsi,Lajos Kosztolányi, Dezs 1-2. Ger G…. J.W., “Egy 15.08.1897, 1-2. Fleischmann, Sándor, “A külföldi ószeresek” [The foreign junkmen], Acsády, Ignácz, “Visszapillantások” [Retrospectives], “Visszapillantások” Acsády, Ignácz, Acsády, Ignácz, sources Primary (New York:Oxford University 1987). Press, Ę , Ödön, “Még egyszer a sionizmus” [Ones again Zionism], Egyenl Egyenl Ę , “A keleti zsidóság uj utja” [The new road of Eastern Jewry], Ę ség Egyenl Ę Ę Ę ség szinte szó” [A sincere word], 25.03.1883, , 03.12.1882,9. , “Mi huszonötezren...” [We twenty-five thousand…], , 12.09.1897, 1-2. Egyenl Ę ség, Ę 11.02.1883, 1. ség, Ę 31.12.1882, 2-3. l”-r Ę l”in “Independence”], the [About Két emberölt v Egyenl Ę ség Egyenl Ę , 11.07.1897, 1-2. , 184-186. 7. Ę ség Egyenl , 31.12.1882,1. Egyenl Ę ség Egyenl Egyenl Egyenl , 18.07.1897, Ę ség Ę , Ę Ę ség ség ség , , , CEU eTD Collection “Tönödések” [Speculations], “Tönödések” “Körforgalom” [Roundabout], “Galíciai erkölcs” [Galician morals], [Galician erkölcs” “Galíciai Egyenl Egyenl 10.01.1915, 5. Palestine ones –andPalestine ones today], Jewsto of the Exodus [The –ésmost.” hajdan Palesztinába kivándorlása “A zsidók W.,S., “Védjük magunkat!” [Let’s defend ourselves!],25.03.1883,7. “Egy Dob utcai borbélym 540-541.1995), Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, "The Basle Program (1897)", in Fly], Golden [The Légy" Arany "Az organize?”, Várnai, Ármin,“Mily alapon szervezkedjünk?” [On what grounds should we self- Egyenl alkalmából” [Out standpoint against Zionism – on the occasion of the congress in Basel], Szabolcsi, Miksa,“Álláspontunk asionizmussal szemben – abaseli kongresszus Ę Ę Ę ség, ség, ség , 05.09.1897, 2. Egyenl 17.12.1882, 6. 03.12.1882, 11. Ę ség, 25.03.1883, 6-7 Ħ helyben” [In a barbershop in Dob street], Borsszem Jankó, Borsszem Jankó Borsszem Jankó The Jewinthe Modern World Borsszem Jankó Borsszem Jankó Borsszem vi , 03.10.1897,6. 12.09.1897, 9. , 15.02.1915, 10., 15.02.1915, , 16.07.1882, 1. , 10.10.1915, 12. , compiled and edited by Egyenl Ę ség ,