in the Twenty-first Century

A Global Challenge

Edited by KATHLEEN E. MAHONEY Professor ofLaw, The University ofCalgary, Alberta, Canada and PAUL MAHONEY Head of Personnel, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France

MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON Table of Contents

Preface xi Table of Cases xvii Acknowledgments xxi Editor's Note xxiii

Section I: Interdependence and Solidarity: Is the Human Rights Approach Relevant 1 Introduction by Rolv Ryssdal 3 Irwin Cotler / Human Rights as the Modern Tool of Revolution 7 Catharine MacKinnon / On Torture: A Feminist Perspective on Human Rights 21 Michael Czerny / Liberation Theology and Human Rights 33 Joe Thloloe / Human Rights and the South African Context 41 Marc Bossuyt / International Human Rights Systems: Strengths and Weaknesses 47

Section II: Discrimination: The Need to Respect Equality and Diversity 57 Introduction 59 / From Civil Liberties to Human Rights: Acknowledging the Differences 61

Section H(a): Exclusion of Wonnen From Equitable Participation 71 Introduction by Chafika Sellami-Meslem 71 Shelley Wright / Human Rights and Women's Rights: An Analysis of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 75 Mona Makram-Ebeid / Exclusion of Women From Politics 89 Norma Wikler / Exclusion of Women From Justice: Emerging Strategies for Reform 95 Marilyn Waring / The Exclusion of Women From "Work" and Opportunity 109 vi Table of Contents

Section II(b): Exclusion of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Minorities From Equitable Participation 119 Introduction by the Editors 119 Irwin Cotler / Antisemitism, Pogroms and Human Rights in a Single Party State 121 Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im / Cross-Cultural Support for Equitable Participation in Subsaharan Africa 133 Edward Durie / The New Zealand Maori and the Waitangi Tribunal 149 Ovide Mercredi / First Nations and Self-Determination 161 Section II(c): Equality Rights of Disabled Persons 167 Introduction by the Editors 167 David Lepofsky / Equality Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Canadian and International Perspectives 169 Katarina Tomasevski / Before AIDS, Beyond AIDS: Human Rights of People With Contagious Diseases 191 Niall MacDermot / The Rights of Mentally Handicapped Persons in Japan 209

Section III: Violence: The Need to Respect Human Life and Dignity 219 Introduction 221 John Ladd / Ideological Components of the Concepts of Collective Violence, Human Rights and Solidarity 223 Section III(a): State Violence 233 Introduction by David Morrison 233 Ninotchka Rosca / Effects of Militarism and State Violence on Women and Children 237 Jonathan Kuttab / Overt Forms of State Violence 241 Michael McClintock / Establishing Accountability for State Violence 247 Dinah Shelton / State Responsibility for Covert and Indirect Forms of Violence 265 Brian Currin and Paula McBride / Hangings in South Africa - On the Trap Door to Oblivion 277 Section III(b): Non-State Actors and Violence 293 Introduction by the Editors 293 Nigel Rodley / Can Armed Opposition Groups Violate Human Rights? 297 Patricia Marshall / Violence Against Women in Canada by Non-State Actors: The State and Women's Human Rights 319 Vitit Muntarbhorn / Violence Against and Abuse of Children 335 Section III(c): The Human Rights Response to Violence 343 Introduction by Basil Hall 343 Table of Contents vii

Christian Strohal / The United Nations Responses to Human Rights Violations 347 Paul Mahoney and Fredrik Sundberg / The European Convention on Human Rights: A Case Study of the Response to Violence 361 Francis Boyle / The Right of Citizen Resistance to State Crimes 377 Anna Michalska / Humanitarian Intervention 393 Christine Chinkin / Women and Peace: Militarism and Oppression 405 Judith Gardam / The Law of Armed Conflict: A Feminist Perspective 419

Section IV: Evolution of Human Rights into New Areas 437 Introduction 439 Nani Palkhivala / Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 441 Section IV(a): The Right to Food 447 Introduction by Martin Low 447 Robert Robertson / The Right to Food in International Law 451 Asbjorn Eide / Strategies for the Realization of the Right to Food 459 David MacDonald / International Responsibility to Implement the Right to Food 473 Section IV(b): The Right to Health 479 Introduction by Lynn Smith 479 Virginia Leary / Implications of a Right to Health 481 Daniel Wikler / Privatization and Human Rights in Health Care: Notes From the American Experience 495 Rhoda Howard / Health Costs of Social Degradation and Female Self-Mutilation in North America 503 Section IV(c): The Right to Environment 517 Introduction by Susan Tanner 517 Mary Simon / The Integration and Interdependence of Culture and the Environment 521 Fred Roots / Population, "Carrying Capacity", and Environmental Processes 529 Alexandre Kiss / Concept and Possible Implications of the Right to Environment 551 Cancado Trindade / Environmental Protection and the Absence of Restrictions on Human Rights 561 Maguelonne Dejeant-Pons / The Right to Environment in Regional Human Rights Systems 595 Section IV(d): A New Framework for Refugees and Displaced Persons 615 Introduction by Deborah Anker 615 viii Table of Contents

David Matas / A History of the Politics of Refugee Protection 619 Marshall Conley / The Institutional Framework of Refugee Law and Political Forces 629 Nirmala Chandrahasan / The Effects of Refugee Law on Families 645 James Hathaway / Reconceiving Refugee Law as Human Rights Protection 659 Section IV(e): Development and Human Rights 679 Introduction by Petronella Maramba 679 / Human Rights and Democratic Development 683 Denis Goulet / Development: Creator and Destroyer of Values 689 Clarence Dias / Rural Development, Grassroots Education and Human Rights: Some Asian Perspectives 701 Edward Broadbent / Human Rights and Democratic Development: Foreign Policy Concerns in the Western World 715 Tom Axworthy / Democracy and Development: Luxury or Necessity? 721

Section V: New Threats to Human Rights Through Science and Technology - The Need for Standards 729 Introduction 731 Ursula Franklin / New Threats to Human Rights Through Science and Technology - The Need for Standards 733 Section V(a): Mass Communications and Human Rights 739 Introduction by John McLaren 739 Hans Christian Krüger / Use of the Media to Promote and Infringe Human Rights 743 Kathleen Mahoney / Destruction of Women's Rights Through Mass Media Proliferation of Pornography 757 Carl Ginsburg / Destruction of Local Cultures Through Mass Communications 777 Kevin Hamilton / Control of and Access to the Media in the Third World 783 Section V(b): Information Technology and Confidentiality 789 Introduction by Knut Hammarskjold 789 Heather Menzies / Information Gathering and Confidentiality: Data Bases, Monopolies of Knowledge and the Right to be Informed 793 Lawrence Early / Science, Technology and Human Rights: The Role of Data Protection 801 Alan Rodger / Human Rights: Surveillance and Intrusion 817 Section V(c): Medical Ethics and Human Rights 829 Introduction by Paula Kokkonen 829 Table of Contents ix

Alan Scheflin / The Use of Medicine and Psychiatry to Commit Human Rights Violations: The Mind Control Experiments 831 Glenn Randall / Use of Medical Science in Protecting and Promoting Human Rights 845 Ian Kennedy / Experimentation on Human Subjects 853 Sheila McLean / The Impact of Technology on Euthanasia and the Elderly 859 Section V(d): Reproduction, Technologies and Human Rights 871 Introduction by Margaret Somerville 871 Margrit Eichler / Human Rights and the New Reproductive Technologies Individual or Collective Choices? 875 Renate Klein / The Impact of Reproductive and Genetic Engineering on Women's Bodily Integrity and Human Dignity 889 Sheilah Martin / A Women Centered Approach to Laws on Human Reproduction 905

Section VI: Achieving Human Rights Goals 919 Section VI(a): Improving Present Structures 921 Introduction by Thomas McCarthy 921 Jan Martenson / The United Nations and Human Rights Today and Tomorrow 925 Theo van Boven / Prevention of Human Rights Violations 937 Aryeh Neier / Remedial Human Rights Strategies 951 Section VI(b): Shifting the Paradigm 957 Introduction 957 Peter Leuprecht / Conflict Prevention and Alternative Forms of Dispute Resolution: Looking Towards the Twenty-First Century 959 Charlotte Bunch / Feminist Visions of Human Rights in the Twenty-First Century 967 Adolfo Perez Esquivel and Beverly Keene / Active Non-Violence in the Process of Liberation 979 William Warden / From Analysis to Activism 985 Rapporteur's Report Richard Devlin / Solidarity or Solipsistic Tunnel Vision? Reminisces of a Renegade Rapporteur 991 Index 1005