Logistical Support to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: An Introduction

COURSE AUTHOR Kamran Baig

SERIES EDITOR Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.

Peace Operations Training Institute® Logistical Support to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: An Introduction

COURSE AUTHOR Kamran Baig

SERIES EDITOR Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.

Peace Operations Training Institute® Logistical Support to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: An Introduction

INTRODUCTION...... VII.

METHOD OF STUDY...... VIII

Lesson 1: THE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE. . . .9 1.1 Coordination ...... 11 1.2 Establishment of a Mission...... 17 1.3 Mission Level Coordination...... 19

LESSON 2: PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS ...... 23 2.1 Definitions...... 25 2.2 Principles of Logistics ...... 26 2.3 An Overview of Logistic Support Processes...... 27 © 2010 Peace Operations Training Institute. All rights reserved. 2.4 Basic Concepts of Logistic Support...... 27 Peace Operations Training Institute 2.5 Types of Logistic Support ...... 29 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE ...... 33 www.peaceopstraining.org 3.1 Headquarters Logistics Support Structure ...... 35 First edition: 1995 by LCOL Charles Grimm Second edition: October 2002 by Kamran Baig 3.2 Mission Structure...... 45 Updated and revised: April 2010 3.3 “Customers” – Interaction with Internal Counterparts...... 52

Cover: UN Photo #171020 by Tim McKulka 3.4 “Environs” – Interaction with External Counterparts ...... 59

The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the Peace Operations Training Institute, the Course LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE...... 67 Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. Although every effort has been made to verify the con- tents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility 4.1 Planning Considerations Common to All Phases ...... 69 for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent 4.2 Mission Phases...... 72 sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doc- trine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may 4.3 Status of Forces Agreement/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA)...... 80 establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit. LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT...... 85 Introduction 5.1 Material Management...... 89 5.2 United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi (UNLB)...... 92 Purpose of the Course 5.3 Prearranged Services...... 93 5.4 Mission Headquarters Staff...... 99 The purpose of this course is to introduce the participant to logistics operations in United Nations peace operations. This basic course gives the background and rationale behind LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT...... 103 United Nations Peacekeeping logistics, the strategy employed in the field and at Headquarters, introduces the mission life-cycle, explains how financial support is gained, and introduces the 6.1 Finance...... 105 different components that make up integrated logistics support in a field mission. 6.2 The Budget Approval Process...... 108 Course Goals 6.3 Financial Responsibilities within a Mission Area...... 108 Upon completion of the course, the participant will be able to: 6.4 Procurement Activities...... 109 6.5 Reimbursement Procedures...... 110 a. Explain the United Nations Peacekeeping Logistics Concept;

6.6 Property Control and Inventory...... 110 b. Describe the organisation of the logistics support establishment both in the field and at 6.7 In and Out Survey...... 111 headquarters;

6.8 Write-Off of Equipment ...... 111 c. Illustrate the financial and budgetary aspects of peacekeeping logistics support; 6.9 Letters of Assist (LOA)...... 111 d. Describe the life cycle of a United Nations peace operation; LESSON 7: Contingent-owned equipment (COE)...... 115 e. Explain how peacekeeping field operations work with non-DPKO elements both United 7.1 Country Perspective ...... 117 Nations and non-United Nations;

7.2 Responsibilities for COE...... 120 f. Describe the United Nations’ duties and responsibilities toward nations contributing troops 7.3 Verification by UN Personnel...... 122 and equipment to a peacekeeping mission;

LESSON 8: Liquidation...... 131 g. Explain the drawdown/liquidation process in a field mission. 8.1 Definition...... 133 Target Population 8.2 Procedures ...... 135 This course is to provide military, police and civilian personnel serving, or about to enter service 8.3 Scaling Down and Withdrawal of Mission Personnel and Equipment. . 137 in United Nations peacekeeping missions, with an awareness of accepted peacekeeping logistics doctrine, policies and procedures. 8.4 Material Disposal/Depreciation...... 142 8.5 Archives and Records Management Section (ARMS) Procedures. . . . 147 Note: This information is compiled as of 2008. A United Nations peacekeeping operation, as most organisations, is constantly going through many changes. Where possible websites have APPENDIX A: LIST OF ACRONYMS...... 150 been included throughout this text. For the most up-to-date information, students should check APPENDIX B: LIST OF UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS ...... 154 for updates to headquarters structures, policies and mission status at these listed sites. APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY ...... 157 To view a video introduction of this course by the course APPENDIX D: ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS ...... 191 author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual APPENDIX E: RESOURCES...... 194 classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ media_page/83], or use your mobile device to scan the END-OF-COURSE EXAM INSTRUCTIONS...... 197 QR code to the left. ABOUT THE AUTHOR...... 198

LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | v i i Method of Study

The following are suggestions for how to proceed with this course. Though the student may have alternate approaches that are effective, the following hints have worked for many.

Before you begin actual studies, first browse When you finish a lesson, take the through the overall course material. Notice the End-of-Lesson Quiz. For any error, go back to lesson outlines, which give you an idea of what the lesson section and re-read it. Before you LESSON 1 will be involved as you proceed. go on, be aware of the discrepancy in your understanding that led to the error. THE UNITED NATIONS The material should be logical and straightforward. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive After you complete all of the lessons, take time PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE to understand concepts and overall perspectives to review the main points of each lesson. Then, in regard to the United Nations system. while the material is fresh in your mind, take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. Set up guidelines regarding how you want to schedule your time. Your exam will be scored, and if you acheive a passing grade of 75 per cent or higher, you will Study the lesson content and the learning be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, score below 75 per cent, you will be given one orient yourself to the main points. If you are able opportunity to take a second version of the to, read the material twice to ensure maximum End-of-Course Examination. understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. One note about spelling is in order. This course was written in English as it is used in the United Kingdom.

Key features of your course classroom: • Access to all of your courses; • A secure testing environment in which to complete your training; • Access to additional training resources, including Multimedia course supplements; • The ability to download your Certificate of Completion for any completed course; and • Student fora where you can communicate with other students about any number of subjects.

Access your course classroom here: http://www.peaceopstraining.org/users/user_login

v i i i | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE INTRODUCTION crucial to a mission’s effectiveness. An essential element for success is the relationship with the The concept of peacekeeping is not specifically local population and the parties to the conflict. mentioned as such anywhere in the Charter of the United Nations. It evolved as a pragmatic 1.1 Coordination LESSON solution in the early years of the Organisation when it became apparent that some of the At the UNHQ NY level, several UN departments are 1 Charter provisions relating to the maintenance involved in the coordination of peacekeeping, led of international peace and security could not be by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. implemented as envisaged. Peacekeeping was pioneered by the United Nations in 1948 with The mission of the Department of Peacekeeping the establishment of the United Nations Truce Operations (DPKO) is to plan, prepare, manage, Supervision Organisation in the Middle East. and direct UN peacekeeping operations, so that they can effectively fulfil their mandates under Peacekeeping operations, which are authorised by the overall authority of the Security Council and the Security Council, are a crucial instrument at the General Assembly and under the command vested disposal of the international community to advance in the Secretary-General. 1.1 Coordination international peace and security. Peacekeeping LESSON OBJECTIVES operations are authorised to be deployed by the The Department of Political Affairs has missions 1.2 Establishment of the Security Council with the consent of the host worldwide, as well, which are in most cases Lesson 1 discusses and gives a brief introduction of UN Peacekeeping. Government, and usually of other parties involved. Mission logistically supported by DPKO/DFS. Most recently UN Peacekeeping is not only handled by the Department of Peacekeeping They may include military and police personnel, in the Sudan, political missions overseen by the 1.3 Mission Level Operations but is a coordinated effort between several departments of the together with civilian staff. Operations may involve Department of Political Affairs during the stage UN, which are briefly introduced here. military observer missions, peacekeeping forces, or Coordination of peace negotiations -- following the signing a combination of both. of peace agreements -- have been replaced by The Establishment of a Mission is a process that goes through many peacekeeping missions supervised by the United committees and approvals, which are also briefly discussed in this United Nations peacekeeping has been Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations. chapter. characterised by multidisciplinary operations In yet other instances, most recently in Sierra encompassing a wide range of elements to Leone, UN peacekeeping operations have given By the end of Lesson 1 the student should be able to meet the enhance peace. These include the supervision way to special political missions overseeing following objectives: of cease-fire agreements; regrouping and peace-building activities. • Understand the coordination for Peacekeeping between the various demobilisation of armed forces; destruction of departments; weapons surrendered in disarmament exercise; UNCT (UN Country Team) and RC-HC (Resident reintegration of former combatants into civilian • Understand how the mandates and means are established; Coordinator/Humanitarian Coordinator) life; designing and implementation of demining • Be able to list the various departments that are involved in programmes; facilitating the return of refugees Each country has a varying numbers of UN funds, peacekeeping; and and displaced persons; provision of humanitarian programmes, and specialized agencies present. assistance; training of new police forces; • Understand the process of Establishment of a Mission and the approval The overall coordination for these offices is monitoring respect for human rights; support required on various committees. provided by the UN Resident and Humanitarian for implementation of constitutional, judicial and Coordinator. The UN Country Team works closely electoral reforms; and support for economic with the Resident Coordinator and the RC provides rehabilitation and reconstruction. the overall guidance to the UNCT.

Such operations are a collaborative effort; they Countries where a UN Peacekeeping mission is are effective only when decisions are taken present, the UNCT and RC work closely with the in concert by the Security Council, General Head of Mission in ensuring their mandates are Assembly, Secretariat, and other members of supported and that there is no overlap. Depending the United Nations family. Coordination with To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course on the mandate of the Peacekeeping mission, the non-governmental organisations and regional author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual RC may be appointed as the DSRSG of Mission. classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ bodies that are active in a mission area can also be media_page/84], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 1 1 Department of Peacekeeping Operations Office of Operations function as project officers for when framing or readjusting a mandate. The In addition, DPKO coordinates its efforts with (DPKO) a peacekeeping operation and their involvement mission, through the Special Representative of the many other departments of the UN, including: the ends with the operation’s termination. It leads the Secretary-General (SRSG), provides information Department of Public Information; the Office of The arrangements established by the United planning process for a peacekeeping operation by gathered by all components – political, military, Internal Oversight Services; the Office of Legal Nations to direct and manage its peacekeeping providing the overall framework, developing options humanitarian, police and human rights – to the Affairs; the Department of Safety and Security; and operations are distinct from those of other for courses of action, leading reconnaissance Secretariat to assist it in better informing the the Department of Management, to name a few. organizations, particularly those only deploying a missions to the field and coordinating and Security Council. military capability. This is largely due to the fact integrating inputs from within the department that United Nations peacekeeping has evolved into and from other entities into a comprehensive In seeking an in-depth assessment of potential a complex, multi-dimensional enterprise, involving plan for approval by the Security Council. It crisis situations before formulating a mandate, personnel from a wide range of nationalities, provides guidance and support to the chiefs of the Security Council may consider expanding disciplines and professional cultures pursuing peacekeeping operations (Special Representative, its sources of information to include informed multiple lines of activity. Force Commander, or Chief Military Observer). views of military experts, academics, concerned media representatives, non-governmental DPKO coordinates and integrates inputs from organisations and agency staff. Other ways of other departments, agencies and programmes that obtaining information can be: fact-finding missions; are active in the mission area of a peacekeeping ongoing consultations with parties to a conflict operation. It supports the operation vis-à-vis and other local actors; consultations with potential the parties to the conflict and other interested troop-contributing countries; and participation in parties, the members of the Security Council negotiating cease-fire and peace agreements in and the contributors. It maintains contact with order to determine how they can become the basis regional organisations on peacekeeping matters, of realistic, manageable mandates. particularly when they are active where the United Mandates should be conceptualised to include elements of peace-building. Nations has a peacekeeping operation. It responds The Security Council, the General Assembly Villagers going to the local market walk past a Bangladeshi patrol unit of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to requests by organisations for information and Member States, collectively and individually, (MONUC) as the country prepares for the second round of elections. relating to peacekeeping, and prepares reports on provide a peacekeeping operation with adequate (UN Photo #129576 by Martine Perret, October 2006) peacekeeping operations to the Security Council. means and resources to implement the mandate. (Organizational chart of DPKO is included in If a mandate is changed or adjusted, the mission Department of Field Support (DFS) Appendix D.) must be provided with the necessary resources to implement the modified objectives. The Secretariat DFS is responsible for providing logistical and Alain Le Roy (ninth from left), Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeep- Mandates and Means must clearly indicate to the Security Council administrative support for the peace operations. ing Operations, visits the Mugunga II camp of the Internally Displaced Persons to assess the impact of the ongoing unrest. (UN Photo #204837, and the General Assembly what is required to In order to ensure unity of command at the by Marie Frechon, November 2008) The United Nations is actively involved in the implement the mandate given to a peacekeeping Headquarters level, the Under-Secretary-General negotiations of peace accords, cease-fire operation. (USG) of DFS reports to the USG for DPKO on all agreements or other accords that define its role peacekeeping-related matters. (DFS is discussed Within the United Nations Secretariat, DPKO in a conflict situation. Before the Organisation Mandates should be conceptualised flexibly and in further detail in Lesson 3. Organization chart of is responsible for providing United Nations takes on a peacekeeping task, the parties must could include elements of peace-building and DFS is included in Appendix D.) peacekeeping operations with policy guidance and demonstrate a commitment to implementing the emergency reconstruction of war-torn economies. strategic direction. accords. The means to do this must be provided, such DPKO/DFS Coordination as a trust fund, assessed contributions, a mixed DPKO serves as the operational arm of the The mandate for a peacekeeping operation should peacekeeping force with strong security elements Standing Integrated Operational Teams (IOTs) Secretary-General in support of United Nations be clear, realistic, and practicable and provide as well as a substantial engineering capacity, are located within DPKO and are managed by the peacekeeping operations, in particular the for the necessary means for implementation. communications experts etc. Office of Operations (OO). In a formal structure, management and direction of peacekeeping The mandate of an ongoing operation is adjusted they bring together political, military, police and operations. It is responsible for the day-to-day to take account of changing circumstances and An interdepartmental framework of cooperation mission support personnel, supported by other executive direction of peacekeeping operations, conditions in the mission area. has been established for the Department of specialist capacities as required, to provide with emphasis on political and operational aspects. Peacekeeping Operations; the Department of integrated teams to support missions and to It coordinates and integrates inputs from other The Secretariat and Member States should provide Field Support; the Office for the Coordination provide integrated policy advice and guidance to departments, agencies, and programmes. Officers the Security Council with all relevant information in of Humanitarian Affairs; and the Department of senior DPKO and DFS staff. from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/ order for the Council to take an informed decision Political Affairs to improve coordination among those departments.

1 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 1 3 Department of Safety and Security (DSS) Department of Political Affairs (DPA) spectrum of support to these operations, and Department of Management (DM) (https://dss .un o. rg/) they conduct political analysis of the situation Within the United Nations system, the Secretary- on the ground. For example, they devise overall The USG Department of Management has been The USG Department of Safety and Security General’s functions in the political area are concepts for specific peacekeeping operations, delegated financial authority and responsibility (DSS) is directly accountable and responsible supported by the Department of Political Affairs, based on Security Council mandates. They interact from the Secretary-General for all financial matters to the Secretary-General for the executive which works closely with other departments, with the parties to conflicts and Member States relating to UN peacekeeping Operations. direction and control of the United Nations offices, agencies, funds, and programmes. In on the implementation of those mandates. They Department of Public Information (DPI) security management system and for the overall addition, the Department of Political Affairs provide operational guidance to peacekeeping safety and security of United Nations civilian assist in the prevention, control, and resolution of operations, based on the subsequent decisions The Department of Public Information has personnel and their recognized dependents at both conflicts, including peace building. The Department of the Security Council, and prepare briefing responsibility for the Organisation’s overall public Headquarters locations and the field. The security also provides electoral assistance to Member materials and reports. They engage continuously information and communications programme. of military, police and civilian personnel serving in States, at their request and in accordance with the with representatives of troop/police-contributing Accordingly, the Department of Peacekeeping peacekeeping operations is the responsibility of relevant decisions of the General Assembly and countries about all aspects of an operation. Desk Operations relies on it to develop the strategies, the head of the peacekeeping mission, reporting the Security Council. Furthermore, the Department officers also advise on the political consequences policies and capacities required to effectively to the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping provides secretariat services and substantive of a particular military or logistics support concept, plan, deploy and support the public information Operations. support to the General Assembly in connection because the location of a mission headquarters or components of peacekeeping operations. The with the activities of the Special Committee on regional office does have political implications, for DPKO and DFS supports peacekeeping operations Peace and Security Section in DPI is tasked with the Situation with regard to the Implementation of example. in the field in this regard by drawing on the technical this role. the Declaration on the Granting of Independence expertise of DSS in such areas as selection of field to Colonial Countries and Peoples, and the DPA assists the Secretary-General in the security personnel, advice on security procedures The DPI, which is also required to support the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable discharge of his responsibilities under the Charter and structures in the field, and planning and Organisation’s public information and promotional Rights of the Palestinian People, the Security relating to the maintenance and restoration of ongoing assessments of security management. requirements for peace and security activities, in Council and other related intergovernmental peace and security, including preventive diplomacy, general, it concurrently undertakes the following: peacemaking and peace building. DPA advises In the operational phase, security management bodies. on and supports electoral assistance matters and a. Participating in survey and planning missions to is almost entirely the responsibility of the mission coordinates appropriate response to Member establish new peacekeeping operations; leadership, especially the head of mission. One of the key DPA responsibilities is to follow political developments throughout the world States’ requests of such assistance. b. Preparing proposals relating to the public Designated Official (DO) and identify potential or actual conflicts in which information strategy and structure of public the United Nations could play a preventive or DPA monitor, analyse and assess political information components in the field; The senior most UN official in the country is other useful role. DPA is also the focal point developments throughout the world, identify c. Advising on public information related nominated as the Designated Official (DO) for for prevention and peace building in the United potential or actual conflicts in whose resolution requirements to be included in status of mission/ all Security matters. Thus, where peacekeeping Nations system. The geographical divisions within the United Nations could play a useful role, forces agreement; missions are present, this can be the SRSG, and DPA are each charged with identifying potential provide early warning to the Secretary-General where there is no Peacekeeping mission, the RC is crisis areas and providing early warning to the and recommend and execute political action. d. Developing concepts for programming packages the designate DO. Secretary-General on developments and situations DPA direct and manage special political missions during the pre- and post-deployment stages affecting peace and security. Desk officers of including those authorised by the General of peace missions, taking advantage of DPI’s the DPA geographical divisions develop country Assembly. ongoing relationships with regional broadcasting profiles on their respective countries and then partners; monitor developments over time. By tracking DPA plan and participate in fact-finding, e. Developing the deployment timetables and developments over time, they are well placed peacemaking and other missions to areas of equipment requirements of field information to detect changes that may lead to crisis. DPA actual or potential conflict where the Secretary- components and preparing related budgets; also provides with detailed briefing materials on General’s preventive and peacemaking efforts a variety of subjects. This includes coordinating may be needed or are already engaged. DPA f. Maintaining a roster of candidates for field inputs from throughout the entire United Nations provides political guidance and support to information offices, and screening and system for meetings with representatives of special representatives and other senior officials recommending candidates for public information Member States. appointed by the Secretary-General to assist posts in the field; his/her preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and g. Monitoring field information work and providing The desk officers in the Department of peace-building efforts. B. Lynn Pascoe, Under Secretary-General for Political Affairs, addresses guidance to public information components; Peacekeeping Operations’ Office of Operations the Security Council meeting on the maintenance of international h. Organising briefings at Headquarters for senior peace and security, at UN Headquarters in New York. June 2007. have responsibilities that range across a broad information officials appointed to field missions. (Source: UN Photo #148238, Eskinder Debebe)

1 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 1 5 The Peace and Security Section’s staff activities Office of Legal Affairs (OLA) humanitarian actors is essential. In every situation, 1.2 Establishment of a Mission include: systematic cooperation between DPKO and OCHA OLA’s support to DPKO and DFS includes in strategic and operational planning is critical. a. Preparing, producing and disseminating As a rule, peacekeeping operations are established preparing legal opinions, studies, and advice promotional materials on peace operations and by the Security Council, the organ designated on the interpretation of relevant provisions of At the level of strategic planning, there is a strong disarmament, including books, information kits, by the Charter as primarily responsible for the Charter of the United Nations relating to link between DPKO’s strategic planning capacity monthly background notes, newsletters, posters, maintenance of peace and security; the General peace and security, United Nations resolutions and OCHA. Peacekeeping strategy cannot be press releases and features; Assembly, on the other hand, considers the and regulations, and international instruments, formulated without a clear understanding of the financial aspects of peacekeeping. b. Creating and maintaining pages on the United such as the Convention on the Privileges and specific objectives, concerns and strategies of the Nations web site about peacekeeping, as well as Immunities of the United Nations and the four humanitarian community. OCHA’s role is to act Security Council other peace operations (e.g. peacemaking and Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional as this bridge between operational humanitarian peace-building); Protocols11; preparing and participating in the actors and United Nations peacekeeping The Security Council discusses the political aspects of peacekeeping operations. It provides c. Organising promotional events, media negotiations of all necessary legal arrangements, operations. At the operational planning level, the legal authority, high-level strategic direction encounters, NGO briefings and press including status of forces agreements, status this means the routine involvement of OCHA in and political guidance for all UN peacekeeping conferences, in close collaboration with the of mission agreements, and agreements with integrated mission task forces and joint working operations, and it vests the operational Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary- contributing States; providing legal advice on the groups, especially in joint assessment missions. authority for directing these operations in the General and substantive offices; use of force and reviewing the rules of engagement In addition, close cooperation between DPKO’s established for each operation; and providing strategic planning and policy capacity and OCHA’s Secretary-General of the United Nations. d. Preparing memorial panels for United Nations advice on the operational arrangements governing policy development branch on such issues as the peacekeepers and staff members who have lost the staffing and support to peacekeeping separation of civilians and armed elements or the Resolutions their lives in the service of peace. operations, as well as claims arising there from. use of armed escorts is important. Through resolutions, the Security Council Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) establishes peacekeeping operations, determines In addition, OLA handles a number of legal issues their mandates (including all required revisions and arising from peacekeeping operations on an ad hoc The Office of Internal Oversight Services considers extensions thereto), and authorises the deployment basis and maintains a close liaison on all matters peacekeeping operations as a priority area. of troops, as well as any increase or reduction in relating to international and war crimes tribunals as Internal audit services are provided at the mission troop strength as the situation demands. they relate to peacekeeping operations. level through the use of OIOS resident auditors. Presidential Statements The Audit and Management Consulting Division, Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs the Monitoring, Evaluation and Consulting Division (OCHA) Compared to resolutions, presidential statements and the Investigations Section are the constituent constitute a less formal expression of the will of units within OIOS that provide internal oversight In all places of armed conflict, particularly in the Security Council. In these statements the services to DPKO and DFS. intra-State conflicts, the United Nations is involved President, on behalf of the Council, may call upon both in consolidating peace and security and in the the parties involved in a conflict to work towards provision of emergency humanitarian assistance. a peaceful settlement of a dispute, express the OCHA and DPKO mutually support each other concern of the Council for the deterioration of in daily management at the Headquarters level the security situation within a region, reaffirm of crisis countries where a peacekeeping force is the importance of negotiated agreements or deployed. stress the obligation of the parties to ensure their implementation. A peacekeeping mission may be designed primarily to support a peace process, in which Reports of the Secretary-General case it must also be designed to ensure that its deployment and operations do not, inadvertently, The Secretary-General submits reports to the make more difficult the provision of emergency Security Council on peacekeeping issues as humanitarian aid. In other situations, the called for by resolutions. The reports typically provide a factual account of the activities of a peacekeeping mission may itself be mandated Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon addresses the general Nadia Hadi, United Nations Humanitarian Affairs Officer, liaises with the to assist humanitarian action, in which case a debate of the sixty-fourth session of the General As- mission within a given time period and additionally camp manager of an Internally Displaced Persons IDP camp, to facili- much closer link between military, political and sembly. (UN Photo #410980 by Marco Castro, present the Secretary-General’s observations and tate and coordinate the provision of humanitarian assistance in Timor- September 2009) recommendations for further actions which then Leste. (UN Photo #366065 by Martine Perret, April 2009) 1 1 Listed in Glossary of Terms in Appendix C. form the basis for the Council’s deliberations.

1 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 1 7 Exchange of Letters between the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations requirements for a given time period as well as are taken in the name of the SRSG. The SRSG Secretary-General and the President of the recommendations for actions to be taken by the must be an experienced political negotiator as well Security Council Part of the Fourth Committee, the Special General Assembly. as an effective manager of a complex operation. Committee on Peacekeeping Operations was Frequent changes in the top leadership of an The issues dealt with by an exchange of letters established by General Assembly resolution on Advisory Committee on Administrative and operation, including component heads, detract between the Secretary-General and the President 18 February 1965 with the mandate to conduct Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) from the objective of developing a coherent and of the Security Council typically include the a comprehensive review of all issues relating to integrated structure for the operation. appointment of a Special Representative/ peacekeeping. This committee is known as the The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Chief of Mission or Force Commander/Chief C-34, reflecting the initial composition of the 34 Budgetary Questions was established by General Military Observer as well as the composition of countries contributing to peacekeeping operations Assembly resolution on 13 February 1946 with a peacekeeping operation. The issuance of the at the time. Whilst there are many more members the mandate to examine any administrative Secretary-General’s letter containing the proposal now, it is still known as the C-34. Reports of the and budgetary matters referred to it and to is held back until the Security Council has reviewed C-34 can be found at: http://www.un.org/Depts/ advise the General Assembly on these issues. the matter. dpko/dpko/ctte/spcmt_rep.htm. The Committee reviews all reports of the Secretary-General on financial questions relating General Assembly Financing of Peacekeeping in General to peacekeeping and submits its findings to the General Assembly. The General Assembly discusses basic issues The Fifth Committee (Administrative and relating to peacekeeping and its financing and Budgetary Committee), another of the six Main authorises the budget of individual operations. Committees of the General Assembly, is allocated 1 .3 Mission Level Coordination all items on the Assembly’s agenda with financial Effective coordination of all components of a General Peacekeeping Issues implications. It submits a separate report to the peacekeeping operation is essential to the overall plenary on every agenda item allocated to it; these Members of the Filipino peacekeeper participate in a ceremony to wel- success of the mission. There must be clearly Since 1965, general topics relating to reports synthesise the Committee’s consideration come Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. (UN Photo #203300 by Mark defined common goals and objectives, which Garten, October 2008) peacekeeping have been considered by of the items and transmit the final version of draft provide all the components of a peacekeeping the General Assembly under the agenda resolutions/decisions recommended to the plenary operation – military, humanitarian, United “Comprehensive review of the whole question for adoption. All members of the United Nations family in the Nations police (UNPOL), human rights, political, of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects”. mission area must have mutual knowledge of each administrative – with a coherent framework for their At each session since 1993, this item has been Basic financial issues relating to peacekeeping other’s organisational mandates, objectives, and activities. This framework must be drawn from the allocated to the Fourth Committee, one of the six are considered by the General Assembly under operating procedures. Respect for each other’s mandate of the mission. Main Committees of the General Assembly (prior the agenda item “Administrative and budgetary organisational cultures contributes to improved to 1993 it was discussed by the Special Political aspects of the financing of the United Nations coordination. The UNCT meet regularly to ensure Coordination between the Security Council, Committee). peacekeeping operations”. At each session, this such coordination occurs. troop-contributing countries, and the Secretariat item is allocated to the Fifth Committee. in the definition and implementation of Fourth Committee (Special Political and To improve civilian-military coordination within a peacekeeping mandates should be strong. Decolonization Committee) Financing of Specific Peacekeeping Operations mission guidelines are developed. These include The Secretary-General has constituted a task information on the role, function, and organisation force consisting of the Under-Secretaries- The Fourth Committee, one of the six Main The budgets of individual missions are considered of coordination mechanisms, such as a joint General of substantive departments dealing with Committees of the General Assembly, considers by the General Assembly under a separate agenda civilian-military coordination or operations centre peacekeeping to provide policy guidance at the the agenda item on the comprehensive review of item per operation. At each session, these items set up both at mission headquarters and in the highest level. peacekeeping operations. The Fourth Committee are allocated to the Fifth Committee. regions of the mission area. The guidelines submits a report to the plenary on the agenda describe the range of military support services and In a non-integrated mission, the head of the UN item relating to the comprehensive review of Reports of the Secretary-General assets (e.g. transportation, engineering, logistics, Country Team (UNCT), normally the Resident peacekeeping operations. This report synthesises and security) that can be used for humanitarian Coordinator, will be responsible. In an integrated the Committee’s deliberations on the item and The Secretary-General submits reports to the purposes. Mechanisms to resolve day-to-day mission, however, the Special Representative to transmits the final version of draft resolutions/ General Assembly on financial issues relating the management issues as well as urgent problems the Secretary-General (SRSG) is the recognised decisions recommended to the plenary for peacekeeping operations. The reports submitted requiring the attention of top management are also institutional head of the United Nations family in a adoption. The plenary considers the report and for individual missions typically provide information described. mission area. Under the SRSG, the mission should votes on the draft resolutions/decisions contained about the political mandate and operational plan be a unified, cohesive structure. All substantive therein. of the mission, the cost estimates and staffing decisions in the field with political ramifications

1 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 1 9 The non-governmental community is closely End-of-Lesson Quiz associated with the humanitarian element in a mission area and close cooperation with it is vital to the success of the peacekeeping 1. The following departments of the UN are 7. Which of the following provide(s) a operation. Coordination of activities with the involved in peacekeeping operations: peacekeeping operation with adequate non-governmental community, to whatever means and resources to implement the extent possible, is essential, keeping in mind A. Department of Political Affairs; mandate? their independence of the United Nations system. B. Department of Public Information; When the interests of some non-governmental C. Department of Field Support; A. Security Council; organisations are at variance with those of the D. All of the above. B. General Assembly; peacekeeping operation, a senior official could be C. Member States; assigned as a liaison to manage such differences D. All of the above. constructively, without detracting from the common 2. The Establishment of a mission needs goal. approval from: A. The Special Representative of the Secretary- 8. The Department of Field Support is All UN entities in a mission area should be General; responsible for: headquartered close to each other for effective B. The neighbouring countries; A. Providing humanitarian aid; coordination. An inter-agency agreement C. The Security Council; B. Providing logistical and administrative support defining the responsibilities of each entity in the D. NATO. to peacekeeping missions; implementation of the peace agreements could be considered. C. Monitoring humanitarian aid provided by 3. Department of Safety and Security (DSS) is non-governmental organisations; The appointment of a deputy SRSG, at the responsible for the: D. Monitoring logistical support from Assistant-Secretary-General level, to act as a A. Security of UN agencies; non-governmental organizations. general manager responsible for day-to-day B. Security of military, UNPOL and civilian administration and coordination allowing for an personnel in peacekeeping; integrated military-humanitarian-development 9. Department of Political Affairs follows: C. Security of all NGOs; approach. The deputy SRSG should be familiar A. Political developments throughout the world; D. Both a. and b. with the United Nations structure and procedures. B. Reports on political developments in the UN; C. Prepares reports for peacekeeping missions There should be a clear chain of command 4. The Chief of a Mission can be: only; between a peacekeeping mission and A. SRSG; Headquarters. Ideally, all individual units and B. Force Commander; D. Deals with politicians of Member States. departments should work through the SRSG, as C. Chief Military Observer; he/she is the head of the mission. All requests or D. Any of the above. 10. Department of Public Information is instructions should be issued in the name of the responsible for: SRSG, who also informs of all communications A. Running a campaign on UN’s authority; from Headquarters to component heads. 5. The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in: B. Monitoring field information work; A. 1948 C. Preparing, producing and disseminating B. 1950 materials on peacekeeping operations; C. 1951 D. Both b. and c. D. 1956

6. A peacekeeping operation can include which of the following components? A. Military, humanitarian, political; B. UNPOL, human rights, administrative; ANSWER KEY C. Development aid only; 1D, 2C, 3D, 4D, 5A, 6D, 7D, 8B, 9A, 10D D. Both a. and b.

2 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 1: THE UN PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE | 2 1 LESSON 2 PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS INTRODUCTION Integrated Logistic Support

This lesson outlines basic logistic terminology, Integrated Logistic Support is the process by definitions, principles and concepts. Providing which all available materials, administrative, and logistic support for the wide range of potential UN sustainment systems, are combined to form the missions both civilian and military is discussed. most effective and cost efficient support system. LESSON The lesson also outlines what is involved in the integration of logistic support and highlights why 2 clear logistic command and control is paramount, especially in the case of multination contributors.

Logistic concepts for various types of missions are presented as the required level of support regardless of the size of a UN mission, carried out in the most cost effective manner consistent with operational requirements, and which can serve all concerned. This involves maximising available resources and also involves adopting a stockpiling policy that ensures reasonable future contingencies LESSON OBJECTIVES can be adequately met.

Lesson 2 defines and discusses basic logistic terminology, principles 2.1 Definitions 2.1 Definitions and concepts. Because over 100 countries assign staff and experts, 2.2 Principles of Logistics both military and non-military, to world wide peacekeeping mission Logistics duties, logistical planning must encompass international perspectives. Logistics is defined as the science of planning 2.3 An Overview of In this lesson, logistic terminology introduces the student to the broad and carrying out the administration, movement Logistic Support parameters of what it takes to provide total physical and moral support to A contingent of 250 Ethiopian troops arriving at the and maintenance of forces and materials needed thousands of personnel who have been sent to an unfamiliar land, for a United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) along with Processes on a UN mission, and includes activities related broad range of reasons. By the same token, this lesson will introduce the two vehicles, weapons, mattresses and tents, are being to communications, engineering and aviation 2.4 Basic Concepts of student to the actual details of logistical planning. Thus, the student gains transferred via helicopters. (UN Photo #29978 by Shima services. Roy, January 2004) Logistics Support both a macro and a micro view of a UN mission and its logistic needs. In its most fundamental sense, logistics is the art International Logistics 2.5 Types of Logistic of transporting, housing, supplying and providing By the end of Lesson 2, the student should be able to meet the following Support technical support to military troops. However, in objectives: International Logistics is the process of negotiating, the context of UN operations, because support planning, coordinating and implementing logistic is often required for non-military personnel and support between civilian and military components • Discuss logistics terminology; circumstances, this definition is broadened. Thus of nations and international organisations. It the UN definition of logistics covers not only the incorporates all the member states’ facilities, List and define the principles of logistics; • needs of military and police units, but also of technologies, material and services, and aims to • Discuss logistical support concepts; and related civilian personnel originating from 192 intermesh policies, programs, and procedures to different countries and widely diverse cultures. produce an integrated logistic system between all Understand the types of UN logistic support. • Its definition includes support to be provided to member states contributing to a UN sponsored police, staff from numerous UN agencies, as well mission. as civilian specialists who serve on multi-role missions. Logistics covers all aspects of the needs A further list of definitions can be found in the and physical support for missions to be carried Glossary of Terms attached as an Appendix to the out. This covers finances, supplies, transportation, course material. technical support and housing needs, as well as To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course administrative, communications, engineering and author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ aviation services. media_page/85], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 2: PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS | 2 5 2.2 Principles of Logistics assets provided by the contributing member Visibility of a Force Logistic Support Group, member states should be a main goal. When possible, this states will be required to be self-sufficient for Logistics for all UN missions have common integration should be planned prior to deployment Logistic assets are vital to an operation and elements of resupply, particularly for technical principles, as all UN missions require mobility, to avoid duplication of resources at the mission represent huge sums of money. It is important that spares, clothing and the replacement of national flexibility and is a multination venture. These are site. Notwithstanding a desire to rationalise logistic a full audit trail is available for all assets dispatched equipment. Therefore there will be a requirement outlined in the following paragraphs. assets at the earliest opportunity, there is likely to to, in and from the mission site. This can be for independent, national lines of supply. be a surge of operational requirements to assist achieved using a number of methods ranging from Responsibility with the initial deployment of any UN force and this barcode, satellite tracking, or basic card systems. may, in the short term, create a duplication of some 2.4 Basic Concepts of Logistic Support Contributing member states and the UN have resources. The Force Headquarters must have access to a collective responsibility to ensure that forces inventoried information at all times. This includes Logistic support needs to be tailored to a specific deployed on any UN operation are fully equipped Simplicity information regarding the numbers of men, mission as UN missions can vary in size from a and supported. This may be achieved either quantities and types of materials and supplies small group of observers, who may be civilian, through national or cooperative arrangements, The simpler the logistic plan, the easier it is to held, usage rates, pipeline times for resupply, and police, military or a mixture of personnel types, but must be clearly agreed upon prior to understand. The greater the understanding of the future requirements of any portion of the mission. to a combined operation of land, sea and air deployment. Member states and the UN have a plan, the more effective will be the cooperation Prior to deployment, the logistics staffs of member assets involving tens of thousands of personnel. collective responsibility for the care, custody and between contributing nations and the speed with states must have a clear plan regarding how they Because there are a wide range of possible safeguarding of UN assets. which an original plan can be adapted to meet will keep and supply such information on demand, changing circumstances. or by timed return. The Force Commander should missions, there is also a wide range of logistic concepts. Logistic support is tailored according to Foresight develop on-site Standing Operating Procedures the task required, space and time considerations, Cooperation outlining required information maintenance. manpower, material, environment, climate, on-site The administrative and logistic planning for any infrastructure and availability of resources. The mission begins well before the commencement Cooperation will always be the key to producing a 2.3 An Overview of Logistic Support support system may be mobile or static, civilian of any operation. This includes first identifying workable logistic structure for a UN mission. Levels Processes or military, have on-site warehousing or national resources within or close to the deployment and standards of support differ by nations. Often, resupply lines or, in most cases, is a combination area and obtaining information regarding the there are a variety of nationalities with different The UN logistic system expects deployed units of of all of the above. A number of such concepts infrastructure of the site concerned. Consideration languages, cultural requirements and capabilities. member states on a mission to be self-sufficient have proven to be workable and valuable, and are should be given to any special on-site requirements In order to achieve a workable logistic end product, for a given initial period, normally between 30 discussed as follows. such as, clothing, munitions, accommodation cooperation is necessary. A high level of Mission and 90 days. This gives the UN time to organise and mobility. Contingency planning for strategic Headquarters (MHQ) cooperation to the UN force the Mission Headquarters and on-site UN logistic Smaller Missions: The Self-Reliance Concept movement should begin at the earliest opportunity. logistic headquarters is required in order to achieve structure, to acquire real estate, and to finalise Such a logistic reconnaissance is an important step maximum cooperation. the Status of Forces/Mission Agreements (further In some cases reliance on the local economy in preparing for a mission. discussed in Lesson 4), contracts and local may be the best method of support. It may require Sufficiency Memoranda of Understanding. After this time a small reception team at a point of entry that Flexibility The levels and distribution of logistic resources period, the UN provides bulk supplies of important maintains logistic links with contributing member items such as water, fuel and rations, UN clothing, states and the UN. However, specialist repair of Flexibility in the field of logistics means the must be sufficient to meet the sustainability and domestic consumables, batteries, and some vehicles, communication or technical equipment ability to conform to operational plans that will mobility needs of the operational plan. Stock levels vehicle spares. It will also help with needs such as would generally be brought in from outside the almost inevitably be subject to frequent change, should take into account the expected nature and accommodation, storage space and basic services mission site. If one of the contributing countries is particularly in the early stages of any operation. In duration of the mission and consumption pattern. such as cleaning, laundry and waste disposal. a nation that has a modern, civilian infrastructure, conditions where lines of communication are liable Peacetime stock levels tend to be inappropriate for self-sufficiency is effective. to be disrupted, it may be necessary to deviate most UN operations. In the case of all but the smallest of missions, from pre-set procedures and to modify standard continuation of support depends on the UN Lead Member State Concept methods of operation to meet unexpected events. Accountability finding one or more member nations to accept responsibility for forming a Force Logistic Support Medium size missions may centre on one Economy Accurate accounts must be kept for all assets that are purchased and issued to contingents for the Group (FLSG). A member state that accepts this principal member state’s contingent. In such role establishes local contractual arrangements cases, that member state would usually assume On any mission, resources are rarely plentiful support of a mission. This includes any equipment in support of the mission, which it then carries out responsibility for all logistic support and maintain and must be used effectively, efficiently and classified as Contingent-Owned Equipment in coordination with the Chief Logistics Officer resupply links to its home base. Other nation’s economically. Early integration of all available (discussed in further detail in Lesson 7). at Mission Headquarters. Despite the formation contingents would rely on the principal member

2 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 2: PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS | 2 7 state for their administrative and logistics needs. UN’s main logistics planning body, the Department 2.5 Types of Logistic Support • Accounting services provide budgeting and Before the mission begins, UN-negotiated of Field Support. Because full inter-operability is financial services. A mission is required to keep bilateral agreements may be required between difficult to achieve and thereby unlikely, such a Logistics activities in the UN are grouped by the accounts of all expenses incurred, and also to the UN and the different nations engaged in corporate approach is often required. function they serve: keep track of whether the expense is incurred the mission to ensure financial reimbursement by the UN, the contributing country, the host of services provided. The lead member state’s Once the Force Logistic Support Group is • Administrative services include all managerial, country, or another source. logistic organisation would, nevertheless, contain established, it contains a number of specialised administrative and clerical support services • Medical services require the logistic provision representatives of other contributing member logistic support units. The specific mix varies provided where required, at all levels of the of all health services, including dental needs. nations, in order to ensure that all national interests according to the size and role of the Mission. It mission. are taken into account. contributes and executes specific logistical tasks • Supply support requires obtaining needed • Procurement services procure all material and such as Supply Planning, which is the process goods and materials and to continue to supply services required for all aspects of a mission. of identifying requirements, range and quantity them throughout the mission. These include food • General services provide mail, courier, travel, of items required to support a unit and/or its provisions, furniture, office supplies, cleaning and traffic services. equipment. Its phases include identification of materials, clothing, military equipment as well items of supply, cataloguing, scaling and issuing as recreational materials, and whatever else is of requisitions. The task of Acquisition of Material required for a particular mission. is the process of obtaining material and services, whether of a military or commercial origin. It • Transportation logistics include supplying includes receiving, care and storage of material, transport as needed. and issue to first line units. The task of Disposal • Equipment maintenance requires that all is defined as the removal of material from the vehicles and equipment be maintained in supply system through sale, trade-in or destruction. working order. This includes communications Inventory Control is the control of material by and land based equipment. means of established accounting and management procedures. This includes maintaining stocks at the • Technical support covers training and upkeep for field or construction engineering Peacekeepers from the United Nations Military Observer Group in India required level. and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) are pictured here going over their plans for the and technical requirements. This includes the provision of water and accommodation, which day. Small missions like UNMOGIP are often expected to be largely self- Civilian Contract Support Concept sufficient. (UN Photo #99346 by Evan Schneider, October 2005) at times needs to be constructed for particular As a mission progresses the UN attempts to missions. The Force Logistic Support Group (FLSG) determine requirements for base area logistic • Aviation support requires the provision of Soldiers from the joint African Union - United Nations Mission in Darfur Concept support. The overall aim is to achieve logistic aviation and air services, including maintenance (UNAMID) peacekeeping force guard a supply convoy. (UN Photo #167469 organisation in the most economical way, and a of aircraft and flight safety procedures. by David Manyua, January 2008) Large missions with considerable equipment way which meets the demands of the force, as well and volume of transactions can be supported by as what is needed to release military manpower • Communications logistics covers provision of specialised logistic support groups. These groups for redeployment. Decisions are coordinated by signals and communications needs for all those SUMMARY are organised as an extension of the lead member force headquarters and constitute a unique set involved in a mission. state concept, i.e., one member state assumes of requirements for each mission. These aims • Personnel needs are a logistic concern. The above concepts describe a general framework overall responsibility for the coordination of the are often achieved by including civilian contract Logistics cover the administration of personnel, to provide logistic support for a mission that can be Force Logistic Support Group. It incorporates support. Assuming that civilian support is possible which may require choosing personnel or adapted for any size or type of UN operation. Small logistic units originating from contributing nations and cost effective, the military logistic support assigning them to tasks. Services also cover missions may be self-sufficient and depend largely into the Force Logistic Base as part of Integrated group would then be phased out. all needs of personnel, such as overall welfare on Host Nation Support. Large scale operations Support Services (ISS) (discussed further in needs, recreational needs, and the provision of involving specialised equipment may require Lesson 3). These are called National Support amenities as much as is possible on a particular contributing member states to set up their own Elements. A Logistic Support Group may also be mission. national resupply lines. Rationalisation of the force created through a civilian service support contract. logistic base(s) may be possible, if one member • Security services include establishing and state is prepared to accept the lead role for logistic The Force Logistic Support Group concept is maintaining military police for military missions support. Before any mission can be deployed, implemented at the planning stage of a mission. and the provision and upkeep of all security funding arrangements have to be clarified by DFS’s Thus, its implementation is coordinated by the services. logistics planning arm.

2 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 2: PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS | 2 9 End-of-Lesson Quiz

1. The following are logistics concepts that 4. In the Logistics concept of responsibility: 7. The concept of economy in logistics 9. The concept of Lead Member State suggests apply to all missions: A. Contributing member states and the UN describes: that: A. Logistics is the required level of support have a collective responsibility to ensure that A. That on any mission, resources are plentiful A. Other nation’s contingents follow the lead of the regardless of the size of a UN mission, in the forces deployed on any UN operation are fully but nevertheless must be used effectively, largest contributing Member State in diplomatic most cost effective manner consistent with equipped and supported; efficiently and economically; decision-making; operational requirements; B. National or cooperative arrangements, but must B. That early integration of all available assets B. The lead Member State’s logistic organisation B. Involves maximising available resources and be clearly agreed upon prior to deployment; provided by contributing member nations would not contain representatives of other adopting a stockpiling policy which ensures C. Member States and the UN have collective should be a main goal; contributing nations, which ensures the least future contingencies can be met; responsibility for the care, custody and C. Integration is achieved as soon as possible on amount of confusion in logistic planning; C. Requires that the host nation provides a fixed safeguarding of all UN assets; arrival at the mission site; C. Medium to large size missions may centre percentage of cost of the services; D. All of the above. D. Both b. and c. around one principal Member State’s D. Both a. and b. contingent, which usually assumes responsibility for all logistic support and 5. The logistics concept of foresight means that: 8. The concept of simplicity in logistics maintains resupply links to its home base; 2. Logistics is defined as the science of: describes: A. The administrative and logistic planning for any D. All of the above. A. Planning and carrying out the administration, mission begins well before the commencement A. The simpler the logistic plan, the easier it is to movement and maintenance of forces and of any operation; understand; 10. Various types of logistics for UN missions material; B. It includes first identifying resources within or B. The greater the understanding of the plan the include: B. Conducting activities related to directly close to the deployment area and obtaining more effective will be the cooperation between negotiation peace options; information regarding the infrastructure of the contributing nations and the speed with which A. Administrative, Transport, Supply, Communications and Finance; C. Conducting activities related to site concerned; an original plan can be adapted to meet communications, engineering and aviation C. Special on-site requirements are determined changing circumstances; B. Banking services; services; only after the first contingents arrive; C. Although logistics can be a complex and C. Travel agents; D. Both a. and c. D. Both a. and b. detailed subject, it is, however, largely a matter D. Both a. and b. of common sense. Simple yet flexible plans will have a greater chance of success than more 3. International Logistics is the process of: 6. Flexibility in the field of logistics means: complex ones; A. Obtaining international approval for a mission; A. The ability to conform to operational plans D. All of the above. B. Negotiating, planning, coordinating and which will almost inevitably be subject to implementing logistic support between civilian frequent change and to modify standard and military components of nations and methods of operation to meet unexpected international organisations; events; C. Connecting policies, programs, and procedures B. Change in logistic plans most frequently occurs to produce an integrated logistic system at the end of an operation; between the Member States contributing to a C. Maintaining flexibility in the face of different UN sponsored mission; local customs at the mission site; D. Both b. and c. D. Both a. and c.

ANSWER KEY

1D, 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6A, 7B, 8D, 9C, 10A

3 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 2: PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS | 3 1 LESSON 3 THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION 3.1 Headquarters Logistics Support Structure Who Carries Out UN Operations All Under-Secretaries-General participate A wide range of personnel carry out United directly or indirectly in the planning, support, and LESSON Nations field missions. This can include infantry maintenance of peacekeeping missions. However, units, military and civilian observers, military and the Under-Secretary-General of the Department for 3 civilian monitoring forces, electoral and referendum Peacekeeping Operations has primary and direct officials, UN police, as well as military and responsibility for peacekeeping missions, whereas non-military personnel involved with refugee needs the USG/DFS has the responsibility of providing and repatriation, and those who assist disaster all logistic and administrative support to the UN’s victims. Because there is such a wide array of peacekeeping missions. personnel to operate a varied range of missions, well-defined logistic procedures need to be in place The Department of Peacekeeping Operations for different kinds of missions. (DPKO) is responsible for the planning and conduct of peacekeeping operations. On behalf of the The UN Logistics Mandate Secretary-General, it keeps abreast of the relevant political and operational developments at the The logistic responsibility in support of various negotiating tables and arranges for such LESSON OBJECTIVES peacekeeping operations is to, “Plan, organise, basic requirements as cease-fire arrangements, mount, sustain and account for duly-authorised UN Status of Forces/Mission Agreements (SOFA/ 1 Lesson 3 defines and discusses what a UN Mission is. As a UN mission is operations.” Since there are many types of logistic SOMA) and other political actions related to the 3.1 Headquarters discussed in overall terms, the student is introduced to Integrated Support support which can come from various sources, this setting up of peacekeeping operations. It also Logistics Support Services, its Civilian and Military Component. mandate includes integration and coordination of provides guidance and direction to field missions. Structure the various types and sources of logistic support, Within DPKO, the Military Advisor for the UN has Logistical planning of a UN mission can make the difference between its which inevitably weaves complexity into the task. the dual role of: 3.2 Mission Structure success and failure. Thereby, understanding its overall processes as well a. Providing advice on military matters which as the complexity of the many details required to carry out the logistics Logistic integration implies that the needs of all impact on the political negotiations, and 3.3 “Customers” – portion of a UN mission is paramount. concerned, be they military personnel, UN civilian Interaction with The structure of DFS logistics and the interaction with internal counterpart staff or civilian staff provided by governments are b. Dealing with member states regarding their Internal Counterparts and external counterparts is discussed. considered as common to the mission as a whole. contributions. Support is provided on an equitable basis, after By the end of Lesson 3, the student should be able to meet the following 3.4 “Environs” – assessing and setting priorities. objectives: DPKO is supported by DFS for all administrative Interaction with and logistical support. The logistic coordination function of a UN mission External Counterparts • Describe how Integrated Support Services is organized; refers to the need to consolidate and draw together Department of Field Support (DFS) diverse elements required at the mission site. • Understand the Civilian and Military Components of a Mission; Logistics personnel coordinate diverse needs The Department of Field Support (DFS) provides • Describe the structure of DFS; and and interests at the mission site with those of administrative and logistic support to the UN’s the contributing nation, as well as with personnel peacekeeping and other field missions. It also • Understand the interaction with its internal and external counterparts. at the Secretariat in New York who are involved provides logistic and administrative support to in furnishing logistic support for a particular missions conducted by the Department of Political peacekeeping operation. This entails establishing Affairs and other departments and offices as communications between each source, required. Specifically, the Division: establishing access to decision-makers at each • Identifies, in cooperation with the Integrated source and protocols for obtaining consensus on Operational Teams (IOTs) administrative required decisions. and logistic requirements of field missions, including administrative support, staffing tables, To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course accommodation, transport, communications, author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ 1 SOFA/SOMA is discussed further in Lesson 4. media_page/86], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 3 5 equipment and supplies. Advises on the political and peacebuilding missions)2: • Participates in technical survey teams; property survey cases, reviews cases submitted administrative and logistic aspects of starting, gathers relevant local data to develop logistic by field missions and submits cases that are • Civilian personnel: 5,722 (international); 13,062 deploying, re-deploying and closing missions support plans for new or expanded mission; supported by the Service to the Headquarters (local) and participates in technical survey missions; reassesses the logistics support concept of field Property Survey Board for consideration and • Military personnel: 77,797 missions and reviews the efficiency of supply subsequent approval by the Controller; arrangements and effectiveness of services • UN Police: 12,112 • Designs power supply systems, field provided to the field; communications and international systems • UN Volunteers: 2,099 • In coordination with the Integrated Operational through utilisation of satellites, electronic • Financial resources: USD $7.1 billion per year Teams (IOTs) determines mission startup data processing, radio communications and requirements and, on the basis of contingency encryption equipment; prepares specifications DFS is responsible for managing or directing planning activities, assembles, maintains and and evaluates bids and supervises their all related support activities. DFS consists arranges the deployment of missions’ startup installation; of the Logistics Support Division (LSD); the equipment and supplies to permit a rapid initial • Manages movement of contingent personnel Communication and Information Technology deployment of key mission elements for new field and equipment for deployment, rotations and Service; the Field Personnel Division; and the Field missions; redeployment to field missions; prepares Budget and Finance Division. • Prepares detailed generic technical and guidelines for purchase and maintenance of contractual specifications and proposals for ground and air transport facilities and safety Under the LSD fall the services of the Operational the supply of required goods and services; standards for equipment; investigates and Support Services; the Specialist Support Services; Retired General Henry Anyidoho, Chief of the UN support to the African determines the method of supply and ensures follows up on aircraft accidents and ensures Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) (left, in blue shirt) and Hassan Gibril, the Transportation and Movement Service; and the that the requirements identified are met through compliance of civilian aircraft operations within Head of the AMIS (in purple tie) are shown participating in a ceremony of Aviation Safety Unit. solidarity. (UN Photo #137169 by Fred Noy, January 2007) the creation of requisitions for commercial United Nations standards; and procurement action or through issuance of Logistics Support Division (LSD) • Assists in the elaboration of guidelines Letters of Assist for direct supply by Member • Develops and disseminates administrative concerning the disposition of United Nations States; policies, procedures and practices for field The Logistics Support Division is responsible equipment upon termination of a peacekeeping missions. Provides the policy guidance for for the implementation and monitoring of • Determines the need for construction projects, operation or other field mission and manages field mission Standard Operating Procedures, policies and procedures for all logistic support in including accommodation facilities, roads and their implementation. documents, Boards of Inquiry reports and peacekeeping. LSD is based at UN Headquarters bridges, and renovation and development Guidelines to Troop-Contributing Governments; in New York City, where a diverse team of of military/civilian living and office sites and Procurement professionals provides logistical support to UN-led sanitation facilities in field missions; evaluates • Guides the Chief of Mission Support/ peacekeeping, peacebuilding and political missions bids and proposals based on technical criteria, Planning and Requisitioning Director of Mission Support of field missions around the world. timeliness of delivery and other relevant logistic concerning administrative and logistic policies support aspects; LSD is involved with field missions in acquisition and procedures, including personnel, finance, LSD translates the goals and concepts contained planning, identification of requirements, preparation communications and procurement matters. • Manages technical aspects of contracts by in the Secretary-General’s reports and the of requisitions, and preparation of specifications. Coordinates with Governments on administrative establishing suitable procedures, monitoring mandates contained in Security Council resolutions matters concerning their contributions of civilian the contractors’ compliance with the terms and into practicable approaches for establishing, Bidding and Selection of Vendors/Contractors personnel, equipment and logistic support. conditions of contracts and recommending sustaining and liquidating peace operations on Reviews and makes recommendations to the payment for services received; the ground – in some of the worst places in the The Mission Procurement is delegated many of Controller on the disposition of missionrelated world. In coordination with other services and • Provides technical advice to field missions; these responsibilities including: invitation to bid thirdparty claims and proposals for ex gratia organisations, LSD formulates logistic support conducts product research on commonly (ITB) or request for proposal (RFP), bid opening, payments; and plans for field missions specifying equipment, requisitioned items and market research for commercial evaluation of bids, presentation to the • Exercises control over United Nations property supply, and financial implications; it produces logistics supply services; manages field mission’ LCC (Local Committee on Contracts) and to the through the centralised allocation and disposition instructions to carry out those plans and monitors properties and stock holdings; maintains updated HCC (Headquarter Committee on Contracts), and of field mission assets and monitors the their implementation (Organisational Chart of LSD records for all field missions; awarding and contracting. Many of these areas are adequacy of internal controls in field missions. is included in Appendix D). The division: done in consultation with the Procurement Division • Monitors expenditures by object of expenditure (UNPD, http://www.un.org/depts/ptd/), at UNHQ and mandate period and recommends transfer of The following will give an idea of the magnitude of NY. The Procurement Division also assists LSD 2 The latest mission data can be found at through to meet priority support demands; prepares pertaining to 16 peacekeeping missions and 12 DPKO’s Web site. the HCC.

3 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 3 7 The presentations to LCC and HCC are detailed Resources United Nations Logistics Base (UNLB) descriptions of the requirements, background and needs of the material or services being sought, to DPKO/DFS does not possess a large material The LSD oversees the operations of the UNLB, give the Committee members an understanding of reserve. UNLB Brindisi currently holds limited which is located in Brindisi, Italy. The UNLB the requirements and process that was followed. resources. “SDS Reserve” consisting of whatever manages reserve equipment stocks and strategic surplus material happens to have been returned by deployment stocks and assists in rapid deployment Vendor Registration Process liquidating missions. of new missions. (Role of UNLB is discussed further in Lesson 5.) Registering with UNPD is the first step to DPKO/DFS does not possess its own ships and be considered for participating in tendering aircraft for strategic deployment. These assets Aviation Safety Unit exercises. Each vendor is evaluated by UNPD are spot-chartered for every mission deployment, on the basis of compliance with the prerequisites which takes at least 4-6 weeks. The Aviation Safety Unit provides advice on air for eligibility disclosure, completeness and quality safety to new missions; prepares and revises of information provided, relevance of the goods Procedures aviation safety manuals, standards and accident or services, references, experience, evidence prevention programmes; provides advice on of ability to perform, and the overall financial LSD is a small component of the overall United aviation safety to field missions, other United soundness of the vendor. Registering is an Nations Organisation. As such, it is subject to all Nations agencies and programmes; sets, verifies, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon (right) greets the staff of the UN Logistics “On-Line” process. normal UN procedures, Rules and Regulations. and enforces mission performance on aviation Office in Brindisi, Italy. (UN Photo #143240 by Eskinder Debebe, April For example, ultimate authority for procurement safety; investigates aviation related accidents; and 2007) Contract Management lies outside DFS, which is part of UN policy of liaises with aeronautical standard setting bodies. “separation of powers” to ensure transparency in Depending on delivery specifications, the field global procurement. The Under-Secretary-General Operational Support Services (OSS) LOS leads the coordinated effort within Logistics missions in consultation with LSD do the Receipt of DFS cannot buy a single thing on his own Support Division to develop and implement and Inspection (R&I), monitor provision of Services, authority. DFS priorities must compete will all other The Operational Support Services includes the synchronised multifunctional logistical support evaluate contractor’s performance, and certify UN department’s priorities. Logistics Operations Section and the Strategic plans. LOS continuously assesses logistical payments. Deployment Stocks (SDS) Unit. performance of current peace operations. LOS Partners is also the focal point for cross-cutting logistics Challenges The objective of a strategic reserve is to provide matters that require the cooperation of more than LSD is heavily dependent on reliability of its the Organization with the capability to deploy one functional section within the department or that DFS/DPKO faces many types of challenges, some “partners”, e.g. Troop-Contributing Countries peacekeeping missions within the rapid deployment require the coordinated efforts of offices outside of of which are discussed here. (TCCs) and contractors. LSD can not initiate time frames. A material reserve (involving such LSD. a contingent move until the TCC has provided items as vehicles, communications and engineering Political detailed Load Lists, itemising what is to be moved. equipment, and accommodation and ablution As the department’s focal point for all logistical Also it is not unknown for a contingent to arrive containers), called strategic deployment stocks, support to its field activities, LOS has to maintain Requirements for logistics support to a UN without required equipment or self-sustainment are stored at UNLB. (SDS is discussed further in close liaison with the other services within the peacekeeping operation arise only in response to capabilities. It becomes a problem of LSD to make Lesson 5.) department, Permanent Missions of TCCs, UN a Security Council (SC) Resolution. SC Resolution good the shortfalls usually at short notice and agencies, host governments, and the supported defines the scope, scale and duration of a without adequate funding. Contractors are also Logistics Operations Section field missions and offices. peacekeeping operation. known to fail to perform as agreed. Logistics Operation Section (LOS) falls under LOS develops, coordinates and assesses the Financial LSD Units LSD’s unit of Operational Support Services. application of institutional logistics support policies and procedures. LOS also develops systems to All mission support activities must be funded by an Logistics Support Division consists of the Aviation Logistics Operation Section is the primary ensure integrated planning of all support aspects approved budget. The budget approval process is Safety Unit; the Operational Support Services; the focal point within the department for planning, of peacekeeping, prepares a mission planning lengthy and detailed. SC approves mandates, and Specialist Support Services; and the Transportation coordinating and assessing logistical support process (MPP), prepares systems and procedures GA approves budgets. Process cannot begin until and Movement Service. (Organisational chart of activities within peace operations. LOS provides for the material request order (MRO), prepares SC Resolution is approved. Each DPKO mission is LSD is included in Appendix D). The LSD also Integrated Mission Task Forces (IMTFs) with broad standard operation procedure manuals (SOPs), funded independently. There is no legitimate scope oversees the operations of the United Nations expertise on logistics support matters during identifies and designs enhancements for United for using one mission’s budget to support another’s Logistics Base in Brindisi, Italy. concept formulation. Nations Logistics Base (UNLB) in Brindisi. operations.

3 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 3 9 LOS has Logistics Desk Officers, whose Engineering Section • Ensuring compliance of UN medical units, The approximate annual entitlements of troop- and responsibilities are to: personnel, supplies and equipment to police-contributing countries to reimbursement for • Identify cross-cutting issues; This section deploys water purification systems in internationally accepted standards; the provision of personnel, major equipment, and United Nations missions, develops master plans, • Ensure coordination; • Developing medical training policies, standards self-sustainment services were $786 million as standardised drawings, and field implementation and programmes for UN peacekeepers and of January 2003, arising from 162 Memorandum • Maintain situational awareness; and packages to start new missions, and it develops medical personnel, and participating actively in of Understanding. In October 2006, those costs • Conduct logistics planning for new missions. environmental programmes in United Nations their training; had risen to approximately $1.41 billion, arising missions. It is also responsible for the following as LOS has four sub-units, which include three from 299 Memorandum of Understanding, which it relates to Engineering: • Collecting, collating, analysing, and constitutes a 179 percent increase in the total Regional Units and the Programme Support Unit as disseminating medical data and intelligence on • Provision of all mission accommodation costs and 185 percent increase in the number of follows: Mission areas; and - From prefabs to leased fixed facilities Memoranda of Understanding managed during that Regional Units: • Assessing and updating military medical units period. - Accommodation Standards • Africa, under the UN Standby Arrangements System. • Provision of all utility services (electricity, bulk Cartographic Section • Asia and the Middle East, water, sewage) Contingent Owned Equipment and Property • Europe and Latin America. The Cartographic Section renders Geographic Management Unit • Repair and maintenance of physical Information support to the UN in all matters related Programme Support Unit’s responsibilities are as infrastructure to UN Operations. The Cartographic Section The Contingent Owned Equipment System (COE) follows: • Defense works provides geographic information in support of identifies and reports shortfalls and surpluses • LSD business Plan • Geographic Information Systems. the decision-making and operational needs of in ‘COE’ capabilities in field missions and, in • Policy and process planning DPKO. It provides cartographic and GIS services conjunction with other UN partners, liaises with Supply Section to the Security Council, as well as the senior • Training Permanent Missions to address shortfalls and management of the UN. The Cartographic Section • Administrative Services surpluses. COE provides single and global The Supply Section’s responsibilities include: also supplies cartographic and GIS services to • Pouch services. analysis of COE capabilities in field missions and the Secretariat and functions as the programme • “Life Support” services (Food, Bottled Water, develops COE related policies, procedures, and manager of the UN field mission GIS units. Specialist Support Services (SSS) Fuel) other guidelines and training material. It provides On-going projects of the Cartographic Section • General Supply items (Clothing, e.g., Blue technical advice – both to the field and at HQ – on The SSS section includes a range of technical include: Berets; Furniture, maps, consumables) all LSD related aspects of the COE System and logistics sections including, the Engineering maintains and enhances the COE Database. In • UN global geospatial database Section; Supply Section; Medical Support Section; • Logistics Support contracts, contract addition, it provides COE staffing proposals for new Contingent Owned Equipment and Property administration • Web based map application missions and technically clears candidates. Management Unit; and Cartographic Section. • Property Management, COE management. • International boundary data The Property Management Unit (PMU) analyzes • Image Map Viewer – “DPKO-Google Earth” Medical Support Section inventory reports from field missions to determine • Mission mapping projects trends in UNOE management. PMU provides The Medical Support Section’s responsibilities global analysis and statistics of single and global Transportation and Movements Service include: mission performance in UNOE management and • Advising DPKO, the Military Adviser’s Office and records keeping. It develops staffing proposals for The Transportation and Movements Service field missions on all medical operational matters; new missions, technically clears candidates, and ensures effective logistics capabilities in terms of • Developing and documenting operational provides advice and training for 350+ field mission transport, strategic air and sea lift for movement medical policies, doctrine and guidelines; staff in the following functional areas: of military and civilian personnel and cargo, and provision of vehicles and spare parts at the required • Planning and co-ordinating medical support for • General Services time and place in the most efficient manner. new, ongoing and liquidating missions between • Receiving & Inspection (R & I) DPKO, the Mission HQ and troop contributing Surface Transport Section countries; • Property Control & Inventory This section establishes motor transport controls • Overseeing maintenance of medical support for • Claims & Property Survey for the establishment of new missions. The field missions, including budgeting contracts, Transport section is responsible for the provision of UNPREDEP Peacekeepers, part of the Indonesian Engineering platoon, medical equipment, supplies, services and • Property Disposal all mission vehicle requirements (from light 4x4s to construct a new observation post along the Yugoslav Border. (UN Photo reimbursements to TCC (Troop Contributing heavy specialist vehicles). #106729 by Igor Vasilev, September 1998) Countries);

4 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 4 1 Communications and Information Technology Budgetary Functions Financial Management Functions Services (CITS) FBFD prepares costs and reviews draft reports Financial administration and control CITS consists of an Operations Section and an on cost planning. To meet immediate financial Information Systems Section. requirements, FBFD prepares and reviews cost FBFD designates and approves certifying officers, estimates. FBFD submits cost estimates to ACABQ certifies claims for payment, effects payments, This section conducts research on, identifies, for funding. maintains accounts, issues and certifies financial and benchmarks new technologies; coordinates statements, and replies to audit queries. FBFD the set-up and establishment of an effective and requests opening/closing of bank accounts, adequate information security model; assesses requests, and approves delegation of authority, and IT needs of mission components and information monitors/clears claims in accounts payable. FBFD integration; and develops a communications and processes, reviews, and certifies LOA and Death electronic services support capability within DPKO/ and Disability (D&D) claims. DFS. FBFD provides financial management support and It is responsible for the logistics and planning services for field missions from startup Members of the Argentinean battalion of the United Nations Stabilization communications decision support system. It has a through withdrawal. The service: Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) are transported to provide security and 24/7 (24 hours, 7 days a week) help desk for field humanitarian assistance to the victims of the tropical storm Hanna. (UN mission systems. It manages disaster recovery • Coordinates and prepares submissions Photo #192474 by Logan Abassi, September 2008) scenarios; coordinates an Extranet and Intranet regarding financial implications of field missions for peacekeeping; and coordinates peacekeeping to the Controller; coordinates and prepares cost The Transport section is also responsible for the operations’ web sites together with the Department estimates for new and existing missions with following as it relates to Transport: of Public Information and the Information respect to Headquarters managed expenditures; • Technical Standards Technology Services Division in the Department of • Reviews and comments on field requirements • Operating Standards Management. and provides support to substantive departments • Cost Monitoring It is also responsible for rapid deployment and field missions to ensure effective resource • Budget and performance capacities and follow-up of non-peacekeeping- management and control and provides day-to- • Transport Publications related requirements currently supported by day guidance on the application of Financial Regulations and Rules; • Training DPKO/DFS, including those for OCHA and DPA. It Portuguese soldiers from the Communications Unit stand develops and deploys security for voice, data and at attention at their camp in Matola. (UN Photo #184366 • Reviews and verifies claims from governments by P Sudhakaran, November 1994) Air Transport Section image in the global DPKO communications network and makes payment recommendations to the between UNHQ and all field missions, through Controller for supplies and services, death and Budget formulation This section’s responsibility is the provision of all forms of communication, including secure disability, as well as for the reimbursement for mission air support including fixed-wing and rotary communication, mission-internal communications use of contingent-owned equipment; wing aircraft, ranging from light utility aircraft to between field mission HQs and subordinate In coordination with the mission, FBFD issues heavy cargo aircraft. formations (usually Battalions), local point-to-point budget instructions, updates the standard cost • Administers financial arrangements in radio (VHF), Satellite Communications (SatCom), manual, formulates the budget proposal, and consultation with field missions and Movement Control Unit and a full range of IT systems and applications from introduces and defends the budget in both the Headquarters operational units, including word-processing to asset control and e-mail and ACABQ and the Fifth Committee. requests for payments of: This unit conducts movcon training; updates the internet access. a. Global vehicle insurance arrangements in Implementation of the Budget United Nations air operations manual; provides conjunction with the Insurance Unit procedures for control of out-of-mission-area Field Budget and Finance Division (FBFD) flights; reviews and assesses national aviation FBFD authorises expenditures and posts once the b. Commercial satellite communication This division reviews the budget, reviews regulations; establishes air transport controls budget is approved, obligates funds, and reviews delegation of authority to missions, and coordinates c. Freight forwarding charges for establishing new missions; conducts COE monthly expenditures. DPKO/DFS plans and reviews for identifying pre-deployment surveys; and conducts strategic d. Aircraft operations financial resources. FBFD is responsible for claims movement of contingents to/from missions tracking and for third-party claims. FBFD reviews e. Other commercial services; including their equipment (usually troops by air, and and approves the staffing tables as part of budget, heavy equipment by sea). and determines the costs for submission in budget proposals.

4 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 4 3 • Administers financial liquidation of existing Personnel Administration (entitlements and Travel and claims administration Specialist civilians are an integral part of a UN missions including aspects relating to the benefits) mission. Among other functions, they oversee disposal of assets and preparation of final FPD arranges for travel of civilian staff, electoral, referendum and legal processes. reports reflecting overall financial performance FPD is responsible for administration of military observers, police monitors and with respect to budgets for submission to the mission entitlements for all personnel serving governmentprovided personnel to the missions The following senior officials hold operational level Controller; acts as focal points for audit matters in peacekeeping operations for the duration of in liaison with the permanent missions to the authority, command and control responsibilities at relating to all missions and ensures corrective their assignments to a field mission. FPD reviews UN concerned, and handles all administrative the Mission Headquarters level: action is taken including modifications and/or requests for exceptions to Staff Regulations and issues related to their assignment: certification • Head of Mission (HOM) improvements to internal control procedures; Rules, administers leave entitlements and other of travel authorisation, establishment of ticket delegated authorities to the field, and promotes costs, establishment of ad hoc Daily Subsistence • Head of Military Component (HOMC) • Serves as focal point in DFS for information local staff in established missions. FPD is Allowance (DSA) and amount of personnel effects regarding the financial status of missions and • Head of Police Component (HOPC) responsible for reviewing compensation for death, shipment, issuing tickets, and monitoring of travel initiates revisions to financial policy instruments injury or illness. arrangements in missions also fall under FPD. • Deputy Special Representative(s) of the in light of experience gained in the field; Secretary-General (DSRSG) provides direct support to the field through the Post/people management and career support temporary assignment of Finance Officers who 3.2 Mission Structure • Director of Mission Support/Chief of Mission act as trouble shooters/advisers, undertaking Support (DMS/CMS) Creation of posts, performance management and operational reviews of financial areas as UN missions are often unique in nature. They may career development are parts of FPD. This Service: required. range from peacekeeping functions where UN The Civilian Component • Implements and follows up decisions made personnel act as observers, to monitoring functions Field Personnel Division (FPD) regarding assignments, separations, promotions, where UN personnel oversee election processes, HOM benefits and disciplinary measures of staff in the disaster relief, or war intervention situations. Thus FPD assists to develop policy, guidelines and field; they require enormous variations in logistics The Head of Mission (HOM) of a multidimensional support strategy; creates and updates start-up support arrangements. And because individual peacekeeping operation is generally a Special and stand-by teams; prepares teams including • Reviews the administrative aspects of the missions often change in nature as they evolve, Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG). updating lists and training; and manages the rapid Notes for Guidance of Military Observers, their organisational set-up needs to be continuously The HOM reports to the Secretary-General through deployment of civilians to missions. UN Police, Electoral Observers and other reviewed in terms of operational requirements. the USG DPKO. The HOM is the senior UN governmentprovided staff; Representative and has overall authority over the Staffing requirements • Maintains records of field staff and consultants, Basic Organisational Structure of a Mission activities of the UN in the mission area. The HOM controls staffing tables and prepares the represents the SG, leads UN political engagement, FPD determines the staffing requirements and analytical material necessary to manage staff and speaks on behalf of the UN within the mission proposes organisational structure for peacekeeping Initially a new mission relies heavily on military resources; formulates policies and procedures area. The HOM leads and directs the heads of all operations; proposes staffing tables for field support. Subject to cost effectiveness to do so, it for the provision of United Nations Volunteers; mission components and ensures unity of effort missions within the framework of established may gradually evolve into a mission of UN police, initiates revisions to personnel policy instruments and coherence among all UN entities in the mission operational plans; and develops generic and civilian staff and contracted support. The basic in light of their applications in field missions. area. The HOM provides political guidance for standard job descriptions for posts. organisational structure of a peacekeeping mission is as follows: mandate implementation and sets mission-wide Recruitment, appointment, assignment and Galaxy project operational direction including decisions on termination of personnel A senior official is responsible for the mission. This resources allocation in case of competing priorities. The DPKO/DFS and the Office of Human senior official can be a Special Representative The HOM delegates the operational and technical FPD is responsible for selection, recruitment, and Resources Management collaborated on the of the Secretary-General, or a Military Officer aspects of mandate implementation to the heads of release of staff from outer agencies, appointment establishment of a system called the “Galaxy designated as Chief Military Observer or Force all components of the mission. of personnel for mission assignment, extension of Project”. The Project is an automated UN staff Commander. appointments, and termination of appointment. recruitment and selection procedure applicable to DSRSG job profiles, vacancy announcements, applications, A Civil Affairs office handles interactions with the FPD identifies personnel resources through selection process, recruitment, placement, local community and the local authorities. Multidimensional peacekeeping operations contractual arrangements; makes arrangements promotion and mobility of staff within the UN generally have at least one Deputy SRSG to for their briefing, medical clearance and travel; Secretariat. There may also be a UN Police component. support the HOM in executing the substantive evaluates candidates for inclusion on the roster; Sometimes this component is the Mission itself. It civilian functions of the mission. In integrated reviews the staffing level in field missions; and performs local police duties, monitors, guides and missions, the Resident Coordinator (and proposes modifications in the categories and advises local police under UN control. Humanitarian Coordinator as appropriate) of the numbers of staff as required. UN Country Team may be appointed as Deputy

4 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 4 5 SRSG to co-ordinate the mission’s activities Support Services (ISS). The purpose of the ISS • Developing plans and procedures; The Finance Section maintains the mission’s with UN agencies, funds, programmes and other arrangement is to provide efficient administrative accounts and all financial settlements such as • Co-coordinating resources; development and humanitarian entities operating in support to the mission’s military, police, and travel expenses, per-diem payments, salaries and the mission area. civilian components through the optimisation of the • Prioritising/implementing/monitoring; benefits of locally hired personnel, and overhead mission’s combined resources. for materials and services. • Developing and communicating a horizontal DMS/CMS strategy; The ISS is a joint uniformed/civilian organisation The Transportation Section is responsible for coordinating, allocating distribution of, accounting Director of Mission Support (DMS) or Chief under the management supervision of a civilian • Facilitating constructive interaction with civilians; for, and maintenance of all UN-owned vehicles. As of Mission Support (CMS) is appointed by Chief of Integrated Support Services (CISS) ... • Facilitating constructive interaction with military; and when required, the Chief Transportation Officer UNHQ (USG Administration and Management The CISS is the Chief Executive of the ISS . In may also run a pool of UN-owned and rented and the Controller) and is responsible to DFS at some missions where there is no CISS, the Chief • Providing Joint Logistic Operations Centre vehicles. UN Headquarters and acts as its representative Technical Services assumes this role. He/she is support to the military contingents; and at mission headquarters. On behalf of the DFS responsible for ensuring that the ISS Mission is • Management of all military staff officers in the The Civilian Personnel Section is responsible and under the overall authority of the Head of achieved. He/she works under UN Policy guidelines ISS. for the administration of the civilian staff of the Mission (HOM), the DMS/CMS is responsible for all and within forecasted budget limits. Under the mission in accordance with the UN staff rules and administrative and logistical support to all mission direction of the DMS/CMS, the CISS is responsible A Joint Logistics Operations Centre (JLOC) is regulations and other administrative instructions. components . He/she acts as the principal advisor for: a joint uniformed/civilian organisation that provides It also provides advice on the interpretation of the to the HOM on all matters relating to civilian • The centralised control and coordination of all the functional interface for the ISS with the rest of staff rules and regulations. administration. He/she plans and forecasts the Mission resources; the mission. The JLOC oversees and manages the mission’s personnel and financial requirements, The Engineering Section is responsible for the routine receipt, analysis, and tasking of all requests provides overall management, exercises budgetary • The operational effectiveness and efficiency of building and facilities management. from within the mission for logistical support, on control, and administers international and local all ISS components; behalf of the CISS. The Security Section is responsible for security staff. The DMS/CMS is also responsible for the • Line management of all ISS civilian staff; and safety of all UN personnel and property. mission’s Comptroller’s tasks. These include A Communications and Information Technology preparation and submission of the budget • Forecasting the mission’s global budget The Military Component Section provides access to global communications estimates for the mission, as well as reconciliation requirement; between UN missions and UN Headquarters in of the financial and substantive requirements of the A Military Component is part and parcel of • Ensuring compliance with UN Financial Rules New York, as well as on-site communications mission. all peacekeeping missions. It comprises troops and guidelines; services between civilian units and military and technical specialists. The extent of the installations not covered by military signal units. Service Sections - Integrated Support Services • Inventory control of all UN-owned property military component depends on the mandate of It provides computer services to all components (ISS) Organisation through ISS Sections Chiefs; and a peacekeeping operation. The HOMC (Head of a mission and arranges for programming and of Military Component) reports to the HOM. The • Coordination and approval of all material hardware support. It also provides maintenance of The Office of the DMS/CMS liaises with HOMC exercises operational control over all resources. UN-owned communications equipment. appropriate administrative and military logistics military personnel, including Military Observers, in support staff to provide DMS/CMS with the the mission. Deputy Chief of Integrated Support Services A General Services Section provides: necessary management information, and it (DCISS) is normally a Military Post. The conducts management and procedural reviews as 1. Mail, courier and central registry operations; and DCISS reports to the CISS but remains under required. A number of services provide support to the operational control of the Head of Military 2. Travel and traffic services in coordination with the DMS/CMS via the Integrated Support Services Component (HOMC, see the next section). He/she the movement control staff of the mission. (ISS), as follows: is responsible for planning and provision of Mission Logistic support and will usually be seconded from A Supply Section provides office supplies and The UN is required to maintain a complex a national military and employed under contract in general stores in coordination with supply staff of mission support system that integrates military order to have the necessary financial delegation the military component. logistical support assets contributed by Member authority. DCISS is responsible for the following States to the UN as well as civilian assets and sectors and functions: A Procurement Section procures all material and resources that are generally contracted by the services required for all aspects of a mission. As a UN to provide logistical and other support to the • Coordinating with the Deputy Force civilian component, it interacts in multifaceted ways peacekeeping operations. The management of Commander’s Office through COS; with the military procurement component and, as both logistical support systems is integrated under • Coordinating with the DMS/CMS Office through such, is the most demanding section to coordinate. a single administrative entity called the Integrated A GhanaBat UNMIL member rides on the back of a truck during patrol. the CISS; Particularly in its initial stages, a mission may rely heavily on military support. (UN Photo # 389578 by Christopher Herwig, April 2009)

4 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 4 7 Logistic functions are assigned to units specialising Signal Units Each Member State providing air assets and b. Control of materials including physical control, in a required activity. Some of these are described personnel to a mission will include sufficient receipt, and issue operations, as well as below according to the tasks they are assigned Operating from a central unit headquarters, elements to form the mission’s air operations packaging; to fulfil. The composition of logistic units depends normally co-located with Mission and/or control centre and air staff, air maintenance c. Inventory – stock and replenishment; on many factors. These include the level of Force Headquarters, the Force Signals Unit, capabilities, and air-to-ground and air-to-air self-sufficiency of each unit, the extent of local and in consultation and coordination with the UN communications. One of the air units might be d. Disposal of UN-owned material. international contracting for materials and services, Communications element, provides: expected to deploy with a meteorological element. and the overall infrastructure at the mission site, Traffic control, flight safety, airfield management Transport Units a. Global UN communications in early stages of such as its geography, industrial base, economic as well as mobile air movement’s sub-units and mission deployment; situation, etc. elements may be called in. Unit organisation will As in the case of supply units, transport units may b. Communications between Units to Mission/Force depend upon the aviation role assigned. be part of a larger national or multinational logistic Military components generally found on UN headquarters where there is insufficient integral organisation. Transport units involve personnel missions are: civilian resources in the early stages of mission Field and Multi-Role Engineer Units to manage both nationally-owned as well as deployment; UN-owned vehicles. Although types and quantities a. Signal units; The tasks of the Field Engineer Unit include of vehicles deployed depend on what is available c. Communications from Mission HQ to regional b. Aircraft and helicopter services; explosive ordinance reconnaissance and mine from local commercial sources, transport units are and district headquarters; awareness/sweeping/removal tasks. If construction expected to deploy mostly general-purpose (cargo c. Military field engineer and multi-role engineer d. Repair of military pattern communications engineering expertise is required, this unit and bus) vehicles. units; equipment. covers both horizontal and vertical construction Maintenance and Repair Units d. Supply units performing materiel and inventory engineering. Multi-role Engineer Units must also be capable of providing portable water production and control functions; Air Units The extent of maintenance support and resources treatment. Plant equipment may only be deployed e. Ground transport units; required for a particular mission depends largely when it has been confirmed that the mission site These units can comprise any of the following: upon the local economy and self-sufficiency is unable to provide such equipment. Technical f. Vehicle/equipment repair and maintenance units; Liaison Transport; Heavy Tactical Transport; Utility of mission sites. In the case of supply and Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) Transport; engineering expertise such as engineer tradesmen, g. Movement control units; transport units, maintenance personnel may draftsmen, structural designers, electrical Medium Tactical Transport Helicopter; Utility form part of a larger logistic group. The major designers, specifications writers and inspectors h. Postal and courier units; Tactical Transport Helicopter; and MEDEVAC/Air task of maintenance units is vehicle repair and Rescue fixed-wing planes and helicopters. also form part of the Engineering Unit where local i. Health services units; the associated vehicle-recovery requirement, hiring is limited. For operational reasons, Engineer including electro-mechanical and electronic Units may be grouped, and should this occur, the j. Military police services; The following aviation missions may need to be repairs. Maintenance units, therefore, deploy with conducted: Chief Engineer would assume command of the k. Maritime Units. sufficient vehicle-recovery trucks to cater to the grouping. a. Routine and Emergency Intra-theatre Aero- worst possible cases, such assets generally being medical Evacuation; in short supply at mission sites. Supply Units b. Liaison Transport; Movement Control Unit Two types of supply units may be required for a c. Intra-theatre passenger flights; particular mission: The headquarters of the Movement Control Unit is d. Aerial deployments of quick reaction forces; normally co-located with the mission site’s traffic a. Mission-wide supply depots – when the size section where effective coordination of movement e. Intra-theatre logistics airlift; of a mission exceeds 4,000 personnel and the can be exercised. The unit is expected to cater territory is very large; f. Theatre support to troop rotations; to detached operations, so that it is composed of b. Conventional (composite) supply units. a number of detachments operating at airports, g. Intra-theatre vertical replenishment (air drop); seaports, and railheads. h. Support to battalions, other UNMOs and all other The supply units may operate as part of a components; multi-role logistics unit and are responsible for Postal Unit Supply, Transport and Maintenance. Supply Units i. Command and liaison; responsibilities can include: The Postal Unit provides mail service for deployed j. Aerial reconnaissance; personnel and interfaces with local and national A Norwegian cargo plane brings in supplies for the Norwegian Battalion. a. Ordering, receiving, warehousing, and issuing services. It may have units in major UN locations Air units may be used for transport of personnel and equipment as well k. Helicopter slinging and hoisting. materiel and stores destined for all components and can be responsible for movement of classified as reconnaissance. (UN Photo #122927 by John Issac, April 1978) of a mission; and unclassified official mail at the mission site.

4 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 4 9 Medical Units f. Dental services; 1 ...Chief Logistics Officer Nations. He/she is responsible for its organisation g. Medical Logistic Support (provision of medical and operation and for the standard operating The size, composition, and mission of the medical stores; equipment repair); As a military staff member of the Force procedures which govern the logistics base. units depend on the size of the mission/force, Headquarters, the Chief Logistics Officer (CLO) is h. Blood banking; the threat against these forces, the medical chosen from among the armed forces personnel Responsibilities of Staff at a Logistics Base infrastructure of the country or territory, the quality i. Other special services if not available in the of countries contributing contingents to the Force. Staff at a logistics base coordinate: of available civilian medical services, distances country. As with civilian appointments, other senior posts between levels of care, time constraints in are divided proportionally between the major • Supply support and services including re-supply, evacuation, the contingent providing the support, Military Police Unit contributors, while subordinate posts are allocated replenishment, warehousing, and material and the level of self-sufficiency in each of the units. among all the contributors. services; The structure of the units and their configuration Normally a contributing nation is requested to • Maintenance, including military vehicle and follow international definitions of levels of care, provide the nucleus of a military police unit so that In operations where logistics support is provided equipment repair beyond basic/unit capability; as well as capacities at each of these levels. The it may participate in its headquarters. Detachments by a single contributing nation, the Chief Logistics • Transport services, including forward re-supply, structure of the unit depends on the ability to of up to ten Military Police are formed using the Officer normally comes from that country. troop and personnel movement via road, air, sea provide proper medical care to a casualty. Lines MPs of the different contributing nations (normally Where more than one country is involved in the and rail, as well as vehicle safety; of communication, transport resource availability/ up to six MPs per contributing nation). Operating management of logistics, the selection of the response, including air, and the distances involved under the command of a designated Provost Chief Logistics Officer is made from one among • Food services, including dietary services, between levels of care determine the medical Marshall, the Military Police unit is responsible for them, probably from the one making the larger catering standards, and hygiene standards in capability requirements, as follows: physical security of personnel and the security of contribution. Or, the appointment may rotate. consultation with the medical staff; and materials. On a secondary level, the unit oversees a. Field surgical units; • Postal and courier services in consultation with traffic control, internal crime investigation and b. Field ambulances and a hospital to hold patients The Chief Logistics Officer is responsible to the national contingents and the mail operations cooperation with local police authorities. requiring temporary or extended keeping; Force Commander for planning, execution, and section within the General Services Branch. supervision of the military component of any c. Medical clinics for minor ailments/injuries not Maritime Units UN mission. He advises the Force Commander 2 ...Chief Military Personnel Officer requiring long-term rehabilitation; and Deputy Force Commander on all logistics d. Psychiatric services; In some missions there are maritime units who matters and establishes a team to assist him in the The Chief Military Personnel Services Officer looks e. Preventive medicine services (hygiene/sanitation conduct patrols and reconnaissance. Some planning, control, and coordination of support to the after military personnel administration, recreation and disease surveillance); missions also have maritime logistic support units, mission. His supply staff consists of a Senior Staff and welfare needs, maintains the central registry either contracted or military. Supply Officer, a number of supply coordination and records section, coordinates the production and operations officers and, if required, technical and issue of publications pertinent to personnel, Administrative Staff Positions supply officers and Liaison Officers. He is also and does preparation of military strength returns. assisted by a number of Section Chiefs and their Personnel administration concerns include Military headquarters normally has seven major staffs. personnel identification, maintaining the status staff appointments related to UN mission logistic of unit personnel, determining leave policies, requirements (in addition to the DCISS): The Chief Logistics Officer reviews and approves and initiating administrative investigations and a board of inquiry when required. He also 1. Chief Logistics Officer the recommendations of subordinate staff officers, unit commanders, and national support in terms determines whether recreation, sports and welfare 2. Chief Military Personnel Officer of initial provisioning, re-provisioning, and scaling. requirements meet prescribed objectives to maintain personnel morale and motivation. 3. Chief Medical Officer He submits recommendations to the DMS/ CMS for funding approval. The Chief Logistics 3 ...Chief Medical Officer 4. Chief Air Operations Officer ensures that all support requirements are 5. Force Provost Marshall pre-approved for funding by the DMS/CMS prior The Chief Medical Officer is responsible for policies to supply requisitioning or procurement. Working and directives regarding the handling and treatment 6. Chief Signals Officer together, the DMS/CMS, the Chief Logistics Officer, of civilian and military personnel, whether they are A vehicle being unloaded from the Canadian aircraft carrier HMCS 7. Chief Engineer and branch Section Chiefs are responsible for the administrative or technical personnel. In accordance Bonaventure, shortly after its arrival at the port of Famagusta on the supply functions of a UN mission. with personnel directives on Medical Evacuations south coast of Cyprus. The carrier, which brought 95 officers and men to for UN staff, he also oversees preventive medicine join the Canadian contingent of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, also The duties of each administrative position are The Chief Logistics Officer sets up the logistics transported 16 Ferret armoured cars, 36 trucks and trailers and 160 tons of described as follows: (hygiene), and aero-medical evacuation including stores for the Canadian troops. (UN Photo #181026 by BZ, March 1964) base in a location provided by the host government medical repatriation in consultation with the DMS/ under a formal agreement with the United CMS and Civilian Chief Medical Officer.

5 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 5 1 4 ...Chief Air Operations equivalent, the supervision of truces or cease-fire peacekeeping forces and individual military agreement, the prevention of armed conflict observers for observer missions as part of the UN The Chief Air Operations coordinates all air between nations or within a nation, and the Standby Arrangements System (UNSAS), which is resources in support of operations and issues air contribution to the maintenance of law and order discussed further in Lesson 5. taskings in coordination with the Civilian Chief and a return to normal conditions. Aviation Officer where present. He controls all Under these arrangements, Member States internal flights of aircraft assigned to the mission The Office of Military Affairs consists of the Office have agreed to make available certain units or and obtains all necessary flight clearances. of the Military Adviser and three separate Services capabilities within agreed readiness periods. See for Current Military Operations; Force Generation the UNSAS Handbook for more details (found at 5 ...Force Provost Marshall Service; Military Planning Services. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/milad/fgs2/unsas_ files/sba.htm). In consultation with UN security staff, the Force The Office of the Military Adviser conducts Provost Marshall coordinates physical security strategic liaison with regional and sub-regional United Nations practice is to canvas Member needs of UN personnel, property and materials. In organisations and arrangements in the States for contingents of military personnel as consultation with the military operations staff and development of their peacekeeping capacities, and when requirements exist for a peacekeeping local authorities, he conducts police investigations, and means of cooperation with the United Nations. operation. Once such an operation is approved, The Ethiopian battalion of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) as required. He/she writes and publishes planning directives every effort is made by the Secretariat to recruit the joins the military observers in a parade after receiving medals in and standard operating procedures (SOPs). In numbers required, by raising contingents and/or recognition of their contribution to the mission. (Source: UN Photo #200148 by Christopher Herwig, August 2008) 6 ...Chief Signals Officer addition, this office provides adequate information detachments, and/or individual military observers to Member States to assist them in gaining as required, from Member States on the basis of The work of civil affairs usually comprises three In consultation with the Communications Officer, national-level support from troop contributors. The the broadest possible geographical representation. main function areas: the Chief Signals Officer coordinates the Office of the Military Adviser is also involved in 1. Work with the local population in providing civil Military Observers provision of on-site mission communication for the training and evaluation conducted by the Integrated service liaison with the parties to a conflict, military component and the management of the Training Service (ITS), which includes: other components of the mission, international Communications Centre. In addition, he sees that United Nations Military Observers are auxiliary • Conducting roaming training requested by partners, and local NGOs; computer services are provided for training and personnel placed at the disposal of the United contributing nations; 2. Provide policy and operational advice and maintenance requirements. Nations on a loan basis by a government of any assistance to local authorities, including • Conducting a pre-deployment assessment of Member State at the express request of the United mediation and negotiation; and 7 ...Chief Engineer contingent capabilities; Nations. Such personnel are not paid salaries directly by the United Nations but do receive 3. Ensure accurate and timely reporting. • Supporting and coordinating with Member States The Chief Engineer coordinates with the Civilian allowances like other mission personnel. and regional peacekeeping training centres and Chief Engineer on all field engineer support. In The mission’s mandate defines Civil Affairs other peacekeeping institutions; consultation with the Civilian Chief Engineer officer, Civilian Government activities at the mission level. Civil Affairs officers he also oversees accommodation and construction • Providing inputs for the establishment of mission are expected to be involved in strategic mission Selecting the assets needed to fulfil the mandate services. training budgets and assisting in-mission planning, political analysis, reporting, providing completes the tailoring of the organisation of sustainment training; and advice to Military/UNPOL, undertaking negotiations the UN Operation. It may involve considerations at the field level and in HQ, coordinating with 3.3 “Customers” – Interaction with • Developing policies and guidelines for concerning the Diplomatic and political officers international actors (NATO, OSCE, the EU) and, in Internal Counterparts standardised peacekeeping training and and staff members, with tasks that may range from some areas, being programme managers or senior assessment criteria. political negotiations to supervising, monitoring advisers to the Military/UNPOL while working within In multi-role missions, the HOM exercises overall and direct control of all administrative bodies and Military/UNPOL structures (under supervision of command of all components of a UN operation: Military Personnel offices. the Force Commander). These functions and duties electoral, civil affairs, military, UN police and involve multiple tasks and multiple skills. Civil administration, etc. Interaction with all internal Article 43 of the Charter of the United Nations Civil Affairs Main Functions Affairs Officers, in the field and at mission HQ, are counterparts is of utmost importance. lays down the commitment expected of Member required to continuously assess the progress and States in respect of contributions from their The role of Civil Affairs is to engage and assist challenges of mandate implementation. They play a Military Component armed forces and police for the maintenance local civilian authorities and communities in efforts major role in preparing comprehensive regional or of international peace and security. Although to consolidate peace by restoring the political, mission-wide mandate implementation reports. The tasks of the Military Component can generally the formal agreements foreseen in that article legal, economic and social infrastructures that be summarised as the separation of opposing were never concluded, a number of states have support democratic governance and economic sides, the establishment of a buffer zone or earmarked and made available contingents for development.

5 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 5 3 Particularly in the field, Civil Affairs officers have role was to provide political guidance to OROLSI’s key task is to provide strategic advice Security Sector Reform a broad representational role to promote and International Police Task Force (IPTF) and and guidance to missions and to headquarters in advocate the objectives of the mission. They other components to implement the mission’s the area of rule of law and security institutions. Security Sector Reform focuses on building are the primary mission interlocutors with other mandate. Civil Affairs was the custodians of In close collaboration with other members of effective, accountable and sustainable security international agencies, local political authorities and the mandate (with constant rotation of IPTF). the Department of Peacekeeping Operations institutions that operate under a framework of the the public. At mission HQ, the Civil Affairs Policy Political reporting is a regular part of the duties and the Department of Field Support, OROLSI’s rule of law and respect for human rights. OROLSI and Plans Unit is the focal point for mission-wide of this section. In addition, Civil Affairs drafted units also concentrate on the planning of field is setting up an SSR support capacity to provide strategic planning, as well as undertaking the full contributions to the Secretary-General’s activities, doctrine development, screening, and a headquarters-based technical resource for field range of mission reporting requirements. Officers reports. Contacts with the local officials were deployment of personnel, as well as identifying and activities; at least 10 peace operations are already may be also out-posted to specific Military/UNPOL kept to ensure smooth implementation of the disseminating lessons learned. involved in SSR activities, which require specialized programmes, such as Minority Recruitment, the mandate, to overcome resistance at the local advice and support. Reforming the security sector State Border Service, Regional Police Cooperation level, and to seek political intervention in crisis All relevant DPKO entities have been brought is often central to the consolidation of peace initiatives, and mission-wide training programmes. situations. together into OROLSI: the Disarmament, and stability, rule of law, good governance, and Demobilization, and Reintegration Section; the development. In a transitional administration (TA) the UN has A good example of an inter-department Criminal Law and Judicial Advisory Section; certain final decision making and executive authority. cooperation at Mission level could be found in Security Sector Reform functions; the Police Police Division This often requires precisely the same skills of UNMIBH, where all departments were involved Division; and the United Nations Mine Action negotiation, political analysis and assessment, in the implementation of MIP-MAP (Mission Service. Headquarters mandate implementation planning and reporting, Implementation Plan – Mission Action Plan). This engagements in reconciliation and confidence was done through regular meetings of the Mandate Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration (DDR) The Police Division consists of the Office of the building, as in a traditional mission. Moreover, there Implementation team, consisting of representatives Police Adviser, the Mission Management Unit, and are times in the life of a traditional mission when a of various components of the mission (IPTF, Civil The United Nations has been engaged in the the Policy and Planning Unit. mix of skills and competencies is required. In some Affairs, Administration, etc.). disarmament, demobilization and reintegration missions, the UN may even assume the role of the of former combatants in post-conflict situations The Police Division assists in the preparation of Civilian Government, e.g., more recently in Kosovo Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions for over 15 years. Together with bilateral and comprehensive plans to implement mandates and East Timor. non-governmental partners, United Nations involving the restructuring/establishment of The Office of the Rule of Law and Security departments, programmes, funds, and agencies police services, supervises and coordinates Following are a couple of examples of different Institutions (OROLSI) was created within the are operational in dozens of countries across the the development of the curricula for local police mandates: Department of Peacekeeping Operations in 2007 globe. These activities are crucial components services, academies, and in-service training. It to provide an integrated and forward-looking of the initial stabilization of warn-torn societies, also provides advice on the development of local a. Wide mandate, for example in the United approach to United Nations assistance in rule of as well as their long-term development. Further police career development systems and assists in Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern law and security entities. OROLSI unifies police, information on DDR is available on their website at the establishment of policing systems, as well as Slavonia (UNTAES) covered all aspects judicial, legal, correctional units, mine action, and http://www.unddr.org/index.php. develops the guidelines and parameters by which of reintegration process of the region into disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, Member States could maintain their own roster Constitutional structure of Republic of Croatia. as well as new security sector reform functions. Criminal Law and Judicial Advisory Section systems for rapid deployment of police officers, The reintegration process included formation of OROLSI primarily works to support United Nations through the United Nations Standby Arrangement In the field, criminal law and judicial advisory tasks Joint Implementation Commission (JIC) on Civil peacekeeping operations, as well as the police System (UNSAS)3. range from assistance in correctional reform and Administration, Public Utilities, roads, railways, and corrections in countries with no peacekeeping constitutional processes to monitoring and helping education, health, etc. Also, Civil Affairs in missions. OROLSI is led by an Assistant Secretary- Furthermore, this Division is responsible for: to reconstruct the legal system. The number this mission made recommendations to the General, who reports to the Under-Secretary- standardising United Nations police induction of officers devoted to these tasks in the field is Transitional Administration to take executive General for Peacekeeping Operations. programmes in the mission areas; developing growing, with around 250 authorized justice posts decisions to expedite the process. Civil Affairs assessment and evaluation policies, in consultation and over 100 corrections officers. Priorities for other role included liaison with the Government Rule of law and public safety and security with Member States, for senior United Nations 2008 include working with the Police Division on a and local officials. are central to sustainable peace in countries police officers; developing systems and procedures rapidly deployable capacity for rule of law and on emerging from conflict. Member States have to facilitate the law enforcement-judicial nexus providing more guidance and operational support, b. A narrower mandate, for example in the United increasingly recognized that reinforcing rule of law in peacekeeping operations; and developing Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and establishing viable security institutions are including training materials, to field components. systems and procedures for the deployment and (UNMIBH): fundamental to crisis management, peacekeeping More information on the Criminal Law and Judicial assessment of Formed Police Units. and peacebuilding. Advisory Section is available through DPKO’s Best Practices website at http://www.peacekeepingbest- In this specific mission, the Civil Affairs practices.unlb.org/. 3 See Lesson 5.

5 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 5 5 Mission level Depending on the mandate, the tasks may be: UNPOL may also be involved in Police reform. If Voluntary Trust Fund. It conducts lessons learnt, a mission has a strong mandate, UNPOL may be evaluation and review missions, develops and • To observe the conduct and performance of the The Head of Police Component (HOPC) reports involved in de-authorisation and de-certification of oversees UNMAS role as central repository for local police and judicial investigative authorities to the HOM, exercises operational control, and Police Officers. mine action information management tools, web in the arrest, detention and interrogation of provides direction to all members of the police sites and databases. In addition, it develops and persons charged with a crime, the general component of the mission. UNPOL’s overall aim is United Nations Mine Action implements a public relations strategy, oversees handling of prisoners and the searching of to establish properly functioning law enforcement the ongoing development of international mine residences; agencies in the Mission area. UNPOL uses its United Nations Mine Action is the response of action standards, oversees the development of the authority to carry out independent investigative • To accompany local police on patrols; the United Nations system to the global landmine mine action emergency response and contingency work to better monitor and pressure the local and unexploded ordnance (UXO) problem. The planning capacity. It also develops new systems • To attend the scenes of crime; police, the judiciary and other authorities to fulfil United Nations has been involved in humanitarian for reporting more effectively to donors on financial their obligations and respond adequately to • To conduct investigations as required, where the mine action activities since 1989, when a mine and substantive issues. reported violations. inquiry by the local police investigative body is action programme was initiated in Afghanistan. In recognition of the scope of the landmine problem Demining The Police Division undertakes the supervision seen to be inadequate, due to bias, indifference and of the range of expertise required to address it, or control of local civil police in order to ensure or deliberate intent to mislead the course of eleven United Nations Departments and Agencies Whenever peacekeeping operations have to that law and order are maintained effectively justice; are now involved in humanitarian mine action. be conducted in areas strewn with land mines, and impartially, and that the human rights and • To conduct independent patrols and observe the They work under the overall coordination of the demining aspects assume great importance. fundamental freedoms are fully protected. Border presence or absence of local police; United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and Planning for demining should commence at the Monitors monitor any embargo imposed by the share the common vision of a world safe from the outset and the demining plan should be woven into United Nations along parts of an internationally • To observe and monitor the movement of threat of landmines, where economic and social the operational plan for the mission. In operations recognised border. refugees and displaced persons; development can occur free from the constraints where demining is envisaged, a representative • To observe gatherings, rallies and imposed by landmine contamination, and where the from the Demining Unit should be included in demonstrations; needs of mine victims are addressed. the reconnaissance/survey missions and in • To visit prisons and observe treatment of the planning team constituted to develop the prisoners; United Nations mine action includes five core operational plan. components: • To follow investigations against minorities, Demining has two aspects: the immediate through the judicial system and monitor the final • Mine clearance operational demining necessary for the conduct result; • Mine awareness and risk reduction education of the peacekeeping operation and the long-term • To perform tasks related to an election and humanitarian demining to rid the country of • Victim assistance assist the Electoral Component in missions land-mines laid over a period of time. The DPKO where an election is scheduled during the • Advocacy in support of a total ban on is responsible for the former, while the OCHA for mandate period; antipersonnel landmines the latter; however, close cooperation between the demining units of both Departments is necessary to • To assist humanitarian aid agencies and the Civil • Stockpile reduction ensure that plans for operational and humanitarian Affairs component; demining complement each other. A United Nations Police (UNPOL) officer of the United Nations Mission In the immediate aftermath of a conflict, emphasis in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) engages villagers while on patrol. (UN Photo # • To help defuse inter-communal tensions; is given to mine action in support of both 186421 by Martine Perret, September 2007) Adequate funds for operational demining should • To record and report all incidents as directed; peacekeeping tasks and humanitarian activities. be included in the budget of the peacekeeping Mine Action Centres sponsored by the United From the operational standpoint, the UN Police is a • To monitor the tranquillity and the maintenance operation so that it is not dependent on voluntary Nations are established to conduct a broad range separate component of the Peacekeeping Mission of law and order in the vicinity of voter contributions. In order to build indigenous capacity of activities, including marking of hazardous areas, under the command of a Police Commissioner, registration offices and polling stations; for long-term demining, it may be necessary to clearance activities and technical surveys, and who reports directly to the Special Representative. conduct demining and mine-awareness training. • To monitor that no person is denied entry into mine awareness targeted to high-risk communities. At the same time, the UNPOL Component In such cases, adequate budgetary, staffing and the aforementioned centres for the purpose of complements and works closely with other administrative provisions must be planned well in registration or voting; Mine Action Service, DPKO components, e.g. military, humanitarian, electoral advance. Mine-awareness briefings for mission and administrative components in the mission. • To assist in the reorganisation and training of the personnel should be conducted regularly. MAS develops guidelines and tools for UNMAS A strong interrelationship with other components local police; and must be assured to guarantee the success of the headquarters management, management UNPOL mandate. • To conduct on-the-job training of the local police. of field programs, and management for the

5 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 5 7 While civilian contractors to conduct demining and methodology team. This includes assistance Human rights undertakes activities such as with government policy makers and with people and are preferred by national military contingents, in the screening of candidates for human rights monitoring the observance of human rights their organisations; focuses on poverty eradication these contractors should be on the ground and posts in peacekeeping operations, contributions to and fundamental freedoms, the prevention and livelihoods for the poor, gender equity, operational before troops arrive in-theatre and are reports of the Secretary-General to the Security of human rights abuse, and the development environmental regeneration and good governance; ready for deployment. If this is not possible, then Council, as well as to briefings to the Security and implementation of human rights education coordinates the country-level development activities demining should be conducted by military units for Council, support to technical cooperation activities, programmes. of all UN organisations. the initial months of deployment. coordination with Commission on Human Rights mechanisms, ensuring information flow between A political initiative to ensure that new mines 3.4 “Environs” – Interaction with United Nations human rights mechanisms and External Counterparts are not laid must be conducted in tandem with human rights components of peacekeeping demining, otherwise the effort would be in vain and operations. Activities as training of UN police UN specialist agencies/offices may also interact these costs of demining, in financial terms and lives and human rights personnel of peacekeeping or be accountable to the SRSG (or HOM) for lost will continue to rise. operations is conducted at missions, as well as particular aspects of multi-role missions. Many the development and implementation of technical UN agencies are represented in the field. Where Human Rights cooperation projects in missions. an SRSG is appointed for a Mission, he/she is Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for responsible for coordination of all the UN agencies As the department tasked with implementing the Human Rights (OHCHR) in the Mission. Regular Inter Agency meetings mission’s human rights mandate, the Human Rights take place to discuss issues of mutual concern. Office’s primary objectives are to: While the OHCHR is an external customer, the The SRSG’s reports to New York include a special Department of Peacekeeping Operations depends • Investigate human rights violations by law section on the Coordination of UN entities in the upon the Office of the United Nations High enforcement agents; Mission. The following is a description of some of Commissioner for Human Rights for support for the UN entities that may play an important role in a • Design remedial measures to correct such human rights issues. For the execution of human mission. A local farmer harvests sorghum produced from seeds donated by the violations; Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) through the “Improving Seeds” rights activities of peacekeeping operations, project. (UN Photo #134570 by Fred Noy, December 2006) cooperative arrangements have been established • Monitor and ensure the implementation of the UN Programmes and Funds and Specialized between DPKO and OHCHR to strengthen the corrective measures; Agencies UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) helps substantive guidance provided to peacekeeping • Ensure that only those local police who meet establish reproductive health, including family operations on human rights and rule of law issues. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the minimum eligibility requirements exercise police planning and sexual health programmes; draw OHCHR provides substantive backstopping to United Nations) works to eradicate hunger and powers; and attention to the problems associated with rapid human rights components of United Nations malnutrition and to raise the levels of nutrition • Ensure the enforcement of the property population growth; help developing countries, at peacekeeping operations, as well as training, in assists its member States in the sustainable legislation, in particular the enforcement of their request, to solve their population problems; order to ensure a coherent and effective approach development of their agricultural sector, including forcible evictions and the stopping of property work to improve reproductive health; advocate to United Nations human rights work in the field. fisheries and forests, and in improving the misuse by police officers. preservation and distribution of agricultural for gender equality, women’s empowerment and stabilisation of world population. OHCHR, in cooperation with DPKO, carries out products, and to better the living standards of rural training programmes for national trainers of military While UNPOL always carries out independent populations. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and police staff to be deployed to peacekeeping work (starting with the interview of a complainant), and Cultural Organisation) promotes education operations. OHCHR is responsible for designing whenever necessary UNPOL conducts ILO (International Labour Organisation) formulates for all, cultural development, protection of the and conducting the human rights section of the independent major investigations into alleged policies and programmes to promote basic human world’s natural and cultural heritage, international programme. In addition, staff participate in training human rights violations. The information gathered rights, improve working and living conditions cooperation in science, press freedom and programmes for potential peacekeeping operation by these investigations would then need to be and enhance employment opportunities, and communication. Its main functions are to: serve personnel organised by national institutes, by made available to the local authorities if disciplinary establishes international labour standards and as a think tank to facilitate understanding of major delivering human rights sessions. The OHCHR or criminal measures are to be taken. It is therefore monitors their domestic implementation. It conducts developments in today’s world and draw intellectual also works with DPKO on the pre-deployment of in the interest of justice as well as of developing an extensive programme of technical cooperation and ethical guidelines; prod authorities to set training of trainers of military and police staff of law enforcement institutions that the burden to help countries in making its policies effective. objectives, and adopt the corresponding policies, peacekeeping operations. of responsibility for carrying out human rights investigation is placed as soon as possible on the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) is in the fields of education, science, culture and communications, and advance international law by Substantive backstopping to the human rights local law enforcement authorities. UNPOL should the world’s largest channel for multilateral technical developing normative instruments in these fields; components of peacekeeping operations is then continue to monitor and advise them closely and pre-investment assistance to developing serve as an international centre for the exchange provided by OHCHR through its geographic desks until a satisfactory solution is reached. countries: helps countries build capacities for people-centred, sustainable development, working of information on trends in the areas of education,

5 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 5 9 sciences, culture and communications; facilitate WFP (World Food Programme): uses food aid clinics and irrigation networks; and activities such Government (Local and Regional Support) the progress, transfer and sharing of knowledge to save lives in humanitarian crises; helps build as training for teachers and nutrition improvement by encouraging research, training and education; self-reliance of individuals and communities programmes for children and pregnant women. Its A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is provide technical expertise to assist countries in through food-for-work projects; helps feed children loans can also finance changes in the structure of negotiated with the host nation and/or neighbouring formulating their policies and development projects. to encourage school attendance – particularly of countries’ economies to make them more stable, government to contribute support towards health girls. efficient and market-oriented. Working with all services, labour, public facilities and installations, UNHCR (Office of the United Nations High partners, the Bank is supporting its client countries search and rescue, telephone services, office Commissioner for Refugees) extends international WHO (World Health Organisation) coordinates to invest in their people, protect their environments, space and ground, and interpreters. protection to refugees, seeking to ensure that they programmes aimed at solving health problems stimulate private business, reorient government, receive asylum and favourable legal status in their and the attainment by all people of the highest and undertake economic reform programmes. Commercial (Private Sector) asylum country. UNHCR’s mandate is to: provide possible level of health. It works in areas such as The World Bank is a development institution legal protection for refugees and to seek durable immunisation, health education, and the provision made up of five closely associated institutions: Private sector support may be contracted for: solutions to their problems, either by helping them of essential drugs. WHO was established to: direct The International Bank for Reconstruction on-site needs for public utilities services and to return voluntarily to their homes or by settlement and coordinate international health work and and Development (IBRD), The International other infrastructure support; assistance to procure in other countries; assist other groups of people, promote technical cooperation in this field; assist Development Association (IDA), The International supplies and petroleum products, and storage such as those displaced in their own countries, and governments, upon request, in strengthening health Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral facilities for these; laundry and dry cleaning offer specialised services such as emergency food services; provide appropriate technical assistance Investment Centre for the Settlement of Investment requirements; air transport services; and repair and aid, medical assistance, community services and and, in emergencies, necessary aid at the Disputes (ICSID). maintenance contracts. educational facilities. governments’ request; stimulate and advance work on the prevention and control of epidemic, endemic Local Population and other diseases; promote and coordinate biomedical and health services research. The support of the local population is essential to the success of a peacekeeping operation. Lack of Bretton Woods Institutes local support not only hinders the operation in the implementation of its mandate and the conduct of IMF (International Monetary Fund) facilitates daily activities, but can also pose a physical danger international monetary cooperation and financial to the mission’s personnel. stability and provides a permanent forum for consultation, advice, and assistance on financial The local population should perceive the mission issues. The IMF’s mandate is to: promote and its staff as being impartial. When the parties international cooperation on monetary issues; to a conflict attempt to use the mission or some of facilitate the balanced growth of international trade; its staff to their own advantage, as they often do, provide governments with financial resources to the mission and its information component have to Primary school students attend classes in one of the 300 schools built by correct payments’ imbalances; ensure that the maintain and project its image of impartiality and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in 2008. (UN Photo #190219 programmes adopted do not adversely affect the neutrality. by Payman) poorest sectors of society. The United Nations must also demonstrate a UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) helps World Bank is a partner in opening markets commitment to the principles of transparency developing countries, at their request, to improve and strengthening economies. Its mission is to and accountability in its activities. It must not be the quality of life of their children, through low-cost improve the quality of life and increase prosperity perceived as being “above the law”. Designating community-based services in maternal and child for people everywhere, especially the world’s an ombudsman, or a focal point, to consider the health, nutrition, sanitation and education, as poorest. Believing that social objectives must be grievances of the local population against the well as emergency relief. UNICEF’s mission is supported by economic stability, it brings to the mission or its staff could be considered. to: defend, promote and protect children’s rights; development table the ability to raise money for mobilise political will and material resources to development projects at the lowest market rates Members of the Nepalese contingent of the United UN Public Affairs Section in a mission usually help countries form appropriate policies and deliver and to lend that money to its clients for productive Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) has a UN Radio Unit. UN Radio has regular services for children and families; ensure special purposes. The World Bank provides loans to the participate in Civil-Military Cooperation activities in programmes of interest for the local population, protection for the world’s most disadvantaged an orphanage located in Kenscoff. A peacekeeper gives governments of developing countries to finance which are usually well received and may be the children; promote the equal rights of girls and children candies. (UN Photo #407777 by Logan Abassi, investments and promote economic growth in September 2009) only source of outside information. In addition, the women and support their full participation in the infrastructure projects such as roads, schools, UN also disseminates regular news and bulletins. development of their communities.

6 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 6 1 In some missions, the UN organises Town Hall Discretionary funds for peace building are meetings. This is another opportunity for the UN sometimes made available to the SRSG to and the local population to share information and enhance the SRSG’s leverage with the local End-of-Lesson Quiz receive feedback from the community. authorities and the humanitarian community. The mission can use these funds for quick-impact Respect for the cultural traditions and social projects and infrastructure repairs. mores of the local population is an important part of maintaining good relations with the local An integral part of United Nations peacekeeping 1. United Nations field mission are carried out 4. Medical services which may be deployed on a population. Briefings on history, culture, and other can be the promotion of “indirect peace-building”, by: UN mission include: aspects of life of the host country are conducted for i.e., the resurrection of a web of non-governmental A. Infantry Units, military and civilian observes, A. Preventive medicine, surgical units, field staff. civic, professional, business and other military and civilian monitoring forces, electoral ambulances and a hospital to hold patients associations. and referendum officials; requiring more that 48 hours observation and In its peacekeeping and peace-building efforts, B. UN police and military and non-military to serve units that are not self-sufficient; the operation is best advised to work through During the liquidation of an operation, consideration personnel involved with refugee needs and B. All medical and preventive services not existing local authorities and community elders can be given to what resources could be left behind repatriation, and assisting disaster victims; available in the host country; and its peace initiatives must be closely tailored in the country to assist in post-conflict peace C. Infantry units, military and civilian observers; C. Hospital units of the host country; to indigenous practices of conflict management, building. D. Medical clinics for general practice and dental provided these do not contradict accepted D. All of the above. services. international standards of human rights and humanitarian law. However, in areas of recent 2. Logistics is the art of: and ongoing conflict, the operation must exercise 5. Military Police units on a UN mission are A. Planning what is needed to house, transport great caution in identifying local community responsible for: and provide supplies to military troops and leaders, since it is often unclear as to who A. Physical security only; personnel; actually represents the community. Due to strife, B. Personnel security and the security of B. Making sure decisions made in the field are population displacements, and other extenuating materials; circumstances, traditional societal patterns and logical; C. Physical security, security of personnel and roles become blurred or submerge under new, C. Planning and carrying out of all transport, materials, traffic control and internal crime often militaristic, hierarchies. housing, supplies and technical support needs investigation and cooperation with local police to military troops as well as all UN field mission authorities; As peacekeeping missions are becoming more personnel; D. Traffic control and cooperation with local police multi-faceted, peace building has become an D. Providing support to UN police, UN agency authorities as required. integral part of their activities. Emphasis is placed staff and civilian specialists who serve on UN on support of processes and institutions that missions. reinforce reconciliation between warring parties 6. Private sector support may be contracted and reconstruction of economic and social for: infrastructure, so that once the mission pulls out it 3. The UN draws its main logistic support for a A. Utilities needs and assistance to procure does not leave behind a vacuum, but a foundation field and peacekeeping missions from: supplies and petroleum products and storage of peace and development that the country can A. The UN budget and contributing nations; facilities for these; build on. B. The main contributing nation and private B. Any service or supply requirement not available sector resources contracted by UN; the nation on the mission site; The United Nations force could consist of mainly requesting peacekeeping support; C. Laundry and dry cleaning requirements; fighting troops when the imperative is maintenance C. Civilians or resources contracted directly by the of peace and security. This can change gradually, D. All of the above. contributing nation; when the emphasis of the mission changes to peace support and peace building, to include more D. All of the above. 7. Which of the following is a DMS/CMS engineering or other units that could assist in the appointed by, responsible to, and acts as its reconstruction of the country. representative at mission headquarters? A. DFS at UNHQ B. The Secretary-General C. HOM D. Security Council

6 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 6 3 8. The DMS/CMS is responsible for: 12. The finance section of a UN mission is 16. CITS is responsible for communication A. All administrative functions and the responsible for: decision support – it has a help desk for field administrative support to carry out a mission A. Accounting and budget resolution for all missions open: efficiently and economically; supplies and UN commitments of the mission, A. 24 hours/5 days a week; B. For all military functions and support; as well as of all its financial transactions; B. 24 hours/6 days a week; C. Only responsible for budgetary and personnel B. Preparing the initial mission budget; C. 24 hours/7 days a week; support; C. Administration of the mission’s budget; D. No help desk for missions. D. Only technical functions. D. Only for controlling mission costs and reporting these to the UN Headquarters. 17. FBFD reviews budgets, delegation of 9. The Chief Military Logistics Officer is authority to mission and: chosen: 13. The Communications Services section of a A. Approves provision of supplies; UN mission is responsible for: A. From armed forces personnel of countries B. Responsible for claims tracking; contributing contingents for the Force; A. All mail, courier and central registry operations; C. Defends budget in Fourth Committee; B. From civilian personnel of the contributing B. Communications between mission site D. Provides financial management only for nations; administrative units and those at UNHQ; start-up of a mission. C. From the private sector; C. Communications between military installations D. Only promoted from the pool of Logistic and military units; 18. In a mission, the HOM is responsible for Officers within the UN. D. Access to global communications between UN coordinating the following: missions and UNHQ, all on-site communication needs and maintenance of communications A. NATO Forces; 10. The Chief Engineer: equipment. B. All UN entities; A. Oversees postal services; C. All NGOs; B. Oversees accommodation and construction 14. Field and multi-role Engineer Units are D. All of the above. services; responsible for: C. Oversees air operation; A. Explosive reconnaissance, mine awareness, 19. The Police Division in UNHQ is responsible D. Coordinates office supplies. sweeping and removal tasks; for: B. Dealing with mines and explosives, A. Standardising UNPOL induction programmes; 11. The Chief Personnel Services Officer looks construction needs, technical expertise and B. Providing security at UNHQ; after: water production and treatment; C. Preparing riot control force; A. Recreation and welfare needs; C. Providing technical advice to host-country D. Providing guidance to Military Police. B. Payment of salaries; engineers; C. Purchase of equipment; D. Engineering and building problems only. 20. Civil Affairs Officers in the mission D. Assigning office space. are out-posted to specific programmes 15. The Department of Field Support includes including: the following divisions: A. Minority recruitment; ANSWER KEY A. Logistics Support Division; B. State Border Service; B. Mine Action Service; 1D, 2C, 3D, 4B, 5C, 6D, 7A, 8A, 9A, 10B, C. Regional Cooperation initiative; C. Political Division; 11A, 12A, 13D, 14B, 15A, 16C, 17B, 18B, D. All of the above. 19A, 20D D. All of the above.

6 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 3: THE PEACEKEEPING LOGISTICS STRUCTURE | 6 5 LESSON 4 MISSION LIFE CYCLE INTRODUCTION This lesson defines and explains both the factors common to all missions and the distinct phases The spectrum of logistic support for UN of peacekeeping operation. During each of these peacekeeping operations varies in size from phases, the aim of DPKO is to provide effective and support of a small group of civilian observers economic logistics support, while complying with LESSON fulfilling a preventive diplomacy mission, to a UN Regulations and Rules. In addition, it outlines large military force involved in peace enforcement specific logistic planning actions that must be 4 operations. Regardless of the type of operation considered. to be supported, the logistic planning process remains the same. Logistic support concepts and requirements are tailored by the planner to meet 4.1 Planning Considerations specific mission requirements but the planning Common to All Phases cycle must begin with the use of standard logistic planning factors. Mission Analysis

Logistics Mission analysis determines which operational tasks need to be performed and, as a result, Operational and logistics plans should be fully what are the logistic requirements. Some tasks integrated and developed together. As soon as are specified by the Mandate, while others are LESSON OBJECTIVES a concept of operations is formulated, a logistics merely implied. For example, a plan might specify concept should be developed, followed by a disarming opposing factions, which is a clear comprehensive operational plan and a logistics task. The implied tasks, however, may include plan to support it. storage of weapons and accountability for them, 4.1 Planning A mission has specific stages, from inception to end. Thus, logistical destruction procedures, and reissue procedures. If planning also has specific phases, from inception to end. Both the survival Considerations Standard operating procedures are a valuable tool the mission analysis notes only the specified task and the comfort of personnel on a UN mission, from many different Common to All Phases in the execution of administrative/logistics activities but overlooks the implied ones, needed resources countries, depend on successful logistical planning. At its inception, and should be prepared in advance whenever will be underestimated. Once both specified and planning sufficient amounts of supplies and planning how to deploy 4.2 Mission Phases possible. implied tasks are identified, the logistic planner personnel safely is of utmost importance. By the same token, withdrawing next examines the environment in which tasks are 4.3 Status of Forces from a mission can be hazardous, especially mission within war zones. At Logistics Planning Considerations to be executed. The environment includes overall Agreement/Mission a mission’s end, personnel and supplies must be withdrawn with utmost regional factors at the mission location, such as care, both to maintain what was gained by the mission, and also, to There are logistics planning considerations Agreement (SOFA/ local populace support, terrain, weather, available withdraw without jeopardising personnel and assets. common to all missions: SOMA) local resources, and the time available for planning a. Mission analysis; and execution. Lesson 4 discusses specifically the Mission Life Cycle. Building on the base of the previous lessons, it further defines the systems and processes b. Logistic planning factors; Initial Planning Factors that ensure a positive and well-planned logistical operation. c. Determination of logistic requirements; Initial planning must address a broad range of By the end of Lesson 4, the student should be able to meet the following d. Sources of logistic support; factors, strike an effective balance in capabilities to objectives: e. Soliciting member states for logistic meet changing requirements, and retain flexibility contributions; and • List and discuss the phases of a mission; to support the force’s requirements. Planners must f. Determination of logistic shortfalls. have a clear understanding of the operational • Describe logistical planning considerations; and objective, format of operation, sources of supply • Discuss mission sources of support. Phases of a Peacekeeping Operation available in the mission area, and capabilities to build supply support. The fact that most UN These phases are: missions are multinational introduces an additional 1. Mission Start-up complexity into the planning process. Thus, 2. Mandate Implementation considering these overall factors, the supply planner should take the following into account: To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course 3. Transition (hand-over, withdrawal, and author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual Liquidation) classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ media_page/87], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 6 9 a. Supply capabilities of participating nations’ Determination of Logistics Support Vienna, and field missions’ headquarters. On Contributing Nations forces should be identified early. The resources occasion, it also draws support from other UN of the host nation should also be identified early. By applying logistic planning formulas against agencies such as the UNHCR, the WHO UNICEF, One or more contributing nations may also provide It is also important to locate sources of supply the tasks outlined in the mission analysis, the UNDP, WFP, etc. logistic support for individual UN missions. Support and determine the most effective system of specific logistic requirements are determined.1 may cover one or a combination of logistics supply. Once gross logistic requirements are known, the Reporting to the Secretary-General of the United needs, including personnel, advisors, specialists, planner can determine the most cost effective and Nations are some 25 separate Departments, or materials and goods. Their contributions need b. Attempts should be made to integrate resources efficient methods to obtain and distribute a supply. Offices and Commissions. In addition, the to be co-ordinated with those of the UN, yet as much as possible, namely, the support Reaching accurate gross estimates is especially Secretary-General is responsive to some 192 distinguished from UN support for purposes such capabilities of participating nations, host nation important to pre-determine whether military or host member nations, about 20 specialized agencies, as accounting and transportation. support, contracted services, and UN resources. nation/contractor resources are the most effective. more than 80 special committees, 300 offices c. The condition, congestion, distance, and security Thus, in the initial assessments, estimates of worldwide, and finally, an ever-increasing number Commercial Sources Arranged through the UN of sea, air and ground lines of communication specific requirements are grouped according to of peacekeeping operations.2 impact directly on supply plans. Unique whether they can be undertaken by the host nation The UN may itself contract resources or supplies communication circumstances may dictate a or by a contractor. through private industry to support a mission. combination of distribution methods that increase Logistically, these need to be integrated and the complexity of the logistics mission as a Sources of Logistic Support co-ordinated with other sources of support, and yet whole. Thereby, communication factors need to remain distinguished for accounting purposes. be assessed. Once specific and gross estimates of materials needed for a mission are known, a source of Civilian Personnel Contracted directly by the d. Mission areas may lack the infrastructure, e.g. support must be determined. The UN draws logistic Contributing Nation electrical power, transportation networks, and support for its field and peacekeeping missions port facilities, required to provide supply support. Civilian personnel may also be contracted directly from the following sources: Planning must arrive at solutions that recognise by a contributing nation, on behalf of the UN. Such and overcome such shortfalls. • The United Nations; contracted personnel are co-ordinated with other sources of support, yet remain distinguished for e. The types and quantities of commodities • The contributing nations; accounting purposes. to meet mission requirements should take • Private sector resources contracted by the UN; geographical conditions and cultural diversities Volunteer Support, Not Under Contract into consideration. • Civilians or resources contracted directly by the contributing nation; and Logistic support may involve volunteers, who are Logistic Planning Factors • Individuals or organisations who are voluntary not under contract to either the UN directly or to a contributors as, for example, the Red Cross. contributing nation. This may be volunteer medical Once tasks have been identified and the mission personnel, or organisations such as the Red Cross. analysis is completed, the planner needs to Their services are recognised as a legitimate determine the specific resources, and the amounts The UN part of a UN mission. Logistically, a volunteer, of each required to accomplish a mission. In non-contracted personnel or organisations remain national planning, general requirements such The UN provides support from all levels of its distinguished for accounting purposes, and are not as water, fuel, and rations is commonly defined infrastructure, including the Secretariat in New paid by the UN or by contributing nations. as kg/lbs per man, per day. More sophisticated York, UN Headquarters in Geneva, Nairobi and planning formulas are used to compute resupply Soliciting Member States for Logistic requirements for specialised items such as 1 For example, if the mission analysis requires a The Vienna International Centre (VIC) is home to the Contributions spare parts. For large and complex missions force presence of 1,000 personnel and the planning United Nations family in Vienna and is one of the four formula for water is five gallons per person per day, United Nations headquarters worldwide. (UN Photo the Department of Field Support is normally The UN brings logistic requirements to the then the daily water requirement is 5,000 gallons #407034 by Mark Garten, August 2009) augmented by logistic experts contributed by attention of member states that may potentially per day. Once the daily requirement is determined, member states, who determine specific needs act as contributing nations for a mission. Member the planner can compute the on-site level that and amounts. Inputs from these experts, coupled states that possess the required logistic capability needs to be stocked. For example, if the on-site 2 As of 2008, there are 16 peacekeeping with previous UN experience, provide the basis for to provide all or part of the needed logistic force stock level for water is set at 5 days of supply, then missions and 12 political and peacebuilding determining support requirements. review the requirements against their logistic the requirement becomes 30,000 gallons, which missions. The latest mission status can be found capabilities and nominate what support forces they includes 25,000 gallons for storage and 5,000 at can make available. gallons for distribution. through DPKO’s Web site.

7 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 7 1 Determination of Logistic Shortfalls • Tasks and capabilities required of the mission; (COE - the equipment that each individual troop Wet Lease contributor is required to bring to the mission) • Geographic and climatic conditions in the Once the contributions of member states are and self-sustainment services. It is essential to Under wet lease arrangements a contingent mission area; and determined, the total logistic package is analysed co-ordinate the force generation process with deploys with its COE and is responsible for its to determine whether there are any possible • Level of Member State participation, especially the logistic planning. This occurs once troop maintenance and support; this can be achieved in shortfalls. If shortfalls are identified, first attempts in terms of troop strengths and the provision contributors have been identified and detailed one of two ways: to resolve them through additional member nation of Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE) (see discussions have taken place between them and • The troop contributor provides the equipment, solicitations or increased host nation or contractor Lesson 7 for more information). the Secretariat. Ultimately a Note Verbale (a formal related minor equipment, workshop support, support are made. If this is insufficient to cover diplomatic letter) is issued by the Secretariat asking spares, and maintenance personnel. The UN shortfalls, appropriate recommendations are made The objective of this phase is the production the potential contributor to provide a contingent, but provides accommodation, storage facilities, and to UNHQ staff. Otherwise, the accomplishment of of a feasible, economic and realistically costed this is only done once the Secretariat knows that utilities. The troop contributor is reimbursed at the mission may be in jeopardy. logistics plan for the deployment or expansion the contributor in question responded positively to set rates. of a mission. There is a heavy emphasis on the earlier informal consultations. • One troop contributor provides the major rapid and accurate collection of all the facts and equipment and a second, under a bilateral 4.2 Mission Phases data required for the preparation of the proposed Problems that troop contributors might have arrangement, provides the support. Again the concept of operations; this is essential in order to in equipping or supporting their contingents UN provides storage facilities and utilities. In this Pre-Planning accurately identify the proposed mission’s material are also identified; this is worked out on the case the first troop contributor is reimbursed by requirements, together with the time scales for basis of a combination of the data given by the Requirement for logistics support to UN the UN and the second under whatever bilateral deployment. Since at least one Technical Survey Troop-Contributing Country (TCC) and inspections peacekeeping operations arises in response to arrangement has been made. (Reconnaissance) Mission to the prospective carried out by DPKO/DFS personnel. DFS the establishment of such operations by Security mission area is usually required, DFS dispatches recognises that many Member States do not Council (SC) Resolution. Such a Resolution gives Dry Lease Technical Survey Mission to the mission area; possess all of the equipment that is needed for direction to the Secretary-General (SG) on the this conducts a detailed logistic estimate, verify today’s complex peacekeeping operations and Under dry lease arrangements a contingent scope, scale and duration of a peacekeeping requirements, and establish what resources these are the arrangements for what is referred to deploys with its COE but the UN makes operation. DFS, in close cooperation with DPKO, are likely to be available in theatre. Throughout as Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE). arrangements for its support; this can be achieved turns the policy directives of the SC into specific this phase it is fundamental that close liaison is in a number of ways: operational requirements for, among other things, The UN uses a template for each military maintained between the Military Planning Service, • Under the first, the troop contributor provides the logistics support of the required peacekeeping organisation from battalions to hospitals. This can who produces the proposed concept, the Office the equipment and the UN takes responsibility operation. raise difficulties when the units being offered by of Operations in DPKO, who provides the political for the minor equipment, support, spares and member states do not match the criteria being direction and framework for the mission, and the maintenance. The troop contributor receives Logistics support requirements are mainly laid down and, while there is some flexibility, logistic planners in DFS. reimbursement, but obviously at a much lower influenced by: there remains a requirement to ensure that the scale. Once all the required data is available, a cohesive force that is being put together comes with the Logistics Plan is prepared for the proposed capability that is needed. Inevitably this means • The troop contributor provides the equipment mission, indicating: that there are occasions on which some potential and the UN arranges for another to provide the troop contributors find it difficult to meet the support. The former receives reimbursement at • Airports and seaports of entry; requirement whilst others over commit on the base the dry lease rate and the latter on scales laid down for maintenance and support. • Logistics base locations; of their national force structures. Such excess requirements will only be deployed to the missions • The troop contributor provides the equipment, • Equipment requirements; at the Member State expense if it is deemed not receives reimbursement at the dry lease rate and • Contractual requirements; and required. the UN provides the support via either a local or an international contractor. • Deployment timeline. Dry and Wet Lease The preference for all parties is for the straight wet The Logistics Plan is also used as the basis for In order to ensure that units being offered by lease arrangement. The UN gets the capability identifying what resources may be re-deployed member states come with the required capability that it needs and the troop contributor receives from other locations (e.g. UNLB Brindisi) to there are a number of options for the provision of reimbursement at the higher rate. Reimbursement support mission deployment. In addition, the UN trucks transport MONUC engineering company members to work major equipment and their support. These come is based on the assumption that individual Logistics Plan forms a basis for negotiations with site. Terrain challenges like mountains and poor infrastructure must be under the headings of ‘wet and dry lease’ and personnel are equipped to a minimum standard, accounted for in initial planning. (UN Photo #185616 by Marie Frechon, potential Troop-Contributing Nations (TCN) on the option chosen is directly linked to the rate of although the actual requirement may vary from one April 2008) their provision of Contingent-Owned Equipment reimbursement. mission to another.

7 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 7 3 Once the detailed negotiations with troop Mission Start-Up In the second category: emphasis on airlift has significant implications for contributors are complete, the Mission Staffing • Deployment of Contingents/Military Observers/ costs. Table is prepared; all of the information developed The objective of the Mission Start-Up phase is UN Police; • The ideal situation for the Mission Start-Up so far is then used as the raw data needed to the effective and economic deployment of a new • Forward deployment of Contingents/Military phase is for the mission to be supported by prepare a draft budget for the new mission. If the mission, or expansion of an existing mission. Observers/UN Police to operational locations military logistics that are able to deploy on a mission is approved by the SC, this draft budget, This may involve the physical movement of small within mission area; commensurate timeline and have there own in combination with the Logistics Plan, forms the numbers of individual personnel over relatively integral protection. Experience has shown how • Establishment of “life-support” contracts basis of a request for the release of the Advance short distances, or large numbers of troops and difficult it is to find these assets and increasing 3 (Contingents are normally expected to deploy Funding (Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority ) large quantities of equipment over great distances, reliance has been placed upon civilian contracts. with 30 to 90 days self-sufficiency in order to necessary to ensure timely mission launch. in accordance with a timetable dictated by This carries a penalty in terms of the time that it allow time to set up the appropriate contracts operational requirements. The Mission Start-Up takes to set it up (6 to 8 weeks) and the reduced such as water, food, fuel and service support In view of the financial and operational significance phase is based on the logistics plan previously flexibility of deployment in country. It should be contracts to be established. Additionally this of ensuring that contingents are correctly equipped, developed during the Planning, but it is often noted that the infrastructure of the mission’s host period can include provision of Mission transport DPKO/DFS arranges to conduct inspections necessary to respond flexibly to unforeseen nation (particularly airports, ports and roads) requirements); and before deployment. Once this is completed, a changes in circumstances or requirements. may have suffered as a result of the conflict and Memorandum of Understanding is raised between Continuous close cooperation with the DPKO • Provision of Mission’s transport requirements will also impact on the ability to rapidly deploy the troop contributor and the UN. This covers political and military staff, the Office of Operation, (land, air, water) and the installation of Mission- contingents into the mission area. personnel, major equipment, sustainment and DFS and UN Logistics Base, on requirements and wide IT systems. mission factors and is essentially a statement of asset availability respectively, therefore continues Mission start-up kits containing critical operational what each of the respective parties will provide. At to be essential. In addition, it is necessary The scale of the requirement for a large mission material could be readied and warehoused much the same time, DFS completes the process to liaise closely with troop- and observer- has some problem areas: centrally to offset procurement delays during the of negotiating the Status of Forces Agreement/ contributing Member States, to ensure that their • Any delay in approval of the budget has an initial Mission Start-Up phase. Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA)4 with the contributions arrive in the mission area on time and immediate effect on the procurement process; state(s) into which the mission is to be deployed. properly-equipped. there have been occasions on which equipment In view of the fact that military logistics units are needed for setting up the headquarters has not readily provided by troop-contributing countries, In addition to being a statement of the legal There are many detailed tasks that must be arrived after the personnel. Even the failure to it may be necessary to provide logistics support status of the UN personnel being deployed, this accomplished during the Mission Start-Up phase. provide fairly mundane items such as office through commercial contractors. Another option encompasses a number of other key aspects such Many of the activities are concurrent but they fall equipment can have a disproportionate effect on is to use military logistics units during the initial as the level of Host Nation Support that is available. into two main categories; those that need to be a headquarters’ effectiveness. Mission Start-Up phase and, thereafter, civilian contractors. completed to deploy the basic infrastructure and • When delays occur in the provision of The Status of Forces Agreement/Mission support and those associated with the deployment more critical items such as vehicles and Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) must be finalised at The lead logistics agency at the beginning of this of the contingents themselves. communications, the effectiveness of the Mission the earliest and should provide for certain facilities phase is DFS at UNHQ, but as the Mission’s own as a whole is affected. This can occur due to for contractors providing services to the United headquarters becomes established, its DMS/ In this first category the key requirements/tasks insufficient assets in UNLB as they had been Nations, including the prompt issuance of visas, CMS takes increasing responsibility for the local are: allocated to other missions and it had not been freedom of movement, and the right to import for logistics support task. The process of establishing possible to replace them in the timeframe. There the use of the United Nations, supplies, equipment • The approval of the Mission Budget; the Mission Headquarters may be accelerated is no additional funding for stockpiling equipment by the immediate deployment of a start-up team and material, free of tax or duties. • Provision of Mission living and working against future contingencies. Problems such as from DFS. Such a start-up team is granted the accommodation; The final stage in the planning process is the these can be overcome by diverting assets from necessary financial delegations of authority at the production and issue of Guidelines for Troop • Establishment of the Mission UN Headquarters other missions. earliest possible stage, and is likely to include a Contributors. This document summarises the and its associated communications support • Movement of contingents is a UN responsibility Logistics Officer, Procurement Officer, Property background to the mission and its mandate, SOFA/ (internal communications and IT systems); that is funded on the basis that formed units Control Officer, and an Officer with Financial SOMA (discussed in Lesson 4.3) and personnel will rotate every six months (this is different Certifying Authority at the minimum. • Recruitment/transfer and deployment of UN issues. for individuals who are expected to deploy for International Staff to meet Staffing Table twelve months). When there is a need to deploy In a typical year, it can be assumed DFS will be Requirements; and large numbers of personnel and quantities of tasked with launching one new medium-sized • Recruitment of UN Local Staff to meet Staffing equipment over a short period, the pressure mission (of about 5,000 troops) and two new small Table Requirements. on strategic lift becomes considerable. The UN missions (of 100-300 observers). The target time 3 Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority (PMCA) is attempts to use sea or ground lift as much as scale for deploying new missions, taking the passing covered in more detail in Lesson 5. possible for the less essential items but a major of the relevant SCR as “D-Day”, is as follows: 4 SOFA/SOMA is discussed later in this lesson.

7 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 7 5 D Day • Second, the UN only funds the movement of The logistics organisation within the mission area • While the CMS/DMS enjoys a considerable • Security Council Resolution contingents to the agreed numbers; anything is designed to assume maximum responsibility and degree of autonomy, he must stay in regular • D+15 to 30 above those numbers is a national responsibility control where it is required. The key personnel are contact with DFS; this ensures that he can draw for both movement and support. There is a the Chief/Director of Mission Support (CMS/DMS) on the resources of the UN as a whole and keep • Advance Funding authorised little flexibility for additional equipment in order and the Chief Logistics Officer. the Secretariat appraised of any impending • Lead elements of Mission Headquarters to ensure the appropriate levels of operational problems. deployed by air, complete with required support availability and effectiveness. This is unlikely to The responsibilities of the CMS/DMS: from Strategic Deployment Stocks exceed 10% and requires prior agreement with • Only the CMS/DMS, not even the SRSG, has • Mission Integrated Support Services established, the UN, through the Force Commander to the authority to commit UN funds for any purpose. and preparation for arrival of contingents and MilAd for military equipment and through the However, the CMS/DMS can delegate some of other componentscommenced DMS/CMS for other items. his authority to CISS and DCISS. D+30 • Third, the tour length for individuals and • Contractual arrangements are set up to supply • Deployment of Mission Headquarters completed contingents is set at 12 month and 6 months those items for which the UN has responsibility; • Deployment of Strategic Deployment Stocks respectively. Any movement costs incurred due these include food, water and fuel. During the completed to different national policies fall to the individual Mandate Implementation phase of the mission, it TCC. • Deployment of advance logistics elements is the UN’s responsibility to provide the material completed requirements on time and at minimum cost, by An adequate number of suitably qualified staff must letting contracts for goods in accordance with D+45 to 60 be recruited and deployed to the mission area at UN rules and regulations. Every effort is made • Contingents deploy the earliest opportunity. The effectiveness of a to let contracts as early as possible but this can mission in its early days is affected by a number • Other mission components deploy still take a number of weeks. Hence the need for of factors. These are many of the challenges contingents to deploy with 30 to 90 days self- UN trucks transport MONUC engineering company members to work site. Terrain challenges like mountains and poor infrastructure must be facing the Force Commander in melding his force Described mechanisms are designed to ensure sufficiency. The actual period is determined accounted for in initial planning. (UN Photo #185616 by Marie Frechon, that troop contributors arrive in the mission area together, but the one thing that can be guaranteed by the availability of resources on the local April 2008) with the appropriate personnel and equipment. The to cause serious problems is ineffective logistic economy and is agreed in advance between main areas of interest are the deployment itself, support. The consequences of a weak start in this DFS and the troop contributor. area can be felt long after individual problems have UN staffing arrangements, financial and logistic • The CMS/DMS normally has a limit on the size The CMS/DMS is assisted by a Chief Logistics been rectified and it is easy to see the difference support and what equipment and services the UN of the contracts that he/she can let without Officer who is the focus for the detailed between a mission that has got its logistic act will provide, and by implication, what it won’t. The reverting to DFS for authority, usually $50,000 implementation of logistic support for the military together and one that has not. The CMS/DFS system is intended to be proactive and able to react on his own authority, or up to $200,000.00 with component. He is the senior military logistic is supported by staff drawn from a number of to changing requirements but while the UN can put the authority of the mission’s Local Committee staff officer on the Force HQ staff or a Civilian sources: the structure in place, its effectiveness is directly on Contracts. While designed to confer a degree appointment under JLOC (Joint Logistics Operations proportional to the support of Member States. • Regular UN staff members on temporary of flexibility with accountability, these sums Centre). In this capacity he is responsible for assignments to the field; clearly can not buy much support in this day and coordinating the logistic support for the contingents Getting contingents to the mission area is a UN age. For contractual needs above these limits, who include the setting up and running of logistic responsibility. The staff tables agreed during the • Temporary UN staff members, engaged solely the CMS/DMS must seek UNHQ approval. This support and the establishment of a logistic support Mission Start-Up phase are used as the basis and specifically for service in a particular field adds more time to the process. framework. Provision of suitable infrastructure at for letting contracts for movement of personnel mission. These might be either international or seaports and airports is necessary in the larger and equipment, provision of accommodation and local employees; and • The general details of Host Nation Support are missions. Coordination of all logistic assets is support in the mission area and the setting up of worked out during the negotiations of the SOFA • Military personnel “loaned” to the UN for only part of the problem; the other essential step contracts in order for the UN to meet its obligations but experience has shown that the practical service in a particular field mission. These is to the early promulgation of clear guidelines for supporting the contingents. Few points that can details create a continuous process if the CM/ might be either individuals, or members of and procedures to ensure that the logistic plan is cause difficulties: DMS is to ensure that the necessary facilities supported by proper accounting for equipment and formed contingents. In the former case, the and support are available, and remain available. • First, DFS cannot begin to arrange the individual may be entitled to Mission Subsistence expenditure controls. Failure to do this has inevitable necessary sea and/or airlift contracts unless Allowance (MSA), while in the latter case the • A mission’s initial budget was prepared during the consequences for the effectiveness of the mission. it receives a detailed load list from the troop- Troop-Contributing Nation (TCN) is reimbursed Mission Start-Up phase, it is subject to review in contributing nation; this must include every on a per capita basis. the light of the experiences and new requirements By the end of the Mission Start-Up phase, the equipment type, quantities, weight, dimensions identified during deployment; any changes will be aim is to have a fully established and functioning and identification of any dangerous cargo. costed by the CMS/DMS and his staff and will be logistic support structure within the mission area. submitted for approval through DFS.

7 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 7 7 The following logistics support arrangements deployment of the troops themselves is likely to be During the Mandate Implementation Phase, • Repatriation/transfer of UN International Staff; should be in place at the end of the Mission delayed. One way of speeding up the process is close co-operation with the Mission’s operational • Discharge of UN Local Staff; Start-Up phase: for TCCs to produce military qualified personnel, leadership (as represented by persons such as the as these would invariably be able to deploy much SRSG, Force Commander, Chief Military Observer, • Redeployment/disposal of assets in accordance • Logistics Organisation; faster than the process of putting the functions out or Chief Civilian Police Officer) is essential. The with approved Asset Disposal Plan; • Financial/Budget Systems; to civilian contract. DPKO recognises that member Mission’s own logistics and administrative staff • Settlement of outstanding claims; and states resources are limited when it comes to the is the principal logistics agency at this stage and • Procurement System; • Closure of Mission accounts. more specialised units; nonetheless this is always the CMS/DMS normally establishes an integrated The Mission’s assets are re-deployed or disposed • Property Control; the preferred option, at least in the short-term until system (including military logistics resources where of in accordance with the policies laid down by the contracts can be established. available) under a Chief of Integrated Support • Receipt & Inspection; General Assembly: Services (CISS) to achieve this. Usually the CLO • Communications Servicing/Repair; Mandate Implementation Phase acts as Deputy CISS (as previously mentioned the • First preference given to other DPKO missions DCISS may also be seconded). Close cooperation • Construction and Engineering Services; The objective of the Mandate Implementation • Second preference given to other UN agencies and careful coordination between LSD and Phase is to maintain the Mission’s capability to • Air Transportation; Missions is therefore essential. • Remaining items (usually time-expired or beyond perform its mandated tasks. This involves both economic repair) sold to highest bidder • Aviation Safety; planned provision of continued support against LSD plays both directive and supportive roles specific, predictable requirements and rapid • Exceptionally (with GA approval) ex-mission • Port/Airfield Services; during Mandate Implementation Phase. It responses to unforeseen changes in circumstances assets may be donated to host country continues to support the mission by arranging • Warehousing/Distribution; or requirements. to meet logistics support requirements that • Vehicle Servicing/Repair; Many of the functions that are required during the cannot be satisfied at mission level, either by arranging for HQ-level contracts, or by directing • Full Medical Services; Mandate Implementation Phase are established during the preceding phases: the redistribution/transfer of logistics resources • Maritime Unit; and between missions. In addition DFS ensures that a. Management of Mission Budget and Finances; the general aims of the UN logistics support policy • Movement Control and Ground Transportation. b. Development of mission-extension budgets as continue to be met. The technical support and the specialised units required (see Lesson 6.2); required can become a critical factor in the ability c. Personnel administration; Transition (Hand-Over, Withdrawal and Liquidation) Phase to deploy a mission. In mission areas in which d. Rotations of Contingents/Military Observers/UN there is an established infrastructure into which Police; The Mission Transition Phase starts as the soon the UN can plug in, it stands to reason that there e. Asset safeguarding, management and as the Mandate Implementation Phase has been is less emphasis on the UN having to provide its maintenance including replacement (as completed. The objective of the Transition Phase own. But in those areas that have been subjected Prince Norodom SIHANOUK, President of the Supreme National Council, required); is to close a mission on time, as economically as to major conflict, or in which facilities just don’t and Yasushi AKASHI (right centre), Special Representative of the possible, while continuing to support its operations exist, the problem can be huge. The sort of f. Acquisition of additional resources, as required Secretary-General for Cambodia, open UNTAC’S provincial headquarters until the very end of its Mandate Period. in Siem Reap as part of the transitional process. (UN Photo #126924 by P support that is needed covers a broad spectrum of by developments in Mission mandated tasks Sudhakaran, August 1992) functions ranging across runway repair, air traffic (additional assets may be obtained from the Detailed tasks that must be accomplished during control, airport management and cargo handling, SDS Reserve at UNLB, transferred from the Transition Phase are: These are aimed at retaining the best assets other Missions, or as a last resort procured movement control, air port emergency services, for re-use on other missions and maximising commercially); • Preparation of up-to-date inventory of all Mission communications and communications repair and the disposal sales value of the remainder, assets; this is just for the airport. Beyond that there is a g. Disposal of surplus resources, as required while allowing some discretion to donate items need for transport, helicopters, construction and by developments in Mission mandated tasks • Preparation of detailed Transition Plan, including: or infrastructure to the legitimate government engineer services, vehicle repair and servicing, (surplus assets may be re-deployed to other - Transition timeline where appropriate. The key to achieving efficient warehousing and distribution, property control, Missions, returned to UNLB to be held in the - Asset Disposal Plan liquidation is the early production of a feasible, fuel storage, handling, testing and distribution, and DFS Reserve pending future requirements, or as • GA approval for asset disposal plan; economic, and realistically costed Transition Plan. medical support etc. a last resort disposed of commercially); There is therefore a need for accurate assembly of • Development of Liquidation Budget; all of the facts and data required for the preparation Getting this list of requirements all together, from h. Amendment of Staffing Table, as required by • Liquidation of remaining contracts; of this plan. This phase requires close cooperation a vast variety of sources and with limited funding, developments in Mission mandated tasks; and • Repatriation of Contingents/Military Observers/ between the various arms of the Mission takes time. This is the time during which the i. Maintenance of Mission accommodation. UN Police; Headquarters staff, the Office of Operations, the

7 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 7 9 Military Adviser, DFS/LSD, and UNLB. UNLB m. Taxation, customs and fiscal regulations relating SUMMARY involvement is vital - this is the destination for to officials of the mission; equipment that is reusable by DFS but is not n. Communication and postal services; Most support problems encountered in UN immediately required. operations are the direct result of incomplete or o. Freedom of movement; superficial logistic planning. Thus, it is critical Initially the lead logistics agency for the Transition p. Use of roads, waterways, port facilities, airfields that all logistic planners, whether assigned by is the Mission Headquarters’ CISS, working within and railways; the contributing nation or by the UN, ensure the overall direction provided by DFS at UNHQ. As that adequate mission analysis and surveys are the Mission reduces in size, however, DFS’s role q. Water, electricity and other public utilities; performed before deployment. Once a mission normally tends to increase. During a typical year r. Currency; is approved, the logistic planning requirement it can be assumed that up to two missions will be intensifies and must be constantly revised liquidated. s. Equipment, provisions, supplies and services; and managed until redeployment is complete. t. Locally-recruited staff; Although every UN mission is different, the steps Lesson 8 provides a detailed review of liquidation. in the planning process do not change and must u. Settlement of disputes and claims; be carried out properly, if the mission is to be 4.3 Status of Forces Agreement/ v. Liaison; successful. The rights of use of the UN flag may be covered in a SOFA/SOMA. A Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) w. Disposal of the remains of a deceased member United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) peacekeeper of the mission and of his/her property; raises the UN flag in observation of the fourth International Day of UN In principle the SOFA/SOMA is one of the most Peacekeepers. (UN Photo #122726 by Rick Bajomas, May 2006) important documents relating to a mission. The x. Supplemental arrangements; SOFA/SOMA is an agreement between the United y. Effective date of the Agreement. Nations and the host country, clarifying and documenting the exact status of a mission vis-à-vis A SOFA/SOMA as described above may well take the host country in relation to all matters pertaining the form of an exchange of letters between the to the operation of the mission. Secretary-General of the United Nations and the responsible ministry of the government of the host The areas covered by the SOFA/SOMA may country. include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following: Any privileges and immunities accorded under a. Definition of the mission; the SOFA/SOMA are granted in the interest of the United Nations and not for the personal benefit b. International status of the mission; of the members of the mission. Such privileges c. Identity cards for the military and civilian correspondingly impose on members the duty of personnel of the mission; scrupulously avoiding any action inconsistent with d. Jurisdiction (civil and criminal); notification and the standards of conduct required of them by their certification; international status. e. Mutual assistance; A model SOFA between the United Nations and f. Mission premises; host countries has been prepared, based upon g. Use of the United Nations flag; established practice and drawing upon earlier and current agreements. The model is intended h. Uniforms; to serve as a basis for the drafting of individual i. Vehicles, vessels and aircraft: markings, agreements to be concluded between the registration and operating permits; United Nations and countries on whose territory peacekeeping operations are deployed. It also j. Arms; serves as a basis for an agreement with a host k. Privileges and immunities of the mission; country in operations where no United Nations l. Privileges and immunities of officials and military is deployed. members of the mission;

8 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 8 1 End-of-Lesson Quiz

1. There are preliminary considerations 4. The preparations of Military Units to 8. A SOFA/SOMA may include: common to all missions, namely: be deployed on a UN mission are the A. ID cards for the personnel of the mission; responsibility of the country contributing A. Overall mission analysis and determination B. Use of roads, waterways, port facilities, and the troops. Requirements for deployed of mission requirements, logistic planning airfields; formulas, and determination of logistic troops are: C. Disposal of the remains of a deceased member shortfalls; A. Ensuring that food and water contracts issued of the mission and of his/her property; B. Learning the customs of the intended site; by the UN cater to a contributing nation’s food tastes and religious dietary customs; D. All of the above. C. Determining sources of local economy; B. Each unit should be fully equipped in D. Both a. and c. accordance with the national scales of issue 9. The Mandate Implementation phase of a UN appropriate for the geographic location of the mission: 2. Logistic Planning Formulas are used to mission area; A. The responsibility of the Chief Sustainment determine the specific resources and the C. Weapons and ammunition requirements are Officer who is responsible for coordinating all amounts of each required to accomplish determined on a case by case basis; actions necessary to ensure that the required a mission. Which of these general points D. Both b. and c. support is available at the appropriate place regarding logistic planning formulas are and time; true? 5. The UN draws logistic support for its field B. Involves only military components; A. In national planning, general requirements such missions from the following: C. Defined as arrangements which provide all that as water, fuel and rations is commonly defined is needed to sustain the mission for the entire as kg or lbs per man, per day; A. Contributing countries; period of its mandate; B. At present, there is no UN logistic publication B. Private sector resources contracted by the UN; D. All of the above. that contains planning formulas to determine C. Resources contracted directly by the gross logistic requirements; contributing nation; C. Inputs from logistics experts from member D. All of the above. 10. The planning for a UN mission: states as well as previous UN experience A. Requires planning and constructing a provide the basis for determining support 6. A cohesive Logistics Plans prepared for a scaled-down model of what the mission would requirements; mission should indicate all of the following actually look like and require; D. All of the above. except: B. Encompasses preparations to deploy logistic A. Logistics base locations; support; 3. In handling logistic shortfalls, the logistics B. Equipment requirements; C. Begins with the approval of the budget by the Department of Field Support; planner: C. Housing requirements for staff; D. Both b and c. A. Determines the contributions of the host nation; D. Deployment timeline. B. If shortfalls are identified, the planner first attempts to resolve them through additional 7. During the Mission Start-Up phase, the key member nation solicitations or increased host requirements to deploy basic infrastructure nation or contractor support; include: C. The planner then recommends that the mission A. Approval of Mission budget; be abandoned; B. Recruitment of UN International Staff to meet D. Both a. and b. staffing requirements; ANSWER KEY C. Establishment of Mission UNHQ; D. All of the above. 1A, 2D, 3B, 4D, 5D, 6C, 7D, 8D, 9C, 10B

8 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 4: MISSION LIFE CYCLE | 8 3 LESSON 5 RAPID DEPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION • A financial commitment authority (Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority) for new missions to The challenge of deploying a peacekeeping initiate contracts to provide services (such as operation within 30 to 90 days of the adoption strategic lift and port operations) and critical of a Security Council resolution is considerable. items (such as rations, fuel and water) prior LESSON Few Member States maintain such a capability, to the approval of a mission mandate by the and it is a very expensive undertaking to sustain. Security Council. 5 Furthermore, specialised support units for a peacekeeping operation, such as communications, The Secretariat procures key items, such as engineering, transport, maintenance and medical vehicles, communications and engineering units, are difficult to assemble and organise on equipment, accommodation and ablution units, short notice. Experience has shown that although and stores them at UNLB as strategic deployment some units can come with a complete support stocks. Other critical items and services, such package in a relatively timely manner, many as strategic lift, fuel, rations and water, are national contingents require the majority of their procured through contractual arrangements before support from the United Nations directly or through the adoption of a Security Council resolution a letter of assist (LOA) with other Member States. establishing a new mission.

Rapid deployment strategies are developed under Planning Assumptions LESSON OBJECTIVES the assumption that most of the military forces provided for a peacekeeping operation require Mission profiles are established for traditional and all their strategic lift and most of their service complex missions, as follows, in order to develop Lesson 5 defines and discusses how the concept of Rapid Deployment 5.1 Material Management support from the United Nations. Civilian and police planning assumptions for strategic deployment works, what are the planning assumptions and the sequence of events. components would require all their support from the stocks: 5.2 United Nations As part of Rapid Deployment, material management is discussed. This United Nations. includes strategic reserves, contractual services and Pre-Mandate Logistics Base at Traditional mission Complex mission Commitment Authority (PMCA). UNLB is playing an ever-increasing role “Effective deployment” is defined as the minimum Brindisi (UNLB) in all mission deployments. To make Rapid Deployment successful, a operational capability required for a mission to Troop Strength 5 000 10 000 5.3 Prearranged Services number of pre-arranged services are addressed. Finally, the staff required begin implementing its mandate. International 175 325 for establishing a Mission HQ is discussed. staff 5.4 Mission Headquarters Rapid and effective deployment of a peacekeeping Military 200 500 Staff mission requires the capability to deliver military observers By the end of Lesson 5, the student should be able to meet the following troops and UN police, service support and key Civilian police 100 500 objectives: civilian staff to the theatre of operations in a timely Local staff 300 525 manner.

• Describe what Rapid Deployment is and the planning assumptions in Rapid Deployment and a Strategic Reserve The following planning parameters are used as Rapid deployment; a guideline to develop the strategic deployment The objective of a strategic reserve is to provide • Understand the concept of material management; stocks requirements: the Organisation with the capability to deploy • Understand the use of contractual services and Pre-Mandate peacekeeping missions within the rapid deployment • Military contingents provide 100 per cent Commitment Authority; time frames. In this regard, the main components of contingent-owned equipment (including of peacekeeping operations have been established weapons, combat vehicles and spare • Describe prearranged services including UN stand-by arrangement as follows: parts, tentage (for the first six months) and services; and communications equipment) under wet lease • Standby arrangements with Member States for arrangements; • Understand and describe the requirements for Mission HQ Staff. military and police personnel; • A standby roster of key civilian personnel; • The Secretariat provides communications, • A material reserve (involving such items as transport and engineering equipment; vehicles, communications equipment and • Combat support elements are mission- To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course accommodation) called strategic deployment dependent and provided under wet lease author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ stocks, stored at UNLB; and arrangements; media_page/88], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 8 7 • Contingents are self-sustaining for at least 50 Means of delivery in this case can include: 5.1 Material Management per cent of equipment/materiel; stand-by arrangements for troops and support units; stand-by arrangements for police; core surge Developing Requirements for Strategic • Strategic deployment stock expendables (such for staff (DPKO/DFS, field missions); expanded Deployment Stocks as office, cleaning and medical supplies) sustain surge rosters (agencies); Member States and other operations for the first 60 days; A material reserve has been identified as a key sources. feature for ensuring operational readiness for rapid • Levels of strategic deployment stocks are deployment of peacekeeping operations. The determined by requirement date and lead time Envisioned Sequence components of strategic deployment stocks were for procurement and delivery (including in- determined through an analysis of criticality and time theatre). The envisioned sequence of Rapid Deployment is lines for procuring equipment and materials. The as follows: components that were deemed critical and were not Strategic deployment stocks provide the minimum readily available within the rapid deployment time operational capability whereby, within 30 or 90 lines make up the strategic deployment stocks. days, the force configuration can perform its basic core tasks in the principal theatre of the mission D - 60 days Strategic deployment stocks are intended to area for a limited period of time. It will take a full • Establish a planning team For meet operational requirements for supporting the A jeep is unloaded from a Canadian cargo plane (RCAF) at Capodichino • Technical survey Airport. (UN Photo #141274 by SC, November 1956) budget and full deployment of the mission to ensure • Issue warning order for mission deployment of new peacekeeping missions. In an effective deployment whereby the mission will • Planning in New general, strategic deployment stocks should consist deployment York have in place an overall command and control of equipment that is new and has its full service-life Storage of a Material Reserve and Service capability and a comprehensive logistics system. expectancy, except for long-life equipment that is Contracts D - 50 days  considered as good as new after reconditioning. • Request pre-mandate For In order to deploy a peacekeeping operation in Mission Support Requirements for Effective • Advance team, commitment authority procurement with Commodities in the Department of Field Support 30 to 90 days, the United Nations has chosen a Deployment long lead time from ACABQ (up to $50 • Recruitment of reserve must be assessed for use in strategic number of options to deliver the key materials and million) some core personnel deployment stocks, which could help defray costs support services for the establishment of a new Types of support include Materials/Services and • Establishment of Personnel. mission HQ or reduce procurement time. The reserve consists mission. The Organisation will pre-store mission D - 30 days  of items that have become available because of materials in its warehouses in UNLB, Brindisi, Italy, Materials and Services • Contract strategic sealift changes in an existing mission or the liquidation and ship them through prearranged contracts. and/or airlift and other of a mission. The reserve is not a controlled stock, Or it will enter into extensive prearranged service The requirements for materials and services can services however, and could include items that have no agreements for materials, such as vehicles and include: strategic air/sea lift; vehicles, tracked and • Commence procurement applicability to the strategic deployment stocks. generators; services, such as fuel, water and food; wheeled; communications, IT services; power • Activate standby Hence, there is no guarantee that the reserve can and strategic lift. When entering into contractual generators; general engineering services; office arrangements for be counted upon as a means to reduce the overall arrangements, the United Nations pays “retainer equipment; water, fuel, rations; accommodations personnel and material costs of strategic deployment stocks to the full fees” to vendors in order to ensure that they (both office and living). extent of its value. maintain the items in stock and are able to deliver them on demand. Retainer arrangements entail D - 15 days Equipment from the reserve considered suitable for Means of delivery for materials and services  costs involving storage, depreciation and other strategic deployment stocks could be distributed can include: strategic reserve (UNLB Brindisi); • Prepare strategic associated expenses incurred by the vendor. These to peacekeeping missions in accordance with LOAs; service contracts; fast track acquisition/ deployment stocks for retainer arrangements do not include procurement their approved budgets. Missions that receive procurement; pre-mission commitment authority; shipment costs. The United Nations enters into “no fee” commodities from the reserve or from mission post-mission financial authorities. D-day (Security Council mandate) service arrangements that accelerate procurement start-up stocks will be required to defray the processes but reduce the reliability of rapid • Finalize the concept of investment cost of strategic deployment stocks by Personnel delivery. The material reserve is funded from a operations financing the replacement of such equipment. one-time expenditure budget, which is established • Prepare an initial budget The requirements for personnel can include: Strategic Reserves for the UNLB. This would ultimately be replenished formed units (infantry, support); military D + 30 days Strategic reserves are envisioned to: by mission budgets. In addition, maintenance of the observers; police contingents; political and • Submit an initial • Enhance capability for rapid deployment; material reserve and service contracts is funded related “substantive” staff; administrative staff budget • Large materials in stock or ready for deployment; from the UNLB budget. (logistics, communications, procurement, • Budget approval and contract management, recruitment, personnel, D + 30/90days  • Solid capability to support complex missions, administration). Rapid deployment including for troops.

8 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 8 9 Operation and Management of Strategic an annual peacekeeping budget in excess of $5.28 not rely heavily on contractors for the delivery of order, and a vendor then delivers the goods. Deployment Stocks billion, the level of SDS represents a relatively critical items, and enables the delivery of most With more than 100 systems contracts in place, modest investment that could be essential in the critical items within 30/90 days from the upfront the Secretariat now has reduced lead-time for Responsibilities for the implementation and success or failure of the Organisation’s future investment. The remaining items, which are internal procurement processes. management of the strategic deployment stocks endeavours in peacekeeping. purchased using the Pre-Mandate Commitment • Letters of Assist are contracts with Governments, are distributed as follows: Authority and retainer and no-fee contracts, may usually for military items. They are currently used Critical items requiring a long procurement lead entail a slightly longer period to deploy. This • The USG DFS provides strategic guidance on for standby arrangements for strategic lift and time are pre-purchased and maintained in UNLB. provides a reasonable guarantee of timeliness, with the operation and management of strategic have proved to be very useful. deployment stocks and authorise general The remainder is procured only when required, less long-term costs. policies; through pre-arranged services (no-fee). Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority (PMCA) Baseline of Activities and Strategic Reserve • The Director of the Logistics Support Division Main features of the key considerations of rapid directs overall management of strategic Financial authority is required for the deployment Strategic Reserve are: SDS requires a one-time acquisition of a baseline deployment stocks, including planning, policy Secretary-General to commit funds for • Combination of in-sourcing and outsourcing; of strategic reserve and more robust service development, procedures and monitoring. procurement purposes before the adoption of a contracts with a range of providers. This entails the The Director also directs the establishment, • Up-front investment; mission mandate, in order to ensure readiness for following baseline requirements: replenishment and rotation of strategic • Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority; and rapid deployment. deployment stocks; • Enhancement of the strategic deployment stocks • Mix of no-fee service arrangements and at UNLB and increased capability at UNLB; Pre-Mandate Commitment Authority is the reliable • The Logistics Support Division Service Chiefs minimum of retainer contracts. capacity for rapid deployment and to store key implements the establishment, replenishment • Entry into prearranged contracts and LOAs for mission equipment with long procurement and and rotation of strategic deployment stocks; Key requirements of rapid deployment Strategic key services; delivery times, while supplying the remaining Reserve are: • The UNLB Chief of Mission Support directs • Increased reliability of standby arrangements, needs through the use of system contracts. day-to-day management activities and serves • Amount of equipment required; especially for support units; and The critical items and services that are not part as the custodian of strategic deployment stocks. of SDS need to be purchased long before the • Prearranged contracts; • Improved personnel surge capacity, particularly In this respect he/she maintains the operational adoption of a mandate. Flexible, early commitment for staff in areas of administrative support. readiness of the stocks; receives, inspects, • Assurance of rapid deployment; authority further reduces deployment timelines and stores and maintains commodities; replaces • Inventory management at UNLB; and requirements for stocks held in UNLB. commodities as directed by the Director of the Although SDS enhances the Organisation’s rapid • Financing mechanisms and General Assembly and effective deployment capacities, it does Logistics Support Division; prepares stocks Support from Member States in the form of authority. not assure deployment within the 30/90-day for shipment, as directed by the Director of the partnership can come in the following forms: deployment time frame. This can only be achieved Logistics Support Division; maintains inventory • Troops; Strategic Deployment Stocks can include: by the provision of fully self-sustaining and records and life data history for commodities; • COEs; completely self-sufficient troops being provided by and manages the UNLB strategic deployment • Surface Transport Assets – light, medium & • Self-sustainment Capacity; Member States. stocks maintenance budget allocation. heavy vehicles; • LOAs; • Communications Equipment; • Personnel; and The Secretariat procures and stores materials Use of Contractual Services • SOFA. at UNLB and ensures that strategic deployment • Office Automation Equipment; stocks are kept current and serviceable. To this The procurement-related lead-time involves • Common supplies (e.g. stationary, sanitation, Service Contracts end, the Secretariat rotates certain items – for medical, canned rations, bottled water, etc.); acquisition, production, delivery, shipping and example, vehicles and electronic data-processing other associated tasks. While strategic deployment Service Contracts are used to procure goods and equipment – to other missions so that the items • Troop and COE self-sustainment equipment and stocks include many of the key items, the services, which the UN does not have or cannot do not become obsolete. Once items have been supplies (e.g. washers, dryers, beds, mosquito Secretariat will procure other mission-critical items store, for example: deployed or rotated, the Secretariat replenishes nets, tents, TV, VCR, etc.); and and services, using pre-commitment authority them by charging the replacement cost to the • Accommodations (e.g. containers, tents, through the following arrangements: • Strategic lift – air and sea; budget of the mission that receives them. ablution units, generators, storage tanks, etc.). • Under-fee service arrangements (systems • Critical skills – engineering, communication and contracts) bidding procedures are conducted IT; Strategic Deployment Stocks (SDS) at the UNLB The SDS entails an up-front procurement of and vendors agree to deliver the required goods strategic reserve materials for UNLB, which require • Expendables – fuel, rations, water, medical Material readiness is key to rapid deployment of at an agreed price for a determined period. funding from one-time expenditure budget, and supplies, cleaning materials, etc. peacekeeping operations. The SDS budget is a Based on a requisition by individual managers, a mix of no-fee and retainer contracts. It does one-time expenditure to finance SDS stocks. With the Procurement Division issues a purchase

9 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 9 1 Pre-arranged Contract Options can be: communications network (port, airport, railway • Surface Transport (light, medium and heavy) – agreements between the UN and the contributing and highways) and the available services Vehicles in serviceable condition before being Member State. Ownership of Contingent-Owned • “No-fee” pre-arranged contracts: (including telecommunications, couriers etc.). dispatched to missions Equipment is retained by Member States. - Systems contracts On 23 November 1994 the United Nations and - No storage • Communications (global and intra-mission) the Italian Government signed a Memorandum Mission specific guidelines to troop-contributing - LOAs of Understanding. On 23 December 1994 the • Information Technology Equipment countries include all stores and equipment required • “Retainer” service contracts: Secretary-General announced the decision to open to be brought by each contingent and the period for • Common Supplies (office furniture, stationary, - Costs for retention fees; contracts are in Brindisi the first permanent logistics base of the which contingents are required to be self-sufficient. sanitation material, hard rotations, etc.) activated as operational needs arise. United Nations (UNLB). - Storage by contractors. • Troop self-sustainment material (field defensive This arrangement has resulted in increased stores, tents, generators, etc.) efficiency and considerable savings. In addition, • Engineering equipment (Accommodations, tents, 5.2 United Nations Logistics Base at the depot’s strategic location has helped to ablution units, generators, storage tanks). Brindisi (UNLB) achieve lower costs of shipping to newly created missions and redistributing equipment. The UNLB Future role of UNLB as logistics hub is to: The Peacekeeping Missions have more recently also provides a satellite communications relay been characterised by relatively short mandates, system supporting operations at United Nations • Procure, store, and maintain Strategic with the respective missions lasting only a few Headquarters, peacekeeping missions and a Deployment Stocks years. The material purchased to support these number of other field offices. missions has involved investments of millions • Expand storage, maintenance and administrative facilities of dollars and has given rise to the question of On 1 June 2000 the World Food Program, re-using the equipment left over from one mission answering an invitation from the Secretary-General • Improve trans-shipment capability to support another. In view of the above it became to create a Logistics Base, moved to the base in commensurate with increased stockpile rotation necessary to create a storage facility to hold Brindisi with its humanitarian aid for populations in temporary surpluses resulting from the downsizing • Enhancement of personnel resources to include Members of the Finnish contingent at the United Nations Peacekeeping need. Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) board a US plane used for personnel transport. and closure/liquidation of missions and to constitute mission start-up capacity (UN Photo #180261, April 1964) a standard supply of essential equipment required Today the role of UNLB is based on the following • Coordination with other UN agencies operating in the initial phase of future missions. activities in support of UN Operations worldwide: from Brindisi. The mission logistics infrastructure is set up as soon as possible to ensure smooth induction of • Receipt, storage, rebuild and shipment of troops and personnel and the early establishment material to and from UN operations worldwide. 5.3 Prearranged Services of all components of the mission. This requires • Operational hub as the United Nations relay early budgetary allocation, selection, recruitment DFS continues to improve its capability to support centre for satellite telecommunications and positioning of essential logistics staff, rapid deployment through global readiness connecting 15 peacekeeping missions and 18 finalisation of service and supply contracts, and contracts where DFS has an arrangement with other missions supported by peacekeeping early procurement. Standard operating procedures a company(ies) to provide services on very department, several UN agencies and UN to minimise delays are adopted. short notice. Examples include rations and Headquarters. transportation, refuelling of aircraft and engineering Transportation of the Troop-Contributing Countries • Training programmes conducted at UNLB services. The agreement is not a financial (TCC) personnel and equipment is part of the proving a valuable bridge for developing and commitment until actually required. The contracting MOU process. Some countries will use their own maintaining technical skills for UN staff that are process is being streamlined so that DFS can get resources to deploy at least the advance parties. stationed in missions worldwide. the support on the ground instead of spending a lot In most cases DFS/LSD arranges flights and of time tendering each occasion. • Maintenance of supplies and equipment sea shipments. DFS has in place agreements (strategic deployment stocks) which can be for strategic airlift for rapid deployment and The first shipment of the electoral logistical support materials provided Contingent-Owned Equipment / Movement of by the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI) arrives from issued at very short notice and are sufficient to agreements with sea shipment companies. COE is Troops Brindisi. (UN Photo #191343 by Ky Chung, August 2008) support the opening of a new mission anywhere discussed in further detail in Lesson 7. For more in the world. information, visit the COE section on the Web at Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE) is equipment http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/COE/home.shtml. provided by a contributing Member State. A Committee of Experts examined the different Strategic Deployment Stocks at UNLB include the The quantity and types of Contingent-Owned proposals and chose Brindisi in Italy as a logistics following: base, based on its geographical position, the Equipment provided to the UN are set out in

9 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 9 3 United Nations Owned Equipment assets (non-expendable property and special on safe driving, maintenance, fuel consumption and • Obtain and Manage Reserve Water Supply attractive items) being utilised in field missions overall usage. If the vehicle is damaged, and is Equipment for expansion and for new missions UN-Owned Equipment (UNOE) is all equipment, must always have someone responsible for the involved in a moving violation or in misappropriated as a part of the Strategic Deployment Stock supplies and property purchased and maintained property, from the moment the United Nations (unauthorised) use, the responsible driver must (SDS); and by the UN. accepts consignments from a vendor until property report this to the Chief SAU. Individuals who • Travel to missions and provide direct water is officially written off and disposed of. damage or misappropriate vehicles are ultimately supply support. Property in United Nations terminology consists of responsible for the incident. supplies, equipment, buildings and land belonging Responsibility Water Provision to Field Missions to, or entrusted to the charge of, the Organisation, Procedural Work Flow The chain of responsibility starts with those in whether acquired by purchase, rental, loan, charge of the mission, who are responsible for When consignments are delivered to a mission, One of the most critical provisions is the supply donation or other means. insuring that proper policies and procedures they are received by the Receiving and Inspection of water, as it directly affects efficiency, morale, are in place to effect accountability, safe usage, (R&I) Unit, once accepted by the Self-accounting general health and welfare. Wherever possible, In the United Nations nomenclature, there are three maintenance and reporting of loss of UN-owned Unit (SAU) (e.g.: Communications, IT, Engineering, UN missions use existing water sources and categories of property: property. Ultimately, the Head of Mission Supply, and Transport). Accountability rests with distribution systems. If these systems are 1. Non-expendable property comprises all items is responsible for the protection and use of the SAU. When assets are issued from SAU to non-existing or destroyed, water supply systems valued at US$1,500 or more per unit at the time UN-owned property. This responsibility devolves, end-users in the mission, the end-users become are established for the Mission Start-Up phase of of purchase and with a serviceable life of five through the CMS/DMS through the CISS/CTS, to accountable for the property until such time as the the mission whenever possible by the mission’s years or more. the Chief Self-Accounting Unit (SAU). assets are returned to the control of the SAU. UN engineering elements. Military contingents are property that is lost, damaged or destroyed while advised how many days supply they are to deploy 2. Expendable property comprises all items with: Accountability in use must be immediately reported to the Chief with to ensure there is no shortage on their arrival. a. An original purchase cost of less than SAU, who determines which action – “write-off”, US$1,500; Accountability means that personnel utilising “maintenance” – should be taken. The Security b. An original purchase cost of US$1,500 or United Nations property provided to peacekeeping Section of the mission is also advised of the more, but with a serviceable life of less than operations through assessed or voluntary incident. The Chief SAU is responsible for the five years, except special items as described contributions by Member States, are expected to timely submission to the Local Property Survey below. exercise reasonable care of UNOE in their charge Board of the write-off cases. 3. Certain items of property or equipment are and are responsible for the safekeeping, proper considered special items. They include property handling/usage, and reporting changes of inventory Food considered to be “of an attractive nature” and (loss, theft and damage). However, individuals having a minimum value of US$500 (cameras, are not personally accountable for the security The UN, through a contractor, delivers rations computers, calculators, facsimile machines, protection of the assets in case of looting, fire, to the troops to meet their dietary, national and/ television sets, etc.). hostile action etc. unless gross negligence with or religious preferences. Reserves of rations are purposeful intent is proved, directly causing the stored in menu types requested by the contingents, 4. Real property consists of land, buildings and loss of property. e.g., Western style, Halal, beef-free or pork-free built-in fixtures. Normally, in accordance with menus. However, initial requirement for the the documentation establishing a peacekeeping Individual User Accountability contingents is that they are expected to deploy with mission, the host government provides land 30/60/90 day stocks as agreed. and premises to accommodate the military This refers to assets that are issued to individual Five truck loads of water from the United Nations Children’s Fund personnel of the mission, alternatively the users by the Self-Accounting Unit (SAU). To Water (UNICEF) are delivered to Rmaich, Lebanon. (UN Photo #123759 by Mark Organisation may lease land and premises for establish accountability, end users are required Garten, August 2006) that purpose. By definition the United Nations to take on the responsibility and sign a receipt for It is the responsibility of the Engineering becomes responsible for maintaining property assets issued to them. UNOE normally included Section LSD/DFS to provide support to the UN Scales of water supply and water storage are as records covering such loans and/or leases, so in this category are hand-held radios, pagers, Peacekeeping Field Missions for water supply. In follows: as to ensure proper accounting and eventual cell phones, computer systems, laptops, vehicles, order to achieve that, it has to: • Safe drinking water (World Health Organisation- payments for the property. VHF/HF/UHF radios, among others. Although • Conduct water surveys and determine WHO)/Bottled water (5.0 litres/ person) vehicles commonly have numerous drivers, in appropriate equipment and personnel to • Treated bulk water for cleaning, shower, Policy view of their special nature, they are assigned establish water programs in the missions; to particular individuals who are to ensure that ablutions and other uses (80.0 litres/person) • Provide UN Missions with water supply Policy on accountability for United Nations owned only personnel duly-authorised to drive UN • Storage facility (2-day consumption) (160.0 litres/ equipment through global contracts in an equipment (UNOE) dictates that accountability vehicles drive the vehicle. Drivers of vehicles are person). effective, economical and timely manner; must be maintained at all times. This means that responsible for complying with mission directives

9 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 9 5 Water Supply Surveys The bidding process can be done at the Mission System Outline data kept are current. It also acts as a facilitator level, depending on the availability, or at the UNHQ to match equipment from one Member State with Water supply surveys can include: level, where global contracting may be necessary. UNSAS is based upon conditional commitments by troops from another. HQ team training is done Members States to contribute specified resources • Research on water situation in region of immediately prior to deployment, often in a country 1 within agreed response time for United Nations deployment; UN Standby Arrangements System close to the mission area. peacekeeping operations. • Investigation of water resources in locations of The United Nations Stand-by Arrangements The system consists of arrangements negotiated deployment (current water supply sources and System (UNSAS) is based on conditional between the United Nations and individual Member infrastructures in location, water quality and commitments by Member States of specified States. The resources agreed upon remain on quantity by source); resources within the agreed response time for UN “standby” in their home country, where necessary • Mission water demands (current demand, future peacekeeping operations. These resources can be arrangements, including training, are conducted to expansion); and military formations, specialised personnel (civilian fulfil specified tasks or functions in accordance with and military) services, as well as material and • Proposed projects (development of water United Nations guidelines. When necessary, the equipment. The resources agreed-upon remain on sources, water purification, water supply/storage/ resources are requested by the Secretary-General, “stand-by” in their home country, where necessary distribution). and, if approved by the Member States, are rapidly arrangements, including training, are conducted to deployed. Water Program Global System Contracts prepare them to fulfil specified tasks or functions in accordance with United Nations guidelines. The military resources required are: The following are some established Water Program Stand-by resources are used exclusively for a. Military units/sub-units/elements (personnel and Global System Contracts: peacekeeping operations mandated by the Security equipment organised and trained to fulfil a task A UN helicopter from the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti Council. When specific needs arise, stand-by • Reverse osmosis water treatment system and or mission). (MINUSTAH) en route to the mission. Helicopters can provide a speedy resources are requested by the Secretary-General bottling assembly; b. Individual military personnel, to fill military staff response time. (UN Photo #401397 by Logan Abassi, June 2009) and, if approved by participating Member States, officer, observer or liaison officer positions. • Advanced filtration Water Treatment system and are rapidly deployed to set up new peacekeeping This includes a Mission HQ On-Call List to Response Time bottling assembly; and missions or to reinforce existing ones. fill staff posts in the military component of Response Time is defined as the time that elapses • Floating water intake system. mission headquarters rapidly when a mission is Background between the moment a formal request from the established. System Characteristics Secretariat is forwarded to the Permanent Mission The time available to organise and deploy c. Material and equipment, including the required of the Member State concerned, and the time System characteristics should be as follows: peacekeeping operations, along with the support organisation. when the resources are ready to be picked up for • Complete water production and bottling system complexity of missions, has made it increasingly d. Services. deployment at specified points of embarkation. (including water tanks, treatment system, bottling difficult to implement Security Council To meet the target timetable (30 and 90 days) for Structures for the military and police components assembly, shrink wrapping, all chemicals and peacekeeping mandates in a timely manner. mission establishment, the following response of a peacekeeping mission have been developed bottling consumables); periods are required from Member States As a result, Member States have endorsed the with the view to ensure that all Member States can contributing to UNSAS for mission establishment: • Reliability because life depends upon it need for a system of “Standby Arrangements” participate, regardless of their size, capabilities, a. Seven days for key staff planners for the mission (Production of safe drinking water according to with the capability of deploying on short notice to or situation. The structural responsibilities are the headquarters (these are Level One of the the WHO guidelines) facilitate the planning for, and the establishment of following: Mission HQ On Call List); • Mobile and deployable (compact, lightweight peacekeeping operations mandated by the Security a. Assist in normalising the process of mounting and containerised for ease of transportation on Council. future operations; b. Seven days for elements involved in providing strategic sea-lift support (in this case Response ground, sea or air); and b. Assist planners in defining the actual The General Assembly has endorsed this Time is defined as the time that elapses organisational requirements and costs of • Automated system (minimum operation and requirement to enable the Organisation to establish between the moment a formal request from missions; maintenance requirements). a traditional peacekeeping mission within 30 days the Secretariat is forwarded to the Permanent and a complex mission within 90 days of a Security c. Guide Member States in structuring their Mission of the Member State concerned, and POL Contracts Council Mandate. contributions. the time when the ship(s) are ready to set sail to deploy the said elements of the mission); POL (Petrol, Oil and Lubricants) Contracts are The Military aspects of UNSAS are managed by contracts for all petroleum and associated products the Standby Arrangements Unit in the Military c. Fourteen days for other staff officers involved in used by the missions. These can include gasoline 1 For more information, visit the UNSAS Web Division of DPKO. The Standby Arrangements Unit the establishment of the mission headquarters and diesel, heating oils, various types of brake and site at . List);

9 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 9 7 d. Twenty-one days for elements involved in United Nations peacekeeping operation, personnel a. Level 1. Provision of a list of capabilities 5.4 Mission Headquarters Staff providing air strategic lift support and in the made available by Member States remain in their describing what kind of resources that may be reception phase of the mission establishment, national service but under Operational Command made available. This includes capabilities (tasks Rapid Deployment Start-up Personnel e.g., movement control and terminal elements; of the United Nations. that can be performed), number of personnel, response time and restrictions, if any. Today’s peacekeeping operations are often e. Twenty-eight days for other units/sub-units/ Finance involved in the settlement of conflicts in areas elements/individuals, including other staff for the b. Level 2. Provision of more detailed information where the structures of government administration Mission HQ. on contributions by completing Planning Data The Member States assume all costs as long as have been severely weakened or destroyed. For Sheet(s). The Planning Data Sheet is a detailed resources remain on standby in their country, with this reason, key mission staff – political, military, These times are likely to be required for the 90-day list describing the contribution, including a list the exception of correspondence training for all on police and civil administration personnel – must target for a complex mission establishment. The of Major Equipment, level of self-sufficiency, the Mission HQ On Call List. be deployed quickly to begin the immediate additional time after 28 days is used for any transportation data, the organisation of the units implementation of core tasks and thus avoid a possible collective training, information gathering and data on individuals. Provision of the Planning The United Nations pays for the deployed security and administrative vacuum. and logistics preparation. The military component Data Sheet is a key point in the Secretariat’s elements that meet the requirements as soon as may also deploy into the mission area prior to planning. they embark for the mission area or if they are arrival of other components. required for briefings at UNHQ prior to deployment. c. Level 3. A general Memorandum of Reimbursement is carried out according to current Understanding on Standby Arrangements Member States can contribute to UNSAS at United Nations rules and regulations. with the United Nations. MOUs are the formal longer response times. These contributions are documents agreed by the United Nations and the mainly used as replacement of current mission Logistics Government of the Contributing Nation. A MOU contributors, should appropriate warning be given specifies resources provided, response times, by a Member State that it wishes to withdraw from Logistic support for peacekeeping operations and conditions for employment. Also attached an established mission. is normally the responsibility of the United to the MOUs are technical data or requirements Nations. However, standby forces being rapidly regarding contributions. Employment Period deployed must be self-sufficient until the United d. Level 4. A specific MOU that contains agreement Nations support system is established. All formed Once deployed the period of employment of military on contingent-owned equipment. This level can contingents are to bring the following levels of stock personnel is six months for formed units and staff only be completed after detailed negotiations holdings to the mission area: officers, and one year for individual observers and with the Member State, including visits, are liaison officers. Those called out from the Mission a. Rations: 90 days supply. reached. Members of the Malaysian contingent of the Formed Police Unit (FPU) of the United Nations Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) familiarize the HQ On call List and units and individuals deployed b. Field defence stores (fencing, barbed wire, platoons with the use of an aircraft in a mission during a rapid deployment to enable movements, are normally employed for Reporting sandbags etc): as stated in the MOU. exercise. (UN Photo #234879 by Martine Perret, December 2008) shorter periods until more permanent staff can fill these functions. An indicative timeframe for c. Ammunition: 270 days supply, at operational and Information held regarding contributions to Personnel Surge Capacity employment of staff called out from the Mission HQ training rates of consumption. UNSAS is used by military and police planners to On Call List is between 90 and 180 days. propose the most appropriate capability to meet The Secretariat has established a surge roster d. Canteen2: suggested 60 days supply. the operational requirements of the United Nations of key administrative staff that is essential for the Training e. Medical supplies: as stated in the MOU. and to plan deployment. To do this effectively, rapid and effective start-up of new missions. information must be current. A system of quarterly f. Repair parts: 60 days supply. The primary responsibility for the training of reporting is used to ensure that the information kept The attached parameters will give an idea of personnel in the performance of peacekeeping by the Secretariat is up-to-date. personnel planned for a Traditional or a Complex Levels of Commitment and Agreements duties remains with Member States. To facilitate mission: standardisation, training guidelines for specific There are four Levels of Commitment by Member United Nations tasks and objectives are published States to UNSAS: by the Secretariat.

Command and Control 2 Canteen is a type of commissary or store Member States retain the responsibility for standby selling duty free items needed by troops but not resources until they physically leave the home provided by the respective governments or the UN country. During their period of assignment to a such as toothpaste, cigarettes, etc.

9 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 9 9 Category of personnel Traditional mission Complex mission Mission headquarters 600 1 000 End-of-Lesson Quiz Special Representatives Office and Substantive Office 75 150

Force headquarters military staff 75 100

Integrated support services – military staff 50 100 1. Effective deployment is defined as: 6. The employment period for military Integrated support services – administration 100 150 A. Minimum operational capability for a mission to personnel in a mission initially is: begin implementing its mandate; A. Six months; Local staff 300 500 B. One year; B. Maximum operational capability for a mission to Sector headquarters (3) - 300 C. Eighteen months; begin implementing its mandate; D. Two years. Within each sector headquarters - 100 C. Minimum operational capability for UNHQ to Military staff - 50 deploy its resources; 7. COE equipment is owned by contributing Integrated support services – administration - 25 D. Maximum operational capability for UNHQ to member state and maintained by: deploy its resources. A. Member state; Local staff - 25 B. Host nation; C. UN; 2. For effective deployment, mission support Stand-by Arrangements for Troops and Civilian Civilian Specialists D. Other contingents. Police includes: Any logistics strategy for rapid deployment A. Materials/services and personnel; 8. In a mission, ultimately the responsibility of Rapid response to a crisis requires specialised needs to be supported by the requisite number of B. Personnel only; protection and use of UN-owned property is support at the early stages of deployment. administrative and technical support staff, ready on: The Department of Peacekeeping Operations and available to be deployed to the field, within C. Materials and services; A. CISS has created the structure of a generic mission the time frames stated. The rapid deployment D. Services only. B. HOM headquarters requiring approximately 100 military of pre-screened and pre-cleared staff members C. CAS officers, deployable on seven-days’ notice. already within the United Nations system is 3. The guidance on the operation and D. CGS essential. management of SDS is given by: The Police Division has designed a model civilian Headed by the DMS/CMS, the core Logistics A. DMS/CMS 9. SDS includes: police headquarters and has produced generic Operations Staff include the Chief of Integrated B. HOM A. Transport assets; job descriptions for 100 posts in the initial field Support Services, which in some missions may B. Communications equipment; deployment component. C. USG/DFS also be called the Chief Technical Services and the C. Accommodations; D. SG Chief Administrative Services who usually oversees D. All of the above. The Mine Action Service has developed an Finance, Personnel, Procurement, and General Emergency Response Plan to enable the rapid Services. 4. Pre-mandate commitment authority 10. In the envisioned sequence of rapid deployment of mine action reconnaissance, requires support from member states in the deployment, all contracts for strategic sea coordination and implementation of assets The Chief Integrated Support Services (or a Chief following: lift or air lift should be made upon: worldwide. To support these tasks, standing Technical Services in some missions) reports to A. Troops, COE, transportation; A. Deployment of mission; arrangements with mine action organisations the DMS/CMS and is assisted by a Deputy Chief B. LOAs, SOFA, UNOE; B. D - 30 days to deployment; providing clearance, survey, risk reduction ISS. The Chief ISS liaises closely with Chief C. Before planning team is established; C. Troops, COE, SOMA; education, mechanical equipment and detection Administrative Services (CAS) and the Force D. None of the above. dog capacities are in place to enable the rapid Commander. D. Troop, LOAs, SOFA. commencement of emergency mine action 11. Once items are deployed from UNLB The Chief ISS is responsible for the Supply Section, operations when required. Stocks of mine action to missions, the Secretariat charges the Information Technology Section, Communications 5. UNLB includes surface transport, related equipment are established within the United replacement cost to the budget of: Section, Transport Section, Engineering, Aviation communications, engineering, equipment Nations Humanitarian Response Depot in Brindisi, A. UNLB; and the Joint Logistics Centre. Each section is and: Italy, while a database of mine action experts for B. Security Council; headed by a Chief, with appropriate staff, e.g., A. Houses troops; deployment on short notice is also maintained. C. To the Mission; Transport may include a Chief Transport Officer, a B. Houses COE; D. Procurement. Motor Transport Unit Chief, a Vehicle Maintenance C. Stores food supplies; Unit Chief, or a Repair Parts Specialist. D. None of the above. ANSWER KEY 1A, 2A, 3C, 4D,6A, 7C, 8B, 9D, 10B, 11C

1 0 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 5: RAPID DEPLOYMENT | 1 0 1 LESSON 6 FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT INTRODUCTION partly from the Support Account. In all of these cases, both the proposed budgets and the actual In broad terms, this lesson describes the UN expenditures are scrutinised by the Advisory financial system and the principles and procedures Committee on Administrative and Budgetary needed to secure reimbursement for eligible Questions (ACABQ) and approved by the Fifth LESSON expenses. The student is given an overview of how Committee of the General Assembly. Sometimes a mission is funded, steps in setting up a budget these funds will be augmented, or even replaced, 6 and steps in getting it approved. by mission (or task) specific Trust Funds. These are usually scrutinised and controlled by the relevant The methods of financing United Nation’s donor Member States. peacekeeping operations vary, depending on the type of operation and on the decisions taken by the Missions may be financed in a number of different Security Council in respect to each. All budgets of ways, including a combination of such measures. peacekeeping operations must be approved by the Some missions are financed from the regular General Assembly, taking into account the advice United Nations budget. However, because military of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and observers on such missions are provided at no Budgetary questions, and the Assembly’s Fifth cost to the UN by contributing countries, it can be Committee, as another level of expertise consulted said that such missions are partly financed by such before approval. voluntary contributions of contributing countries. A LESSON OBJECTIVES mission may be financed by contributions assessed The Security Council gives direction to the in accordance with a formula determined by the No mission can begin, or proceed, without first obtaining financial backing. Secretary-General (SG) on the scope, scale General Assembly. This system of financing is 6.1 Finance Lesson 6 discusses these steps from beginning to end, namely: how and duration of a peacekeeping operation. applied to a large number of current operations. logistics experts arrive at financial estimates for a mission, how and 6.2 The Budget Approval The SG delegates the responsibility for where financial backing is obtained, how a budget is prepared, and how executing the Security Council’s Mandate to the Process financial upkeep is maintained throughout the mission. Because political Under-Secretary-General (USG) DPKO, who 6.3 Financial realities encompass financial requirements at a very fundamental level, in turn delegates the task to the DPKO Office understanding the financial demands and processes of a UN mission is of Operations (OO). This latter Office, with the Responsibilities critical. assistance of the Military Planning Service (MPS), within a Mission Area turns the policy directives of the SC into specific In providing details regarding logistical financial requirements, Lesson operational requirements for, among other things, 6.4 Procurement 6 describes the UN financial system for a mission and defines financial in close cooperation with DFS, the logistics Activities principles and procedures that support operations. support of the required peacekeeping operation. The logistics support requirements are mainly 6.5 Reimbursement By the end of Lesson 6, the student should be able to meet the following influenced by the tasks and capabilities required of Procedures objectives: the mission, the geographic and climatic conditions in the mission area, and the level of Member State 6.6 Property Control and participation. DFS is responsible for providing all • Discuss the funding of UN operations; Inventory logistic support; this is the key to ensuring that the • Discuss the preparation of budget; UN Secretariat presents a plan that is both militarily 6.7 In and Out Survey • List the financial responsibilities within mission areas; sensible and logistically supportable. The General Assembly meets to discussed the proposed United Nations 6.8 Write-Off of programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009. Some missions are • State procedures for handling reimbursements; financed from the regular United Nations budget. (UN Photo #411168 by Equipment • Discuss UN procedures regarding property and inventory control; 6.1 Finance Eskinder Debebe, September 2009) 6.9 Letters of Assist • List and discuss In and Out survey; and Finance for the direct support of a peacekeeping The Regular Budget covers the routine running • Discuss SOFA. (LOA) mission is provided through assessed costs of the United Nations (excluding the contributions, levied on Member States in specialised agencies and UN programmes such accordance with the relevant Security Council as the United Nations Development Programme To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course Mandate. In addition, Headquarters-level backup author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual and the World Food Programme) It is reviewed by classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ is financed partly from the Regular Budget, and media_page/5], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT | 1 0 5 ACABQ and approved by the General Assembly. Once a peacekeeping operation is underway, (c) A force is composed of a number of contingents (e) In the case of peacekeeping operations The regular budget pays for UN activities, staff troop-contributing countries are reimbursed at provided by selected countries upon the request financed by voluntary contributions, provisions for and basic infrastructure but not peacekeeping. fixed rates for the personnel they provide, and are of the Secretary-General. The contingents are reimbursing troop-contributing governments are All member states are obliged to contribute to also compensated for the depreciation of their selected in consultation with the Security Council in accordance with agreements between them the regular budget on a scale that is calculated equipment. When Member States do not pay theirs and with the parties concerned, bearing in mind individually or as a group and the United Nations. on the basis of their individual share in the world assessed contributions for peace keeping in full the accepted principle of equitable geographic economy; the maximum amount payable under and on time, one consequence is a delay in these distribution. The type and amounts of budget (f) National pay and allowances of the troops these assessed contributions is 25% and the reimbursements to troop-contributing countries. provisions for equipping a force with the resources are the responsibility of the troop-contributing minimum 0.001%. it requires to carry out its task depend upon governments concerned. However, the budget Voluntary Contributions are also a regular the extent to which participating contingents may provide for payment by the United Nations The peacekeeping operations budget is assessed feature of UN finance but they do not relate to are self-sufficient and capable of supporting of a daily allowance for incidental personal separately from the regular budget; a similar process peacekeeping other than in the context of specific themselves administratively, logistically and expenses, payable in local currency, to all of assessment is used but in this case it is weighted services or equipment for which reimbursement operationally. The Secretary-General informs members of contingents serving with a force and in that the permanent members of the Security is not anticipated. As the name implies these prospective troop-contributors of the operational for recreational leave. Council pay more. Until recently member states are are contributions made by Member States on a capability required for a contingent. divided into 4 categories: those in Group D pay 10% voluntary basis and they are generally associated (g) Unless troop-contributors agree to absorb any of their assessed contribution, those in Group C with activities related to humanitarian aid and (d) In cases of peacekeeping operations financed of the following costs, the United Nations assumes 20%, those in Group B 100%, and those in Group A development, although this is not always the case. by assessed contributions, the provisions for financial responsibility for logistic and local support pay the amounts not otherwise apportioned in order It should be noted that voluntary contributions reimbursing troop-contributing governments are in costs of a force, including food and accommodation to offset the lower contributions in Groups C & D; are not confined to states; a number of large accordance with the applicable rates and practices as well as medical and welfare services for the this amounts to just under 50% of the total. In 2001, corporations have made donations. Time-Warner as approved by the General Assembly. troops, the provision of equipment and supplies for a revised version of this assessment was instituted. donated $1 billion to UN development programmes, the operation and maintenance of transport and It is very similar to the original categories but the $400 million from the World’s Rotary Clubs to In respect of pay and allowances of troops – a communication systems, including vehicles, aircraft number of groups has been increased to ten with help eradicate polio, not to mention joint ventures standard rate is approved per troop-month for all and radio equipment. Similarly, the United Nations each receiving a discount based on their relative such as the 20 year, $1.5 billion project between ranks plus a supplementary rate per troop-month is responsible for the cost of rotating contingents economic strength. The cost of peacekeeping has the WHO and SmithKline Beecham to eradicate for a limited number of specialists, such as medics, upon completion of their respective tours of duty become a contentious issue, particularly in view elephantiasis. doctors and engineers. with a force, including the cost of repatriating of the increased number of operations that have individual members of the force for medical, taken place. It has resulted in some member states Preparation of Budget In respect of a usage factor for personal clothing, compassionate or other reasons. accumulating substantial arrears which have a gear and equipment issued by governments to their significant impact upon the UN’s ability to reimburse (a) The terms of reference, general considerations, troops – a standard rate per troop-month for all Results Based Budgeting (RBB) troop contributors. The actual cost of peacekeeping a plan of action and the method of financing a ranks for clothing and personal gear and equipment has gone through a series of peaks and troughs; peacekeeping operation are found in the resolution and a supplementary rate per troop-month for all Overall, budgeting in the United Nations is based in 1994, at the height of operations in the Former of the Security Council establishing the operation ranks for personal weaponry and ammunition. on Results Based Budgeting (RBB). Organizations Yugoslavia the bill was in the region of $3.5 billion, and/or in the related implementation report of the define RBB in different ways; however, all dropping to $1.4 billion in 1996 and around $1 billion Secretary-General submitted to the Council at In respect of contingent-owned equipment and definitions revolve around the concept of aligning in 1998, and increasing to $7.1 billion in 2008; this its request and approved by it. The report also supplies – provision is made for reimbursing resources behind results. In line with the definition reflected troop numbers that dropped from nearly contains the Secretary-General’s submission troop-contributing governments for the cost of of RBB offered by the United Nations, RBB is a 80,000 to 14,000 over the same period. With the regarding the size of the force, the duration of the depreciation of contingent-owned equipment based results-driven budgeting process in which: increased deployments since mid-1999 (reaching period that the force would initially be stationed in on general guidelines agreed upon with troop • Programme formulation and resources over 112,660 in 2008) inevitably the costs have risen the area and an estimate of the costs involved. contributors. After the amount for depreciation justification involve a set of predefined again. has been fully reimbursed the ownership of the objectives, expected results, outputs, inputs, and (b) A peacekeeping force continues in operation item vests in the United Nations unless otherwise performance indicators that constitute a ‘logical Unlike a national government, the United Nations after the initial period, if required, provided agreed upon for specific items. framework’; has no armed forces apart from what its Members the Security Council so decides. The specific • Expected results justify resource requirements, provide it specifically for each peacekeeping mandate period(s) decided by the Security Council Death and disability awards – provision is made which are derived from — and linked to — operation. Therefore, throughout this process determine the budget period and the financial for the reimbursement of payments made by outputs to be delivered, with a view to achieving the Secretariat is in contact with potential authorisations. troop-contributing governments based upon troop-contributing countries in order to identify national legislation and/or regulations for death, such results; and those which are prepared to provide the necessary injuries, disability, or illness of contingent members • Actual performance in achieving results is personnel and equipment. attributable to their service in a force. measured by predefined performance indicators.

1 0 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT | 1 0 7 This definition captures three of the main features terms of resources. The Secretary-General then The DMS/CMS is the principal adviser to the The contingents of member states participating of RBB, namely: (i) use of a ‘logical framework’ submits a report to the Security Council which Head of Mission on all matters relating to its in a mission are not allowed to enter into for informed budgetary decision-making; (ii) is prepared by the political departments. This administration and actions. In budgetary terms, procurement activities in the name of the UN resources justification by results; and (iii) infusion report indicates the participation level required by he/she is responsible for forecasting and planning unless authorisation in a written form or as a “Note of performance measurement into the budgetary contributing member states. financial requirements, supervising the financial Verbale” agreed to between UN Headquarters decision-making process. management systems, exercising budgetary in New York and the respective government. If Based on this preliminary information, the DFS control, and preparing and submitting budget a contingent enters into procurement activities prepares estimates for an overall future budget; estimates for the mission. In essence, he/ without such prior approval, the Mission is not liable 6.2 The Budget Approval Process the Office of the Controller of DFS reviews she is responsible for reconciling all financial to refund the Member State or contract source. these. Once these estimates meet approval, the requirements of the mission with all that is carried Early approval of the budget for a peacekeeping Secretary-General presents them to the Security out on the mission. Types of Acquisitions operation is an important factor in minimising Council. His report includes a detailed estimate delays in deployment as most contractual and of required resources. Next, the Security Council To carry out and supervise the day-to-day The following types of acquisitions are available to procurement actions can only be initiated only approves an operation for an initial period of time reconciliation of financial details, the DMS/CMS the Mission through the authority of the DMS/CMS after budgetary approval. Therefore, preparation (often six months). appoints a Chief Finance Officer as his/her main and HOM: of a budget should begin simultaneously with the financial assistant. The Chief Finance Officer has operational plan for the proposed mission. • A Purchase Order may be processed locally Given such approval, as the final stage of setting a number of responsibilities. He/she approves within pre-agreed financial limits for an a budget, the DFS prepares the final budget. It is mission payments and maintains mission accounts. authorised local vendor. reviewed by the UN Budget Unit and submitted He/she coordinates and supervises the preparation as the Secretary-General’s proposed budget. and production of budget estimates and program • A Direct Provisioning document (Blanket This final budget is reviewed by the ACABQ, Fifth budgets for the mission. Finally, he/she is the one Purchase Order on an Open-ended Contract) Committee, and is re-submitted to the General to ensure full implementation of, and compliance may be issued as a requisition against an Assembly. When the General Assembly approves with, all existing United Nations financial rules, existing approved local or pre-approved the budget, the mission can begin. However, regulations, instructions and procedures laid down Contract. often due to the length of time it takes for all the in the United Nations Financial Manual. • A local Contract may be issued for supplies or necessary approvals, missions often start and services that are within the mission financial deployments commence under PMCA funding. 6.4 Procurement Activities limitations. Finally, it is the Secretariat that has the ultimate • An Accelerated Procurement may be generated All procurement activities (contracts for purchase, authority to disperse funds for the approved for needs that are urgent, in which local funds rental or sale of services, supplies, equipment operation, and thereby, it begins disbursements, as are used to buy materials off-the-shelf. or other requirements) entered into by the UN required. The Security Council endorses a proposal to help fund the Iraqi are governed by the Financial Regulations and • When a required item exceeds the Mission Government’s obligations for the regular budget, peacekeeping and Rules. Procurement policies and procedures for financial limits, a Draft Requisition is drawn up, tribunal activities and the Capital Master Plan of the United Nations. 6.3 Financial Responsibilities within the purchase, receipt, management and disposal approved, and sent to UN Headquarters in New (UN Photo #79826 by Evan Schneider, June 2005) a Mission Area of equipment are contained in the Procurement York for processing. Manual. The Mission engages in this method of • When required, a Letter of Assist (LOA) may be Requirements for each planned activity of the Once funds are allocated for a mission, a Director acquisition either through UN Headquarters in New requested through UN Headquarters. This is a mission should be provided for in the budget. of Mission Support (DMS) or Chief of Mission York, or locally. contracting document that is entered into with Budgets for peacekeeping operations should be Support (CMS) is appointed, whereby the a member state’s military or government as a as comprehensive as possible, with all substantive Secretary-General provides him with a document Only officials duly authorised by the UN can source of supply, to satisfy the original demand. components providing input, especially when entitled “Delegation of Authority” outlining what enter into acquisition activities. This includes The type and method of procurement used a peacekeeping mandate is being renewed or is expected as the proper functioning of the contracts, the invitation of proposals or tenders, • depends on the mission budget, financial modified. mission and his role thereof. The document and negotiation with potential suppliers or limitations, sources of supply and/or its urgency. specifies the financial limits of the mission. This purchasers on the basis of detailed specifications. Guidance for choosing the method of acquisition The steps to establish a budget and to get it includes purchases of non-expendable property The duly authorised individuals on a UN mission is provided in the Procurement Regulations and approved are sequential and are the same steps and includes the authority to enter into support are the DMS/CMS or Head of Mission. A Mission Rules of the United Nations, and in the Field for all missions. First, political departments contracts plus limits on Property Survey and Committee on Contracts, also known as Local Administration Manual. recommend an operation to the Secretary-General, Claims Review. Committee on Contracts, is formed to assist the who approves that a survey mission be sent to the DMS/CMS or the Head of Mission. targeted area to evaluate mission requirements in

1 0 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT | 1 0 9 6.5 Reimbursement Procedures 6.6 Property Control and Inventory agreements between the UN and the contributing of the equipment is recorded. This document, now Member State. Ownership of Contingent-Owned showing the status of the equipment and stores Financial agreements with the UN are normally In UN terminology, property is defined as all of the Equipment is retained by member states. upon arrival in and departure from the mission site, included as part of the agreement negotiated supplies, equipment, buildings and land belonging forms the basis for contingents’ consumption and between respective contributing states and the UN, to, or entrusted into the charge of the mission or Next, there is National-Owned Equipment (NOE), depreciation claims to be reimbursed by the UN. an agreement known as the Model Agreement. elements of the mission, whether acquired by which is equipment not approved by the UN, but Among other matters, the agreement details the purchase, rental, loan, donation, or by some other which the Member State considers essential for its Steps for completing the Out Survey is as follows: financial responsibilities of each party. Since means. own security, communications, medical or welfare contingents first complete the Out Survey; then the UN covers major costs of a mission, when purposes. Support and financial responsibility the Property Control and Inventory Unit conducts calculating costs to be charged to the UN, recovery Categories of Equipment/Property for such equipment remains the Member State’s the Out inspection and provides assistance in is generally sought only for the additional expenses responsibility. compiling the final In/Out Survey document, as that fell to the contributing Member State. In some Equipment/property deployed in support of UN required. Next, contingents forward the completed, cases, this may equal the full cost of providing a contingents is categorised as follows: Finally, there is Host Nation Owned Equipment certified In/Out Survey document to their respective service. Where capital purchase was involved, (HNOE), which is provided by the host government. governments, who forward the original copy to UN the full cost is appropriate for reimbursement. First, there is UN-Owned Equipment (UNOE), Whether such equipment is owned, leased, or Headquarters in NY. Full accounting of all expenses to be reimbursed which is all equipment, supplies and property otherwise acquired by the host nation for the by the UN will be required before payment can purchased and maintained by the UN. use of the UN mission, the UN is responsible for 6.8 Write-Off of Equipment be authorised; lack of supporting documentation maintaining it. results in delay or non-reimbursement of the The DMS/CMS will normally be given authority expense. 6.7 In and Out Survey to write-off property on a mission to the value of US $1,500. The Local Property Survey Board, There are exceptions to the reimbursement In Survey which is established by the DMS/CMS, normally process. For example, there are rare occasions has the authority to write-off property to the when a member state decides not to seek recovery To determine its liability for reimbursement for value of US $25,000.00. Losses greater than this of legitimate expenses from the UN. Or, as an Contingent-Owned Equipment, the UN requires an amount are referred to UN Headquarters in NY for alternative to direct reimbursement, the UN may at inventory which shows, among other details, the consideration by Headquarters Property Survey times agree that costs incurred be credited against value of each item deployed to a mission site by Board. a member nation’s assessed contributions. More a contributing nation. Known as an In Survey, this commonly, a member state can decide to deploy inventory, which is prepared prior to deployment, Military units are responsible for initiating write-off more assets than the UN has requested; both provides details of all vehicles, stores and procedures and forwarding the necessary parties understand that the additional resources equipment deployed. Upon arrival to the Mission paperwork. In a larger mission, these papers are will be funded by the nation concerned, and remain site, all Contingent-Owned Equipment is checked forwarded to the Chief Logistics Officer, while for under the direct control of the nation concerned. Or against that listed in the In Survey document. Once smaller missions, this is forwarded to the DMS/ at times, deployments contain costs that the UN did this check is completed, the In Survey becomes the CMS. Civilian units and personnel must submit not agree to reimburse. Thus, before introducing prime accounting document and is used to assess write-off proposals directly to the DMS/CMS. new equipment or implementing improvements for UN liability for reimbursement. Depending on the amounts involved, the Chief deployed troops, participating nations are advised Logistics Officer, or the DMS/CMS in turn forwards to enquire from UN Headquarters whether the Out Survey the write-off documentation to the secretary of the expense would be reimbursed. Local Property Survey Board, or to Headquarters The In Survey is maintained for the duration of a Part of the 170 French soldiers and equipment, the first Property Survey Board. The practice of the UN is that most reimbursement wave of some 2,000 pledged by France, arrive at United contingent’s deployment, with adjustments being is authorised through UN Headquarters in New Nations Interim Force in Naqoura in southern Lebanon as progressively made as Contingent Operating York after the presentation of the necessary part of the new international force dubbed UNIFIL II. (UN Equipment issues and receipts are posted. It is 6.9 Letters of Assist (LOA) documentation by the contributing nation. The Photo #123801 by Mark Garten, August 2006) also adjusted to reflect progressive write-offs of prime document used to support claims for the stores and equipment, as they occur. At the time a When essential items or services are not available reimbursement of costs associated with equipment Second, there is Contingent-Owned Equipment contingent is ready to redeploy, a final inspection through commercial sources within a Mission Area, is the In/Out Survey. (COE), which is equipment provided by a of all Contingent-Owned Equipment is conducted a requisition, known as a Letter of Assistance contributing Member State, but maintained by the by a representative of the DMS/CMS Office. At (LOA), is drawn up to obtain it from the most UN. The quantity and types of Contingent-Owned this time, the Out Survey columns of the In/Out appropriate source of supply, which is usually the Equipment provided to the UN are set out in Survey document are completed and the condition Government of the contingent which requires the item.

1 1 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT | 1 1 1 A Letter of Assist (LOA) is a contracting document SUMMARY issued by the United Nations to a government End-of-Lesson Quiz to provide goods or services to United Nations The prime financial concerns of member states peacekeeping operations. The UN may agree in contributing to a UN mission are first, determining the Letter of Assist: sources of funding, and second, the reimbursement • To purchase goods or services from a of expenses incurred. Contributing nations first need to know whether funds allocated to a mission government, or 1. The steps to establish a budget and to get it 5. In budgetary terms, the DMS/CMS is will be sufficient to provide the required logistic approved are sequential and are the same for responsible for: • To authorise a government to supply goods or support in the field, and secondly, whether the every mission. Which of the following steps services to its own military contingent in a United UN will be capable of reimbursing costs incurred A. Forecasting and planning financial is NOT true: Nations Peacekeeping Operation subject to the in deploying their contingents. With adequate requirements and reconciling financial A. Political departments recommend an operation United Nations reimbursing the government for planning and careful financial management at requirements of the mission; to the Secretary-General, who approves a the cost of goods or services. all levels, the UN is normally capable of meeting B. Supervising the financial management systems survey mission to be sent to the targeted area its commitments both to sustain forces and to and exercising budgetary control; to evaluate mission requirements; Reimbursement for an item provided is always reimburse member nations. Because member C. Preparing and submitting budget-estimates for B. The Secretary-General submits a report to the processed through UN Headquarters. The authority nations wish to receive reimbursement in a timely the mission. to approve a Letter of Assistance remains with fashion, they generally agree to carry out the Security Council; D. All of the above. DFS, UNHQ NY. An example of this was the financial management procedures as outlined in C. The initial report is prepared by the political provision of a Dutch Naval Amphibious Ship that departments and indicates the participation this lesson. 6. The DMS/CMS appoints a Chief Finance had an integral Level III Hospital for a three-month level required by contributing member states; Officer as his main financial assistant whose period in the deployment phase of UNMIL to D. The heads of state of the proposed mission responsibilities include: provide medical support while the contingent area are interviewed to obtain their input A. Carrying out and supervising the day-to-day provided hospital from another Member State regarding mission requirements. deploying and establishing itself. reconciliation of financial details; 2. Once funds are allocated for a mission, the B. Approve mission payments and maintain following staff are appointed: mission accounts and coordinate and A. DMS/CMS; supervise the preparation and production of budget estimates and program budgets for the B. The UN agency staff; mission; C. The NATO force commander; C. Ensure full implementation of and compliance D. The special envoy to SG. with all existing United Nations financial rules, 3. The Secretary-General provides the DMS/ regulations, instructions and procedures; CMS with a document entitled “Delegation D. All of the above. of Authority”. It outlines: A. Status of the mission; 7. Which of the following exceptions to the reimbursement process are true: B. DMS/CMS’s personal entitlements; 1) There are rare occasions when a Member C. The expectations of the mission and its State decides not to seek recovery of legitimate expenses from the UN. financial limits; 2) As an alternative to direct reimbursement, the UN may at time agree that cost incurred be D. The budget of the mission. credited against a Member Nation’s assessed contributions. 4. The Delegation of Authority contract 3) A Member State can decide to deploy more assets than the UN has requested and outlines: approved. A. What purchases of non-expendable property 4) Deployments contain costs, which the UN did not agree to reimburse. can be made; 5) Field equipment weighing 10 tons is B. What needs to be specified via contracts for non-reimbursable. purchase, rental and disposal of property; A. 1 and 2; C. What authority is delegated by the UN to the B. 1, 2, 3, and 4; contributing nation in terms of peacekeeping functions; C. 4 and 5; D. Both a. and b. D. 5.

1 1 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 6: FINANCING LOGISTICAL SUPPORT | 1 1 3 8. Contingent-Owned Equipment is equipment provided by a contributing Member State: A. Maintained by Member State; B. Maintained by the UN; C. Maintained by the host nation; LESSON 7 D. Maintained by another nation. CONTINGENT-OWNED 9. The In/Out Survey is an inventory which EQUIPMENT (COE) shows the value of each item deployed to a mission site by a contributing nation. Which of the following statement(s) are true regarding the In/Out Survey: 1) The Out Survey columns of the In/Out Survey are completed at the time a contingent is ready to redeploy. 2) At redeployment, a final inspection of all COE is conducted by a representative of the DPKO. 3) In the final survey, the condition of all equipment and materials is recorded. 4) Using the In/Out Survey, contributing nations calculate consumption and depreciation claims to be reimbursed by the UN. A. 1 and 2; B. 1, 2, and 3; C. 2, 3, and 4; D. All of the above.

10. A feature of inventory taking of equipment is an amount that can be written off, called Write-Off of Equipment. The DMS/CMS is normally given authority to write-off property on a mission up to a pre-agreed value from: A. USD $1,500 to $25,000; B. USD $25,000 to $50,000; C. USD $50,000 to $60,000; D. No limit.

ANSWER KEY

1D, 2A, 3C, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7B, 8B, 9D, 10A

1 1 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS INTRODUCTION Reimbursement rates are adjusted for any period for which troop-contributors are not meeting the Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE) is equipment standards. provided by a contributing Member State. Maintenance of the equipment depends on the Wet Transportation LESSON Lease or Dry Lease arrangement with the Member State. The quantity and types of Contingent-Owned The United Nations is responsible for transportation 7 Equipment provided to the UN are set out in upon deployment and repatriation but may request agreements between the UN and the contributing troop contributor to provide this service via Letter of Member State. Ownership of Contingent-Owned Assist (LOA). Actual cost of inland transportation of Equipment is retained by Member States. major equipment from its normal operating location to an agreed port of embarkation is reimbursed, subject to the presentation of validated claims. 7.1 Country Perspective Troop contributors are responsible for re-supply of contingent for spare parts and minor equipment The standard elements of the system on related to major equipment, and to rotate Contingent-Owned Equipment are as follows: equipment and to meet national requirement. Troop • Binding arrangement contributors are responsible for transportation • Reimbursement related to re-supply of contingent for consumable LESSON OBJECTIVES • Transportation and minor equipment necessary for the provision of • Loss and damage self-sustainment. Lesson 7 defines and discusses the concept of Contingent-Owned • Mission factors 7.1 Country Perspective Loss and Damage Equipment. This lesson reviews the elements from the Member State • Verification and control perspective that would be supplying the equipment, the responsibilities of 7.2 Responsibilities for • Major equipment (wet and dry lease) When deciding reimbursement for loss and UN in relation to COE and the verification done by the UN personnel at COE • Self-sustainment damage a distinction is made between: various stages of the COE. 7.3 Verification by UN • Reimbursement during draw-down • No-fault incidents, and • Dispute resolution • Hostile action/forced abandonment. Personnel By the end of Lesson 7, the student should be able to meet the following • Special case equipment objectives: Annex Model Memorandum Troop-contributors cannot file claim against the of Understanding (MOU) Binding Arrangement United Nations for loss or damage to spare-parts, By the end of Lesson 7, the student should be able to meet the following minor equipment and consumables. These are objectives: One of the goals of the Contingent-Owned covered either by the mission-approved hostile Equipment system is to have troop-contributor action/abandonment factor, and/or the no-fault incident factor. In case of loss or damage during • Describe what Contingent-Owned Equipment is; and the United Nations sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) prior to deployment, transportation, the party making transportation • Understand the Country perspective and the standard elements of the stipulating the obligations of each party, related to arrangements is responsible for loss or damage system; personnel, major equipment and self-sustainment. incurred during transportation. The United Nations has no responsibility for reimbursement where • Be able to explain the responsibilities of UN personnel in relation to A sample MOU is attached as an Annex to this loss and damage is due to wilful misconduct or COE; and lesson. negligence by members of the troop-contributor • Describe the verifications carried out by UN personnel at different Reimbursement as determined by a board of inquiry convened by stages. a duly authorised personnel of the United Nations. The troop-contributors are reimbursed under Where equipment is provided under wet lease wet or dry lease as per rates adopted by the arrangement, the method of calculation for damage General Assembly (GA). Reimbursement is limited is the reasonable cost of repair. Equipment, which to those items of major equipment specifically has suffered damage, is to be considered a total agreed by the UN. Rates of reimbursement for loss when the cost of repair exceeds 75 per cent of To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course special equipment are negotiated separately the generic fair market value. author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual between troop-contributor and United Nations. classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ media_page/89], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 1 7 Mission Factors accordance with the MOU entered into by the Inspection at the time of repatriation of the • Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD); United Nations with the troop-contributor. In order contingent or component thereof from the • Laundry and Dry-cleaning; Mission factors are intended to compensate to do so, the United Nations verifies the status, mission area. This inspection: • Tentage; troop-contributors for extreme operating conditions condition and quantity of the equipment and - Accounts for all major equipment of the troop- in the mission area. The Mission factors are: services provided. • Accommodation; contributor to be repatriated; and • Medical; • An Extreme Environmental Condition Factor; The verification process provides for inspection at - Verifies the condition of major equipment • Observations (Binoculars, etc); three separate stages: provided under the dry lease arrangement • An Intensified Operational Conditions Factor; • Nuclear, biological & chemical (NBC) protection; and to ensure that only equipment of the troop- • Arrival Inspection; contributor is being repatriated. • Field Defense Stores; • A Hostile Action/Force Abandonment Factor. • Operational Readiness Inspection; and • Miscellaneous General Stores (Bedding, Major Equipment Furniture, Welfare); and Extreme Environmental Condition Factors include • Repatriation Inspection. • Unique Equipment. elements, such as: Major equipment under COE can include: Arrival Inspection includes the following: a. Terrain Profile (mountainous, desert conditions, • Communications Equipment (network); swampy conditions) • Major equipment is counted/inspected in order • Electrical (generating power for base camps); to ensure categories and groups and the number b. Climatic Conditions delivered corresponds with the MOU and that • Engineering; - Extreme: Tropical equatorial climate, Tundra they are in serviceable condition, including • Medical and Dental (equipment provided as per Climate painting in United Nations colours; UN standards and authorised in the MOU); - Substantial: Tropical monsoon Climate • In the case of dry lease, the equipment is • Observation Equipment (observation posts); inspected to determine whether the equipment • Accommodation (semi-rigid and or hard frame - Moderate: Tropical Dry climate condition is acceptable in accordance with structures that can be moved); c. Road Conditions (main road conditions, established standards; and • Aircraft; secondary road conditions) • Areas where the unit has a “self-sustainment” • Armaments; responsibility is inspected within six months • Naval Vessels; and An Intensified Operational Conditions Factor with a view to an assessment of the operational includes elements, such as: • Vehicles. performance of the equipment and services. A cargo airplane contains equipment and vehicles for the Jordanian a. Size of area of responsibility (AOR) contingent of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI). (UN Equipment arrangements can be made under: Photo #87719 by Ky Chung, August 2005) Operational Readiness Inspection includes: b. Length of Logistics Chains • Wet lease arrangements; and • Major equipment is counted/inspected in order c. Infrastructure to classify the equipment into categories and • Dry lease arrangements. (as discussed earlier Reimbursement During Draw-Down groups and to ensure that the agreed number in Lesson 4) A Hostile Action/Force Abandonment Factor A plan is developed to coordinate the timely are present and used appropriately; includes elements, such as: Self-Sustainment departure of troop contingents and equipment • Major equipment is inspected to ensure that it is following the termination of a mission. a. Criminal Activities, such as Theft & Robbery operational to the extent agreed to in the MOU; The United Nations is normally required to provide b. Potential of Hostile Engagement of UN Forces Dispute Resolution • In the case of a dry lease, a determination self-sustainment services to troop-contributors. c. Distribution of Uncontrolled or Unmapped is made as to whether the condition of the Should the United Nations not be able or wish A mechanism is established within the mission to Minefields equipment i.e. its maintenance status, is not to provide the services, it can request a discuss and resolve by negotiations differences acceptable; and troop-contributor to provide those services. This arising from the application of the MOU. This Verification and Control can include: • Areas where the unit has a “self-sustainment” mechanism should comprise of two levels: • Catering; responsibility is inspected with a view to The United Nations, in conjunction with the 1. Level – DMS/CMS and Contingent Commander; an assessment of whether the sustainment • Communications (telephone, VHF/UHF-FM respective contingents or delegated authority and capability is sufficient and satisfactory. communications, etc.); designated by the troop-contributor, is responsible • Offices; 2. Level - A Representative of the Permanent to ensure that the equipment and services provided • Repatriation Inspection: Mission of the Member State and the Under- by troop-contributors meets the requirements of • Electrical (for sub-units); • The United Nations carries out Repatriation Secretary-General, DPKO/DFS. the peacekeeping operation and is provided in • Minor Engineering (permanent rigid structure);

1 1 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 1 9 Special Case Equipment Responsibilities of the Military Advisor or Civilian • Approve and sign the Memorandum of • Ensure the completeness and accuracy of Police Advisor Understanding with troop-contributors on behalf calculations of estimated costs for major Special case equipment is that major equipment of the United Nations. equipment and self-sustainment for inclusion in • Reviews and approves the concept of for which, because of the uniqueness of the item, budget proposals; operations, and the operational requirements its high value, or the lack of a generic group, a Responsibilities of Logistics Support Division of a peacekeeping mission, in terms of units/ • Collect and register/login the verification reports standard rate of reimbursement has not been contingents, personnel, major equipment, and • Identify requirements of a peacekeeping Mission, received from the Missions and compare the defined in the tables of reimbursement. logistical support; in consultation with MPS where required, for verifications reports with the signed MOU. major equipment necessary for logistics support Identify discrepancies/shortfalls between • Military Adviser reviews and approves the e.g. engineering, communications, medical and the Memorandum of Understanding and the Mission Factors developed by the Technical provide this information to FBFD; verification reports; and Survey Team; and • Provide a position for self-sustainment • Notify LSD, MPS, UNPOL and other units as • Issue formal requests to troop-contributors for requirements; applicable where shortfalls are identified for specific units/contingents contributions. follow-up and corrective action, as required, • Focal point for the implementation, are taken from an operational and logistics Responsibilities of Mission Planning Service administration and management of the perspective. Memorandum of Understanding in the Mission • Liaise with troop-contributors to explore and area: discuss specific contributions; Peacekeeping Missions’ Responsibilities - Ensure that procedures and guidelines are • Based on the approved concept of operations, in place to ensure that effective and efficient Responsibilities of the Force Commander identify the operational requirements of mechanisms are in place; a peacekeeping mission, in terms of units/ • Ensure that a mechanism and procedures are contingents, personnel, major equipment and - Establish procedures to implement effective in place for efficient and effective administration and consistent verification reports; As part of self-sustainment, doctors and nurses of the Argentinean logistical support and prepare draft positions for and management of the Memorandum of Contingent of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti personnel and major equipment for consolidation • Ensure that the United Nations provides the Understanding; (MINUSTAH), administer medical care in a clinic open to all United by FBFD for negotiation with troop-contributors; requisite self-sustainment services as stated in • Ensure that inspection and verification reports Nations personnel serving on the mission. (UN Photo #174177 by Marco the Memorandum of Understanding. Dormino, May 2007) • Lead the Technical Survey Team using the are conducted in accordance with schedules and guidelines contained in the COE Manual, procedures established by the Secretariat; develop a recommendation for mission factors Responsibilities of FPD 7.2 Responsibilities for COE • In consultation with the DMS/CMS and for review and approval by the MILAD and DFS; Based on the approved concept of operations, Contingent Commanders, attempt to resolve This section describes MOU Management • Review troop-contributors submissions for determine the civilian personnel requirement of disputes locally; responsibilities. “special case” equipment; Missions. Administer the training program for field • Advise the Secretariat when changes in mission personnel, in coordination with the Training • Review, where applicable, shortfalls in major operational conditions may warrant a review of Headquarters Responsibilities unit. equipment identified by the Verification Reports the mission factors; and follow-up with discussions and corrective Responsibilities of Under-Secretary-General, Responsibilities of FBFD • Ensure that an investigation is conducted actions where required; and DPKO where loss or damage to COE could lead to • Review the final draft of the MOU and provide • Based on the positions and comments provided reimbursement by the United Nations; and The USG/DPKO reviews and approves the recommendation for clearance by MILAD. by MILAD, Police Adviser, Military Planning concept of operations prepared by the Military Service, LSD, Mine Action Service, Police • Ensure that the United Nations (Mission) Division and other services involved in a specific provides services as required in the MOU. Adviser or Civilian Police in consultation with Responsibilities of the DFS the Under-Secretary-General (USG) for the mission, prepare a draft Memorandum of Department of Field Support. • Ensure effective and efficient management and Understanding (MOU) to negotiate with troop- Responsibilities of the DMS or the CMS control of the Memorandum of Understanding at contributors; • Establish appropriate structure for the Secretariat and Peacekeeping missions’ level; Responsibilities of the USG, DFS • Coordinate/convene troop-contributors for management of the Memorandum of • Review and approve the Mission Factors negotiation with all relevant service/sections/ Understanding and implement the MOU on The USG/DFS reviews the concept of operations developed by the Technical Survey Team; units; behalf of the Secretariat; prepared by the Military Adviser or Police Adviser. • Review and approve the submission by troop- • Ensure that the United Nations (Mission) provide contributors for “special case” rates; and services as required in the MOU;

1 2 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 2 1 • Conduct inspection and verification reports and Preliminary Reports Departure Verification Report – send the verifications reports to FBFD; Self-Sustainment In the event that a contingent is deployed without • Ensure that shortfalls identified during an MOU being signed/finalised, the contingent This verification report (VR) verifies and determines inspections are the subject of follow-up with the deployed is still subject to inspections that will the last day of reimbursement for self-sustainment. Contingent Commander and corrective actions result in ‘preliminary reports’. Hence the VR covers the last period of deployment taken; of the contingent, and serves as the last periodic • Investigate and report in consultation with Major Equipment – Arrival Inspection Report VR. A sample of a departure VR is below. Contingent Commanders any loss or damage of COE that could be subject to reimbursement by Arrival verification reports (VRs) are completed the United Nations; on arrival of a contingent’s initial deployment and submitted to DFS within one month. • Attempt to have disputes resolved at the lowest possible level locally. Periodic/Monthly Major Equipment Inspection elf ustainment eparture erification eport Report S -S D V R Responsibilities of the Contingent Commander

• Ensure the contingent meets its obligations The DMS/CMS submits monthly VRs to DFS on Mission: Date of Verification or last Verified by: under the Memorandum of Understanding; the condition of contingent major equipment and its MOU: DFS/MOU/Y/# inspection: COE Program Manager availability. Unit: COUNTRY Y1-Infantry 20 Jun 2--- Team Leader: • Provide assistance during inspections; and Period: 1 Jun 2--- to 30 Jun 2--- Date of Report: CLO • Report loss or damage resulting from hostile Self-Sustainment – Arrival Verification Report 6 July 2--- Contingent Representative: action or forced abandonment. Type of Report: Arrival VRs are completed on arrival of a Departure contingent’s initial deployment and submitted to 7.3 Verification by UN Personnel DFS within one month. RESPONSIBILITY United Nations has a detailed method of checks Periodic/Monthly Self-Sustainment Verification UN/CONTINGENT and balances, which applies to COE as well. This Report section highlights some of the main verification ACCEPTABLE aspects. CATEGORY SUB-CATEGORY The DMS/CMS submits monthly VRs to UNHQ YES/NO on the satisfactory or otherwise provision of APPLICABLE TROOP STRENGTH self-sustainment. REMARKS Operational Readiness Inspection Report For the period 1 Jun to 25 Jun -- 300 men departed 25 Jun, remainder moved to the Catering Operational Readiness Inspections are conducted (UN provided) transit camp on the same at least once during each mandate for the date. VHF-UHF-FM Rear party has used VHF Communications contingent in the mission area, or at least once Communication every six months. last minute Telephone Departure Verification Report – Major Office Equipment Electrical Minor engineering Departure VRs are raised whenever major equipment is repatriated. The Departure VR verifies and accounts for all the contingent’s major Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United equipment being repatriated and determines the Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), and MINUSTAH Force last day of reimbursement. Commander attend the departure ceremony for the Chilean Battalion in Cap-Haïtien that has served for six months with the UN Mission. (UN Photo #85546 by Sophia Paris, June 2005.)

1 2 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 2 3 Annex: Model Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN 4 - Transportation THE UNITED NATIONS AND [PARTICIPATING STATE] CONTRIBUTING 5 - Mission related usage factors RESOURCES TO [THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATION] 6 - Loss and damage Annex D: Performance Standards for Major Equipment Whereas, [the UN peacekeeping operation] was established pursuant to the United Nations Security Annex E: Performance Standards for Self-Sustainment Council resolution ______. Annex F: Definitions Annex G: Guidelines (Aide-Mémoire) to Troop-Contributing Countries� Whereas, at the request of the United Nations, the Government of ______(hereinafter referred to as the Government) has agreed to contribute personnel, equipment and services for a [type of Article 3 contingent/unit] to assist [UN peacekeeping mission] to carry out its mandate, Purpose

Whereas, the United Nations and the Government wish to establish the terms and conditions of the 3. The purpose of this MOU is to establish the administrative, logistics and financial terms and conditions contribution. to govern the contribution of personnel, equipment and services provided by the Government in support of [UN peacekeeping mission]. Now therefore, the United Nations and the Government (hereinafter collectively referred to as the Parties) Article 4 agree as follows: Article 1 Application

Definitions 4. The present MOU shall be applied in conjunction with the Guidelines (Aide-Mémoire) to troop-contributing countries. 1. For the purpose of this Memorandum of Understanding, the definitions listed in Annex F shall apply. Article 5 Article 2 Contribution of the Government Documents constituting the Memorandum of Understanding 5.1 The Government shall contribute to [UN peacekeeping mission] the personnel listed at Annex A. Any 2.1 This document, including all of its Annexes, constitutes the entire Memorandum of Understanding personnel above the level indicated in this MOU shall be a national responsibility and thus not subject to (hereinafter referred to as the “MOU”) between the Parties for the provision of personnel, equipment and reimbursement or other kind of support by the United Nations. services in support of [UN peacekeeping mission]. 5.2 The Government shall contribute to [UN peacekeeping mission] the major equipment listed in 2.2 Annexes: Annex B. The Government shall ensure that the major equipment and related minor equipment meet Annex A: Personnel the performance standards set out in Annex D for the duration of the deployment of such equipment to 1 - Requirements [UN peacekeeping mission]. Any equipment above the level indicated in this MOU shall be a national 2 - Reimbursement responsibility and thus not subject to reimbursement or other kind of support by the United Nations . 3 - General conditions for personnel 5.3 The Government shall contribute to [UN peacekeeping mission] the minor equipment and Appendix: Soldier/Police’s Kit – Mission Specific consumables related to self-sustainment as listed in Annex C. The Government shall ensure that the Recommended Requirement minor equipment and consumables meet the performance standards set out in Annex E for the duration Annex B: Major Equipment provided by the Government. of the deployment of such equipment to [UN peacekeeping mission]. Any equipment above the level 1 - Requirements and reimbursement rates indicated in this MOU shall be a national responsibility and thus not subject to reimbursement or other 2 - General conditions for major equipment kind of support by the United Nations 3 - Verification and control procedures . 4 - Transportation Article 6 5 - Mission related usage factors Reimbursement and support from the United Nations 6 - Loss and damage 7 - Special case equipment 6.1 The United Nations shall reimburse the Government in respect of the personnel provided under this Annex C: Self-sustainment provided by the Government MOU at the rates stated in Article 2 of Annex A. 1 - Requirements and reimbursement rates 6.2 The United Nations shall reimburse the Government for the major equipment provided as listed in . .... 2 - General conditions for self-sustainment Annex B. The reimbursement for the major equipment shall be reduced in the event that such equipment 3 - Verification and control procedures

1 2 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 2 5 does not meet the required performance standards set out in Annex D or in the event that the equipment Airport/Port of Entry/Exit: ______listing is reduced. (in the area of operations)

6.3 The United Nations shall reimburse the Government for the provision of self-sustainment goods and Note: The troops/police may be returned to another location nominated by the troop/police-contributor, services at the rates and levels stated at Annex C. The reimbursement for self-sustainment shall be however, the maximum cost to the United Nations will be the cost to the agreed originating location. reduced in the event that the contingent does not meet the required performance standards set out in Where a rotation uplifts troops/police from a different port of exit this port shall become the agreed port of Annex E, or in the event that the level of self-sustainment is reduced. entry for these troops/police.

6.4 Reimbursement for troop/police costs will continue at full rates until departure of the personnel. Equipment: Originating Location: ______6.5 Reimbursement for major equipment will be in effect at full rates until the date of cessation of Port of Embarkation/Disembarkation: ______operations by a troop/police-contributor or termination of the mission and thereafter be calculated at 50 (in the contributing country) per cent of the rates agreed in this MOU until the equipment departure date. or 6.6 Reimbursement for self-sustainment will be in effect at full rates until the date of cessation of Border Crossing at Embarkation/Disembarkation: ______operations by a troop/police-contributor or termination of the mission and thereafter be reduced to 50 per (in the contributing country when landlocked or moving by road/rail) cent of the rates agreed in this MOU calculated upon the remaining actual deployed troop/police strengths Port of Embarkation/Disembarkation: ______until all troop/police personnel have departed the mission area. (in the mission area) Article 9 6.7 When the United Nations negotiates a contract for the repatriation of equipment and the carrier exceeds a 14-day grace period after the expected arrival date, the troop/police-contributor will be Claims by third parties reimbursed by the United Nations at the dry-lease rate from the expected arrival date until the actual 9. The United Nations will be responsible for dealing with any claims by third parties where the loss of or arrival date. damage to their property, or death or personal injury, was caused by the personnel or equipment provided Article 7 by the Government in the performance of services or any other activity or operation under this MOU. General conditions However, if the loss, damage, death or injury arose from gross negligence or wilful misconduct of the personnel provided by the Government, the Government will be liable for such claims. 7. The parties agree that the contribution of the Government as well as the support from the United Article 10 Nations shall be governed by the General Conditions set out in the relevant Annexes. Recovery Article 8 Specific conditions 10. The Government will reimburse the United Nations for loss of or damage to United Nations-owned equipment and property caused by the personnel or equipment provided by the Government if such loss 8.1 Environmental Condition Factor: ______or damage (a) occurred outside the performance of services or any other activity or operation under this MOU, or (b) arose or resulted from gross negligence or wilful misconduct of the personnel provided by the 8.2 Intensity of Operations Factor: ______Government. 8.3 Hostile Action/Forced Abandonment Factor: ______Article 11

8.4 Incremental Transportation Factor: The distance between the port of embarkation in the home country Supplementary arrangements and the port of entry in the mission area is estimated at ______miles ( kms). The factor is set at 11. The parties may conclude written supplementary arrangements to the present MOU...... % of the reimbursement rates. Article 12 8.5 The following locations are the agreed originating locations and ports of entry and exit for the purpose Amendments of transportation arrangements for the movement of troops/police and equipment: 12. Either of the Parties may initiate a review of the level of contribution subject to reimbursement by the Troops/police: United Nations or to the level of national support to ensure compatibility with the operational requirements Airport/Port of Entry/Exit: ______of the mission and of the Government. The present MOU may only be amended by written agreement of (in the troop/police-contributing country) the Government and the United Nations.

1 2 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 2 7 End-of-Lesson Quiz

Article 13 Settlement of disputes 1. The standard elements of the system on COE 6. UN is normally required to provide include Reimbursement, Transportation self-sustainment to troop-contributors for 13.1 The [UN peacekeeping operation] shall establish a mechanism within the mission to discuss and and: the following: resolve, amicably by negotiation in a spirit of cooperation, differences arising from the application of this A. UNOE; A. Catering; MOU. This mechanism shall be comprised of two levels of dispute resolution: B. Dispute Resolution; B. Postal services; (a) First level: The Director of Administration (DOA)/Chief Administrative Officer (CAO)�, in C. Duty free shopping; C. Involvement of Security Council; consultation with the FC/PC and the Contingent Commander will attempt to reach a negotiated D. Aircraft. settlement of the dispute; and D. All of the above. (b) Second level: Should negotiations at the first level not resolve the dispute, a representative of 7. Responsibilities of USG, DPKO include: the Permanent Mission of the Member State and the Under-Secretary-General, Department of 2. Mission factors to compensate for extreme A. Propose a mission; Peacekeeping Operations, or his representative shall, at the request of either Party, attempt to operating conditions are: reach a negotiated settlement of the dispute. B. Review and approve concept of operations; A. Extreme environmental; C. Approve all COE; 13.2 Disputes that have not been resolved as provided in paragraph 13.1 above may be submitted to B. Intensified operational; D. Approve all member states participation in a a mutually-agreed conciliator or mediator appointed by the President of the International Court of Justice, C. Hostile action/force abandonment; mission. failing which the dispute may be submitted to arbitration at the request of either party. Each party shall D. All of the above. appoint one arbitrator, and the two arbitrators so appointed shall appoint a third, who shall be the Chairman. 8. A Force Commander’s responsibilities If within thirty days of the request for arbitration either Party has not appointed an arbitrator or if within thirty 3. Extreme environmental condition factors include: days of the appointment of two arbitrators the third arbitrator has not been appointed, either Party may include: request the President of the International Court of Justice to appoint an arbitrator. The procedures for the A. Visiting all troop contributor member states; arbitration shall be fixed by the arbitrators, and each Party shall bear its own expenses. The arbitral award A. Terrain profile; B. Meeting with heads of troop-contributing shall contain a statement of reasons on which it is based and shall be accepted by the Parties as the final B. Climatic conditions; member states; adjudication of the dispute. The arbitrators shall have no authority to award interest or punitive damages. C. Distances; C. Ensure an investigation is conducted when Article 14 D. Only a. and b. loss or damage to COE could lead to Entry into force reimbursement by UN; D. None of the above. 14. The present MOU shall become effective on (date). The financial obligations of the United Nations 4. Arrival inspection includes equipment to be with respect to reimbursement of personnel, major equipment and self-sustainment rates start from painted in: the date of arrival of personnel or equipment in the mission area, and will remain in effect until the date A. Contingent colours; 9. Verification by UN personnel will include the following report: personnel, and serviceable equipment depart the mission area as per the agreed withdrawal plan or the B. Host nation’s colours; A. Preliminary report; date of effective departure where the delay is attributable to the United Nations. C. UN colours; Article 15 B. Arrival inspection report; D. None of the above. C. Arrival verification report; Termination D. All of the above. 15. The modalities for termination shall be as agreed to by the Parties following consultations between the 5. Major equipment includes: Parties. A. Communication equipment; 10. Periodic/monthly self-sustainment B. Naval vessels; verification reports to UNHQ are submitted IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the United Nations and the Government of ______have signed by: this Memorandum of Understanding. C. Aircraft; D. All of the above. A. FC B. DMS/CMS Signed in New York, on ______in two originals in the English language. C. SRSG D. CISS For the United Nations For the Government of [troop-contributor] ______ANSWER KEY [name and function] [name and function] 1B, 2D, 3D, 4C, 5D, 6A, 7B, 8C, 9D, 10B

1 2 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 7: CONTINGENT-OWNED EQUIPMENT | 1 2 9 LESSON 8 LIQUIDATION 8.1 Definition Liquidation Plan

The term “liquidation” or “liquidation process” The liquidation of a mission is carried out refers to all activities involved in the closure of a in accordance with UN Financial Rules and field mission. The liquidation process generally Regulations, the Staff Rules, the Personnel, LESSON comprises two distinct groups of activities: Finance, and Procurement Manuals, the Field Administration Manual and other applicable UN 8 a) The physical closure, and the withdrawal of directives and reference documents. Generally, the equipment, supplies and personnel from the following sequential steps and associated typical mission’s area of operation. tasks need to be performed: b) The activities related to the completion of a) Identify all tasks associated with the liquidation all residual administrative and support tasks of a field mission and establish a comprehensive such as the closure of accounts, finalisation of list of all liquidation activities. In this connection property records and survey cases, settlement of particular attention has to be paid to outstanding claims, etc. administrative and logistic support tasks. These must be identified and completed as a matter Limiting Factors of priority in order not to delay the execution of related or subsequent liquidation tasks; During the early stages of liquidation there is b) Analyze identified liquidation tasks to define LESSON OBJECTIVES usually a requirement for a number of substantive their scope and magnitude, to determine inter- components of a field mission to continue to dependencies between the various identified Lesson 8 defines and discusses the Liquidation of a mission in detail. This function concurrently. Therefore, liquidation tasks, and to highlight critical path and other 8.1 Definition lesson defines liquidation, reviews the liquidation plan, the responsibilities planning incorporates support requirements to essential activities; 8.2 Procedures of the different players, the personnel requirements and schedules. In this carry out ongoing substantive or other operational c) Assess the relevant resource requirements, in lesson, the student will also be explained the procedure involved, scaling activities. terms of personnel, time frame, support services 8.3 Scaling Down and down and withdrawal of Mission personnel and equipment from a mission. and financial implications; Withdrawal of The existence of a liquidation team necessitates d) Prepare a comprehensive liquidation plan the continued provision of certain administrative Mission Personnel and keeping the liquidation period and the size of By the end of Lesson 8, the student should be able to meet the following and other support functions, usually during the the liquidation team to the necessary minimum, Equipment objectives: entire liquidation period. Every effort is made thus, containing costs. This must include the to establish, to the extent possible, alternative 8.4 Material Disposal/ development of an overall liquidation schedule, contractual or other suitable arrangements with incorporating a detailed time table for the phased Depreciation • Define Liquidation and describe its limiting factors; a view to minimising support staff requirements. withdrawal of equipment, military and civilian Nevertheless, the overall size of the liquidation 8.5 Archives and Records • Understand the liquidation plan; personnel of all mission components; team has always to be carefully weighed in light of e) Prepare a detailed budget for the entire Management Section • Define the procedures involved during liquidation; the resulting administrative support requirements. liquidation process in accordance with the The size of the liquidation team decreases rapidly (Arms) Procedures • Understand what personnel and equipment are withdrawn from a liquidation plan; during the initial wind-down phase. Thereafter and mission during this phase and administrative activities; f) Designate members for the liquidation until the closure process is completed, the team team, both in the field mission and at UN • Define Material disposal and depreciation; and size should remain comparatively small with a very Headquarters. As they will be responsible for limited intrinsic support capacity. • Understand Archiving and records management procedures. the effective and efficient implementation of the liquidation plan, all the team members must be It is essential that projects which were started as a suitably experienced, and they must have an result of a mission’s mandate will only be continued appropriate level of executive authority. if they are of direct relevance to the liquidation process. All other projects are either terminated g) Execute the liquidation plan and monitor all or handed over to other entities (UN agencies, related activities, performed initially in the Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs) or mission area and later at a remote site, usually Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)). UN Headquarters in New York, although in To view a video introduction of this lesson by the course certain cases facilities at the UN Logistics Base author Kamran Baig, you can either log in to your virtual classroom, go to [www.peaceopstraining.org/users/ at Brindisi, Italy, may be used. media_page/90], or use your mobile device to scan the QR code to the left. LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 3 3 Responsibilities b) In UNHQ To ensure that staff from the appropriate administrative and support areas will indeed be 1. All administrative and logistical support issues Clear lines of responsibility must be established retained for the liquidation tasks, an organisational are coordinated by staff of LSD/DFS, while during the development of a liquidation plan. It is structure for the whole liquidation team (including the desk officer(s), Office of Operations/ most important that all liquidation activities are support elements), and job-descriptions for the DPKO responsible for the substantive tasks properly coordinated among all components of team members are to be prepared by the DMS/ of a mission provide guidance in political and the field mission, as well as between the field CMS, in conjunction with the Mission Liquidation military issues relating to the closure of a mission and UNHQ/DFS. The prime responsibility Team. mission. for the conduct of the liquidation processes rests with the field mission, whilst UNHQ provides 2. The LSD/DFS Future Operations Logistics It is important to designate, at an early stage, those overall guidance and advice on policy and Unit designates a Logistics Planning Officer persons who possess the necessary expertise administrative procedures, as and when requested. to work with the mission to develop the and an overall knowledge of pertinent aspects Responsibility focal points must be established for Liquidation Master Plan. This officer is also of an operation so that they may be retained for the various liquidation tasks. Their composition and tasked with developing a Mission Liquidation the liquidation process. Once established, every responsibilities are: Directive, which provides coordinating reasonable effort should be made to ensure instructions for the UN Headquarters staff that the liquidation team remains intact until its a) In Field Missions to support the requirements of the DMS/ assignments are duly accomplished. United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (ONUCI) leadership signing on the withdrawal of the Impartial Forces from the Zone of Confidence. (UN 1. The Head of Mission, who has overall CMS. This directive must be based on the Photo #142758 by Ky Chung, April 2007) responsibility for developing and field mission’s plan and developed in concert For large, multi-component field missions, the with all components within, and as required, implementing the liquidation plan, creates a deployment of a UNHQ dispatched “roving” 8.2 Procedures Mission Liquidation Task Force, wherein each outside of LSD/DFS. This officer coordinates liquidation team should be considered. Such a component of a mission is represented at the all meetings to review progress, and identify team would comprise an experienced cadre of Planning policy making level. The Task Force function and resolve problems that develop, and is personnel specialised in the areas of property as a steering committee for all policy matters the principal contact point in UNHQ for the control, claims, movement control, engineering/ Planning the liquidation process includes the relating to the withdrawal of personnel and Mission Liquidation Team. buildings management, finance and security. This following: equipment. 3. The LSD/DFS Current Operations Logistics team would augment the staff of a mission in the aforementioned areas which are usually crucial a) Developing a Liquidation Master Plan for 2. Due to the far-reaching administrative and Officer assigned to the mission desk assists for a timely and effective conduct of the liquidation the mission. Key elements of this Plan are a support related implications of the liquidation in monitoring and coordinating the efforts process. Withdrawal Timetable showing the timing and process and the financial authority vested in of all components of DFS to implement the dependencies of the liquidation activities, and an him/her, the DMS/CMS is appointed by the Liquidation Plan. Timings / Schedules Asset Disposal Plan. Head of Mission to formulate, in conjunction DFS/NY must notify the Office of Internal Oversight with other components, the overall liquidation b) Developing policies, sub-plans, and instructions/ Services (OIOS) of the liquidation timetable for the Mission liquidation planning (as part of the plan and to oversee all ensuing activities, directives for the liquidation process and related mission. The OIOS ensures an audit is conducted Transition phase) must begin as soon as the including routine progress reporting. activities. within the mission prior to the final closure of the Mandate Implementation Phase has been 3. A Mission Liquidation Team set up by the mission. This will facilitate both the audit team’s completed. Ideally, a fully elaborated plan should c) Developing an operations (military, humanitarian, DMS/CMS to perform the planning and access to complete records and the mission’s be available not less than six months prior to electoral, etc) scaling down plan. coordination of the liquidation tasks assist the execution of its liquidation plan. the envisaged start of the Transition (hand-over, d) Preparing a detailed budget for the entire task force. A designated senior official from withdrawal, liquidation) phase. This should allow liquidation process, from completion of mandate the civilian administration heads the mission Personnel Resource Requirements not only a reasonable amount of lead time to until departure of last elements of the mission. liquidation team. In field missions comprising prepare a comprehensive mission liquidation plan military contingents, the mission liquidation It is essential to retain sufficient experienced inclusive of critical path activities, but also time to Security team should include a coordinator from the support personnel who are adequately trained obtain legislative approval for the liquidation budget military logistic element. In all circumstances, and familiar with the missions’ administrative and related resource allocations. The existing a) Conducting a security assessment for the a medical representative must be on the work, to deal efficiently with all liquidation tasks. Mission Security Plan must also be kept in mind period of the Transition (hand-over, withdrawal, team. The qualifications of the staff remaining on the when developing the liquidation plan and timings. liquidation) phase. liquidation team and their knowledge of the mission are of even greater importance once the mission b) Determining to what extent security personnel have been completely withdrawn from responsibilities can be continued or assumed by the mission area to operate at a remote site the military contingents. (usually the UNHQ/NY) as a small liquidation team.

1 3 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 3 5 c) Developing a security plan; this protects b) Conduct investigations in connection with Board e) End of Assignment reports are also required boxes or pallets. In cases where contractors personnel and property during the liquidation of Inquiry (BOI) and Property Survey Board of senior leaders in the mission, including the are used for packaging and transportation of process, with particular focus on material both (PSB) third party claims, commercial claims, SRSG, DSRSG, CMS/DMS, FC and all Heads assets, there should be a detailed description during transit to and storage at the out-loading UN personnel claims, and submit reports to the of Substantive and Support Sections. These of the contractors’ tasks. point. (The security plan describes the physical appropriate mission section handling the same. assist with handovers to new staff; part of the b) Identify and purchase the necessary packing security requirement and indicates if it will be best practices/lessons learned are extracted c) Ensure adequate procedures exist to resolve materials. fulfilled by the military contingent, the Host from these. grievances against the mission by host-country Government, or a contracted security company.) c) Undertake a physical count of all assets and nationals, prior to the liquidation of the mission. complete the inventory of UN-owned assets, Liaison with the Host Government indicating each item’s working condition and Termination of Ongoing Projects d) Request a higher level or broader scope of inventory listing number. delegated authority facilitating the disposition of The mission is to undertake to inform the Host Those projects started on the basis of a mandated pending cases. Government on the following issues: d) Submit a preliminary Asset Disposal Plan to objective, but which cannot be completed within a) Continuing activities; DFS at least three months prior to the end of the ‘active’ operational period of a field mission are Final Mission Reports the mission’s mandate. b) Missing, lost or stolen property; to be identified. As a general rule, these projects e) Return all UN-leased equipment to the provider should only be continued if they are of direct Field missions are responsible for producing c) Property sold in country, which was imported and terminate the lease. relevance to the liquidation process. All other several consolidated “final” reports at the end of the duty free; f) Establish a Withdrawal Schedule based on projects are either terminated or if appropriate and mission mandate: d) Other outstanding local issues of importance; the movement plan and commence with the authorised by UNHQ handed over to other entities a) A final report for presentation to the Security e) The mission address during the Transition implementation. (UN agencies, IGOs or NGOs). If the project is Council on the fulfilment and completion of its (hand-over, withdrawal, liquidation) phase and contracted, an analysis of the cost of termination in g) Maintain a consolidated Listing of Assets mandate; after completion of the operation in the host relation to the remaining life of the mission should Transferred from the Mission and submit listing country; be conducted prior to taking a decision on how to b) A report to be submitted to DPKO’s Office to DFS every two weeks. proceed. of Military Affairs by a mission’s Force f) UN agency handling issues that may arise once Commander (where applicable); the mission closed out; g) Coordination arrangements with the Host c) An “End of Mission Report” prepared by Government for Security during the liquidation the mission’s Division of Administration, is process. submitted directly to DFS prior to the end of the liquidation period. This is essentially the Boards of Inquiry (BOI)/Property Survey administrative final report: Boards (PSB) i. It describes the structural components of the mission’s administrative services, The DMS/CMS’s office establishes a schedule to their main tasks and activities and their complete all BOI’s and PSB’s within the liquidation composition/staffing; period. ii. It records administrative problems encountered and lessons learned. 8.3 Scaling Down and Withdrawal of A UN helicopter is being returned to United Nations Interim Force in This “End of Mission Report” preparation Mission Personnel and Equipment Military personnel of the Chinese engineering company of the United Lebanon headquarters in Naqoura, Lebanon. (UN Photo #131405 by John entails inter-component coordination. This Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Disposition of Mission Property Issac, May 2008) (MONUC) work on a 1.8 kilometer long road rehabilitation project. These report serves as a readily accessible summary kinds of projects must be terminated before the withdrawal of a mission record of the administrative component of the Under the leadership of the DMS/CMS, disposition Repatriation of Contingent-Owned Equipment force. (UN Photo #185626 by Marie Frechon, April 2008) mission for future reference. of Mission property should be addressed as Repatriation of COE, in coordination with the Force d) The medical representative on the liquidation follows: Residual Mission Workload Commander should take place as follows: team submits a special final report on the a) Develop an asset disposal management a) Identify all outstanding or unfinished tasks. medical support operations, to the Medical plan, establishing a timetable for the a) Conduct out-surveys of contingent-owned Qualify and quantify those tasks, schedule their Support Unit/NY. This report detail problems recovery, collection and out shipment of equipment (COE) and consumables scheduled completion as a matter of priority and monitor and deficiencies in planning, logistics, assets, establishing collection points and for repatriation based on in-survey records, the progress of the execution. and administration of the medical support transportation procedures to those points, and Letters of Assist (COE) and earlier write-off operations (including the liquidation process). the method of packaging and marking of the requests/action.

1 3 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 3 7 b) Establish a list of COE items lost or damaged Any remaining reusable medical equipment and d) The requirement for staging areas needs to be Unliquidated obligations relating to procurement and initiate property survey action. consumables which DFS instructs the mission to assessed to provide interim accommodation for transactions should be analyzed. In cases either transfer directly to another UN mission or personnel and warehousing space for goods of incomplete delivery determine, jointly with c) Establish a COE withdrawal schedule based else to ship to the Central Medical Depot in Oslo, awaiting onward transportation. requesting mission component, if the outstanding on the movement plan and commence with the Norway (for repairs, cleaning and packing for future balance of the order and the remaining obligation implementation. e) Suitable staging areas need to be identified UN mission use) must be properly registered, can be cancelled. and, in conjunction with procurement, packed and marked, taking into account the Phase-out of Personnel necessary contractual arrangements should be sensitivity of certain types of medical equipment Formal termination notice needs to be given, as initiated to establish and sustain the operation and drugs to excess temperatures. applicable, to the contractors involved in long-term For the phase-out of personnel a detailed of these staging areas. supply arrangements (POL, rations, utilities, scaling-down plan needs to be established and All claims from host country medical or f) Actual through-put capacity of the staging support services, contractual personnel, aircraft, travel arrangements for all mission personnel, in intra-theatre medical facilities must be approved areas is to be determined and refine the master etc.), to landlords of rented facilities and owners conjunction with DFS, are required. and settled before the termination of the plan accordingly. of rented equipment. The ceiling amounts are mission. Compensation claims and disability to be reduced as appropriate for open ended Preparation of an overall phase-out plan for all g) The requirements for packing, crating, and claims presented by UN personnel have to supply contracts and direct provisioning contracts mission personnel (international staff, locally shipping of UN and Contingent-Owned be properly recorded and forwarded without (commercial as well as with member states) and recruited SSA contract holders, international Equipment should be assessed and delay to Medical Services, UN/HQ, according procurement action initiated. eventually cancelled. SSA holders, military staff, observers, etc.) which to established procedures. Medical records are highlights the reduction per section is necessary. h) A container and contents tracking system is to returned to all UN troops and personnel before Financial Phase-out Tasks This should incorporate an orderly staff checkout their leaving the mission. All unclaimed medical be developed and maintained. system. (Every effort is made to redeploy staff to records are destroyed, observing rules of medical i) A tasking order is prepared for each contingent For the financial phase-out tasks outstanding other missions where possible.) confidentiality. Special provision is made for move. obligations should be identified and reviewed in preserving records of personnel who may claim j) In the overall planning of movement of assets, allotment report: Phase-out of Medical Support compensation in the future. freight charges are closely monitored and a) Obligations no longer required liquidated; controlled, and contractual arrangements The Mission Medical Office should develop a Movement Control b) Itemised report for DFS/FBFD on remaining negotiated with freight forwarding companies phase-out and liquidation plan that ensures outstanding obligations to be prepared; provision of continuous, vital medical support A detailed master movement plan needs to be to ensure cost savings resulting from bulk within the mission area, including staging and developed for all mission personnel and assets shipments and charters are passed on to the c) All outstanding invoices for payment to be embarkation areas. Planning should define the designating staging, holding and warehousing UN. Appropriate insurance is obtained. prepared; necessary medical resources for each of the areas, ports of embarkation and airheads in d) Bank reconciliation finalised; stages of the liquidation process, ensuring vital accordance with the scaling down plan of the Administrative Closure Activities e) All accounts receivable and payable to be support at each of the stages, continuing until the mission components. Termination of Procurement Activities reviewed; last of the UN personnel have left the area. a) The size and volume of shipments needs to f) All Imprest Accounts reconciled and closed; be determined (COE, UN assets, and leased Requisitions that at the time of review have not The downscaling of the medical support usually items) (The value and utility of items shipped resulted in a purchase order should be cancelled. g) Value Added Tax (VAT) accounts finalised; goes in the reverse order of a mission deployment, by airfreight must justify the additional costs The only exception is a justifiable, continued by phasing-out medical units of a higher level h) Deposits made locally in respect of rentals, incurred). requirement for the requested goods or services first and lower-level facilities at a later stage. propane gas bottles, containers, etc. to be during the liquidation period. Every effort is made to utilise any suitable host b) The transportation requirements should be recovered; country facilities, private clinics, or NGO facilities determined (air, land, and sea) within the All purchase orders for which no deliveries i) The withholding of final MSA disbursement throughout the Transition (hand-over, withdrawal, area of operation from staging areas to ports were made should be analyzed, with a view to or final salary payment for all staff members liquidation) phase. During the draw-down, mutual of departure from mission area, arrange cancellation if still possible, unless the requestor with pending property survey board cases or medical support between contingents is important. appropriate transportation contracts, and justifies a continued requirement for the requested incomplete clearances to be arranged; A transportable “Draw-down” Medical Unit currently coordinate the movements. goods or services during the liquidation period. j) Receipt of final telephone bills to be ensured held in the UN Medical Depot in Oslo, Norway c) DFS should be provided with detailed schedule Should the items no longer be required and and costs for private telephone calls recovered could be deployed for the final phase of the mission and load details for movements from points of it is uneconomical to cancel the purchase, from staff members prior to their departure closeout, but only if local and/or mission facilities departure out of the mission area. Liaise and arrangements should be made, in liaison with from the mission area; cannot provide the coverage required. coordinate with DFS, all UN and contingent DFS, to re-route the deliverables either to other k) Funds in respect of pending claims to be personnel and assets movements from the field missions or to UNLB. This refers to local and obligated; mission area. international procurement cases.

1 3 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 3 9 l) All vouchers to be filed and ensure that no a) A timetable is to be developed for processing Phase-out Communications Services the contractors’ tasks. vouchers are missing from the files; of all outstanding property survey board cases; the cases need to be classified according to A phased closing down plan of the mission’s m) Final accounts to be forwarded to Accounts A withdrawal timetable should be established category; case report and recommendation internal and external communications network to allow for an appropriate element of the office Division in Headquarters; forms to be prepared for submission to the needs to be established: automation staff to remain with the liquidation team n) The Accounts Division should be advised of local property survey board; review and throughout the closure of the mission, in order to a) Communications infrastructure is to be outstanding credits in local bank accounts process the cases. provide continued support to other organisational dismantled and all communications equipment and requested approval to close local bank units such as military, police, humanitarian, etc. b) Ensure that arrangements relating to any collected; accounts. This timetable should also indicate the recovery, assessments made against mission personnel, b) Leased means of communications such as collection and out-shipment dates for the IT Turn-over of Premises pending final recommendation of the HQ’s PSB telephone connections to be cancelled; equipment. Identify and purchase the necessary and approval by the Controller, are made in packaging materials. The office space requirement should be assessed consultation with the Chief Finance Officer and c) All outstanding telephone billing issues to be in consideration of phase-out plan of personnel and the Chief Civilian Personnel Officer. Separate finalised ensuring that all private callers are A physical count of all the IT assets is to be taken, ensure retention of suitable office premises for the summary listings of these cases should charged; the IT inventory updated, all the defective and liquidation team. be forwarded to DFS together with contact d) A revised telephone list for the mission obsolete items written off, and that all UN-leased IT addresses of mission personnel whose pay or liquidation team should be established and a) Staff should be consolidated in a few equipment is returned to the provider and the lease emoluments have been withheld. finalised. strategically located premises; terminated ensured. b) Landlords should be advised, in writing, Claims Withdrawal of Vehicles of termination of contract, in accordance with contract’s termination clause. Joint A schedule for processing outstanding claims is to Vehicles should be phased out in accordance pre-handover inspections with landlords be established by the local Claims Review Board with the disposal plan and support the remaining of leased premises should be arranged, (including commercial claims and claims for loss or operation: necessary corrective action and final cleaning damage to personal effects). The necessary case to be contracted out, and the hand-over to be files should be prepared (ensuring that all relevant a) Vehicles should be transferred to other conduct in a manner to avoid possible claims. documentation is included as well as contact missions or to UNLB, complete with the Payment in lieu of contractual repair should be addresses for the claimants); a legal review of each communications systems installed unless considered. case is to be carried out, and a summary listing of advised differently by UN Headquarters/DFS; all pending claims for submission to DFS is to be c) UN accommodation should be handed over to b) All communications equipment to be removed; prepared. recipient entities (UN agencies, IGOs, NGOs other installations, UN markings, decals, and or host authorities), as authorised by UN Audit license plates from all vehicles are to be sold or Headquarters; donated. Final (liquidation) audit by resident auditor is to be d) Either the movement of furniture and equipment Pakistani troops serving with UNTAC unload supplies from a UN-MI-26 arranged. should be arranged to consolidation or Termination of Office Automation Processes helicopter. (UN Photo #73480 by P Sudhakaran, January 1993) temporary storage sites, or dispose of furniture Closure of Mail Operations and equipment in situ, which ever is the most The IT Withdrawal Management Plan should be Complete system backups must be taken from cost-effective; The use of postal boxes is to be discontinued developed and a focal point to be designated the servers and forwarded to UNHQ on bi-weekly both within the mission area and UNHQ. All staff to manage the IT liquidation. This plan must list e) The supply of utility services to be terminated basis until the final withdrawal. The equipment is members should be requested to inform the (by decal/serial number) the IT assets held by and arrange joint final reading of meters; to be collected and forwarded according to the relevant parties of their new address and finally, each organisation unit and indicate clearly the Withdrawal Timetable. All equipment should be f) The collection of mission signs and related and in coordination with UNHQ, the pouch service responsibility of each organisation unit in the maintained and clearly marked regarding working paraphernalia should be ensured. discontinued. collection of IT assets, the Collection Points for Recovery of IT assets should be established, condition, destination, and inventory listing number. Property Survey Action Terminate the operation of duty-free shop the transportation procedures to the Collection a) All workstations should be maintained Points indicated, and the method of packaging and All property records of the mission need to be and reconfigured before shipment (i.e. The operations are to be closed and prepare a marking of the boxes or pallets. Each box/pallet is reconciled, a tracking system and supporting password-free, all hard disks reformatted, all detailed activity report to be submitted to the host to be clearly marked with the decal serial numbers procedures are to be established to keep accurate network interface cards removed and packed authorities should the need arise. of the IT assets it contains. Where contractors are records on the method of disposal for the residual separately); used for packaging and transportation of the IT property, and an up-to-date data bank is to be assets, there should be a detailed description of maintained on all assets transferred or written off.

1 4 0 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 4 1 b) All servers must be shipped in full production 8.4 Material Disposal/Depreciation c) Group III. Equipment not required for current Surplus used equipment sold to United Nations condition (i.e. Network Operating System, or future peacekeeping operations or other agencies, international organisations, or applications and databases preserved and all General United Nations activities funded from assessed non-governmental organisations is done so at necessary passwords clearly provided); contributions, but which may be useful for the depreciated costs. Any assets contributed to the c) All software accessories such as Identification Decisions regarding disposition of UN-owned operations of other United Nations agencies or duly recognised government of the respective Systems, Portable Documentation Imaging property must follow UN policies set forth below international organisations will be sold to such country are valued at depreciated rates, with an Systems, etc., must be packed with all relevant and require coordinated planning by both the agencies or organisations at the depreciated indication of the original inventory value. components, documentation, spare parts and liquidating mission and DFS. value of the equipment; supplies; When reviewing the above options, an economic With the number of field missions world wide, d) Group IV. Any equipment or property not analysis must be made as to the viability of d) All printers should be shipped with no transfer of assets to other missions for their required or which is not feasible to dispose of in shipping to UNLB. The DMS/CMS of each field cartridges or paper inside. Power supplies and use or for storage in anticipation of upcoming the above manner or which is in poor condition mission, in cooperation with DFS, must consider printer cables should be included; missions is the preferred mode of disposition of will be subject to commercial disposal in shipping costs, bulk shipping discounts, exigency, e) All networking components must be packed equipment, since such transfers result in reduced accordance with the procedures applicable to scarcity or expense of items involved and clearly identifying the contents. If applicable, cost for receiving missions and facilitate a speedy other United Nations equipment or property; serviceability prior to making a final decision on documentation and configuration should be establishment of new operations. salvage, sale, or shipment. included; e) Group V. Any assets that have been installed in f) All software packages must be forwarded When liquidating a mission, DFS determines the a country and which, if dismantled, would set Re-usability Problems complete (documentation and media) in a requirements of other field missions and instruct back the rehabilitation of that country shall be a) Accommodation/vehicles/equipment damaged clearly-marked manner, with version numbers; the liquidating mission on the transfer of its assets provided to the duly recognised government or beyond viable economic repair; g) All UPSs must be switched off and fully according to the established priorities. of that country in return for compensation in a discharged before packing and clearly marked form to be agreed upon by the Organisation b) Low-cost items with no further use; with model number and voltage; Preparation and the Government. This refers in particular c) Spare parts forwarded with lack of description to airfield installations and equipment, h) All equipment being shipped must be and/or applicability to major end items; It is absolutely essential that a 100% inventory buildings, bridges, and mine clearing adequately insured; d) Shipments of items with no further use due to check of the quantity, condition and location of equipment. Where such assets cannot be age, expiry date, change in technology, etc. i) Copies of all the shipping documentation must all mission assets should be carried out in good disposed of in this manner or otherwise, be forwarded to UNHQ and to the destination time to facilitate the liquidation decision making they will be contributed free of charge to the Supplies that are no longer useful, material from of the shipment; process. This is a time-consuming and labour Government of the country concerned. Such the above categories are not shipped to Brindisi. j) A final shipping report must be prepared and intensive process, requiring careful planning and contributions require the prior approval of the Rather, field missions should dispose of unusable forwarded to UNHQ and UNLB. management by the mission. General Assembly. items locally through the established procedures of Phase-out of Resupply Process and Closure of Disposal Policy property survey boards. Warehouses a) A physical inventory of the warehouses is to The disposition of peacekeeping operations’ General Retention Guidelines be conducted and the results with receipt and assets is guided by the proposals of the Secretary- issue records reconciled; General. The principles are as follows: UN-owned material is retained for re-use if this falls b) A plan for the systematic depletion of stock into one of the following categories: for consumable items in warehouses is to be a) Group I. Equipment in good condition that a) Material with a residual per item value of US developed and implemented; conforms to established standardisation or is $1,500 or greater; considered compatible with existing equipment c) The transfer, sale, or donation of residual b) Attractive (sensitive) items with a value of US will be re-deployed to other peacekeeping holdings in conjunction with DFS is to be $500 or greater, per item; arranged; operations or will be placed in reserve to form d) The books are to be closed and handed over to start-up kits for use by future missions; c) Vehicles with a depreciated value of greater the Office of the DMS/CMS. than 20% of original cost. b) Group II. Equipment not required for current or future peacekeeping operations may be Specific Disposal Guidelines redeployed to other United Nations activities Colombian soldiers service a company vehicle at the General Supplies: to be retained/disposed of as funded from assessed contributions, provided Colombian camp in El Arish. (UN Photo #142975 by GJ, there is a demonstrated need for this February 1957) follows: equipment;

1 4 2 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 4 3 a) Retain: Electronic Services iii. Known date of purchase, or mission Implementing the Asset Disposal Plan i. Special, attractive items such as cameras, acquired date where date of purchase is executive furniture, binoculars, night vision The mission is to assess all communications and unknown (for transferred equipment); Upon receipt of this preliminary Asset Disposal IT end items, components, spares and cables, Plan, DFS circulates it to all DFS technical units. devices and unused UN accoutrements; iv. Total quantity available in the mission area; radios, faxes, ancillary equipment and supporting Authority for disposal of assets rests with DFS ii. Copiers, typewriters, electric office electronic services for serviceability. Those items v. Purchase cost per unit; who issues disposal instructions to the mission. equipment; fit for immediate re-use after minimum repair/ vi. Total purchase prices (quantity multiplied Following receipt of those instructions, the mission iii. Appliances that are serviceable and in maintenance are labelled, identified, manifested by unit cost); then issues a revised approved Asset Disposal good condition (stoves, refrigerators, and shipped to UNLB. The remainder is disposed Plan for execution. vii. Depreciated value; washers); of locally. iv. Serviceable safes, filing cabinets; viii. Method of disposal proposed by mission; The liquidating mission maintains a consolidated Transport Equipment and Spares is retained as listing of assets transferred from the mission area v. Durable fuel equipment (not bladders), ix. For material that qualifies for retention, follows: up to achievement of complete liquidation. A copy floodlights/tent light sets, battery chargers, the total cubic meterage for transhipping of that listing is sent to DFS Logistics every 2 tools and tool sets; purposes; a) Vehicles and transport equipment, only if they weeks during the liquidation process. For tracking vi. Televisions, stereophonic equipment, video are completely serviceable or if the estimated cost x. Method of shipment recommended: air or purposes, additional copies are also sent to recorders/playback, morale/recreation of repair is less than 50% of the depreciated value.1 sea; missions receiving equipment from the liquidating equipment and supplies. DFS Transport Section gives direction on the repair xi. Anticipated month of release from the mission. These receiving missions should confirm b) Dispose of locally: location (liquidating mission, gaining mission, or mission. that they have received the items listed, by UNLB); forwarding suitably endorsed copies of the listings i. Normal office furnishings, unless new b) Part II Is a chart depicting outflow from to both DFS Logistics and the liquidating mission. and encased in protective plastic (and not b) Vehicle spares, if they are identified with part the mission area, i.e. total cubic meterage subjected to the elements) are disposed of numbers, have end-item application and completely anticipated to be shipped each month end locally. This includes rugs/ carpets, desks, serviceable. Spare parts are retained only if related by air and sea, showing the anticipated peak chairs, tables, lamps, etc; equipment they apply to remains in the UN system. periods. ii. Mattresses, sleeping bags, uniforms and pillows. c) Tools, test and diagnostic equipment and Value Recording equipment directly related to workshop functions, Engineering equipment and supplies are retained if serviceable, labelled, not obsolete, and with The value of property transferred from one field as follows: appropriate technical manuals. mission to another is always reported in the a) Engineering spare parts, if clearly labelled with inventory records at the acquisition cost if known. part number and end-item application. Liquidation Procedure Depreciation b) Serviceable or repairable engineering The liquidating mission submits a preliminary equipment with a depreciated value of more Asset Disposal Plan (a sample of various inventory Only in the following circumstances is it appropriate than 10%, provided that the cost of repair listings are on the following page) to DFS at least to establish a depreciated value of UN field mission and shipping does not exceed 50% of the three months prior to the end of the mission’s property: depreciated cost; mandate in those cases where liquidation is not a) Property write-off case involving an proceeding as an “emergency” withdrawal. This Brazilian military engineers with the United Nations Stabilization Mission c) Portable structures that will remain serviceable assessment of the party held responsible for plan consists of two parts: in Haiti (MINUSTAH) use dump trucks to dispose of the debris from their and useful after dismantling and reassembly, the loss; former base at Forte Nationale in Bel Air, Port-au-Prince. (UN Photo # do not exceed US $200 per cubic meter to a) Part I Is a total inventory listing, 427999 by Sophia Paris, February 2010) dismantle and ship, and where the cost of b) Establishment of the residual value of property containing the following data: dismantling and shipping is not greater than the to be sold or donated at the closure of a depreciated value; i. Identification number (from the inventory mission; sheet); d) Unused bulk defense stores and engineer c) Determinations whether repair or overhaul of supply items that do not exceed US $200 per ii. Equipment description; equipment is economical; cubic meter volume to transport. Consumable d) Planning for the replacement of equipment at items such as cement or used concertina the end of its economical life. wire not shipped (transit times must also be 1 A sample of Depreciation Scales used is on pg. accounted for in this calculation). 183.

1 4 4 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 4 5 DEPRECIATION SCALES Disposal and Movement of Hazardous Material 1. Vehicular Equipment. The vehicular assets can be classified in 3 categories, as follows: Disposal of hazardous material must be in (a) Category A. Light Vehicles, such as sedans, light and medium 4WD jeeps, light trucks and minibuses. accordance with the host nation’s policy and (b) Category B. Medium Vehicles, such as ambulances, medium buses and trucks up to 4 Tons. must be performed by an appropriately qualified and authorised local contractor. If no national (c) Category C. Heavy Vehicles, such as heavy buses, and trucks over 4 Tons. regulations exist or no qualified contractors are available, the mission must contact UNHQ. TABLE I: VEHICULAR ASSETS DEPRECIATION SCALE DESCRIPTION YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 SUBSEQUENT Movement of Explosives and Ammunition YEARS Category A 25% 25% 20% 15% 15% 15% The transportation of explosives or ammunition Category B 20% 15% 15% 15% 10% 10% requires specific identification, packaging, and Category C 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% processing regardless of the modal selection. United Nations peacekeeping missions that ASSET DISPOSAL PLAN - INVENTORY LISTING are required to make use of explosives and/ A United Nations ammunitions expert takes stock of weapons and (A separate inventory listing for the following groups is used) or ammunition shall strictly adhere to existing ammunition collected during the demobilization process in Matembo, GROUP I - EQUIPMENT TO BE RETAINED FOR UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS international regulations for the movement of such North Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (UN Photo #132362 items. by Martine Perret, November 2006) GROUP II - EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FOR OTHER UN ACTIVITIES FUNDED FROM ASSESSED CONTRIBUTIONS Authorities (for the purpose of consultation and/ a) Movement by air - IATA Dangerous Goods GROUP III- EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FOR SALE TO OTHER UN AGENCIES, OR TO NGOs or determination) governing the movement of such Regulations and, in the case of a military items primarily include, but are not restricted to: carrier, the Manual of Transportation for GROUP IV - EQUIPMENT FOR LOCAL COMMERCIAL DISPOSAL Dangerous Goods applicable to that particular a) IATA - Dangerous Goods Regulations; and GROUP V - EQUIPMENT WHICH MAY BE DONATED TO HOST NATION GOVERNMENT carrier; b) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. ITEM DESCRIPTION PURCHASE QTY VALUE ON VALUE AT METHOD OF VOL CUM AIR/ b) Movement by sea - International Maritime DATE ENTRY END OF DISPOSAL SEA RELEASE Dangerous Goods regulations; and MISSION DATE Identification UNIT TOTAL UNIT TOTAL c) Movement by rail or road - the Manual of Specific details are required to facilitate the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road or movement of explosives or ammunition, regardless Rail, as applicable to the country or countries of the mode of transport, must include: being transited. a) Proper Shipping Name; End of Mission Report b) Correct UN Identification Number; c) Hazard Classification Code; A final report providing a comprehensive overview ARCHIVES TRANSFER - LIST OF FILES on the mission liquidation activities is prepared by d) Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) or Weight per Mission: ______the field mission for submission to DFS. item; Records of: ______e) Total quantity of each item being shipped; and (Office and City) 8 .5 Archives and Records f) Total combined NEQ for the overall Responsible Official:______Management Section (ARMS) consignment to be transported. (Name and Title) Procedures

Prepared by:______Date: ______Processing General Box Dates File No . File Title Dispose Processing refers to modal selection and is the All records created or received by an office or staff method used to transport explosives or ammunition member in connection with or as a result of, the to or from a home location. The following official work of the office are official records and authorities are frequently utilised in conjunction thus the property of the United Nations. with the particular mode of transport:

1 4 6 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 4 7 Offices should manage records for efficient filing SUMMARY and retrieval during their useful life, retaining them End-of-Lesson Quiz only as long as necessary for operational purposes The proper execution of the tasks involved in and disposing the remainder in accordance with liquidating a mission can mean savings for the United Nations procedures. UN or if not properly executed, it could cost the organisation huge sums of money. Advance The Mission Records Retention Schedule (MRRS) planning, having the right staff, and keeping 1. The term liquidation refers to all activities 7. All purchase orders for which deliveries has been developed to assist field missions the guidelines at hand, liquidation tasks can be involved in the: were made should be cancelled or: in organising, maintaining and disposing their accomplished smoothly. A. Start-Up of a mission; A. Rerouted to other missions; correspondence, reports and other records. B. Closing of a mission; B. Rerouted to UNLB; C. Mandate Implementation of a mission; C. If requestor justifies continued requirement, Security of Records D. Not relevant to the status of a mission. P.O. should not be cancelled; D. All of the above. Protection of Information 2. In a Field Mission, the Head of Mission 8. Final audit is arranged by: Special security arrangements for confidential files creates: A. Audit Department, NY; should be made and restricted access to them to A. Mission Liquidation Task Force; B. Resident auditor; authorised officials only. B. Contracts staff from private sector for liquidation; C. Auditor from consulting firm; D. Auditor from host nation. Physical Security of Records C. Ask DFS to send liquidation team; D. None of the above. 9. Vehicles should be withdrawn and Care must be taken to ensure the physical security transferred to: of records, particularly in areas of high risk, by 3. Mission liquidation planning begins as soon A. UNLB and UN NY; such means as storing archival documents in the as the following phase is completed: B. UNNY and other agencies; safest place possible, or electronically scanning A. Mission Start-Up; C. UNLB and other missions; documents to disk, and securing disks in a safe B. Mandate Implementation; D. Missions and other agencies. place. C. Planning; D. Monitoring. 10. Under the principles to be followed for Disposition of Records at the Close Mission/ disposition of property: Office 4. Missions are responsible for producing A. All equipment is to be donated to host nation; several final reports including: Prior to the close of a mission or an office away B. All equipment is to be returned to UNLB or A. Presentation for Security Council; from Headquarters, files are to be reviewed and forwarded to other missions; B. End of Mission report by DMS/CMS to DFS; all records prepared for transfer to ARMS or C. All equipment is forwarded to UN NY; C. Medical Reports to Medical Support Unit, NY; destruction in situ in accordance with the MRRS. D. None of the above. D. All of the above. Records, which are not covered by the MRRS should be proposed to the Chief, ARMS for specific 11. Authorities governing the disposal and transfer or disposal. This type of request should be 5. During repatriation of COE, a list of the movement of hazardous material by air are: accompanied by a file listing so that an immediate following should be established: A. IATA determination can be made to avoid unnecessary, A. COE being donated to Host nation; B. DFS costly transfer of records to ARMS at the close of B. COE items lost and damaged; C. NATO the mission or office (a sample of a form used for C. COE already shipped during Mission Start-Up D. OSCE Archives Transfer is enclosed at the end of this phase; lesson). ARMS examine the request and advises D. None of the above. 12. All official records of the UN in a mission are the office of the action to be taken with regard to property of UN and should be left with: the files in question. 6. The reusable medical equipment is A. Host nation; transferred to: B. Contingent; A. Other UN agencies; C. International NGOs; B. Central Medical Depot in Norway; D. None of the above. C. UNHQ, NY – Medical Unit; D. Sold to highest bidder. ANSWER KEY 1B, 2A, 3B, 4D, 5B, 6B, 7D, 8B, 9C, 10D, 11A, 12D

1 4 8 | LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS LESSON 8: LIQUIDATION | 1 4 9 Appendix A: List of Acronyms

Acronym Meaning EU European Union ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation AO Administrative Officer FBFD Field Budget and Finance Division (formerly FMSS-Finance Management and Support AOR Area of Responsibility Services) AR Administrative Report FC Force Commander ARMS Archives and Records Management Section FLSG Force Logistic Support Group ASG Assistant-Secretary-General FO Finance Officer AU African Union FPD Field Personnel Division (formerly PMSS-Personnel Management and Support Services) BOI Board of Inquiry GA General Assembly CMS Chief of Mission Support (formerly CAO - Chief Administrative Officer) HC Humanitarian Coordinator CAS Chief Administrative Services HCC Headquarter Committee on Contracts CCPO Chief Civilian Personnel Officer HNOE Host Nation Owned Equipment CFO Chief Finance Officer HOM Head of Mission CISS Chief of Integrated Support Services HQ Headquarters CITS Communications and Information Technology Services IATA International Air Transport Association CivGov Civilian Government IGO Inter-Governmental Organisation CLO Chief Logistics Officer ILO International Labour Organisation COE Contingent-Owned Equipment IMF International Monetary Fund COS Chief of Staff IMPP Integrated Mission Planning Process CPO Chief Procurement Officer ISS Integrated Support Services CTO Chief Transport Officer IT Information Technology CTS Chief Technical Services ITB Invitation to Bid D&D Death and Disability IPTF International Police Task Force DCISS Deputy Chief of Integrated Support Services JIC Joint Implementation Commission DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration JLOC Joint Logistic Operations Centre DFS Department of Field Support (formerly OMS - Office of Mission Support) JOC Joint Operations Centre DMS Director of Mission Support (formerly DOA - Director of Administration) JMAC Joint Mission Analysis Cell DSA Daily Subsistence Allowance LCC Local Committee on Contracts DPA Department of Political Affairs LOA Letter of Assist DPI Department of Public Information LOS Logistics Operations Section DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations LSD Logistics Support Division DSRSG Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General MAS Mine Action Service DSS Department of Safety and Security MEDEVAC Medical Evacuation EOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal MILAD Military Advisor

1 5 0 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 5 1 MILOBS Military Observers SOFA Status of Forces Agreement MO Military Observer SOMA Status of Mission Agreement MOU Memorandum of Understanding SOP Standard Operating Procedure MPS Military/Mission Planning Service SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary-General MRRS Mission Records Retention Schedule SSA Special Service Agreement MSA Monthly Subsistence Allowance SSS Specialist Support Services NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation STOL Short Take-off and Landing NGO Non-Governmental Organisation TA Transitional Administration NOE National-Owned Equipment TAM Technical Assessment Mission NY New York TCC Troop-Contributing Country OCHA Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs TCN Troop-Contributing Nation OHCHR Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights UN United Nations OHRM Office of Human Resources Management UNCT UN Country Team OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services UNDP United Nations Development Programme OLA Office of Legal Affairs UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation OO Office of Operations UNFPA United Nations Population Fund OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees OSS Operational Support Services UNHQ United Nations Headquarters PCC Police Contributing Country UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund PDCC Property Disposal Coordination Committee UNLB United Nations Logistics Base in Brindisi PKO Peace Keeping Operation UNMAS United Nations Mine Action Service POL Petrol, Oil and Lubricants UNOE United Nations Owned Equipment PSB Property Survey Board UNOPS United Nations Offices for Project Services QIPs Quick Impact Projects UNPOL United Nations Police RC Resident Coordinator UNSAS United Nations Standby Arrangements System RFP Request for Proposal UNV United Nations Volunteers R&I Receipt and Inspection UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply SatCom Satellite Communications USG Under-Secretary-General SAU Self-Accounting Unit UXO Unexploded Ordnance SC Security Council VAT Value Added Tax SCR Security Council Resolution VHF Very High Frequency SDS Strategic Deployment Stocks VR Verification Report SG Secretary-General WFP World Food Programme SMT Security Management Team WHO World Health Organisation

1 5 2 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 5 3 Appendix B: List of UN Peacekeeping Operations

ONUCA United Nations Observer Group in Central America ONUMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador UNAMA United Nations Mission in Afghanistan UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia UNAMID* African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNAMSIL United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNASOG United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCRO United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation UNDOF* United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNEF United Nations Emergency Force UNFICYP* United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNGOMAP United Nations Good Offices Mission inAfghanistan and Pakistan UNIFIL* United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNIPOM United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission UNISFA* United Nations Interim Security Force in Abyei List of UN Peacekeeping Operations UNMEE United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti BINUB United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi UNMIK* United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo DOMREP Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic UNMIL* United Nations Mission in Liberia MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala UNMISS* United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan MINURCA United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic UNMIS* United Nations Mission in the Sudan MINURCAT United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad UNMISET United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor MINURSO* United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara UNMIT* United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste MINUSTAH* United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti UNMOGIP* United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti UNMOP United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola UNMOT United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo UNOCI* United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire MONUSCO* United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo UNOGIL United Nations Observation Group In Lebanon United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia ONUB United Nations Operation in Burundi UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia ONUC United Nations Operation in the Congo UNOMIL UNOMSIL United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone

1 5 4 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 5 5 Appendix C: Glossary

UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda Ablution facility UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia Ablution unit, ablution module, Porta Cabin. Prefabricated, relocatable units (usually 10’ or 20’ ISO UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive Deployment Force containers) for use by up to 30 people, and equipped with showers, mirrors, WCs, wash basins, UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force urinals, hot water tanks, fans, electrical wirings and fittings etc.; they are often made of sandwich panel UNPSG United Nations Civilian Police Support Group construction and washable surfaces. UNSF United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea (West Irian) UNSMIH United Nations Support Mission in Haiti Advance party, advance team UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia Sent 1) prior to a PKO, to make a reconnaissance of the area in order to assess the availability of UNTAES United Nations Transitional Authority in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, accommodation and logistic resources and establish a list of essential items and facilities that cannot be and Western Sirmium obtained locally. UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group Sent 2) to prepare the transition and contingent rotation: the incoming contingent’s advance party includes UNTMIH United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti logistics personnel to enable a handover of stores and equipment. UNTSO* United Nations Truce Supervision Organization Advice of shipment UNYOM United Nations Yemen Observation Mission A notice sent by a purchaser advising that shipment has gone forward and usually containing details of packing, routing, etc.

Airdrop

A parachute jump or a supply delivery by parachute from an aircraft in flight; in logistics, an airdrop (for resupplying a unit) is sometimes called “vertical replenishment”).

Airlift

The carrying of troops and equipment over large distances by air to bring them into crisis areas rapidly, also found: ‘air lifters’ (referring to personnel or planes).

Air logistics support

Support by air landing or airdrop, including air supply, movement of personnel, evacuation of casualties and prisoners of war and recovery of equipment and vehicles.

Ambulance

A ground, air or sea conveyance, manned and equipped to provide in transit care, for the sick, injured and wounded: • Ground: To include road/off road vehicles (wheeled/tracked) and railways. • Air: Fixed and rotary wing aircraft equipped and designated for medical evacuation. • Sea: Any vessel (ship, boat, hovercraft, but not hospital ships) intended for medical evacuation to a * Ongoing operations, as of November 2011. medical treatment facility.

1 5 6 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 5 7 Area of responsibility (AOR) Beyond economical repair (BER)

A defined area of land in which responsibility is specifically assigned to the commander of the area for the A condition classification assigned to an item that as a result of the financial criteria is considered development and maintenance of installations, control of movement, and the conduct of operations. uneconomical to repair.

Apron Beyond local repair (BLR)

A defined area on an airfield, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading A term applied to an equipment or store, which although repairable, cannot for some reason be dealt with passengers or cargo, refuelling, parking, or maintenance. by the workshop to which it has been properly submitted.

Assets Bladder tank • General: All tangible or intangible property, which has a present or future value measurable in terms of money. Collapsible bladder, bladder, flexible tank, flexi tank (rectangular). Collapsible drum [cylindrical and • Inventory: The total serviceable or repairable quantity of any item, on hand or due in. towable]. They are used for transport and for storage of water, fuel and chemicals and come in various sizes and capacities (e.g. 50,000 or 20,000, or 1,00 gallons, down to Jerri can-sized flexible containers). Attrition rate Some are rectangular and can be transported on trucks, some are drum shaped and are helitransportable (slung from a helicopter) and towable. A factor normally expressed as a percentage, reflecting the degree of losses of personnel or non-consumable supplies due to various causes within a specified period of time. Border control

Audit Full border control requires a capability to deny passage and to act where borders had already been closed, whereas border monitoring involves observing and reporting on movements only. Any inspection by a third person of accounting records, involving analyses, tests, confirmation or proofs. The examination of original documents, such as orders or bills, for the purpose of substantiating individual Border monitoring transactions is termed pre-audit or voucher audit. Internal auditing is a management service to assess the effectiveness of cost controls and appraise procedures or operations. International observers only observe and report and are not in a position to check the nature of goods crossing the border. Back order Bridge The undelivered part of a previous order which the vendor agrees to ship later. Military bridges are of three main types: Backlog 1. scissor-type launched bridges (foldable and often laid by an armoured vehicle)

An accumulation of work in excess of available working capacity. 2. floating (or pontoon or ribbon) bridges (several flotation units are assembled together side by side to span a river, but are transported folded) Back-up supply 3. dry support bridges (e.g. Bailey bridges) built of standardised panels and used for lines of communication (highways and railways). To plan (beyond and above the initial supply) a back-up supply to last for the duration of the mission as a shipment to be sent later. Calibration

Basic stocks A comparison between a standard or measuring equipment, instrument or item of equipment with a standard of higher accuracy to detect, correlate, adjust and document the accuracy of the instrument or Stocks to support the execution of approved operational plans for an initial predetermined period. equipment items being compared.

1 5 8 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 5 9 Call sign Chief Finance Officer (CFO)

A combination of letter and number used to represent certain persons, teams, operations or Civilian, exercises delegated authority from the controller for approving mission payments and maintaining organisations, used in communications. mission accounts, supervises the Finance Section staff and the preparation of annual cost estimates and Camp semi-annual programme budget performance reports. The CFO is responsible for the maintenance of the mission budget, commitment accounting and all financial transaction settlements (travel expenses, Unit that includes dormitories, ablution units, laundries, recreation halls, power supply, drainage, waste, per-diem payments, locally hired personnel pay and benefits, materiel and services). venting and water distribution systems. Can be soft-walled or hard-walled, for 5, 50 or 150 persons. Chief General Service (Section) (Officer) (CGS) Cannibalisation Civilian, under direction of DMS/CMS, manages the administrative services: offices (including ground Removing serviceable parts and assemblies from an unrepairable vehicle or item of equipment, to maintenance), housing accommodations (including mess halls and kitchens). be used to repair others. In an extended usage: using personnel of one or more units to complete the authorised strength of another unit. Chief Integrated Support Services (CISS)

Cannibalise The CISS and the COS exercise joint operational control over the entire mission logistic support system.

To remove usable parts from an item of material as an alternate means of procurement. To remove Chief Logistics Officer (CLO) serviceable parts from a repairable item of equipment in order to install them on another item of equipment. As a military staff member of the Force Headquarters or civilian on the Force Headquarters staff, the CLO is responsible to the Force Commander for directing and implementing the logistics support for the Force Central procurement and its contingents. He manages planning and liaison services between military and civilian agencies in the mission area and is the deputy to the CISS. He is not a wholly free agent because his is answerable to The procurement of material, supplies, or services by an officially designated command or agency. the DMS/CMS conforming to the financial constraints set by the United Nations. His supply, maintenance, and equipment requirements need the approval of the DMS/CMS before being submitted to New York. Chain of command Chief Medical Officer (CmedO) The succession of commanding officers from a superior to a subordinate through which command is exercised. Also called command channel. CmedO is responsible officer for all medical and health matters within the Force and in Civilian staff structure. Avoid confusion with Chief Military Observer (CMO). Check list Chief Movement Control Officer (CMCO) A list by which something may be checked or verified, e.g. a tool kit list, an activity list. Civilian or military officer, responsible for the transportation of personnel (UNMOs, UNPOL and UNVs), Chief of Mission Support (CMS) (formerly CAO - Chief Administrative Officer) the control of hired and chartered aircraft and ships, for bills of landing, customs documentation and freight forwarding. Civilian, seconded from NY UNHQ, and heads the civilian administrative component. Responsible for administrative functions (finance and personnel), general and technical services relative to the mission Chief Operations Officer (COO) activities. As a military staff member of the Force Headquarters, the Chief Operations Officer is responsible to the Chief Engineering Officer (CEO) Force Commander for directing and implementing the operations of the military force and its contingents. The COO will normally control dual role units, like aviation units, and will have to coordinate prior to A civilian staff member of the UN who heads engineering component of a mission, and who, working in tasking them for use in the transportation role. conjunction with the force engineer officer, is responsible for field engineer support, accommodation and construction services, power supply, geographic support (map services), etc.

1 6 0 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 6 1 Chief Procurement Officer (CPO) Compatibility

Chief of procurement, civilian, under the DMS/CMS, plans and budgets the procurement of goods and The capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the services, both locally and regionally, in coordination with the Logistics Section, for the timely provision of same systems or environment without mutual interference. rations, equipment, stores, other supplies and contractual services. Controls bidding process. Container accommodation (module) Chief Signals Officer (CSO) Hard-walled prefabricated building, modular and based on 20’ ISO container configuration: the base and Military officer, responsible for the military-patters communications equipment, is the military counterpart roof of these units are completely pre-built, and walls are knocked-down and are packed between the roof to the (civilian) CCO. and floors of each unit. Several such modules can be interconnected.

Chief of Staff (COS) Contingency planning

Military officer, the Commander of UNTSO, alone of all PKOs, is still termed “Chief of Staff’ (COS), A management tool used to ensure adequate arrangements are made in anticipation of a crisis. It otherwise the term is reserved for national military. involves preparing likely courses of action dealing with a range of potential scenarios and extends into preparatory activities (preparation of maps, identification of sources of equipment and supplies, Chief Transportation Officer (CTO) prepositioning of communications and identification of possible troop-contributing states).

The Chief Transportation Officer (CTO) is part of the civilian component. He is the chief of the Contingent Commander (CCOMD) Transportation Section and as such responsible for: registration of all UN-vehicles, running a motor pool of UN-owned and rental (civilian pattern) vehicles, issuing of vehicles, maintenance and repair of The officer in charge who commands the contingent. UN-owned vehicles, conducts driving tests, issues UN-driving licenses, and fuel accounting. He is under supervision of CISS and responsible for the allocation of vehicle transport to staff, supervises local Contingent-Owned Equipment (COE) mechanics and drivers. This describes any military equipment, owned by a member state, brought to the mission area by infantry or logistics contingents with the prior agreement of the UN secretariat becomes UN Claims Administration Unit (CAU) responsibility, and governments are reimbursed for its depreciation.

Claims and Information Management Section, FBFD, DFS.. The Unit processes claims for reimbursement Contract amendment from troop-contributing countries, and as of 1996, deals with COE backlog, death and disability, wet/dry leases, LOAs, third party claims and commercial disputes. A negotiated change to the terms or conditions of a contract.

Classification Contract maintenance

The segregation of items of supply into commodity classes according to their nature or application. The maintenance of material, performed under contract by commercial organisations. Code of Conduct 1. Set of principles to be followed by peacekeeping forces, such as avoidance of force, impartiality, Cost estimate transparency and clarity of purpose, firmness, reliability, anticipation of situations leading to violence, integration of different nationalities The estimate of money required for expenditure for the following fiscal year. 2. The ICRC and NGO associations have also promulgated one, to regulate the performance of organisations involved in emergency relief. Critical item

An essential item that is in short supply or expected to be in short supply for an extended period.

1 6 2 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 6 3 Decontamination Director of Mission Support (DMS) (formerly DOA - Director of Administration) / Chief of Mission Support (CMS) The process of making any person, object or area safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralising, making harmless, or removing, chemical or biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or DMS/CMS is normally appointed by and is responsible to the DFS at Headquarters and acts as its around it. representative at the force or mission headquarters. Under the overall authority of the head of mission, on behalf of the DFS, the DMS/CMS is responsible for all administrative functions and for providing Demurrage the requisite administrative support for carrying out this substantive work of the mission efficiently and economically. Within the DMS’s/CMS's organisation, a number of branches are involved in transportation: A charge allowed in freight tariffs or by contract, assessed against a consignor, consignee or other General Services, Procurement, and Finance. responsible person for delays to transportation equipment in excess of "free time" for loading, unloading, reconsigning, or stopping in transit. Disposal

Depth of repair (excluding aircraft) The removal of material from a supply system by sale, trade-in or destruction.

Depth A: That maintenance which is directly concerned with preparing items for use and keeping Distribution point them in day-to-day order. May include such operations as functional testing, replenishment, servicing and rearming. Note that the maintenance organisation is not usually responsible for Depth A. This is A point at which supplies and/or ammunition are delivered for distribution to member states' contingents. the responsibility of the user/operator, albeit to standards defined and monitored by the maintenance organisation. Dry lease

Depth B: That maintenance, which is required on items and assemblies that are unserviceable or require Arrangements or system. A COE reimbursement system whereby the troop-contributing country provides preventive maintenance. May include scheduled maintenance, embodiment of prescribed modifications, equipment to a peacekeeping mission and the UN assumes responsibility for maintaining. The equipment maintenance of assemblies and corrective maintenance beyond Depth A. may be operated either by the equipment owning country or by another country.

Depth C: That maintenance which is repair, partial reconditioning and modification requiring special skills, Durability special equipment or a relatively infrequently used facility which is not economic to provide generally, but which is short of complete strip, reconditioning and re-assembly. The ability of an item to perform its required function under stated conditions of use and under stated Depth D: Maintenance which is full reconditioning, major conversion or major repair involving work of this conditions of preventative or corrective maintenance until a limiting state is reached. depth. Duty Room Deputy Special Representative (DSRSG) Joint Operations Centre, JOC. Part of the Situation Centre. It serves as the UNHQ point of contact for Resident Special Representative, RSRSG. Civilian, ASG or D-2, acts on behalf of the SRSG during his field missions and for permanent missions of Member States and prepares daily Situation Centre reports. absence. Economic repair limit Designated Official The maximum repair effort that may be economically expended on equipment. The senior-most United Nations decision-maker on safety and security issues, in a given country. Engineering Desk officer Service provided by Construction Engineers (or on behalf of construction engineers) that refers Military officer or civilian. Within each division of DPKO/DFS, responsibility for a PKO is assigned to a collectively to design, drafting, specification writing, estimating, studies and contract inspection. ‘desk’, comprising one or more political affairs officers, supported by one or more military officers. A desk can also mean responsibility for a specific region.

1 6 4 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 6 5 Engineering support Fielding

The sum of those engineering activities, which take place during the life cycle of military equipment aimed Acquisition, delivery and distribution of new equipment to the units who are designated to use it. at ensuring that new equipment comes into service with the maximum reliability and maintainability: with the backing of the correct scales of spares and assemblies; with adequate technical literature; Financial limitation accompanied by all tools, test gear and facilities needed; and that sufficient trained manpower is available for its efficient maintenance. Engineering support continues during the in-service phase with The limit of expenditure allowed under a contract. the reporting, investigation and rectification or defects, and the recording of repair and reliability data for automatic processing, as may be required effectively to manage maintenance resources. First echelon (1st line transportation)

Equipment Comprises all transportation within a contingent area and is executed by transportation assets organic or attached to a contingent/unit and controlled by the contingent/unit commander. It may include scheduled In the context of general engineering support, Equipment is defined as items required to provide a transportation (resupply runs, local shuttle runs) and ad-hoc transportation requirements. catering service and the appropriate standard of living for a mission. These include kitchen equipment, refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, water heaters, ceiling fans, etc. Fixed medical treatment facility

Estimated expenditure A permanently established land based medical facility excluding ships, field units, and air transportable hospitals. The amount appearing in the estimated expenditure block on the contract form. This funding amount includes not only the total estimated payments to the supplier by may also include some additional Force Commander (FC) charges such as sales tax, customs duties and transportation costs. Responsible for carrying out the mandate of the mission in respect of all military operations, reports to HQ Evacuation (of equipment) in NY through the SRSG on military personnel and operations. 1. In the recovery system, evacuation is the movement of equipment casualties (in and out of theatre) within a logistic system. It is distinct from recovery. Force logistic directive 2. The process of moving any person who is wounded, injured, or ill to and/or medical treatment That document produced by the Force Headquarters which details the required level of stock holding of facilities. the contingents, the overall logistic support plan, the requirements from contributing Member States and Evacuation point (EP) should include the Force Logistic.

The location at which equipment is collected for evacuation. Force Logistic Support Group (FLSG)

A group of military and civilian personnel forming the logistic support for a UN force, composed of national Excess stock support element (NSE) provided by each contingent. The FLSG operates in most cases under the coordinating authority of one or more Member States. Depending on the size and geographical spread That quantity of supply system stock that exceeds approved retention levels. of the operation, each base area may be under a separate Member State coordinating authority. The headquarters FLSG operates under the guidance of UN Force Headquarters. It coordinates receipt of Expedite stocks and movement to forward bases, and the sustainment of the force. To hasten or arrange delivery of goods. Forward repair Expendable item A repair, normally at Depth A and B, carried out to equipment at or near the location where it became a casualty. An item of material which is expended or consumed in use or is integral to, or a structural part of, another equipment or installation.

1 6 6 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 6 7 Forward repair team (FRT) General Agreement

A team of tradesmen organised and equipped to carry out a forward repair. These are basic agreements normally conducted at government to UN level. They are sometimes known as umbrella agreements or as Memorandum of Understanding. Four Geneva Conventions (1949) and two Additional Protocols (1977) • I GC: Amelioration of the condition of wounded and sick General support • II GC: Shipwrecked armed forces at sea • III GC: Treatment of prisoners of war That support which is given to a force as a whole and not as part of a support given to a particular • IV GC: Treatment of civilians in war member state's contingent. This is frequently referred to as second and third line support. • I AP: Protection of victims of internal armed conflicts Global positioning system (GPS) • II AP: Protection of victims of non-internal armed conflict

The identification of position by means of satellite navigation. Free issue

Good offices The authorised issue of material for which no reimbursement is required.

Procedure when for the maintenance of peace a nation intervenes in a friendly manner between two Free stock powers whose differences might well lead to armed conflict, and offers its suggestions as to possible ways and means of settling the differences; when the third power takes an actual part in the subsequent That quantity of an item of supply available for issue. negotiations (as the channel of communication, etc.) good offices then become mediation. More generally, the disinterested use of one’s official position or office in order to help others settle their differences. The Fully operational term can also refer to the acts of a diplomatic relations with the state to which he is accredited. All systems of a complete equipment are working as they were designed to do and within the tolerances Gratis military officer (GMO) and specifications laid down in the design statement. Officer on loan. Officer released by his Government at no cost to the UN, as opposed to officer under Functional control contract, i.e. paid by the UN. The GMO category includes both officers on loan (short-term) and officers on secondment (longer term). The authority vested in a force functional staff officer, acting on behalf of the Force Commander, to direct the method of operation and manner of employment of the service units under their control in order to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) achieve a policy objective. Mean solar time at the meridian of Greenwich, England, used as a basis for standard time throughout the Functional desks world. Normally expressed in four numerals 0001 to 2400. Also called Zulu time. A JMCC function, each desk controls a single transportation mode. In a full JMCC the following desks will Grid bearing be operational: • - Road Transport Desk Direction of an object from a point, expressed as a horizontal angle, measured clockwise with reference • - Air Transport Desk to grid north. • - Rail Transport Desk • - Sea Transport Desk Ground handling • - Inland Waterway Desk Those services include interior and exterior cleaning of aircraft, de-icing, catering, provision of ground power, of tow tractors, mobile lighting and passenger embarkation and control.

1 6 8 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 6 9 Handover procedure Host Nation

1. Transfer of POWs, bodies, mail and property (including domestic animals) through intermediaries, The nation or government upon whose territory the UN mission or Area of Operations is physically across no-man’s land, United Nations buffer zones or areas of separation, with supervision by located. peacekeeping forces Host Nation Support (HNS) 2. Transfer of UN and contingent property (rations and supplies) from outgoing (on rotation) to incoming one. Civilian and military assistance rendered by the host country to UN forces deployed within or staging through that country, based upon agreements mutually concluded between the Member State and the Hazardous materiel UN. It includes medical support: resources and infrastructure of the host country that is available and accessible to peacekeeping forces. Any materiel which because of its properties is flammable, corrosive, an oxidising agent, explosive, toxic or radioactive. HQ NY

Head of Mission (HOM) United Nations Headquarters in New York.

Military personnel appointed by the SG as either Force Commander or Chief Military Observer or civilian Humanitarian Assistance UN staff member appointed by the SG as his Special Representative. Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian Headquarters (HQ) crises. The primary objective of humanitarian assistance is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity. The executive and/or administrative elements of command unit. Hybrid Operation Headquarters Committee on Contracts A peace operation involving the deployment of military, police or civilian personnel from two or more A committee based in UN NY HQ which reviews all cases of procurement for over $ 200,000. entities under a single structure.

Health services Immediate operational requirement (IOR)

Services intended directly or indirectly to contribute to the health and well being of patients or a A demand submitted for urgently required parts or items which concern Mission essential or critical population. equipment which would impair a unit's operational effectiveness.

Helipad In Theatre

A prepared area designated and used for take-off and landing of helicopters (including touch down or That geographical area which contains the imminent mission. Normally within the borders of a single hover): it may be a circular or rectangular area, in or near a camp, which has been cleared of obstacles country. and marked for helicopter landings. The (rudimentary) equipment usually includes a wind cone, a beacon light and coloured flares. Incident report (INCREP)

Holding capacity Immediate report or incident report, to inform the force or mission headquarters by the fastest means of an actual or potential breach of the peace. The quantitative potential of a holding facility to accommodate patients waiting for medical evacuation, usually in other fully supported hospital beds.

1 7 0 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 7 1 In Survey services, and aims to achieve the intermeshing of policies, programs, procedures and other applicable components of military and national support to produce an integrated logistics system between those Marching-in survey. Physical verification of all contingent-owned stores, equipment and vehicles and member states contributing to UN sponsored missions around the world. UN-owned accountable items when a member nation’s contingent enters the mission area. The actual amount of the reimbursement for COE is based on the marching-in survey (which is thereafter constantly International Maritime Organisation (IMO) updated as issues and receipts are posted and as write-offs occur), and, in the case of equipment/stores deployed for less than four years, a ‘marching-out survey’ is done when it leaves the mission area. These IMO is an inter-governmental organisation under the umbrella of the UN, issuing recommendations to surveys are carried out by the contingent as well as by UN experts who assess the actual value of the member states on matters needing cooperation and standardisation for world-wide sealift activities. equipment as it enters and leaves the mission area and are used by the UN as a basis for settlement of government claims for reimbursement. Interoperability

Integrated logistic support The ability of systems, units or contingents to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units or contingents and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together. The process by which all available material, administrative and sustainment systems are combined to form the most effective and cost efficient support system. Inventory control

Integrated Mission The control of material by means of established material accounting and management methods and procedures. A strategic partnership between a multi-dimensional United Nations peacekeeping operation and the UNCT based on a shared vision among all United Nations actors as to the strategic objectives of the Items, recoverable United Nations presence at country-level. An item which normally is not consumed in use and is subject to return for repair or disposal. International Air Transport Association (IATA) Job IATA is a union of the majority of international air carriers, representing matters of interests to all members involved. IATA regulates the international cooperation within the worldwide net of air carriers, covering the Each equipment or batch of equipment covered by one Job Number, to which the repair task of the airlift of personnel and cargo. workshop is applied.

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Joint Movement Control Centre (JMCC)

ICAO is an inter-governmental organisation under the umbrella of the UN of approximately 160 member The JMCC is tasked with coordinating all transport requirements within the mission area. It has control states, concerning all makers of international civil aviation that need coordination and standardisation for over all 2nd line transport assets allocated to the mission, either military or (local) civilian; it controls the world-wide application. use of air, sea, and inland waterway transport resources within the mission area; and coordinates the scheduling of personnel/materiel in and out of the mission area. International Dangerous Goods Code (IDGC) Lead time (procurement) IDGC regulates the international transport of dangerous goods by sea. Equivalent to ICAO-TI for handling of dangerous goods (refer to this Annex). The period from the provisioning point to delivery point, divided into three components: • Agency Lead Time: the period involved in the gathering of usage data, the calculation of requirements International logistics and the preparation and submission of the requisitioning documents. • Purchase Lead Time: the period involved in the processing of the requisitioning document, the calling of In the context of this manual International Logistics encompasses the process of negotiating, planning, tenders, and the awarding of contracts. coordinating and implementing logistics support between the civilian and military components of member states and international organisations. It incorporates member states' facilities, technologies, material and • Vendor Lead Time: the period involved from the time the order is placed until the item is received.

1 7 2 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 7 3 Letter of Assist (LOA) responsibility of UN medical planning staff. Usually provided at the following level of command: Division/ Force/Corps; local civilian or military hospital (Air Force); afloat in hospital ships or ashore in a civilian or This is a contracting method by which the UN arranges for the provisioning of special supplies or services military hospital (Navy). Apart from those measures aimed at the conservation of the force strength, the to a mission from a government, based on the issue of a numbered letter as authority. It is a letter (subject following core functions will be provided: to reimbursement by the UN) authorised by UN to supplying nations so that these can make purchases (a) medical evacuation to level 3; directly through reliable national sources. Consequently, LOAs can involve both UNOE and COE. (b) life and limb saving surgery; Level of medical support (c) hospitalisation (d) resupply of level 2 units; A numeric designation which identifies the functions and levels of capability a medical unit can provide. (e) Medical personnel replacement. Level I medical support Level IV medical support Refers to the kind and level of medical care that is given at that level: casualty collection, triage and immediate life saving measures, preventive measures against disease, non-battle injury and combat Refers to the kind and level of medical care that is give at that level: definitive care, specialist surgical and stress, routine sick calls. It is responsibility of the national contingents, corresponds to NATO classification medical procedures, reconstruction, rehabilitation and convalescence. Usually provided in the country role I. Usually provided at the following level of command: Battalion (Army); Airbase (Air Force); frigates, of origin (after repatriation). Army, Air Force, Navy: National logistic support command level, usually destroyers and above (Navy). Apart from those measures aimed at the conservation of the force strength, home-based; for Navy also hospital ship possible. Apart from those measures aimed at the conservation the following core functions will be provided: of the force strength, the following core functions will be provided: (a) Medical evacuation to level 1; and (a) medical evacuation to level 4; (b) Physician managed measures for restoring and stabilising vital functions in order to achieve fitness for (b) time consuming definitive treatment and rehabilitation; further evacuation. (c) medical personnel replacement. Level II medical support Lines of communication Refers to the kind and level of medical care that is give at that level: evacuation from level 1, triage resuscitation and stabilisation, sustaining treatment of those requiring further evacuation, reinforcement to All the routes, (land, water and air,) which connect an operating UN force with home bases of level 1 organisations, centralisation of medical supplies. May be the responsibility of UN medical planning the contributing member states, and along which supplies and personnel move. Internal lines of staff or of national contingents depending on the mission. Corresponds to NATO classification role II. communication are those routes within the theatre of operations along which supplies and personnel Usually provided at the following level of command: Brigade and Division (Army); normally combined with move. role 1 Air Force and Naval facilities. Apart from those measures aimed at the conservation of the force strength, the following core functions will be provided: Lines of repair support (excluding aircraft) (a) medical evacuation to level 2; • First Line: The maintenance organisation immediately responsible for the maintenance and preparation for use of complete systems and equipment. Units normally undertake Depth A maintenance. First (b) collective facility for decontamination of Nuclear/Bacteriological/ Chemical casualties; line maintenance organisations normally undertake Depth B maintenance, but may be authorised (c) resuscitative capability for restoring and stabilising vital functions in order to achieve fitness for further to undertake some Depth C maintenance for specialist and unique equipment. Provided by support evacuation; integral to unit, operating within parent unit organisation. (d) resupply of level 1 units; and • Second Line: The maintenance organisation responsible for providing support to specified first line (e) medical personnel replacements. units/organisations. Second line organisations normally undertake Depth C maintenance but may be authorised to undertake some Depth D maintenance. Normally independent workshop or repair facility. Level III medical support Usually operates at formation/force level.

Refers to the kind and level of medical care at that level i.e. (command level): evacuation from levels I and • Third Line: The maintenance organisation other than first and second line. Third line organisations, II, triage, resuscitation and stabilisation, life and limb-saving surgery, diagnosis and treatment of serious although able to undertake all depths of maintenance, normally undertake Depths C and D maintenance. diseases, centralisation of diagnostic resources and of specialist surgical and medical capabilities. It is Usually static, may include industrial organisations providing support to the services under contract.

1 7 4 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 7 5 Liquidation (of peacekeeping mission) Medical personnel

Activities executed in the closure of a field mission: includes the physical withdrawal of equipment, All ranks of medically trained individuals required in either a military or civilian facility to accomplish the supplies and personnel from the AO, and the administrative closure action (closure of accounts, assigned mission. Medical personnel are protected by the Geneva Conventions. finalisation of property records and survey cases settlement of claims). Medical team Local Committee on Contracts A set of medical personnel working together for an assigned mission. A Committee established at the mission level to review all procurement cases between $ 50,000 and $ 200,000. Medically isolated area

Logistics Any area, where evacuation of a patient can not be achieved within a reasonable time frame or where professional medical advice is only, if at all, available by radio. Logistics is defined as the science of planning and carrying out the administration, movement and maintenance of forces and includes activities related to communications, engineering and aviation Mission services. An operation in a particular geographic area that has been sanctioned by the UN General Assembly to be M2 Bailey Bridge (sets) undertaken by contingents from member states.

An all-purpose (i.e. tactical and line communication) prefabricated steel panel bridge designed for Military Adviser (MILAD) portability and speed of erection. MILAD to the SRSG, liaises with military authorities and advises on safety of mission personnel. Is a D-1 Mail and Diplomatic Pouch Unit (MDPU) or P-5.

In charge of mail and documents dispatched through the diplomatic pouch. Military Liaison Officer

Major equipment An officer responsible for the maintenance of contact or intercommunication between elements of military forces to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action. Items of equipment which, in themselves, fulfil prime operational functions and which do not lose their identity or become integral parts of other equipment or installations, e.g. ships, tanks, aircraft. Military Police (MP)

Medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) The PKO MP element, normally of company strength, is drawn from all contingents in the force and is organised along functional lines: provost (discipline), traffic, investigation, and other areas. Evacuation of medical cases between levels of care established in theatre (intra-theatre MEDEVAC) or to medical facilities out of theatre (inter-theatre MEDEVAC). Also found: ‘to be medevaced’. Mission Subsistence Allowance (MSA)

Medical logistics support Per diem or mission subsistence allowance is designed to cover board and lodging expenses for UN staff on mission, police monitors, and military observers. Includes all measures and actions to provide medical supply corresponding to the requirements/needs of the medical situation, to control and manage medical materiel and to maintain medical materiel. Mission survey team

Medical officer Assessment team sent to a new mission site to gather data and to prepare an assessment concerning the force size and composition required and the logistical needs of a new peacekeeping operation. A physician with officer rank.

1 7 6 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 7 7 Mounting troop-contributing countries in the Security Council Resolution/mandate, to deploy units concerned and to retain or assign tactical control of those units. It is a more restrictive level of authority than operational All preparations made in home bases or areas designated for that purpose, in anticipation of an operation. command: a commander cannot change the mission of those forces or deploy them outside the area of responsibility previously agreed to by the troop-contributing country without prior consent of this country. Movement control It does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned. Neither does it, of itself, include administrative or logistic control. The planning, routing, scheduling and control of personnel and freight movements over lines of communication. Also the organisation responsible for these functions. Operation(al) Plan

Movement Control Unit (MCU) Formal directives (in the same format as operation orders) designed to meet a contingency, which is expected but not yet imminent. The headquarters of the movement control unit will normally be co-located with the civilian component's MCC under the GSB where effective coordination of this function can be exercised. The unit will be Out-survey expected to cater for detached movements. Hence, this unit is usually formed of a number of detachments operating at airports, seaports, and railheads. Detachments normally number four to six personnel in Physical verification of all contingent-owned stores, equipment and vehicles and UN-owned accountable size except in the initial and final stages of a peacekeeping operation during the reception and Mission items where a contingent withdraws from the mission area. Start-Up phases. Hence, this unit should increase in size during these critical periods. Overhaul (recondition) Multi-dimensional United Nations Peacekeeping Operations A comprehensive examination and restoration of materiel to a specified standard. United Nations peacekeeping operations comprising a mix of military, police and civilian components working together to lay the foundations of a sustainable peace. Paramedical services

National-Owned Equipment (NOE) Medical services that are provided by specially trained/certified medical technicians.

Equipment not approved by the UN, but considered essential by a troop-contributing country, for security, Patient, ambulatory communications, medical or welfare purposes, and which remains that country’s responsibility (without reimbursement). Patient, able to walk.

Observer Mission Patrol

Consists of unarmed officers, to man observation posts, to monitor cease-fires and armistices. In the context of peacekeeping operations, patrols, mounted and dismounted, are only carried out in an overt, high profile manner. In a military context, one traditionally distinguishes between “combat patrols”, Operational Command “escort patrols”, ”ambush patrols”, “standing patrols”.

The authority delegated to a commander to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to Peace building deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain or delegate operational and/or tactical control as may be deemed necessary. It does not of itself include responsibility for administration or logistics. May also be In the aftermath of conflict; It means identifying and supporting measures and structures which will solidify used to denote the forces assigned to a commander. peace and build trust and interaction among former enemies, in order to avoid a relapse into conflict; often involves elections organised, supervised or conducted by the United Nations, the rebuilding of civil Operational Control physical infrastructures and institutions such as schools and hospitals, and economic reconstruction.

The authority delegated (granted) to a commander to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are usually limited by function, time, or location by

1 7 8 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 7 9 Peace-keeper Personnel at risk

Peacekeeping soldier, strictly speaking ‘peace-keepers’ can include civilian staff, whereas ‘peacekeeping Those members of a civilian or military service who are exposed to a casualty generating process. soldier’ does not; in practice however, the term usually refers to the military component of a peacekeeping operation. Petroleum, oil and lubricants (service), POL (service)

Peacekeeping (PK) A broad term which includes all petroleum and associated products used by the armed forces.

Politico-military activity aimed at conflict control, which involves a United Nations presence in the Petty cash order field, usually involving military and civilian personnel, with the consent of the parties, to implement or monitor the implementation of arrangements relating to the control of conflicts, cease-fires, separation An authorised document or transaction to obtain material and services with petty cash funds, a form of of forces etc., and their resolution, partial or comprehensive settlement, and/or to protect the delivery of direct purchase. humanitarian relief. Pipeline Peacekeeping operations (PKO) In Logistics, the channel of support or a specific portion thereof by means of which material or personnel Non-combat military operations undertaken by outside forces with the consent of all major belligerent flow from sources of procurement to their point of use. parties and designed to monitor and facilitate the implementation of an existing truce agreement in support of diplomatic efforts to reach a political settlement; ‘PKOs’ covers: peacekeeping forces, observer Posting missions and mixed operations. The action of entering or transcribing information onto accounting documents for the purpose of keeping Peace-making records.

Diplomatic process of brokering an end to conflict, principally through mediation and negotiation, military Prefabricated accommodation activities contributing to peacemaking include military-to-military contacts, security assistance, shows of force and preventive deployments. Prefabricated hut; prefabricated unit; Porta Cabin, can be hard-walled or soft-walled.

Peace operations Preventive maintenance inspection

Peace support operations, includes preventive deployments, peacekeeping and peace-enforcement Pre-determined and scheduled inspection procedure operating on a continual basis (normally annually), operations, diplomatic activities such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peace building, as well designed primarily to detect maintenance requirements early and thus prolong the useful life of works and as humanitarian assistance, good offices, fact-finding, electoral assistance. buildings at minimum cost to meet various safety regulations.

Peacetime stock levels Procurement

The level at which military units in Member States maintain military material stocks in order to meet the The process of obtaining material and services for use in the supply system at all levels; generally needs of those units undertaking their normal peacetime role. involves purchase from commercial sources. The process of obtaining personnel, services, supplies and equipment. Per capita reimbursement Procurement document Process of reimbursing based on average cost per outpatient visit and average of inpatient day costs. Normally a document requisitioning an item from commercial sources. It might also be interpreted as a document demanding an item from the supply system.

1 8 0 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 8 1 Project officer Recall notice

The Project Officer is responsible for the evaluation of the transportation process. Notification to a contingent of an issue in excess of authorised holdings, including loans, temporary and other issues of material made outside the supply system, requiring the return of excess material. Provisioning Reclamation The process of determining requirements and initiating procurement. The process whereby materiel declared worn, or scrap is restored to a condition which renders it fit for Purchase description further use.

An elementary specification to identify and describe an item of purchase. The description should include Reconditioning sufficient data to enable evaluation of the item, either by means of reference to a formal specification or inclusion of critical performance data in the description. A comprehensive restoration of an equipment or assembly to its original standard.

Purchase order Recovery

A purchaser's written offer to a supplier formally stating all terms and conditions of a proposed Action taken to repossess material or to financially reimburse UN, in whole or in part, for the loss of or transaction. damage to material. Or, the extrication of an equipment casualty and, if necessary its removal to a place where it can be repaired or evacuated. Rapid deployment forces (RDF) Recovery control Described as a short-notice contingency forces, RDFs can be formed both unilaterally and with partners, and be deployed in situations where their military organisations, training, and equipment, such as The arrangements set up to execute a recovery plan, to provide continuous control of recovery resources, transport and communications, enable them to cope with a totally civil situation; their activities range from and to collect and pass back recovery information. disaster relief (earthquakes, floods etc), to humanitarian relief (famines), to operations to maintain the peace by separating warring sides, to actual warfare; RDF is the generic term, whereas rapid reaction Recurring demand force is the name given to various specific formations. A demand made on the supply system that is expected to recur periodically. Ration scale Reference number The list of entitlement for troops to a specified amount of food per day. Force demands (Q1s) are made out in accordance with this scale. Any number used to identify an item of supply. Reference numbers include manufacturer's part, drawing, model, type, source, controlling numbers, specification controlling numbers and the manufacturer's Re-order level (ROL) trade name, when the manufacturer identifies the item by trade name only; other countries' NATO stock numbers as defined in cataloguing instructions; specifications or standard numbers; and specification or A calculated stock level such that, action is taken to replenish system assets, if net asset fall to or below standard part, drawing or type numbers. that level. Reimbursable Reaction time (Supply) A category of personnel or material made available to the UN by agreement for use in a mission and for That period of time measured from the receipt of a user demand by the Supply System to the hand-over which reimbursement is made to the Member State concerned from the UN budget. of the demanded material to the transportation agency.

1 8 2 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 8 3 Repair decision Salvage

This is the planning decision on the repair of equipment. The decision takes into account the operational To strip serviceable parts from an item of equipment which is beyond repair, in order eventually to install situation, classification, condition, spares availability, repair capacity, obsolescence, surplus stock and the them on other items of equipment. This can be damaged, worn, aged or specialised equipment or material economics of repair. The repair decision will be taken by the planning staff at workshop or higher level or that cannot economically be repaired or adapted for further use but has possible value other than the at first line where authorised. scrap or material content. It can also be the saving or rescuing of materials contained in condemned, discarded or abandoned equipment for reuse, refabrication or scrapping. Repatriation Scales of issue Leaving the mission and returning home. Lists of authorised maximum levels of holdings of stores, equipment and vehicles as established by Requisition Mission HQ, for use by Contingent and Camp Command to meet their operational commitments.

To replenish stocks and obtain new items required by contingents. Second line material

Reserve stocks Stocks of material positioned in the Supply Unit (FLSG) and held as stock in immediate support of assigned contingents/units. Material held or controlled for use only for prescribed purposes; e.g. composite rations. Self recovery Restriction list The extrication of a vehicle using its own equipment. A list of items that are available for general issue, but under defined conditions. Second echelon (2nd line transportation) Roadworthy Comprises transportation for troop carrying or supply deliveries within the rear area and forward to Fitness for use on the road. Braking system, steering gear, tires, lighting equipment and reflectors (and contingents, as well as, transportation for contingents/units, which cannot be executed with organic seat belts if applicable), shall comply with prescribed statutory requirements. In addition, there should be assets. 2nd line transportation assets are controlled by Force Command. These assets may be no evidence of major structural or mechanical failure of the chassis, body or hull, running gear, or turret. supplemented with locally hired commercial transportation assets or the requirement may be executed by using existing local transportation services (rail, road, barge, or air services). Rotation Senior political advisor A subset of sustainment is the Rotation of personnel into and out of the Area of Operations. Normally contingent rotation will be every six (6) months. Civilian, part of the Force Commander’s personal staff, unless a SRSG is working in the same area, in which case the political adviser will be on the latter’s staff; keeps the SRSG informed of local, national Route clearance and regional developments, drafts communications.

The clearing of obstructions (e.g. broken down or damaged vehicles) along a route, in order to ensure an Serviceable uninterrupted flow of traffic. The condition classification assigned to an item that can be used, without restriction, for its intended Routine maintenance purpose.

Small works such as the replacement of glass, repair of leaking plumbing fixtures, repair of small electrical Serviceable material faults. Material that is ready to be used for the purpose intended; in suitable condition for use.

1 8 4 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 8 5 Side load Supply

The process of transferring a repair load from one workshop to an equivalent workshop in the same or The operations normally involved in furnishing, providing, affording, or distributing items of supply to a another formation. user to satisfy stated requirement(s); the function includes all actions from the initial determination of requirements as to kind and quality through testing, standardisation, adoption, modification, procurement, Standard operating procedure (SOP) acceptance, receipt, storage, issue, maintenance, distribution, evacuation, salvage, re-issue, disposal, accountability, responsibility and stock control. A set of instructions covering those features of operations which lend themselves to a definite or standardised procedure without loss of effectiveness. The procedure is applicable unless prescribed Supply depot otherwise in a particular case. Thus the flexibility necessary in special situations is retained. A specialised facility designed, equipped, and manned to perform the warehousing function and conduct Status of (the peacekeeping) force(s) agreement (SOFA) other supply activities, particularly those associated with the maintenance of stocks.

Agreement between the UN and the host country. Surplus material

Stock control Material for which there is no known requirement. An item may become surplus because it is obsolete, uneconomical to repair, or in excess of forecast requirements. That aspect of inventory control which includes the control of stock items through the maintenance of accounting records. Tactical control

Stock level The detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or manoeuvres necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned. This term is used to describe the quantity of material required for a given level of activity over a given period of time. The Force Logistic Directive will detail the stock level for any particular mission in terms of Technical direction days. Member states will then translate this requirement into holdings of specific items. Executive powers exercised by a maintenance officer over the policy, methods, equipment, specialist Stock position training, techniques and procedures that will be employed by a unit in carrying out its technical function.

A statement identifying all inventory assets and liabilities for an item of supply. Temporary reception area

Storage That area designated for used by member states' contingents on first deploying to a mission area, prior to moving to designated operational areas. A function of warehousing which involves the receipt of an item, putting it away for safekeeping and subsequent retrieval when required for use, sale, or disposal. Traditional United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

Substitute item United Nations peacekeeping operations conducted with the consent of the parties to a conflict, usually States, in which “Blue Helmets” monitor a truce between warring sides while mediators seek a political An item of supply possessing such functional and physical characteristics as to cause it, under certain solution to the underlying conflict. conditions or in particular applications, to be considered acceptable for issue by Supply system and the customer in lieu of the preferred or alternate item, provided alteration of the item itself or of adjoining item Troop-contributing country (TCC) is not required. Troop contributor (UN); troop-contributing nation TCN.

1 8 6 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 8 7 Trust funds UN military observers (UNMO, MILOB)

Trust Fund is a fund based on contributions from Member States to a specific mission for specific Main task: to supervise, monitor, verify and report on cease-fire agreements, separations and withdrawals projects. The money donated is not part of the regular UN budget and thus, can not be used for any of the of forces, cessation of outside assistance; to monitor checkpoints, ingress/egress point and sea/ mission’s budgetary means. The donor specifies what type of projects the funding can be used for. airports; to monitor regrouping, cantonment and disarmament or demobilisation processes; to locate and confiscate caches of weapons; to liaise with factions, NGOs, UN agencies and neighbouring countries, Planning for activities to be partially or fully financed by extra-budgetary funds (trust funds) is provisional, assist humanitarian activities (POW exchange, food distribution etc.); in some cases UNMOs serve in and such activities are implemented only if adequate funds are made available. Military Observer Group, which consists of UNMOs and is commanded by a Chief Military Observer; in other cases they form part of a peace-keeping force. Unit of issue UN-Owned stores A statement of measure assigned as the item control unit upon which all transactions will be based. All stores, equipment, vehicles and spare parts supplied and paid for by the United Nations in support of UN Equipment the Mission. • UN-Owned Equipment: Equipment purchased and maintained by the UN. UN Stand-by arrangements system (UNSAS) • Contingent-Owned Equipment: Equipment whose ownership is retained by the Member State, but it is maintained by the UN. Provides the UN with a database containing military units of member states, which can in principle be • Nationally-Owned Equipment: Equipment that is required by the Member State but is not approved by made available to the UN at short notice. the UN. This will be maintained by the Member State. Vehicle / Equipment • Host Nation Owned Equipment: Equipment provided by the Host Nation and maintained by the UN. A self-propelled, boosted, or towed conveyance for transporting a burden on land, sea or through air or UN flights in the theatre space. Those recognised on UN missions are:

In the theatre, UN flights operating for Transport or Movement missions are called Scheduled Flights • A-vehicle: A tracked or wheeled armoured combat land vehicle primarily designed for offensive or Special Flights. The following aviation missions are conducted by these flights: Liaison Transport, purposes and a specialist vehicle derived from these basic designs. Intra-theatre passenger flights, Intra-theatre logistics airlifts, Theatre support to troop rotations, • B-vehicle: A tracked or wheeled land vehicle, self propelled or towed, commercial or general service, Intra-theatre vertical replenishment, Battalion and UNMO's support, Helicopter slinging and hoisting, and which is not primarily designed for offensive purposes but which may in some cases be armoured for Welfare/morale support. defensive purposes, and which is not otherwise specifically defined. • Scheduled Flights are defined as UN flights operating on a fixed recurring frequency and route. • C-vehicle: A wheeled or tracked item of earth moving equipment, either self propelled or towed; all self Coordinating with the Air Operations Section (AIR OPS) under COO, the Air Transportation Officer mobile, self steering, purpose-made cranes, cable laying ploughs; all industrial and agricultural tractors establishes the schedules for these flights to meet frequent demands or indispensable needs such as and rough terrain fork lift tractors excluding warehouse tractors. resupply for frontier units. • Special Flights are UN flights programmed for a specific mission. Whenever flights are necessary, they • E-vehicle: A truck-mounted or trailer-mounted equipment or a static generator whose registered number are arranged through the coordination between the Air Transportation Officer and AIR OPS. Since total must be recorded for legal or management purposes. available flight hours are limited for each month, these flights must be planned considering the long- • P-vehicle: A powered mobile, materiel handling, equipment that is used in a warehouse or industrial term view. environment, including a tractor, trailer or hand pallet truck, whose registered number must be recorded for legal or management purposes. United Nations-Led Peace Operation • R-equipment: An item of engineer equipment or construction plant, or an ancillary which is neither a C nor an E vehicle and whose registered number must be recorded for legal or management purposes. A Peace operation authorized by the UN Security Council and conducted under the direction of the UN Secretary-General. • W-equipment: An unarmed weapon or an element of a weapon system which is not a personal weapon but whose registered number must be recorded for legal or management purposes.

1 8 8 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 8 9 Appendix D: Organizational Charts

Published by the United Nations Department of Public Information DPI/2470—10-00133—April 2011 • Z-equipment: A transportable container whose registered number must be recorded for management purposes. • Commercial vehicle: A vehicle that is basically a manufacturer's standard product but incorporating the

minimum of military modifications to make it suitable for its operational use. Tourism World United Nations Industrial Industrial Nations United World Meteorological Meteorological World World Intellectual Property Property Intellectual World International Civil Aviation Aviation Civil International International Fund Fund International Universal Postal Union Postal Universal International Maritime Maritime International International Monetary Fund Monetary International International International Organization Organization Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Organization Organization Development Agricultural for Organization Development • General Service vehicle: A vehicle specially built for military operational use to a military specification. Organization IMF IMF ICAO IMO IMO ITU UPU UPU WMO WIPO WIPO Abbreviation MPV. IFAD UNIDO UNWTO • Specialist vehicle: A vehicle with a role that dictates that special fixtures or equipment be permanently Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Joint Organisation for the Prohibition Prohibition the for Organisation Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Comprehensive the for Commission Preparatory 3 International Atomic Energy Agency Energy Atomic International United Nations System Staff College

for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States World Trade Organization Trade World 2 Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Treaty Nuclear-Test-Ban incorporated in its structure. Weapons Chemical of Related Organizations Related UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna UNODA Office for Disarmament Affairs UNOG United Nations Office at Geneva UN-OHRLLS Office of the High Representative UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi for Disaster Reduction and Research for Social Development Other Entities Other IAEA CTBTO CTBTO OPCW OPCW WTO UNAIDS UNAIDS UNISDR United Nations International Strategy UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services United Nations Institute for Training United Nations Institute for Training UNITAR UNRISD United Nations Research Institute UNSSC UNU United Nations University Vehicle log Multilateral Investment Investment Multilateral United Nations Educational, Educational, Nations United International Centre Centre International International Bank Bank International International Development Development International International Finance Corporation Finance International World Health Organization Health World

The Vehicle Log records performance and any defect affecting the efficient running of the vehicle. The Organization Agriculture and Food International Labour Organization Labour International IBRD IBRD IDA IFC MIGA ICSID Development and Reconstruction for Association Agency Guarantee Disputes Investment of Settlement for Scientific and Cultural Organization Cultural and Scientific of the United Nations United the of Vehicle Log is printed on the backside of the Vehicle Trip Ticket. Drivers are responsible for filling out the Agencies Specialized WHO WHO Group Bank World • • • • • ILO ILO FAO UNESCO UNESCO form correctly with kilometres covered, fuel uplift and any defects noted.

Vehicle trip ticket

The Vehicle Trip Ticket is the document of authorisation for each journey. It also records kilometres Agency United Nations Relief and Works and Armed Conflict High Commissioner for Human Rights of the Secretary-General for Children United Nations Institute 1 1 covered and fuel uplift. Each trip is to be authorised by a person nominated to do so. Contingent/unit OHCHR Office of the United Nations OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services OLA Office of Legal Affairs OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa SRSG/CAAC Office of the Special Representative and Justice Research Institute for Palestine Refugees in the Near East and the Empowerment of Women for Disarmament Research Settlements Programme Commissioner for Refugees Research and Training Institutes Training and Research Subsidiary Body Subsidiary Advisory Advisory Commission UNICRI United Nations Interregional Crime UNIDIR UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality UN-Women Food Programme WFP World commanders are to include in their SOPs the officials who are authorised to sign the Vehicle Trip Ticket. United Nations Human UN-HABITAT UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Fund UNICEF United Nations Children’s UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNRWA UN Peacebuilding Administration Organizations on Geographical Names committees and expert, ad hoc and related bodies Other Bodies Committee for Development Policy Committee of Experts on Public Committee on Non-Governmental Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues United Nations Group of Experts Other sessional and standing Vehicle registration card

Each vehicle is to carry the UN Vehicle Registration Card complying with the UN registration plates on the vehicle.

Wet lease arrangements or system of Humanitarian Affairs Operations Economic Commission Commission Economic Economic Commission for Africa for Commission Economic Economic Commission for Europe for Commission Economic DM Department of Management Department of Political Affairs DPA DPI Department of Public Information DPKO Department of Peacekeeping DSS Department of Safety and Security OCHA Office for the Coordination for Latin America and and America Latin for Caribbean the Commission for Asia and the Pacific Asia Commission for Western Regional Commissions Regional ECA ECA ECE ECLAC ESCAP Economic and Social Economic and Social ESCWA

A contingent-owned equipment reimbursement system where the troop-contributing country assumes and political missions ad hoc bodies Military Staff Committee Peacekeeping operations Sanctions committees (ad hoc) Standing committees and on Trade and Development on Trade (UNCTAD/WTO) Programme Development Fund International Trade Centre ITC International Trade UNCDF United Nations Capital UNV United Nations Volunteers Programmes and Funds and Programmes • UNCTAD United Nations Conference UNCTAD • • UNEP United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Population Fund UNFPA responsibility for maintaining and supporting depleted major or minor items of equipment and is entitled to UNDP United Nations Development reimbursement.

Write-off

The deletion from records of material on charge due to shortage, loss by fire, theft, or unauthorised and Conference Management destruction. Secretary-General and Social Affairs Subsidiary Bodies Subsidiary committees and ad hoc bodies for Rwanda (ICTR) (ICTY) for the former Yugoslavia Subsidiary Bodies Subsidiary Functional Commissions Departments and Offices Main and other sessional Disarmament Commission Human Rights Council Commission Law International Standing committees Counter-terrorism committees International Criminal Tribunal International Criminal Tribunal Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Narcotic Drugs Population and Development for Development Science and Technology Social Development Statistics Status of Women Sustainable Development United Nations Forum on Forests EOSG Executive Office of the DESA Department of Economic DFS Department of Field Support DGACM Department for General Assembly The United Nations System 4

Council Security Security General General Council Assembly Organs Secretariat Trusteeship Trusteeship International International UNRWA and UNRWA UNIDIR report only Assembly. General the to Coun- Security to the reports IAEA Assembly. General the and cil Specialized agencies are autono- mous organizations working with the UN and each other through the coordinating machinery intergovernmental the at ECOSOC of Board Executives Chief the through and level, inter-secretariat the at (CEB) Coordination for level. This section is listed in order of estab- specialized as organizations these of lishment Nations. United the of agencies The Trusteeship Council suspended opera- tion on 1 United November remaining 1994 last with the the Palau, inde- of pendence 1994. October 1 on Territory, Trust Nations Social Council Social Economic and and Economic Court of Justice of Court

UN Principal Principal UN NOTES: NOTES: 1 2 3 4 This is not an officialdocument of the United all-inclusive. be to intended it is nor Nations,

1 9 0 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPINGPublished by the United Nations OPERATIONS Department of Public Information | 1 DPI/2470—10-00133—April 9 1 2011 UNITED.NATIONS.PEACEKEEPING.GROUP: CAPACITIES.TO.ENSURE.INTEGRATION Logistics Support Division DEPARTMENT.OF. DEPARTMENT.OF.FIELD.SUPPORT PEACEKEEPING.OPERATIONS

Office.of.the.Under-Secretary-General Office.of.the.Under-Secretary-General (DPKO/OUSG) (DFS/OUSG)

SHARED.CAPACITIES Global Field Support Strategy Project Team Office.of.Operations Assistant.Secretary-General Office.of.the.Assistant.Secretary-General Joint management forums (SMT, ESMT, Directors Mtg) Office.of.the.Assistant.Secretary-General

Africa I Division Field Procurement & Liaison Team Office of the Chief of Staff Sudan Integrated Operational Team (IOT) Field.Personnel.Division East Africa IOT Executive Office Office.of.the.Director Africa II Division Situation Centre Field Personnel Specialist Support Service West Africa IOT Guidance & Organisational Design Section Great Lakes IOT Public Affairs Section Quality Assurance and Info. Management Section

Asia and Middle East Division Peacekeeping Information Recruitment, Outreach & Career Development Section Management Unit Asia IOT Field Personnel Operations Service

Afghanistan IOT Focal Point for Security Africa 1 Section Asia & Middle East Section

Middle East and Western Sahara IOT Africa 2 Section Europe & Lat. Am. Section Senior Leadership Appointments Europe and Latin America Division Section Field.Budget.and.Finance.Division Europe and Latin America Team IOT Audit Response and Boards of Inquiry Section Office.of.the.Director

Office.of.Rule.of.Law.and. Conduct and Discipline Unit Budget & Performance Reporting Security.Institutions Service Office.of.the.Assistant.Secretary-General Policy,.Evaluation.and.Training. MOU & Claims Management Section Division Security Sector Reform Unit Logistics.Support.Division Peacekeeping Best Police Division Practices Section Office.of.the.Director

Office of the Police Adviser Integrated Training Service Operational Support Service Strategic Policy & Development Section Aviation and Safety Section Mission Management & Support Logistics Operations Section Section Strategic Deployment Stocks Unit Standing Police Capacity (Brindisi, Italy) Specialist Support Service Criminal Law & Judicial Advisory Contingent Owned Equipment and Property Management Section Service Engineering Section Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration Section Medical Support Section Supply Section Mine Action Service Cartographic Section Office of the Director Transportation & Movement Service

Programme Management Section Air Transport Section Policy, Information & Resource Movement Control Section Management Section Surface Transport Section

Office.of.Military.Affairs UN Logistics Base (Brindisi, Italy) Information.&.Communications. Office.of.the.Military.Adviser Technology.Division Office.of.the.Director Current Military Operations Service Field Communications & IT Military Planning Service Operations Service Force Generation Service Field Technology and Security Section

Last updated: 31 January 2011

1 9 2 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 9 3 Appendix E: Resources

Sources 17. United Nations Procurement Manual

1. Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and 18. Lessons Learned Library, DPKO the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, Report of the Secretary-General, A/55/977, 1 Jun 2001 19. General Guidelines for Peacekeeping Operations, DPKO 2. Report of the Secretary-General, A/56/732 of 21 December 2001, Implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on PKO and the Panel on the UN Peace Operations 20. United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, DPKO

3. Report of the Secretary-General, A/56/870 of 14 March 2002, The concept of strategic deployment 21. Basic Facts about United Nations, Department of Public Information, New York, 1998 stocks and its implementation, Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations 22. United Nations in our daily lives, United Nations, New York, 1998 in all their aspects, Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the UN PKO 23. Year in Review – UN Peace Operations in 2001, United Nations Department of Public Information, 4. Global Strategy for Peacekeeping Support, Michael Sheehan, Assistant-Secretary-General for Dec. 2001 Mission Support, 28 Jun 2001 24. UNMIBH/IPTF Human Rights Office 5. Rapid Mission Deployment, Staffing Mission HQ’s Integrated Support Services, Juha Rauhalahti, Logistics Officer, DPKO Logistics Plans and Policy Unit, 29 November 2001 25. UNMIBH’S Human Rights Mandate and the role of IPTF

6. Rapid Deployment and Material Readiness, presentation of 13 March 2002 Guenter Bretschneider, 26. International Committee of Red Cross, Geneva Conventions UN DPKO 27. http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/resguide/specpk.htm 7. Logistics and Communications Service, LCS Service Briefing, prepared by M. Dora, UN DPKO Logistics Operations Section, 10 Dec 2001 28. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/intro/deploy.htm, Rapid deployment of start-up personnel

8. Integrated Support Services, Briefing on PKO Integrated Support Services, DPKO CAO-workshop in 29. The United Nations Stand-by Arrangements System, Military Handbook, Military Division, DPKO, New York, 13 Nov 2001, Girish Sinha, OiC Logistics Operations Section http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/rapid/sba.html

9. DPKO Water Program, In Support of UN Peacekeeping Field Missions, Sami Areikat, Sanitary 30. http://www.UNLB.org, United Nations Logistics Base Engineer, Engineering Section, LSD/OMS/DPKO 31. http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm, United Nations Mine Action 10. Logistics Support Division, LSD Induction Briefing of 11 and 13 March 2002 by Paul Johnson, UN DPKO 32. The Art of successful Mandate Implementation, UN Peacekeeping Operations (2008).

11. Secretary-General’s bulletin, ST/SGB/2000/8 of 19 April 2000, Regulations and Rules Governing 33. Strengthening the capacity of the UN to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations. General Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Assembly resolution, A/Res/61/279, 1 August 2007. Methods of Evaluation 34. Annual review of Global Peace Operations 2008. Centre on International Cooperation at NY 12. Field Administration Manual, United Nations Office of General Services, Field Operations Division University.

13. Operational Support Manual, DPKO 35. Authority, Command and Control in UN Peacekeeping Operations. Policy, Feb. 2008. UNDPKO/DFS

14. Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations 36. UN Peacekeeping Operations-Principles and Guidelines 2008

15. Manual on Policies and Procedures concerning reimbursement and control of Contingent-Owned Equipment of Troop-Contributors participating in peacekeeping missions (COE Manual)

16. (Provisional) Guidelines for the liquidation of the field missions, drafted by UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Field Administration and Logistics Division

1 9 4 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 9 5 End-of-Course Exam Instructions

List of UN Departments, Funds, Programmes, and Specialized Agencies General Information The following is a list of various UN departments, funds, programmes, and specialized agencies. For further guidance, visit their Web sites, many of which are linked from http://www.unsystem.org/ and http:// The End-of-Course Exam is provided as a separate component of this course. It covers the material in www.un.org/aboutun/chart_en.pdf. all the lessons of this course, including any material found in the course’s annexes and appendices. The 1. United Nations (UN) exam may be found in your Student Classroom at https://www.peaceopstraining.org/users/user_index. 2. United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 3. UN Department of Field Support (DFS) 4. Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) Format of Questions 5. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The exam consists of 50 multiple-choice questions. Each question gives the student a choice of four 6. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) answers marked A, B, C, and D, with only one of these being the correct answer. 7. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 8. International Labour Organisation (ILO) 9. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Time Limit 10. United Nations Office of High Commission for Human Rights (OHCHR) 11. UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) There is no time limit for the exam. This allows the student to read and study the questions carefully, and to consult the course text. Furthermore, if the student cannot complete the exam in one sitting, he or she 12. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) may save the exam and come back to it without being graded. The “Save” button is located at the bottom 13. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) of the exam, next to the “Submit my answers” button. Clicking on the “Submit my answers” button will end 14. United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) the exam. 15. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) 16. United Nations Population fund (UNFPA) 17. UN Habitat (UNHABITAT) Passing Grade 18. United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) 19. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) To pass the exam, a score of 75 per cent or better is required. An electronic Certificate of Completion will be awarded to those who have passed the exam. A score of less than 75 per cent is a failing grade, 20. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) and students who have received a failing grade will be provided with a second, alternate version of the 21. United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) exam, which can likewise be completed without a time limit. Students who pass the second exam will be 22. United Nations Drug Control Program (UNODC) awarded a Certificate of Completion. Those who fail the second exam will be disenrolled from the course. 23. United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON) 24. United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) 25. United Nations University (UNU) 26. United Nations volunteers (UNV) 27. World Food Programme (WFP) 28. World Health Organisation (WHO) 29. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) 30. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) 31. World Tourism Organisation (WTO)

The following is a list of logistics-related Web sites: 32. www.sole.org (International Society of Logistic) 33. www.clm1.org (Council of Logistic Management) 34. www.logisticsonline.com 35. www.eng.nus.edu.sg/tliap (Logistic Institute-Asia Pacific, research and education in logistics) 36. www.oduport.org (International Maritime, Ports and Logistics Management Institute)

1 9 6 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE LOGISTICAL SUPPORT TO UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS | 1 9 7 About the Author Courses at the Peace Operations Training Institute

Mr. Kamran Baig is the Coordinator, Common Services working for the United Nations Common System Course Name English French Spanish in Kenya, reporting to the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON) and the Resident Coordinator (RC), An Introduction to the UN System    Kenya. He has over 22 years of experience in administration, management, logistics, training, education,    tourism, procurement, budgets, finance and marketing. He has been responsible for the administration Civil–Military Coordination (CIMIC) and management of logistical operations in the private sector and the United Nations. Commanding UN Peacekeeping Operations    The Conduct of Humanitarian Relief Operations    His previous posts include: Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)    • Senior Administrative Officer, United Nations Operation in Burundi, Bujumbura (ONUB); Ethics in Peacekeeping    • Administrative Officer, United Nations Mission in Liberia, Monrovia (UNMIL); Gender Perspectives in UN Peacekeeping Operations    • Course Developer/Coordinator-United Nations Logistics Base, Brindisi, Italy (UNLB); The History of UN Peacekeeping: 1945 to 1987    • Regional Administrative Officer, United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, (UNMIBH); The History of UN Peacekeeping: 1988 to 1996    The History of UN Peacekeeping: 1997 to 2006    • Procurement Officer, UNMIBH; Human Rights  • Director of Purchasing for Marriott Hotels in Oakland, California; Implementation of SCR 1325 (2000) in Africa  • Lecturer at the Eastern Mediterranean University in Northern Cyprus; Implementation of SCR 1325 (2000) in LAC  • Adjunct faculty at the Golden Gate University in San Francisco, California; and International Humanitarian Law and the Law of Armed Conflict    • Financial Controller with the Ramada Group in California. Logistical Support to UN Peacekeeping Operations    Operational Logistical Support    As incumbent of these posts he has researched, prepared and delivered courses in management, sales and marketing, tourism development, ecotourism, and computer simulation for business management Advanced Topics in UN Logistics    (master’s level). He has written training manuals for many of these subjects. Mine Action    Peacekeeping and International Conflict Resolution    Supplementing his work experience, Mr. Baig has served on the Board of Directors of the International Diplomacy Council, International Trade Council, Overseas Development Network and Youth Hostels Preventing Violence Against Women    in San Francisco. He has also been a volunteer for the Red Cross, World Affairs Council and for the Principles and Guidelines  International Rescue Committee (IRC). He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of United Nations Military Observers    Houston, Texas, and an MBA from the Golden Gate University, San Francisco, California. He is fluent in    English and Urdu and has also studied French and Italian. United Nations Police

The Peace Operations Training Institute is committed to bringing essential, practical knowledge to students and is always working to expand its curriculum with the most up-to-date and relevant information possible. POTI’s latest course list can be found at www.peaceopstraining.org, which includes the courses’ increasing availability in Portuguese and Arabic. Visit the website regularly to keep abreast of the latest changes to POTI’s curriculum.

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1 9 8 | PEACE OPERATIONS TRAINING INSTITUTE Peace Operations Training Institute® www.peaceopstraining.org