Principles of Law Relating to International Trade Principles of Law

Relating to International Trade

Ph.D. (Soton), LL.M. (Wales), C.P.E. (Bristol), Pg-Cert. in E.U. Law, Pg.Dip. in Legal Practice, Pg.Dip. in Shipping, M.C.I.T., M.LEx. Solicitor of the Supreme Court, & Wales Solicitor-Member, Athens Bar Association (Greece) Senior Lecturer, Southmnpton Solent University Associate Law Lecturer, The Open University Associate Law Lecturer, Southampton City College Minister 's Adviser, The Ministry of Mercantile Marine (Greece) Shipping Law Examiner, 7;cze Chartered Institute of Shipbrokers International Trade Law Examiner, 7he Institute of Export

- Springer Library of Congress Control Number: 2005936345 ISBN-10: 0-387-30386-3 e-ISBN 0-387-30699-4 ISBN-13: 978-0387-30386-4

Printed on acid- paper

O 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in the United States of America. Nyparents, Maria andSte&s, with gratitude

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Ny soq Stelws, mathgreat e~ectatwm THECURRENT LEGALSYSTEM CONSTITUTIONAL LAW THE LAWOF PROBATE AND SUCCESSION

CHAPTER3 THE LAW OF TORTS

THE TORTOF CONVERSION THETORT OF NUISANCE DEFAMATION

THE TORT OF NEGLIGENCE VICARIOUSLIABILITY GENERALDEFENCES

CHAPTER4 THE LAW OF CONTRACT

ELEMENTSOF CONTRACT OTHERELEMENTS

TERMSOF A CONTRACT REMEDIESFOR BREACHOF CONTRACT DISCHARGEOF CONTRACT THELAW GOVERNING A CONTRACT

CHAPTER5 THELAW OF AGENCY

CLASSIFICATIONOF AGENTS

CREATIONOF AGENCY AUTHORITY

AGENCYOF NECESSITY SUBSEQUENTAUTHORITY OR AGENCYBY RATIFICATION

DUTIESOF AN AGENT

RIGHTSOF AGENT

- viii - RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIESAGAINST PRINCIPAL AND AGENT TERMINATIONOF AGENCY

E.C . LAWAND AGENCYAGREEMENTS

CHAPTER8 COMPETITIONLAW FREEMOVEMENT OF ODsIN THE E.C.

RESTRICTIVE TRADNGAGREEMENTS AND ~ATYOF ROME CHAPTER9 INTRODUCTION TO F.O.B. AND C.I.F. SALES INCOTERMS F.O.B. CONTRACTS C.I.F. CONTRACTS

CHAPTER10 EXPORTFINANCE BILLSOF EXCHANGE& CHEQUES CHEQUES UNIFORMCUSTOMS & PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS LETTERSOF CREDIT

OTHERMZTHODS OF PAYMENT

CHAPTER11 INSURANCELAW

LLOYD'SAND THE PI/IARKET

THE CONTRACTOF WSURANCE THE INSURANCEPOLICY Ir\rsnmCARGO CLAUSES AVIATIONINSURANCE BASICSYSTEM OF LIABILITY CARRIER'SDEFENCES APPLICATIONOF THE LEGALREGIMES CONSIDERATION ELEMENTSOF SIMPLECONTRACT

MISREPRESENTATION

MISTAKE

TERMSOF A CONTRACT

REMEDIES FOR BREACHOF CONTRACT DISCHARGEOF CONTRACT TRANSFEROF TITLE

FORMOF BILLOF EXCHANGE

THE COURTS 5

EXEMPTINGSECTIONS 12- 15 OF THE SALEOF GOODS ACT 187

CONVENTIONSFOR THE CARRIAGEOF GOODS 295 21"' Century Logistic Solutions Ltd . (In Liquidation) v . Madysen Lt d. [2004] 2 Lloyd's Rep.92 ...... 89 A . Siohn & Company Ltd . andAcademy Garments (Wigan) Ltd . v . R . H . Hagland & Son (Transport) Ltd . [I9761 2 Lloyd's Rep.428 ...... 257 A.MB. Imballaggii Plastici S.R.L. v . Pacjlex Lt d. [1999] 2 AU E.R. (Comm.) 249 ...... 133 Adamastos Shipping Co. Lt d. v . Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd . [I9591 A.C. 133 ...... 98 Adams v . Lindsell (1818) 1 B.& Ald.681 ...... 80 Adamson v . Jawis (1827) 130 E.R.693 ...... 141 Agapitos v . Agnew (TheAegeon) (No. 1) [2002] 2 Lloyd's Rep.42, C.A...... 244 Alexander v . Rayson [I9361 1 K.B.169 ...... 88 AlfiedMcAlpine Construction Ltd . v . Panatown Ltd . (No. 1) [2001] A.C.518, H.L...... 182 Allcard v . Skinner (1887) 36 Ch.D. 145 ...... 90 Allen v . Jambo Holdings Ltd . [I9801 1 Q.L.R.1252 ...... 45 Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v . Romalpa Aluminium [I9761 1 Lloyd's Rep.443 ...... 164 Amin Rasheed Shipping Corp. v . Kuwait Co. (The A1 Wahab) [I9841 A.C.50, H.L...... 123 Antoine Kortas, Case C-3 19/97, [I9991 3 C.M.L.R962, O.J. 1999 C 204, 17/07/1999 p.18 ...... 19 Appleson v . Littlewood Ltd . [1939] 1 All E.R.464 ...... 83 Applied Implants Technology Ltd . v . LuJhansa Cargo AG [2000] 2 Lloyd's Rep.46 ...... 291 Arcos Ltd . v . Ronassen [I9331 A.C.470, H.L ...... 154 Argy Trading Development Co. Ltd . v . Lapid Developments Lt d. [I9771 1 W.L.R.444 ...... 82 Ariston SRL v . Charly Records Ltd., The Financial Times, 2 1 March, 1990 ...... 105 Armory v . Delamirie (1721) 1 Stra.505 ...... 66 Armour v . Thyssen [I9901 3 All E.R.481...... 166 Arsenal Football Club Plc v . Reed (No.2) [2003] 1 All E.R. 137 ...... 13 Aruna Mills v . Dhanrajmal Gobindram [1%8] 1 Lloyd's Rep.304 ...... 205 Ashington Piggeries v . Christopher Hill [ 19721 A.C.44 1, H.L...... 154 Ashmore Benson Pease & Co. Ltd . v . AVDawson Ltd . 119731 2 Lloyd's Rep.21, C.A...... 88 Ashton v . Turner [I9811 Q.B. 137 ...... 72 Atari Corporation v . Electonic Boutique [I9781 1 All E.R. 1010, C.A...... 160 Atkinson v . Denby (1862) 7 H.& N.934 ...... 89 Attorney General v . Blake [2000] 4 All E.R.268, H.L ...... 108 Attorney General's Reference (IVo.2 of 1983) 119841 A.C.456 ...... 36 Attorney-General v . Newspaper Publishing plc . [I9871 3 All.E.R532 C.A...... 12 Attorney-General v . Times Newspapers Ltd . [I9741 A.C.273 H.L ...... 12 B . Liggeft (Liverpool) Ltd . v . Barclays Bank Ltd . 119281 1 K.B.48 ...... 224 B.P. Exploration v . Hund (1983) 2 A.C.352 ...... 118 Bainbridge v . Firmstone (1838) 8 A.& E.743 ...... 81 Baldry v . Marshall 119251 1 K.B.260 ...... 182 Bank Melli Iran v . Barclays Bank (Dominion Colonial & Overseas) [I9511 2 Lloyd's Rep.367 ...... 228 Bank of England v . Vagliano Bros. [I8911 A.C. 107, H.L...... 215 Banks v . Goodfellow (1870) L.R.5 Q.B.549 ...... 25 Bannerman v . White (1861) 10 C.B. N.S.844 ...... 101 Banque de Undochine et de Suez S.A. v . J.H. Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd [I9831 Q.B.711...... 233 Barclays Bank Ltd . v . W.J. Simms Son and Cooke (Southern) Ltd . 119791 3 All E.R.522 ...... 225 Barnett v . Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee 119691 1 Q.B.428 ...... 70 Barrett McKenzie & Co. Ltd . v . Escada (UK) Ltd., [200 1) E .C .C.50 ...... 150 Bartlett v . Sidney Marcus Ltd . [1%5] 2 All E.R.753 ...... 155 Barton v . County Natwest Ltd . The Times, 29 July, 1999...... 91 Beale v . Taylor 119671 3 All E.R.253 ...... 153 Beard v . London General Omnibus Co. [I9001 2 Q.B.530 ...... 71 Belfast Ropework Co. Ltd. v . Bushell [I9181 1 K.B.2 10 ...... 257 Bell v . Lever Bros. Lt d. [I9321 A.C. 161...... 9 94 Benaim & Co. v . Debono 119241 A.C.514...... 124 Bence Graphics Ltd . v . Fasson U.K . Ltd . 119971 1 All E.R.979, C.A...... 178 Beswick v . Beswick [I9671 2 All E.R. 1 197...... 181 Bettini v . Gve (1876) 1 Q.B.D.183 ...... 101, 113

.xiv . Beyene v. Irving Trust Co. Ltd . (1985) 762 Fed.Rep. 2d 4, U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals ...... 234 Bigos v . Bousted [I9511 1 All E.R.92 ...... 88 Bird v . Jones (1845) 7 Q.B.742 ...... 64 Bird's Cigarette Manufacturing Co. Ltd . v . Rouse (1924) 19 L1 . L . Rep.301 ...... 258 Bishop v . Plumley [I9911 1 W.L.R.582 ...... 29 Bisset v . Wilkinson [I9271 A.C. 177...... 91 Black King Shipping Corp. v . Massie (The Litsion Pride) [I9851 1 Lloyd's Rep.437 ...... 243 Blower v . Great Western Railway Co. (1872) L.R. 7 C.P.655 ...... 258 Blyth v . Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856) 11 Exch.781 ...... 33 Boardman v . Phipps [1967] 2 A.C.46 ...... 141 Bolivia Republic v . Indemnity Mutual Marine Assurance Co. Ltd . (1908) 99 L.T.394, K.B.D...... 243 Bolton Partners v . Lambert (1889) 41 Ch.D.295 ...... 137 Bolton v . Mahadma [I9721 1 W.L.R. 1009 ...... 110 Bond Worth Ltd.. Re . [I9801 Ch.228 ...... 165, 166 Borden v . Timber Products Ltd [1981] Ch.25 ...... 165 Boston Deep Sea Fishing and Ice Co. Lt d. v . Ansell (1888) 39 Ch.D.339 ...... 87 Bowmakers Ltd . v . Barnet Instruments Lt d. [I9451 K.B.65 ...... 89 Boys v . Chaplin [I9711 A.C.536 ...... 127 Brace v . Calder [I8951 2 Q.B.253 ...... 106 Bratty v. Attorney-General for Northern Ireland [ 19631 A.C.386 H.L...... 34 Brinkibon Ltd v . Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaj? mbH . [I9831 2 A.C.34 ...... 80, 124 British and Foreign Marine Insurance Co Ltd . v . Gaunt [192 11 2 A.C.4 1...... 249 British Bank of the Middle East v . Sun Life Assurance of Canada (U.K.) Ltd [I9831 2 Lloyd's Rep.9 ...... 134 British Crane Hire Corporation Lt d. v . Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd [I9751 Q.B.303 ...... 99 British Road Services v . A . V. Crutchley Lt d. (1967) 1 W.L.R.835 ...... 79 Brumark, Re [2001] B.C.C.259...... 167 Bundesverband der Anneimi ttel-Importeure EV and the Commission of the European Communitiesv . Bayer AG (Joined Cases C-2/01 P and C- 3/01 P) [2004] E.T.M.R. 100 ECJ ...... 195 Bunge & Co v. Tradax England [I9751 2 Lloyd's Rep.235 ...... 205 Bunge Corporation v . Tradax Export S.A. [I9811 2 Lloyd's Rep . 1; [I9811 1 W.L.R.711...... 100, 102 Campbell v . Paddington Corporation [I9111 1 K.B.869 ...... 67 Car and Universal Finance Co. v . Caldwell [I9651 1 Q.B.525, C.A...... 170 Cargill U.K . Ltd . v. Continental U.K . Ltd . [I9891 2 Lloyd's Rep.290, C.A ...... 203, 205 Carlill v . Carbolic Smokeball Company [I8931 1 Q.B.256...... 76 Carlos Federspiel v . Twigg [I9571 1 Lloyd's Rep.240 ...... 161 Castle v . Playford (1872) 26 L.T.315 ...... 157 Catlin v . Cyprus Finance Corp. (London) Ltd . [I9831 Q.B.759 ...... 224 Cavendish-Woodhouse Ltd . v . Manley (1984) 148 J.P. 299 ...... 154 Cehave NVV. Bremer Handels GmbH (The Hansa Nor4 [I9751 3 All E.R.739 ...... 155 Cellulose Acetate Silk Co. Lt d. v . Widnes Foundry Ltd . [I9331 A.C.20 ...... 104 Central Newbury Car Auctions Ltd. v . Unity Finance Lt d. [I9571 1 Q.B.371 ...... 168 Central Property Trust Ltd . v . High Trees House Lt d. (19471 K.B. 130 ...... 82 Chaigley Farms Ltd. v . Crawford. Kay and Grayshire Ltd . [19%] B.C.C.957...... 166 Chamberlain v . Young [I8931 2 Q.B.206. C.A...... 215 Chandler v . Webster [I9041 1 K.B.493 ...... 118 Channel Island Ferries Ltd. v . Sealink U.K. Ltd . [I9871 1 Lloyd's Rep.559 (Q.B.D. (Comm)) ...... 115 Chapelton v . Barry Urban District Council [I9401 1 K.B.532 ...... 180 Chappel & Co. Ltd . v . Nestle Co . Lt d. [I9601 A.C.87 ...... 82 Charter v . Sullivan [I9571 1 All E.R.809 ...... 175 Cheese v . Lovejoy (1877) 2 P.D.25 1 ...... 26 Cheikh Boutros Selim El-Khoury v . Ceylon Shipping Lines. Ltd., (The Madeleine) 119671 2 Lloyd's Rep.224 ...... 263 Chellew v . The Royal Commission on Sugar Supply [I9221 126 L.T. 103 ...... 260 Chic Fashions (West Wales) Ltd . v . Jone El9681 2 Q.B.299 ...... 65 China-Pac@cSA v . Food Corp of India (The Winson) [I9821 kC. 939 ...... 137 Clark v . Lindsay (1903) 19 T.L.R.202 ...... 117 Clay v . Yates (1856) 1 H.& N.73 ...... 89 Clegg v . Andersson [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep.32, C.A...... 155 Clough Mill Ltd. v . Martin [I9851 1 W.L.R.11 1 ...... 164 Clutton v . George Attenborough & Son [I8971 A.C.90, H.L...... 215 Cochrane v . Willis (1865) L.R 1 Ch.App.58...... 96 Cockshott v . Bennet (1788) 2 T.R.763 ...... 88 Cole v . Turner (1704) 6 Mod . 149 ...... 64 Collen v . Wright (1857) 120 E.R.847 ...... 144, 146 Comber v . Anderson (1808) 1 Camp.523 ...... 134 Commercial UnionAssurance Co. Lt d. v . Niger Co. Lt d. (1922) 13 L1 . L . Rep.75, H.L...... 246 Commission v . Denmark (Case 302186). [I9881 E.C.R.4607...... 191 Commission v . (Case 40182). [I9821 E.C.R.2793...... 190 Compagnie Tunisienne de Navigation SA v . Compagnie dlArmement Maritime SA [I9711 A.C.572. H.L...... 125 Comptoir dxchat et de Vente du Boerenbond Belge SA v . Luis de Ridder Limitada (The Julia) [I9491 A.C.293. H.L...... 2 10 Conegate Ltd v . Commissionersof Customs and Excise (Case 12 1/85). [I9861 E.C.R.1007 ...... 190 Consten SA. and Grundig-Verkaufs GmbH v . E. C . Commission (Cases 56 and 58/64), [I9661 E.C.R.299 ...... 196 Container Transpt International Inc. and Reliance Group Inc . v . Oceanus Mutual UnderwritingAssociation (Bermuda) Ltd . [I9841 1 Lloyd's Rep.476, C .A...... 242 Cope v . Sharpe (iVo.2) [I9121 1 K.B.496. C.A...... 73 Couturier v . Hastie (1856) 5 H.L.Cas.673...... 96 Cox v. Glue (1848) 5 C.B.533...... 65 Credit Industriel et Commercial v . China Merchants Bank [2002] 2 All E.R. (Comm.) 427 ...... 233. 234 Crehan v . Inntrepreneur Pub Co. CPC [2004] EWCA Civ . 637 ...... 193 Cundy v . Lindsay (1878) 3 App.Case.459 ...... 95, 169 Curtice v . London City &Midland Bank Ltd . [I9081 1 K.B.293 ...... 225 Curtis v . Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co. [195 11 1 K.B.805 ...... 180 Customs & Excise Commissioners v . Hare [ 19961 2 All E.R.39 1...... 86 Cutter v . Powell (1795) 6 Term R320 ...... 110. 111. 112 Czarnzkow-Rionda Sugar Trading Inc. v . Standard Bank London Ltd . [I9991 2 Lloyd's Rep.187...... 230 Dakin v . Oxley (1864) 143 E.R.938 ...... 112

.xvii . Dawsons Ltd . v . Bonnin [I9221 2 A.C.4 13. H.L...... 242 De Bernar4 v . Harding (1853) 155 E.R. 1586 ...... 113 De Lasala v . De Lasala [I9801 A.C.546 ...... 13 Dean v . Dean [I9871 1 F.L.R.517 C.A ...... 12 DeQni. The [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep.252 ...... 276 Department of Trade and Industry v . St. Christopher Motorists Association Ltd [I9741 1 Lloyd's Rep .17 ...... 240 Derry v . Peek (1889) 14 App.Cas.337 ...... 92 Deutsche Gremmophon v . Metro (Case 78/70), [I9711 E.C.R.487 ...... 199 Deutsche Post (Case COMP/35.141), Decision 200113541EC. O.J. L 125, 05/05/200 1 p.27 ...... 198 DiamondAlkali Export Corp. v . Bourgeois [I9211 3 KB.443 ...... 229 Diana Prosperity. The (1976) 2 Lloyd's Rep.62 1 ...... 182 Dichnson v . Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D.463 ...... 78 Dimskal Shipping Co. S.A. v . I .T. W Federation. (The Evia Luck) [I9911 4 All E.R.871 ...... 90 Director of Public Prosecutions v . Channel Four Television Co. Ltd . [I9931 2 All E.R.517 ...... 12 DM Financial Solutions v. BaaN U K . 2000 W.L. 1629568 ...... 75, 83 Donoghue v . Stevenson [I9321 A.C.562 ...... 69 Dovey v . Cory 119071 A.C.477 ...... 87 DunIop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Lt d. v . New Garage &Motor Co. Lt d. [I9151 A.C.79 ...... 105 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd v. Selpidge & Co. [I9151 AC.847 ...... 81 E . Clement Horst Company v . Biddell Brothers [I9121 A.C. 18, H.L ...... 265 E . C . Commission v . France (Case 232178) [I9791 E.C.R.2729 ...... 189 Eagle Star Insurance Co. Ltd . v . Spratt [I9711 2 Lloyd's Rep .1 16, C.A...... 246 East West Corp. v . DKBS 1912 [2003] 1 Lloyd's Rep.239 ...... 257 Eastern Distributers Ltd . v . Goldring [I9571 2 All E.R.525. C.A...... 168 Edler v . Auerbach [I9501 1 K.B.359 ...... 89 Edwards v . Carter [I8931 A.C.360 ...... 86 Edwards v . Skyways Ltd . [I9641 1 W.L.R349 ...... 83 El Amria and El Minia [I9821 2 Lloyd's Rep.28 ...... 203 Elphick v . Barnes (1879-80) L.R. 5 C.P.D.321...... 160

.xviii . Empresa Cubana Importadora de Alimentos Alimport v . Iasmos Shipping Co. SA (The Good Friend) [1984] 2 Lloyd's Rep.586 ...... 273 Ennstone Building Products Ltd. v . Stanger Lt d. (No. 2) 120021 EWCA Civ . 916 ...... 121 Entores Lt d. v . Miles Far East Corporation 119551 2 All E.R.493 ...... 80 Equal Opportunities Commission v . Secretary of State for Employment [I9941 1 W.L.R.409 ...... 194 Equitable Trust Co. of New York v . Dawson Partners Ltd . (1927) 27 L1 . L . Rep.49, H.L...... 232 Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd . v . Customs and Excise Commissioners [I9761 1 W.L.R.l ...... 77, 81 Europemballage Corporation and Continental Can Company Inc . v . Commission (Case 6/72). [I9731 E.C.R.215 ...... 199 F. W. Moore & Co Ltd . v . Landauer & Co. [1921] 2 K.B.519, C.A...... 154 Falke v . Fletcher (1865) 18 C.B. (N.s.) 403 ...... 66 Feldaroll Foundiy Plc . v . Hermes Leasing (London) Ltd . [2004] EWCA Civ . 747 ...... 184 Felthouse v . Bindley (1862) 11 C.B.N.S.869...... 80 Fibroasa Spolka Akcyjna v . Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd . [I9431 A.C.32 H.L...... 118 Finance Co. Lt d. v . Stebbing 119891 B.C.L.C.498 ...... 87 Finlay v . Kwik Hoo Tong [1929] 1 K.B.400 ...... 268 Finska Cellulosaforeningen (Finnish Cellulose Union) v . Westjield Paper Co. Lt d. [1940] 68 L1 . L . Rep.75 ...... 181 Fisher v . Bell [I9611 1 Q.B.394 ...... 77 Flaminio Costa v . ENEL (Case 6/64). [I9641 E.C.R.585 ...... 194 Foakes v . Beer (1884) 9 App.Cas.605 ...... 83 Ford Motor Co. v . Armstrong (19 15) 3 1 T.L.R267...... 105 Forder v . Great Western Railway Co. [I9051 2 K.B.532 ...... 25 1, 285 Fortman Holdings Ltd . v . Modem Holdings Lt d. [2001] EWCA Civ . 1235 ...... 174 Foster v . Driscoll (19291 1 K.B.470 ...... 88 Foulders v . Willoughby (1841) 8 M.& W.538 ...... 66 Franco v . Bolton (1797) 3 Ves.368 ...... 88 G. v . G. [I9701 3 All E.R.546, C.A...... 129 G.J. Dawson (Clapham) Ltd . v . H. & G. Dutjield [I9361 2 All E.R232 ...... 152 Gardner v . Coutts & Co. [I9671 3 All E.R 1064 ...... 98 Garton v . Bristol and EketerRailway Co. (186 1) 30 L .J.Q.B.273...... 258 General Accident Fire & Lge Assurance Corp. Ltd . v . Tanter (The Zephyr) [I9851 2 Lloyd's Rep.529, C.A...... 246 General Re-Insurance Corp. v . Forsakringsaktrebolaget Fennia Patria [I9831 2 Lloyd's Rep.287 ...... 246 Gibbons v . Westminster Bank Ltd . [I9391 2 K.B.882 ...... 225 Gibson v . Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All E.R.972 ...... 77 Gill & Duffis v. Societe Pour 1 'Exportation des Sucres 52 [1985] 1 Lloyd's Rep.621 ...... 205 Ginzberg v . Barrow Haematite Steel Co andMcKellar [I9661 1 Lloyd's Rep.343 ...... 210 Glaxo Group Ltd . v . Dowelhurst Lt d. [2003] EWHC 110...... 197 Gljmn v . Margetson & Co. [I8931 A.C.35 1, H.L ...... 264 Godleyv. Perry [I9601 1 All E.R.36 ...... 157 Goldcorp Exchange Ltd., Re [1994] 1 All E.R.806 ...... 160 Goods ofBarnes. The (1926) 43 T.L.R71 ...... 25 Goods ofchalcraft. The [I9481 P.222 ...... 25 Goole and Hull Steam Towing Co. Ltd . v . Ocean Marine Insurance Co. Ltd . (1927) 29 L1 . L . Rep.242, K.B.D...... 244 Gore v . Gibson (1843) 13 M.& W.623 ...... 85 Gotha City v . Sotheby's S NO.^), The Times, 8 October. 1998...... 127 Grand Champion Tankers Ltd . v . Norpipe A/S (The Marion) [I9841 A.C.563, H.L...... 273 Grant v . Australian Knitting Mills Ltd . [I9361 A.C.85 ...... 156 Granville Oil & Chemicals Ltd . v . Davies Turner & Co. [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep.356 ...... 185 Great Future International Ltd . v . Sealand Housing Corp. (In Liquidation) EWHC 300 ...... 92 Great Peace Shipping Ltd . v . Tsavliris Salvage (International)Lt d. [2003] Q.B.679, [2002] 2 All E.R. (Comm) 999 ...... 13. 96 Greenwood v . Martins Bank Ltd (19331 A.C.5 1. H.L...... 223 Griflths v . Peter Conway Lt d. [I9391 1 All E.R685...... 156 Groom v . Barber [I9151 1 K.B.3 16 ...... 206 Group Josi Re v . Walbrook Insurance Co. Lt d. [I9961 1 Lloyd's Rep.345 ...... 231 Hadley v . Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch.341 ...... 106. 175 Halki Shipping Corporation v . Sopex Oils Ltd . [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep.465 ...... 16 Halsey v . Esso Petroleum Co. Lt d. [I9611 1 W.L.R.683 ...... 68 Harlingdon & Leinster Enterprises v . Christopher Hull Fine Arts Ltd . [I9901 1 AllE.R.737, C.A...... 154 Hart v . O'Connor (1985) 2 All E.R.880...... 85 Hartley v . Ponsonby (1857) 7 E.& B.872 ...... 82 Haynes v . Harwood [I9351 1 K.B. 146, C.A...... 72 Healy v . Howlett & Sons [I9171 1 K.B.337 ...... 161 Hedley Byrne & Co. Ltd . v . HeNer & Partners Ltd., [I9641 A.C.465 H.L...... 93 Hely-Hutchinson v . Brayhead Lt d. [I9681 1 Q.B.549, 593. C.A...... 136 Hendy Lennox (Industrial Engines) Ltd. v . Grahame Puttick Lt d. [I9841 2 Lloyd's Rep.422 ...... 161, 165. 166. 167 Herman v . Jeuchner (1885) 15 Q.B.D.561 ...... 88 Higgins Ltd. v . Northampton Corporation [I9271 1 Ch . 128...... 95 Hochster v . De la Tour (1853) 118 E.R.922 ...... 115 Hoenig v . Isaacs [I9521 2 All E.R 176 ...... 112 Hollins v . Fowler (1875) L.R.7 H.L.757 ...... 66 Holmes v . Wilson (1839) 10 A. & E.503 ...... 65 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Lt d. v . Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd . [I9621 2 Q.B.26, C.A...... 102, 263 Hooker. Re [I9931 C.0.D.190 ...... 12 Hornbyv . Lucy(1817) 6M&S.166 ...... 130 Hotson v . East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] 2 All E.R909 ...... 69 Howard Marine and Dredging Co. Lt d. v . A . Ogden & Sons (Excavations) Ltd [I9781 Q.B.574 ...... 92 HowardPerry & Co. Ltd . v . B.R.B. [1980] 1 W.L.R.1375...... 66 Hughes v . Hall (Gillian) [I9811 R.T.R.430 ...... 154 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd . v . E. C . Commission (Dyestuffs) (Case 48/69). [I9721 E.C.R.619...... 197 Indian Oil Corp. Ltd . v . Greenstone Shipping Corp. [I9881 Q.B.345 ...... 165 Innes v . Wilie (1844) 1 Car.& Kir.257 ...... 64 Internationale Handelsgesellschaj2 GmbH v . Einfuhr und Vorratsstellefur Getreide und Futtermittel (Case 11/70). [I9701 E.C.R 1125 ...... 194 Inversiones Manria SA. v . Sphere Drake Insurance Co. Plc . Malvern Insurance Co. Lt d. and Niagara Fire Insurance Co. Inc, (The Dora) ...... 243 Ionides v . Pacijc Fire and Marine Insurance Co. (187 1) L.R. 6 Q.B. 674...... 245 Ionides v . Pender (1873-74) L.R. 9 Q.B. 531 ...... 243 J . Evans & Sons (Portsmouth) Ltd . v . Andrea Merzario Ltd . [I9761 2 Lloyd's Rep.165 ...... 183 J . Lauritzen A.S. v . Wijsmuller B. V., The Super Servant Two. [I9901 1 Lloyd's Rep . 1. C.A...... 117 J.& J . Cunningham Ltd . v . RobertA Munro & Co Ltd . (1922) 13 L1 . L . Rep.216 ...... 205 J.H. Rayner & Co. Ltd . v . Hambro's BankLtd. [1943] K.B.37 ...... 234 Jackson v . White and Midland Bank [I9671 2 Lloyd's Rep.68 ...... 224 Jocelyne. The [I9771 2 Lloyd's Rep .121 ...... 262 John Crowther Group plc . v . Carpets International plc . [I9901 B.C.L.C.460 ...... 87 Johnson v . Midland Railway (1849) 18 L.J.Ex.366 ...... 257 Johnson v . Taylor Bros. & Co. Lt d. [I9201 A.C.144, H.L...... 124 Jolley v . Sutton LBC [2000] 2 Lloyd's Rep.65. H.L...... 70 Jones v . Vernon S Pools Ltd ...... 83 Joseph Thorley Lt d. v . Orchis Steamship Co. Lt d. [I9071 1 K.B.660 ...... 264 X/S Merc-Scandia XX7iXII v . Lloyd's Underwriters (The Mercandian Contineno [200 11 2 Lloyd's Rep.563. C.A...... 244 Kay v . Butterworth [I9451 173 L.T. 191 ...... 32 34 Kearly v . Thomson (1890) 24 Q.B.D.742 ...... 89 Keighley, Masted & Co. v . Durant [I9011 A.C.240 ...... 137 Kelner v . Bater (1866) L.R. 2 C.P. 174 ...... 145 Kelsen v . Imperial Tobacco Co. [I9571 2 Q.B.334 ...... 65 v . Griffiths (No. 3) [2001] Q.B.36, C.A ...... 69 Keppel v . Wheeler [I9271 1 K.B. 577 ...... 140 Kiriri Cotton Co. v . Dewani [I9601 A.C. 192 ...... 89 Kirkham v . Attenborough [I8971 1 Q.B.20 1, C.A ...... 160 Kish v . Taylor [I9121 A.C.604, H.L...... 264 Knatchbull v . Fearnhead (1837) 3 My.& Cr . 122 ...... 28 Korea Exchange Bank v . Debenhams (Central Buying) Lt d. [I9791 1 Lloyd's Rep. 100 ...... 216 KredietbankAntwerp v . Midland Bankplc . [I9991 1 All E.R801 ...... 234 Kronprinsessan Margereta. The. [192 11 A.C.486...... 209 Kuwait Airways Corp. v . Iraqi Airways Co. (Damages) [2004] EWHC 2603 ...... 127

.xxii . Kwei Tek Chao v . British Traders andShippers Lt d. [I9541 2 Q.B.459...... 158. 209 Kyzuna Investments Ltd. v . Ocean Marine Mutual Insurance Association (Europe) [2000] 1 Lloyd's Rep.505 ...... 247 Laceys (Wholesale) Footwear Ltd . v Bowler International Freight Lt d. [I9971 2 Lloyd's Rep.369. C.A...... 285 Laconia. The [I9771 A.C.850. [I9771 1 All E.R.545 ...... 100 Lally and Weller v . George Bird 23 May 1980. (unreported) ...... 185 Lampleigh v . Brathwait (1615) 80 E.R.255 ...... 82 Lancashire Loans Ltd. v . Black 119341 1 K.B.380 ...... 90 Law & Bonar Ltd . v . Company 119161 2 K.B.605 ...... 211 Lazenbury Garages Lt d. v. Wright [1976] 2 All E.R.770, C.A...... 175 Leach. Re [I9881 Ch.226 ...... 28 Leaf v . International Galleries [I9501 2 K.B.86 ...... 96 Leclerc v . Au Blk Vert (Case 229183). [I9851 E.C.R.l ...... 190 Leigh and Sillivan Ltd . v . Aliakmon Shipping Co. Lt d. (The Aliakmon) [I9861 2 All E.R.145, H.L...... 211 L'Estrange v . F Graucob Ltd . 119341 2 K.B ...... 180 Lewis v . Averay [I9721 1 Q.B.232 ...... 95. 170 Lewisv . Clay(1898)67L.J.Q.B.224 ...... 94 Leyland Shipping Co. v . Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd . [I9181 A.C.350 ...... 245 Lickbarrow v . Mason (1793) 126 E.R.5 11. H.L...... 266 Lid1 U.K. GmbHv. Hertford Foods Ltd . [2001] EWCA Civ . 938...... 79 Light v . Ty Europe Lt d. [2004] 1 Lloyd's Rep.693. C.A...... 148 Limpus v . London General Omnibus Co. (1862) 1 H.& C.526 ...... 71 Liverpool City Council v . Irwin 119771 AC.239 ...... 99 Lombard North Central plc . v . Butterworth 119871 Q.B.527, C.A ...... 101 London and Northern Bank. Re (1900) 1 Ch.220 ...... 80 Louis Dreyfus Trading Ltd . v . Reliance Trading Ltd . 120041 2 Lloyd's Rep.243 (QBD (Corn)) ...... 153 Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd. v . Cooper [I9411 A.C. 108 ...... 99 Mv. Home OfJice [I9931 3 All E.R537 ...... 12 Mahonia Ltd . v . J.P . Morgan Chase Bank (No. 1) [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep.911...... 232 Malas (Hamazehj & Sons v . British Imex Industries Ltd [I9581 2 Q.B. 127 ...... 230 Manbre Saccharine Co. Ltd . v . Corn Products Co Ltd . [I9191 1 K.B. 198...... 209 Manfield v . Maitland (1821) 4 B.& Ald.582...... 241 Manufacture Fran~aiseDes Pneumatiques Michelin v . Commission of the European Communities (Case T-20310 1). [2004] 4 C.M.L.R. 18. C.F.I...... 199 Mapesv . Jones (1974) 232 E.G.717 ...... 92 Maple Flock Co. Ltd . v . Universal Furniture Products (Wembleyj Ltd . [I9341 1 K.B.148, C.A...... 173 Mareva Compania Naviera S.A. v . International Bulk Carriers S.A. (The Mareva) [I9751 2 Lloyd's Rep.509, C.A...... 107 Mash & Murrell v . Emmanuel [I9621 1 All E.R.77 ...... 204 McCrone v . Riding [I9381 1 All E.R. 157...... 33 McFadden v . Blue Star Line [I9051 1 K.B.697 ...... 263 Medical Defence Union v . Department of Trade [1979] 1 Lloyd's Rep.499 ...... 240 Merrett v . Babb [2001] Q.B. 1174. C.A...... 69 Michael Galley Footwear Ltd (In Liquidation) v . Iaboni [I9821 2 All E.R.200 ...... 284 Michelin, (Case COMPE-2/36.04 l/PO), Decision 2002/405/EC, 0. J . L 143, 3 1/05/2002 p .1 ...... 198 Mihalis Angelos, The [I9701 2 Lloyd's Rep.43 C.A ...... 100 Miramar Maritime Corp. v . Holborn Oil Trading (The Miramar) [I9841 A.C.676 ...... 262 Mitsui & Co. Lt d. v. Flota Mercante Grancolombiana SA (The Ciudad de Pasto and The Ciudad de Neiva) [I9891 1 All E.R.951 ...... 164 Mizenchuk v . Thompson and Nash Taxi and U-Drive Co. [I9481 1 D.L.R.136 ...... 257 Modelboard v . Outerbox Lt d. [I9931 B.C.L.C.623 ...... 166 Monarch Steamship Co. Lt d. v MB Karlshamns Oljefabriker [I9491 A.C.196. H.L...... 276 Montrod Ltd. v . Grundkotter Fleischvertriebs GmbH [2002] 3 All E.R. 697 ...... 231 Moorcock. The (1889) L.R. 14 P.D.64 ...... 98 Moore & Co. v . Landauer & Co. [I9211 2 K.B.519 ...... 110, 112 Moore v . Lunn (1922) 11 L1 . L . Rep.86 ...... 263 Moorgate Mercantile Co. v . Twitchings [I9771 A.C.890, H.L...... 168 Moralice (London) Ltd . v . E.D.& F. Man [1954] 2 Lloyd's Rep.525 ...... 233

.xxiv . Moran Galloway & Co. v . Uzielli [I9051 2 K.B.555...... 241 Moran, Galloway & Co. v . Uzielli [I9051 2 K.B.555...... 242 Morrison 6; Co. Ltd . v . Shaw Savill & Albion Co. Lt d. [19 161 2 K.B.783, C .A ...... 264 Morrison Steamship Co. Ltd . v . Greystoke Castle (Cargo Owners) [I9471 A.C.265 ...... 259 Mulox I.B.C. v . Geels [I9941 I.RL.R.422 ...... 121 Natal Land & Colonisation Co. Lt d. v . Pauline Colliery Syndicate [I9041 A.C.120 ...... 137 National Commercial Bank (Jamaica) Ltd v . Hew [2003] UKPC 5 1 ...... 90 National Employers Insurance Association Ltd . v . Jones El9881 2 All E.R.425, H.L ...... 170 National Petroleum Co. v . Owners of the Athelviscount (1934) 48 L1 . L . Rep . 164 ...... 275 National Westminster Bank Plc v . Spectrum Plus Ltd . [2004] 3 W.L.R.503 ...... 13 New Bullas Trading Ltd., Re [ 19941 B .C .C .36 ...... 167 Newbome v . Sensolid (Great Britain) Ltd . [I9541 1 Q.B.45 ...... 146 Newtons of Wembley Ltd . v . Williams [I9651 1 Q.B.560, C.A...... 170 Norris v . Southampton City Council, The Times, 27 January, 1982 ...... 116, 117 North & South Wales Bank v . Macbeth [I9081 A .C . 137, H.L...... 215 North Ocean Shipping v . Hpndai Construction, The Atlantic Baron [I9791 Q.B.705 ...... 90 Northem Foods Plc . v . Focal Foods Lt d. [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep.728 ...... 78 Nugent v . Smith (1875-76) L.R 1 C.P.D.423 ...... 256, 258 NV Nederlandsche Banden Industrie Michelin v . Commission of the European Communities (Case 322/81), [I9831 E.C.R.3461 ...... 199 Ocean Tramp Tankers Corp. v . V/0SovJi.acht, The Eugenia, [I9641 2 Q.B.226, C.A...... 117 OtConnell v . Jackson [I97 11 2 Lloyd's Rep.354, C.A...... 72 Olearia Tirrena SpA v . NVAlgemeene Oliehandel (The Osterbek) [I9731 2 Lloyd's Rep.86, C.A...... 204 Olley v . Marlborough Court Lt d. [I9491 1 K.B. 532 ...... 180 Omnium DIEnterprisesv . Sutherland [I9191 1 K.B.618 ...... 114 Oosthoek S Uitgeversmaatschappij BV (Case 286/81), [I9821 E.C.R.4575...... 191 Oppenheimer v . Attenborough & Son [I9081 1 K.B.22 1, C.A...... 169 Ormrod v . Crosville Motor Service [I9531 1 W.L.R. 1120 ...... 66 T~LEOF CASES

Oscar Chess Ltd. v . Williams [I9571 1 W.L.R.370 ...... 93 Owners of Cargo Laden on Makedonia v. Makedonia Owners (The Makedonia) [I9621 2 All E.R614 ...... 263 Owners of Cargo Lately Laden on Board the Ardennes v. Owners of the Ardennes (The Ardennes) [I9511 1 K.B.55 ...... 267 Ozalid Group v . Afiican Continental Bank [I9791 2 Lloyd's Rep.23 1 ...... 232 P.B. GroenveldBVv. Produktschap voor Vee en Vlees (Case 15/79), [I9701 E.C.R.3409 ...... 190 Pacijic Motor Auctions Pty Lt d. v . Motor Credits (Hire Finance) Lt d. [I9651 2 All E.R.105...... 170 Padbury v . Holliday and Greenwood Ltd . (1912) 28 T.L.R.494 ...... 71 Pagnan SpA v. Tradax Ocean Transportation 52 [I9871 2 Lloyd's Rep.342 ... 115, 203 Panchaud Freres S.A. v . Etablissements General Grain Co. [I9701 1 Lloyd's Rep.53 ...... 208 Panorama Developments (Guildfor4 v . Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics [I9711 3 All E.R.16 ...... 135 Papayanni & Jerinica v. Grampian Steamship Co. Lt d. (1896) 12 T.L.R.540 ...... 260 Papera Traders Co. Ltd . v . HpdaiMerchant Marine Co. Lt d. (The Eurasian Dream) [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep.7 19...... 273 Parchim, The [1918] A.C.157 ...... 211 Parke Davis & Co. v . Probe1 and Centrafarm (Case 24/67), [1%8] E.C.R.55 ...... 197, 199 Parker v . Felgate (1883) 8 P.D. 171 ...... 25 Parkinson v . Royal College ofAmbulance [I9251 2 K.B. 1 ...... 88 Partridge v . Crittenden [I9681 2 All E.R.42 1 ...... 77 Payne v . Cave (1789) 3 Term.Rep.148 ...... 78 Peachdart Ltd., Re [1984] Ch.13 1 ...... 165 Pearce v . Brooks (1866) L.R. 1 Ex213 ...... 88 Pera Shipping Corporation v . Petroship S.A., (The Pera) [I9841 2 Lloyd's Rep.363 ...... 182 Petraco (Bermuda) v . Petromed International SA. [I9881 2 Lloyd's Rep.357, C.A...... 203 Petrograde Inc . v . Stinnes GmbH [I9951 1 Lloyd's Rep . 142 ...... 204 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v . Boots Cash Chemists Lt d. [I9531 1 All E.R.482 ...... 77 Pharmaceutical Society v . Storkwain (1986) 1 W.L.R.903 ...... 32 Pharmed Medicare Private Ltd . v . Univar Ltd . [2002] EWCA Civ . 1569 ...... 136 Philip Alexander Securities and Futures Lt d. v . Bamberger. The Times, 22 July. 1996 ...... 15. 16 Philippson and Others Appellants v . Imperial Airways. Limited [I9391 A.C.332. H.L...... 293 Phillips v . Eyre (1870-71) L.R. 6 Q.B. 1 ...... 127 Pickford Ltd . v . Celestica Ltd . [2003] EWCA Civ . 1741 ...... 78, 79. 80 Pilcher v . Rawlins (1872) 7 Ch.App.259 ...... 31 Pink v . Fleming (1890) 25 Q.B.D.396 ...... 245 Pinnel S Case (1602) 77 E.R.237...... 110 Planchd v . Colburn (1831) 13 1 E.R.305 ...... 113 Planchd v . Fletcher (1779) 1 Doug . K.B.251 ...... 243 Plus Group Ltd. v . Pyke [2002] EWCA Civ. 370 ...... 87 Polemis. Re [I9211 3 K.B.560 ...... 70 Porter v . Freudenberg [I9151 1 K.B.857 ...... 88 Portland Management Lt d. v . Harte [1977] Q.B.306 ...... 65 Poseidon Freight Forwarding Co. Lt d. v . Davies Turner Southern Lt d. 2 Lloyd's Rep.388...... 181 Poussardv . Spiers &Pond (1876) 1 Q.B.D.410 ...... 101. 113. 115. 116 President of India v . Metcalfe Shipping Co. Ltd . (The Dunelmia) [I9701 2 Q.B.289 ...... 262 Procter & Gamble Philippine Manufacturing Corp. v . Kurt A . Becher GmbH & Co. [1988] 2 Lloyd's Rep.2 1, C.A...... 268 Pyrene & Co v. Scindia Navigation Co [I9541 2 Q.B.402 ...... 204 Quantum Corp. Inc . v . Plane Trucking Ltd . [2003] 1 All ER.873. C .A ...... 282 , 286 R v . Galbraith [I9821 2 All E.R.1060 ...... 57 R v . Kingston upon Hull Justices. ex parte McCan (1991) 155 J.P.569 ...... 52 R v . New Stateman (Editor) (1928) 44 T.L.R301 ...... 12 R v . Newton (1983) 77 C.App.R.13...... 52, 56 R v . Powell (1994) 98 Cr.App.R.224...... 12 R v . Samuda (1989) 11 Cr.App.R.471 C.A ...... 12 R v . St . George (1840) 9 C.& P.483 ...... 64 R v . Wilson [I9551 1 All E.R.744 ...... 64 R . & B . Customs Brokers Co. Lt d. v . United Dominions Trust Ltd . [I9881 1 All E.R.847 ...... 184 R . v . Bird [I9851 Crim.L.R.388 ...... 36 R . v . Burgess (1991) 2 W.L.R.1206 ...... 34 R . v . Caldwell [I9811 1 All E.R.961 ...... 33 R . v . Cunningham [I9571 2 All E.R412 ...... 33 R . v . Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 Q.B.D.273 ...... 35 R . v . Dufi [1%7] 1 Q.B.63...... 35 R . v . Gotts (1992) 1 All E.R.832 ...... 35 R . v . Graham [I9821 1 W.L.R.294 ...... 35 R . v . Henn (Maurice Donald) (No. 1) (19791 2 C.M.L.R.495, H.L...... 190 R . v . Howe [I9871 A.C.417 ...... 35 R . v . Larsonneur (1933) 24 C.A.R.74 ...... 32 R . v . Miller [I9831 A.C.161 ...... 32 R . v . M'Naghten (1843) 10 C1.& Fin.200 ...... 3 34 R . v . Moloney [I9851 1 All E.R. 1025...... 33 R . v . Pharmaceutical Society, exparte API (Case 26/87) [I9891 E.C.R.1295 ...... 190 R . v . Pike [1961] Crim.L.R.547 ...... 33 R . v . Secretary of State for Transport, exparte Factortame (Case C- 213/89), [I9901 3 C.M.L.R.867 ...... 194 R . v . Shivpuri (1986) 2 W.L.R.988 ...... 33 R . v . Simpson @anMcDonald) [2004] Q.B. 1 18...... 13 R . v . Spencer [I9851 Q.B.771 C.A...... 14 R.E. Jones Lt d. v . Waring & Gillow Ltd . [1926] A.C.670, H.L...... 219 R.H. Willis & Sons v . British Car Auctions Lt d. [I9781 1 W.L.R438 ...... 66 Race Relations Board v . Applin [I9751 A.C.259 ...... 34 Rafles v . Wichelaus (1864) 2 H.C.906 ...... 96 Rafsanjan Pistachio Producers Co-operation v . Bank Leumi (U.K.) plc . [I9921 1 Lloyd's Rep.513 ...... 23 1, 232 Rageisen Zentralbank OsterreichAG v . Five Star General Trading LLC (The Mount l) [200 11 1 Lloyd's Rep.597, C.A...... 122 Rakhit v . Carty [I9901 2 All E.R.202 C.A ...... 13 Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co. Ltd . v . Montejore (1866) L.R. 1 Ex. 109 ...... 78 Rayner v . Rederiaktiebolaget Condor [I8951 2 Q.B.289 ...... 66 Reardon Smith Line Lid . v . Black Sea & Baltic General Insurance Co. Ltd . [1939] A.C.562, H.L...... 263 Reardon Smith Line v . Hansen Tangen [I9761 1 W.L.R.989, H.L...... 102, 154 Reference Re Amendment of the Constitution of Canada (1982) 125 D.L.R. (3rd ) 1...... 22 Reinhart Co. v . Joshua Hoyle & Sons Ltd . [1%1] 1 Lloyd's Rep.346 ...... 211 Rewe-Zentrale AG v . Bundesmonopolverwaltungfur Branntwein (Case 120178). [I9791 E.C.R649 ...... 191 Richco International Ltd . v . Bunge & Co. Ltd . (The New Prosper) [I9911 2 Lloyd's Rep.93 ...... 205 Rio Tinto Co. Lt d. v . Seed Shipping Co. Ltd . (1926) 24 L1 . L . Rep.3 16 ...... 264 Riverstone Meat Co. Pty Lt d. v . Lancashire Shipping Co. Ltd . (The Muncaster Castle) [I9611 A.C.807, H.L...... 273 Rolls Razor Ltd . v Cox [I9671 1 Q.B.552, C.A...... 131 Roscorla v . Thomas (1842) 3 Q.B.234 ...... 81 Rose v . Plenty [I9761 1 W.L.R. 141...... 71 Roselodge Ltd. formerly Rose Diamond Products Ltd.) v . Castle [1%6] 2 Lloyd's Rep . 113...... 242 Ross v . H.M. Advocate (1991) S.L.T.564 ...... 35 Rossiter v . Miller (1878) 3 AC. 1124 ...... 262 Rowland v . Diva11 [I9231 2 K.B. 500 ...... 153 Rowson v . Atlantic Transport [I9031 2 K.B.666 ...... 263 Rudolph A Oetker v . IFA Internationale Frachtagentur AG (The Almak) [I9851 1 Lloyd's Rep.557 ...... 267 Russell v . Niemann (1864) 34 L.J. C.P.10 ...... 258 SA Hercules Chemicals NVV . Commission 1199 11 E.C.R. 11-171 1. C.F.1 ...... 195 Samcrete Egypt Engineers & Contractors SAE v . Land Rover Exports Ltd . [2001] EWCA Civ 2019 ...... 122 Saunders v . Anglia Building Society [ 19711 A.C. 1004...... 94 Scaramanga & Co. v . Stamp (1879-80) L.R. 5 C.P.D.295 ...... 264 Schuler A.G. v . WickmanMachine Tool Sales Lt d. [I9741 A.C.235, H.L...... 101 Schumacher v . Hauptzollamt Frankfurt-am -Ost (Case 2 15/87). [I9891 E.C.R.617 ...... 190 Scottv .Avey (1856) 5 H.L.C.811, H.L ...... 15 Scruttons Ltd . v . Midland Silicones Lt d. [I9621 A.C.446 ...... 181 Seaconsar Far East Ltd. v . Bank Markazi Jomhouri Islami Iran [1999] 1 Lloyd's Rep.36 C.A...... 232 Selectmove, Re [I9951 2 All E.R.521 ...... 83 Sewell v . Burdick [I8841 10 App.Cas.74 H.L...... 266 Shaw v . Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis 119871 1 W.L.R.1332 ...... 169 Shaw v . Symmons (19171 1 K.B.799 ...... 257 Shell (U.K.) Ltd . v . Lostock Garages Ltd . 119761 1 W.L.R. 1187...... 99 Shepherd v . Kottgen (1877) 37 L.T.618 ...... 260 Shipton. Anderson & Co. and Harrison BroslArbitration. Re [I9151 3 K.B.676 ...... 116 Shipton. Anderson & Co. Ltd . v . Weil Bros & Co. Ltd . [I9121 1 KB.574 ...... 173 Shirlaw v . Southern Foundries Lt d. 119391 2 K.B.206, [1940] A.C.701 H.L...... 98 Shogun Finance Lt d. v . Hudson [2004] 1 A .C . 9 19 ...... 9596 Sika Contracts Ltd . v . Gill. The Times. 27 April 1978 ...... 145 Simpson v. John Reynolds [I9751 2 All E.R.88 ...... 82 Sirius International Insurance Co. Lt d. v . FAI General Insurance Ltd . [2004] 1 All E.R.308...... 231 Skibsaktieselskapet Thor. Thoresens Linje v. H. Tyrer & Co. Ltd (1929) 35 L1 . L . Rep . 163 ...... 67 Slater v . Finning [I9961 3 All E.R.398. H.L...... 156 Societe Italo-Belge Pour le Commerce et L'lndustrie 52 (Antwerp) v . Palm and Vegetable Oils (Il.ialaysia), The Post Chaser [I9811 2 Lloyd's Rep.695 ...... 82 Society of Lloyd's v . Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce [I9931 2 Lloyd's Rep.579 ...... 230 Soproma SpA v . Marine &Animal By-products Corporation [I9661 1 Lloyd's Rep.367 ...... 230: 233 Spiro v . Lintern [I9731 1 W.L.R.1002 ...... 136 Spracklan's Estate Re [I9381 2 All E.R.345 ...... 26 Springer v . G. W. Rail . Co. 119211 1 KB.257 ...... 137 St. Albans City Council v . International Computers Ltd . [I9961 4 All E.R481, C.A...... 151 Standard Chartered Bank v . Pakistan National Shipping Corporation and Others (No.2) [2003] 1 Lloyd's Rep.227. H.L...... 92 Stanley v . Powell [I8911 1 Q.B.86 ...... 64 Starkey v . Bank of England [I9031 A.C. 114 ...... 144 Starmark Enterprises Ltd. v . C. P . L . Distribution Lt d. [2002] Ch306 C.A ...... 13 Steel v . State Line Steamship Co. (1877-78) L.R. 3 App . Cas.72, H.L ...... 263 Stein. Forbes & Co. v . County Tailoring (1916) 115 L.T.215 ...... 175 Stilk v . Myrick (1809) 170 E.R.1168 ...... 82 Strung Steel & Co. v . A . Scott & Co. (1889) 14 A.C.601, 608 ...... 260 Suiker Unie v . Commission (Cases 40-48, 50, 54-56, 111. 113-114/73). [I9751 E.C.R. 1663 ...... 197 Sze Hai Tong Bank v . Cycle Co. Ltd . [I9591 2 Lloyd's Rep .114 ...... 266 Tanner v . Tanner [I9751 1 W.L.R. 1346 ...... 88 Tarling v . Baxter (1827) 6 B . & C.360...... 158 Tate & Lyle Industries Ltd. v . Greater London Council [I9831 2 A.C.509 ...... 67 Tate v . Williamson (1866) 2 Ch.App.55 ...... 90 Taylor v . Caldwell(1863) 122 E.R309 ...... 116 Tesco PIC v . Customs and Excise Commissioners. The Times. 16 October. 2003 ...... 82 Teutonia. The (1871-73) L.R. 4 P.C. 171 ...... 264 Texas Instruments Ltd . v . Nason (Europe) Ltd . [I99 11 1 Lloyd's Rep .146 ...... 285 Z'heodorou v. Chester [I9511 1 Lloyd's Rep.204. K.B.D...... 249 Thermo Engineers Ltd and Anhydro A/S v . Ferrymasters Ltd . [I9811 1 W.L.R. 1470 ...... 282 Thomas v . National Union ofMineworkers [I9851 2 All E.R. 1 ...... 64 Thompson W.L. Lt d. v . Robinson (Gunmakers) Lt d. [I9551 1 A11 E.R.154...... 175 Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking Ltd . [I9711 1 Lloyd's Rep.289 ...... 77 Thyssen Inc . v . Calypso Shipping Corp. SA [2000] 2 Lloyd's Rep.243 ...... 273 Tinn v . HofJan & Co. (1873) 29 L.T.271 ...... 79 TMNoten BVV . Paul Charles Harding [I9901 2 Lloyd's Rep.283 ...... 258 Towald Klaveness A/S v . Arni Maritime Corp., The Gregos [1994] 1 W.L.R.1465. H.L...... 101 Tournier v . National Provincial and Union Bank of England [I9241 1 K.B.461. C.A...... 225 Transpacijc Eternity SA v . Kanematsu Corp. (The Antares 110 [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep.233 ...... 164. 202 Transpetrol Ltd v . Trans01 Olieprodukten Nederland BV [I9891 1 Lloyd's Rep.309 ...... 204 Tribe v . Taylor (1875-76) L.R. 1 C.P.D.505...... 142 Truck & Spares Ltd . v . Maritime Agencies (Southampton) Ltd . [I9511 2 All E.R.982 ...... 266 Tsakiroglou & Co. Lt d. v . Noblee and Thorl GmbH [1%2] A.C.93 ...... 117 Tubewille v . Savage (1969) 1 Mod.Rep.3 ...... 64 Turnbull v . Garden (1869) 38 L.J. Ch.331 ...... 141 Turpin v . Bilton (1843) 5 Man. & G.455 ...... 140 Twine v . Bean's Express Ltd . (1946) 62 T.L.R.458 ...... 71 Underwood Ltd . v . Burgh Castle Brick & Cement Syndicate 119221 1 K.B.123, C.A...... 159 United Bank Ltd . v . Banque Nationale de Paris 119921 2 S.L.R64, H . Ct . of Singapore ...... 234 United Brands Company and United Brands Continentaal B . V. v . Commission of the European Communities (Case 27/76). (19781 ECR 207 ...... 193 United City Merchants (Investments) v . Royal Bank of Canada [1983] 1 A.C. 168...... 231 United States v . Eastmount Shipping Corp. (1974) A.M.C.1183 ...... 260 Universal Non TariffFire Insurance Co. Re (1874-75) L.R. 19 Eq. 485 ...... 242 Universe Tankships v . I . T.F, (The Universe Sentinel) 119821 2 All E.R.67 ...... 90 Verband Sozialer Wettbewerb eV v . Clinique Laboratoires SNC (Case C- 315192). 119941 E.C.R. 1-317...... 191 Viho Europe BVv. Commission (Case C-73/95P). [I9961 E.C.R 1-5457 ...... 196 finden v . Hughes [I9051 1 K.B.795 ...... 215 VirginBritish Airways (Case IVD-2/34.780), Decision 2000/74/EC, 0. J . L 30. 04/02/2000. p .1 ...... 199 VolkswagenA.G. v . Commission of the European Communities (Case C- 338/00), [2004] 4 C.M.L.R.7...... 195 Vortigern. The 118991 P . 140, C.A...... 263 Wachauf (Case 5/88), [I9891 E.C.R.2609 ...... 194 Wagon Mound. The [I9611 A.C.388 ...... 70 Wait. Re 119271 1 Ch.606 ...... 158 Waldron-Kelly v . British Railways Board 119811 C.L.Y.303 ...... 185 Wallis v . Smith (1882) L.R. 21 Ch.D.243...... 105 Walsh v . Lonsdale. (1882) 2 1 Ch.D.9 ...... 32 Walter v . James (1871) L.R. 6 Ex124 ...... 139 Waren Import Gesellschap Krohn & Co. v . Alfred C. 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A-Z andAA-LL [I9821 Q.B.558, C.A...... 107 There has been over 10 years since the first edition of 'Principles of Law Relating to Overseas Trade', and during thls time I have felt that an expansion and update of the text was timely. A great deal of development happened to areas of law covered by the text, which made the publication of a new edition essential. The title of this edition has changed slightly to 'Principles of Law Relating to International Trade', to reflect the scope of the book more accurately. However, the book's format has changed considerably in this edition. The main body of text has been maintained in similar vein to the previous book, offering a plain exposition of the relevant topics. The added footnotes now contain the appropriate authoritative references, as well as further and more detailed information on the relevant issues. It is felt that ths format would be more helpfil to the reader who would now be able to research further into any of the topics considered in the main text. Law is an intellectual activity, requiring reflection, creativity, and debate. This is why even if we do not agree with all or part of them, some books have to be read just to keep the mind sharp. Therefore, the reader should focus on any ideas enshnned by the text which seem new, odd, or simply wrong, since it is not the act of reading itself that is enriching, but rather the act of developing thoughts based on that reading. I have spent a considerable time of my life believing that there should be a single unified philosophy in law, but, as of yet, have only been able to discern a certain methodology. Law does not work by means of deducing from rules or regulations, but rather through making various hypotheses based on legal principles and values. It is necessary, of course, to know and study these principles to help put an order to our knowledge. This, I hope, is the purpose of the present book, which is intended for those engaged in business, their professional advisers, and students. As always, there is a 'warning' to the reader to the effect that law is not static but dynamic, and therefore it must be appreciated that th~spresents an insoluble problem to the author of any law text. Within the limits of the possible, every reasonable effort has been made to present the most up-to-date information available. During the preparation of the present edition I have incurred many debts. The text was written while I was a lecturer at Southampton University and senior lecturer at Southarnpton Solent University and so benefited from the challenges of the students who followed the courses I have been privileged to lead. My thanks go to colleagues and former colleagues and particularly Dr. MeBiles, Mr. Phil hrves, Mr. Jerry Stanford, Mr. Rory Addison, Ms. Paula Elliott, Mr. John Hoar, Mr. John Mathews, Dr. David Bailey, and Professor David Johnson, for their help and support. I am under a special debt of gratitude to Mr. Maurice Jensen, solicitor, for his guidance and useful advice on legal practice matters. I am also grateful to Mr. John Kent who, through his business ambitions and inspirations, gave me the opportumty to practise what I preach on numerous occasions. Above all, however, I should like to convey my thanks to him for being a good tiiend. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Springer Science + Business Media for bringing the project to press despite my continued attempts to subvert their timetable. My greatest debt goes to my wife Vasillki and my three-year old son Stelios who encouraged and distracted me, together ensuring that I completed the book.

N.K.