Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Carleton Rode, Norfolk 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011

Catherine Collins

ii Carenza Lewis & Catherine Ranson

Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Carleton Rode, Norfolk 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011

Catherine Collins

2018

Access Cambridge Archaeology Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QG

01223 761519

[email protected] www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk

(Front cover image: Excavation ongoing at CRO/10/5 © ACA)

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Contents

1 SUMMARY ...... 1 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 2 2.1 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY (ACA) ...... 2 2.2 THE HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD ACADEMY (HEFA) ...... 2 2.3 TEST-PIT EXCAVATION AND RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES ...... 3 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES ...... 4 3.1 AIMS ...... 4 3.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 4 3.3 OUTCOMES ...... 4 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 5 CARLETON RODE ...... 6 5.1 THE VILLAGE TODAY ...... 6 5.2 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... 8 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 9 6.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 9 6.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND...... 15 6.2.1 Prehistoric ...... 15 6.2.2 Romano-British ...... 16 6.2.3 Anglo Saxon ...... 16 6.2.4 Medieval ...... 17 6.2.5 Post Medieval ...... 18 7 RESULTS OF THE TEST PIT EXCAVATIONS IN CARLETON RODE...... 19 7.1 2007 EXCAVATIONS ...... 20 7.2 2008 EXCAVATIONS ...... 34 7.3 2009 EXCAVATIONS ...... 47 7.4 2010 EXCAVATIONS ...... 57 7.5 2011 EXCAVATIONS ...... 74 8 DISCUSSION ...... 82 8.1 PREHISTORIC ...... 82 8.2 ROMANO-BRITISH ...... 84 8.3 ANGLO SAXON ...... 85 8.4 MEDIEVAL ...... 85 8.5 POST MEDIEVAL AND LATER ...... 87 9 CONCLUSION ...... 89 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 90 11 REFERENCES ...... 91 12 APPENDICES ...... 93 12.1 POTTERY REPORTS – PAUL BLINKHORN ...... 93 12.1.1 Pottery Types ...... 93 12.1.2 2007 Results ...... 96 12.1.3 2008 Results ...... 100 12.1.4 2009 Results ...... 104 12.1.5 2010 Results ...... 107

12.1.6 2011 Results ...... 112 12.2 OTHER FINDS – CATHERINE COLLINS AND ROBERTA FULTON ...... 114 12.2.1 2007 Finds ...... 114 12.2.2 2008 Finds ...... 119 12.2.3 2009 Finds ...... 127 12.2.4 2010 Finds ...... 132 12.2.5 2011 Finds ...... 142 12.3 MAPS ...... 145

List of Figures

Figure 1: Location map of England with an insert of East Anglia and the village of Carleton Rode highlighted in red ...... 6 Figure 2: The extent of the parish of Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 7 Figure 3: 1779 Enclosure map with the extent of the common land overlaid in blue (copy of Enclosure Map and extent of the common land as mapped by Carleton Rode Local History Group) ...... 11 Figure 4: 1779 Enclosure Map of Carleton Rode (from Carleton Rode Local History Group) ...... 12 Figure 5: 1880’s OS Map of Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service 1:20,000 ...... 13 Figure 6: 1880’s OS Map of Flaxlands and the church in Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service 1:7,500 ...... 14 Figure 7: The five years of test pitting in Carleton Rode (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 19 Figure 8: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2007 (NB: test pits are not shown to scale © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 20 Figure 9: Location map of CRO/07/1 ...... 21 Figure 10: Location map of CRO/07/2 ...... 22 Figure 11: Location map of CRO/07/3 ...... 23 Figure 12: Location map of CRO/07/4 ...... 24 Figure 13: Location map of CRO/07/5 ...... 25 Figure 14: Location map of CRO/07/6 ...... 26 Figure 15: Location map of CRO/07/7 ...... 27 Figure 16: Location map of CRO/07/8 ...... 28 Figure 17: Location map of CRO/07/9 ...... 29 Figure 18: The beam slot under excavation ...... 29 Figure 19: Location map of CRO/07/10 ...... 30 Figure 20: Location map of CRO/07/11 ...... 31 Figure 21: Location map of CRO/07/12 ...... 32 Figure 22: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2008 (NB: Test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 34 Figure 23: Location map of CRO/08/1 ...... 35 Figure 24: Location map of CRO/08/2 ...... 36 Figure 25: Location map of CRO/08/3 ...... 37 Figure 26: Cobble surface identified in top right corner of CRO/08/3 © ACA ...... 37 Figure 27: Location map of CRO/08/4 ...... 38

Figure 28: Location map of CRO/08/5 ...... 39 Figure 29: Location map of CRO/08/6 ...... 40 Figure 30: Location map of CRO/08/7 ...... 41 Figure 31: Location map of CRO/08/8 ...... 42 Figure 32: Overhead view (left) and section (right) through the ditch excavated from CR0/08/8 (photographs © ACA) ...... 42 Figure 33: Metal hoop fragment from context 4 of CRO/08/8 ...... 43 Figure 34: Location map of CRO/08/9 ...... 43 Figure 35: Location map of CRO/08/10 ...... 44 Figure 36: Location map of CRO/08/11 ...... 45 Figure 37: Location map of CRO/08/12 ...... 46 Figure 38: Location map for test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2009 (NB: Test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 47 Figure 39: Location map of CRO/09/1 ...... 48 Figure 40: ‘Death and Glory’ clay pipe bowl from context 3, CRO/09/1 © ACA ...... 48 Figure 41: Location map of CRO/09/2 ...... 49 Figure 42: Location map of CRO/09/3 ...... 50 Figure 43: Pre-excavation photo of the beam slot (top), flint packed post hole (left) and clay floor (right) within CRO/09/3 ...... 50 Figure 44: Location map of CRO/09/4 ...... 51 Figure 45: Location map of CRO/09/5 ...... 52 Figure 46: Location map of CRO/09/6 ...... 53 Figure 47: Location map of CRO/09/7 ...... 54 Figure 48: Location map of CRO/09/8 ...... 55 Figure 49: Location map of CRO/09/9 ...... 56 Figure 50: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2010 (NB: test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 57 Figure 51: Location map of CRO/10/1 ...... 58 Figure 52: Location map of CRO/10/2 ...... 59 Figure 53: Location map of CRO/10/3 ...... 60 Figure 54: Location map of CRO/10/4 ...... 61 Figure 55: Location map of CRO/10/5 ...... 62 Figure 56: Location map of CRO/10/6 ...... 63 Figure 57: Location map of CRO/10/7 ...... 64 Figure 58: Location map of CRO/10/8 ...... 65 Figure 59: Location map of CRO/10/9 ...... 66 Figure 60: Location map of CRO/10/10 ...... 67 Figure 61: Location map of CRO/10/11 ...... 68 Figure 62: Location map of CRO/10/12 ...... 69 Figure 63: Location map of CRO/10/13 ...... 70 Figure 64: Location map of CRO/10/14 ...... 71 Figure 65: Location map of CRO/10/15 ...... 72 Figure 66: Location map of CRO/10/16 ...... 73 Figure 67: Location map for all the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2011 (NB: test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 74 Figure 68: Location map of CRO/11/1 ...... 75 Figure 69: Location map of CRO/11/2 ...... 76 Figure 70: Location map of CRO/11/3 ...... 77 Figure 71: Location map of CRO/11/4 ...... 78 Figure 72: Location map of CRO/11/5 ...... 79 Figure 73: Location map of CRO/11/6 ...... 80 Figure 74: Fragment of pudding stone quern from CRO/11/6, context five © ACA ...... 80 Figure 75: Location map of CRO/11/7 ...... 81

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Figure 76: The presence of possible worked flint from the Carleton Rode test pits (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 82 Figure 77: The presence of burnt stone from the Carleton Rode test pits (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 83 Figure 78: Extent of the common edge (in red) overlain with the Carleton Rode test pit locations (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 87 Figure 79: Bronze Age pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 146 Figure 80: Late Iron Age pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 147 Figure 81: Roman pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 148 Figure 82: Early/Middle Anglo Saxon pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 149 Figure 83: Late Anglo Saxon pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ..... 150 Figure 84: High medieval pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 151 Figure 85: Late medieval pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 152 Figure 86: Post medieval pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 153 Figure 87: 19th century pottery distribution map from the Carleton Rode test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 154

List of Tables

Table 1: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/1 ...... 21 Table 2: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/2 ...... 22 Table 3: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/3 ...... 23 Table 4: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/4 ...... 24 Table 5: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/5 ...... 25 Table 6: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/6 ...... 26 Table 7: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/7 ...... 27 Table 8: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/8 ...... 28 Table 9: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/9 ...... 29 Table 10: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/10 ...... 30 Table 11: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/11 ...... 31 Table 12: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/12 ...... 32 Table 13: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/13 ...... 33 Table 14: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/1 ...... 35 Table 15: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/2 ...... 36 Table 16: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/3 ...... 37 Table 17: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/4 ...... 38 Table 18: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/5 ...... 39 Table 19: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/6 ...... 40 Table 20: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/7 ...... 41 Table 21: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/8 ...... 42 Table 22: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/9 ...... 43

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Table 23: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/10 ...... 44 Table 24: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/11 ...... 45 Table 25: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/12 ...... 46 Table 26: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/1 ...... 48 Table 27: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/2 ...... 49 Table 28: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/3 ...... 50 Table 29: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/4 ...... 51 Table 30: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/5 ...... 52 Table 31: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/6 ...... 53 Table 32: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/7 ...... 54 Table 33: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/8 ...... 55 Table 34: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/9 ...... 56 Table 35: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/1 ...... 58 Table 36: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/2 ...... 59 Table 37: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/3 ...... 60 Table 38: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/4 ...... 61 Table 39: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/5 ...... 62 Table 40: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/6 ...... 63 Table 41: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/8 ...... 65 Table 42: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/9 ...... 66 Table 43: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/10 ...... 67 Table 44: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/11 ...... 68 Table 45: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/12 ...... 69 Table 46: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/13 ...... 70 Table 47: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/14 ...... 71 Table 48: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/15 ...... 72 Table 49: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/16 ...... 73 Table 50: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/1 ...... 75 Table 51: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/2 ...... 76 Table 52: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/3 ...... 77 Table 53: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/4 ...... 78 Table 54: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/5 ...... 79 Table 55: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/6 ...... 80 Table 56: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/7 ...... 81 Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/1 ...... 114 Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/2 ...... 114 Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/3 ...... 114 Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/4 ...... 115 Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/5 ...... 115 Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/6 ...... 116 Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/7 ...... 116 Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/8 ...... 117 Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/9 ...... 117 Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/10 ...... 118 Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/11 ...... 118 Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/12 ...... 118 Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/13 ...... 118 Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/1 ...... 119 Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/2 ...... 120 Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/3 ...... 121 Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/4 ...... 121 Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/5 ...... 122 Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/6 ...... 122 Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/7 ...... 123 Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/8 ...... 123 Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/9 ...... 124

Table 79: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/10 ...... 125 Table 80: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/11 ...... 125 Table 81: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/12 ...... 126 Table 82: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/1 ...... 127 Table 83: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/2 ...... 128 Table 84: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/3 ...... 128 Table 85: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/4 ...... 129 Table 86: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/5 ...... 129 Table 87: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/6 ...... 130 Table 88: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/7 ...... 130 Table 89: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/8 ...... 131 Table 90: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/9 ...... 131 Table 91: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/1 ...... 132 Table 92: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/2 ...... 133 Table 93: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/3 ...... 134 Table 94: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/4 ...... 135 Table 95: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/5 ...... 136 Table 96: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/6 ...... 137 Table 97: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/7 ...... 137 Table 98: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/8 ...... 138 Table 99: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/9 ...... 138 Table 100: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/10 ...... 139 Table 101: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/11 ...... 139 Table 102: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/12 ...... 140 Table 103: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/13 ...... 140 Table 104: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/14 ...... 141 Table 105: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/15 ...... 141 Table 106: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/16 ...... 141 Table 107: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/1 ...... 142 Table 108: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/2 ...... 142 Table 109: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/3 ...... 143 Table 110: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/4 ...... 143 Table 111: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/5 ...... 144 Table 112: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/6 ...... 144 Table 113: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/7 ...... 144

1 Summary

Two-day test pit excavations were undertaken in the village of Carleton Rode in south Norfolk over five years between 2007 and 2011. In that time a total of 57 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated by 155 local school children as part of the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) out of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge.

The test pitting in Carleton Rode revealed a range of activity dating from the later prehistoric period through to the modern day, both supporting what has already been found through the parish as well as providing new archaeological evidence. The nature of the test pits allows excavations in otherwise inaccessible places for the normal methods of commercial archaeological investigation, and it showed that some earlier phases of occupation in Carleton Rode still exist under the present settlement, despite the widespread level of disturbances and modern development.

The earliest of the activity identified dated to the Bronze and Iron Ages and was split between the northern banks of the River Tas in the south of the parish and the north, where the majority of the current village now occupies the higher ground. The Romano-British farmsteads or small settlements already identified on the HER were mostly also continued into the Anglo Saxon period, likely due in part to the location of the village today at the source of the River Tas, which joins the River Yare just south of Norwich. The village continued to grow through the medieval period, with a lot of the settlements sited along the edge of the commons, contributing to the dispersed nature of the village that is still seen today. Carleton Rode was however likely also severely hit by the Black Death during the 14th century, the decline in population forcing the village to contract. From the 16th century however, settlement was once again expanding and growing into the village seen today, including expansions out into the former common lands.

2 Introduction

A total of 57 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated over a five-year period between 2007 and 2011. Yearly this breaks down as 13 test pits excavated in 2007, 12 pits excavated in 2008, nine test pits excavated in 2009, two digs were scheduled in 2010, the first had 6 test pits and the second 10 test pits were excavated and in 2011 seven test pits were dug. The test pitting programme was run by ACA out of the University of Cambridge as the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) that gives local Year 9 and 10 school children the chance to try something new and to experience a world class university first hand.

2.1 Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA)

Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) (http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/) is an archaeological outreach organisation based in the department of Archaeology and Anthropology in the University of Cambridge which aims to enhance economic, social and personal well-being through active engagement with archaeology. It was set up by Carenza Lewis in 2004 and specialises in providing opportunities for members of the public to take part in purposeful, research-orientated archaeological investigations including excavation. Educational events and courses range in length from a few hours to a week or more, and involve members of the public of all ages.

Thousands of members of the public have taken part in scores of programmes run by ACA, including teenagers involved in Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) test pit excavation programmes intended since 2005 to build academic skills, confidence and aspirations. More widely, ACA has involved thousands of members of the public of all ages and backgrounds, including those with special needs, in a wide range of archaeological activities including field-walking, excavation, analysis and reporting. These have included projects funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and events in 2011-12 as part of the Cultural Olympiad for the 2012 London Olympic Games.

2.2 The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA)

The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme aims to raise the aspirations, enthusiasm and attainment of 14-17 year-olds with regard to higher education by making a valuable contribution to current academic research at the University of Cambridge. The three-day learning-extension course has been run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) since 2005, aimed at UK students in state school years 9, 10 and 12. HEFA was developed as a collaboration between ACA, AimHigher and the Assessment Research Division at Cambridge Assessment.

On HEFA, participants spend two days running their own small (1m2) archaeological excavation within living villages, just like thousands did in TV's Big Dig in 2003 and Michael Wood's Great British Story in 2012, with the aim of applying and developing a wide range of learning skills, boosting their academic confidence and giving them a taste of life and learning at university level. They make new discoveries for and about themselves, and in the process contribute to the university's CORS research into the development of rural communities and settlements in the past. The third day is spent in the University of Cambridge analysing the excavation results in discussive learning sessions which aim to engage and challenge participants, prepare them to produce a written analysis for

assessment as well as provide an inspirational and positive experience of higher education. After the field academy, learners receive detailed individual feedback on their data collection, personal, learning and thinking skills developed during the fieldwork as well as their reporting and research skills exhibited in the written assignment, which will support applications to further and higher education.

2.3 Test-pit Excavation and Rural Settlement Studies

Rural settlement has long been a crucial area of research for medieval archaeology (Gerrard 2003; Lewis et al 2001, 5-21), notably since the pioneering work of W. G. Hoskins, Maurice Beresford and John Hurst in the 1940s and 1950s (Hoskins 1955; Beresford 1954; Beresford & Hurst 1971), but until recently attention was focused largely on the minority of medieval settlements which are today deserted or extensively shrunken. Currently occupied rural settlements (CORS), overlain by domestic housing and related buildings of living secular communities – the villages, hamlets and small towns of today – were generally largely disregarded as targets for research-driven excavation. Very few regions have seen any systematic research-driven primary investigation aimed at CORS, and most of that which has taken place has not involved excavation, including those of a survey based nature (Roberts 1987; Roberts and Wrathmell 2000; Roberts and Wrathmell 2003). However, recent attempts to redress this bias in favour of the majority of medieval rural settlements which are still inhabited have opened up new areas for debate which are beginning to call into question established theories about the development of rural settlement in the historic period (Aston & Gerrard 1999; Jones & Page 2007). However, despite these recent advances, the number of CORS to have seen methodical research- orientated investigation including excavation remains very small. In order to begin to resolve this problem, Access Cambridge Archaeology, working with members of the public including school pupils, has carried out test pit excavations in more than 30 CORS, most in eastern England. This will help allow the evidence upon which knowledge and understanding of the origins and development of the medieval rural settlement pattern of eastern England is based, to be more representative of the entire range of medieval settlements, not just on the minority of sites which are currently deserted (Lewis 2005, 2006; 2007a; 2007b, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013).

3 Aims, Objectives and Desired Outcomes

3.1 Aims

The aims of the test pit excavations in Carleton Rode were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants by providing the opportunity to acquire, develop, refine and demonstrate new skills, experience and confidence.  Increase learners’ capacity to succeed in applying to and studying at university by providing activities which enable them to reinforce generic skills in team-working, problem solving, communication, presentation and planning.  To engage with local communities and widen the participation of people in the heritage of the area.  To increase knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the setting, origins and development of Carleton Rode and its environs.

3.2 Objectives

The objectives of test pit excavations in Carleton Rode were as follows:

 To provide the opportunity for participants to learn and develop cognitive, practical, personal and technical skills.  To support and engage with members of local communities through involvement with the project.  To investigate the archaeology of the environs of Carleton Rode through test-pitting carried out by school students in properties throughout the village.

3.3 Outcomes

The desired outcomes of the test pit excavations in Carleton Rode were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants.  Provide an educational and vocational challenge allowing participants to develop transferable skills for life and learning in school and for higher education.  An improved knowledge and understanding of the archaeological resource of the village of Carleton Rode.

4 Methodology

The five years of test pitting in Carleton Rode was organised by ACA in conjunction with members of the Carleton Rode Local History Group, with both the excavation and recording following the standard Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) instruction handbook and recording booklet.

The test pit digging takes place over two days, which begins with an initial lecture explaining the aims of the excavation, the procedures in digging and recording the test pit and the correct and safe use of equipment. Participants are then divided into teams of three or four individuals, with a mix of students from different schools. Each team is provided with a complete set of test pit excavation equipment, copies of the HEFA instruction handbook and a record booklet into which all excavation data are entered.

The test pits are all 1m2 and the turf, if present, was removed in neat squares by hand. Each test pit is excavated in a series of 10cm spits or contexts, to a maximum depth of 1.2m. The horizontal surface of each context/spit is then drawn at 1:10 scale before excavation, a photograph taken and the colour recorded with reference to a standardised colour chart, included in the written handbook. A pro-forma recording system was used by the students to record their test pit excavation. This comprises a 16-page pro-forma Test Pit Record booklet which has been developed by ACA for use with students and members of the public with no previous archaeological experience. The site code is CRO/year, so CRO/07 for 2007, CRO/08 for 2008, CRO/09 for 2009, CRO/10 for 2010 and CRO/11 for 2011

During the excavation 100% of the spoil is sieved through a 10mm mesh (with the occasional exception of very heavy clay soils which have to be hand-searched). All artefacts are retained, cleaned and bagged by context. Cut and built features are planned at 1:10 and excavated sequentially with latest deposits removed first. Pottery and most other finds are identified promptly by archaeological experts who are on site for the duration of the field academy and visit the test pits regularly; and at the same time provide advice and check that the excavation is being carried out and recorded to the required standard. Test pits are excavated down to natural or the maximum safe depth of 1.2m, whichever is encountered first. A minority of test pits will stop on encountering a feature, (ancient or modern) which archaeological staff deem inadvisable or impossible to remove, and occasionally excavation may cease at a level above natural due to time constraints. On completion of each test pit excavation, all four sections are drawn at 1:10 along with the unexcavated base of the test pit prior to backfilling by hand and the turf replaced neatly to restore the site.

After the two days of excavation are completed, the archaeological records and finds (all of which are kept and cleaned on site) are retained by ACA at the University of Cambridge for analysis, reporting, archiving and submission to HER’s, publication and ongoing research into the origins and development of rural settlement. Ownership of objects rests in the first instance with the landowner, except where other law overrides this (e.g. Treasure Act 1996, 2006, Burials Act 1857). ACA retain all finds in the short term for analysis and ideally also in the longer term in order that the excavation archives will be as complete as possible, but any requests to return finds to owners will be agreed.

5 Carleton Rode

5.1 The Village Today Carleton Rode is situated in south Norfolk and set just under 20km southwest of Norwich and 25.9km northeast of Thetford as the crow flies, south of Wymondham and east of Attleborough. Norfolk is bounded by the North Sea to the north and east, Suffolk to the south and Cambridgeshire to the west. The parish church of Carleton Rode is centred on TM 11486 92515.

Figure 1: Location map of England with an insert of East Anglia and the village of Carleton Rode highlighted in red

The parish of Carlton Rode is quite large, recorded as 1,091 hectares on the 2001 census through which settlement is dispersed (see figure 2). The village is set in a rural landscape between two major routeways through Norfolk, the A11 to the west and the A140 to the east, both of which head north to Norwich from Thetford and Diss respectively. The village itself has a dispersed settlement pattern, a common occurrence through south Norfolk, where the focus of settlement is leading to the crossroads of Flaxlands Road and Rode Lane, but additional clusters of settlement are also evident along the B1113 that intersects the south of the parish linking New Buckenham with Forncett End and eventually Norwich. A separate area of settlement is also present around the church with also semi-isolated farmsteads scattered through the landscape on winding country lanes, all of which are also separated by large arable fields and so giving the village a very rural feel. (Section 5 – Service Villages within the South Norfolk Local Plan1).

1 http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/planning/4620.asp (Accessed October 2016)

The parish is served by a church and primary school as well as a village hall with a number of local societies and groups. The village still consists of a mainly farming community but with a small business and self-employed sector that is also going strong.2 Carleton Rode is classed with Bunwell within the Bunwell Ward and so statistics are calculated for the two settlements together. The population of the entire ward on the 2011 census was stated at 2,737 with 1,111 houses.3

Figure 2: The extent of the parish of Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

2 http://carletonrode.org.uk/ (Accessed October 2016) 3http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDatasetList.do?a=7&b=6500346&c=Bunwell &d=14&g=6450322&i=1001x1003x1032&m=0&r=1&s=1371721915393&enc=1&domainId=62 (Accessed October 2016)

5.2 Geology and Topography

The River Tas rises within the parish of Carleton Rode then flows south through Carleton Fen before continuing north to join the River Yare at Norwich. This part of south Norfolk has been categorised as part of the ‘Tas rural river valley and farmlands’ Landscape Character Assessment’ with the parish of Carleton Rode on an elevation of 70m OD around the Flaxlands area of the village on a slight plateau of high ground down to 40m OD in Carleton Fen in the south of the parish.

The landscape of south Norfolk in general is one of great swathes of ‘arable farmland intersected by river valleys’ and Carleton Rode specifically is an arable landscape that is cut by the Tas, a tributary of the River Yare that is also not readily noticeable in the landscape. The large open arable fields of the parish sit on an ‘open, gently undulating and sloping landscape, with small blocks of deciduous woodland, few hedgerows and damp grasslands on the tributary valleys’. Narrow winding country lanes meander through the landscape with a network of rural footpaths with dispersed settlement patterns noted of both traditional and modern buildings4 and is classified within the South Norfolk and High Suffolk Claylands,5 a National Character Area Profile.

The bedrock geology of the part of south Norfolk consists of various chalk formations as part of the White Chalk subgroup with superficial deposits of Lowestoft Formation till that consist of an extensive sheet of chalky till together with outwash sands and gravels, silts and clays.6

4 www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/planning/3143.asp (Accessed October 2016) 5http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6106120561098752?category=587130 (Accessed January 2018) 6 http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html (Accessed October 2016)

6 Archaeological and Historical Background

6.1 Historical Background

The name of Carleton Rode derived from the common Norse name of Carleton, the first part of which is probably Old Scandinavian Karl or Karla to mean ‘freemen or peasants’ and the Old English work for tun, a settlement; so a ‘farmstead or estate of the freemen or peasants’7. The Rode part would have been added during the medieval period as the surname of the family who held the manor, the de Rode’s, the first reference to the full village name was in 1201 (Mills 2003). Other suggestions have put the Rode part of the name to perhaps also have Anglo Saxon derivations to mean either a cross or way; Rode Lane crosses with Flaxlands, which is probably what it refers to. This main routeway has also been recorded as being used by pilgrims visiting Wymondham Abbey from the south, particularly Diss (Graham 2007).

At the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 the settlement was recorded as Carletuna in the Depwade Hundred and is aptly named as being the ‘settlement of freemen’ as five out of the seven citations to the village in the Domesday Book reference the numerous freemen who held land prior to the Conquest. Five different land owners were recorded in the Domesday Book, the first of which was the King who held 4 ½ acres that was assessed in the valuation of Howe. William de Warenne land entry describes the village thus: ‘In Carleton Rode, Almaer, a free man pre-conquest held 30 acres of land under Stigand and always 1 ½ bordars, 1 slave, 1 acre of meadow and 1 plough and it is worth 5s. This is the Kings gift. All the churches are valued with the manors’. In the land of Count Alan, it was stated that ‘there are 14 freemen with 95 acres of land, and then there were 1 ½ ploughs, now 2 and 2 acres of meadow’. In the land belonging to Roger Bigod there are three separate entries, the first of these: ‘In Carleton Rode there are 3 freemen, 12 acres and half a plough and 1 acre of meadow’. The second states: ‘In Carleton Rode there are 16 freemen and a half and 1 carucate of land and 6 acres and 10 bordars. Then there were 3 ploughs, now 2 and five acres of meadow and two churches with 30 acres’. The last entry for Roger Bigod reads: ‘In Carleton Rode there are 2 freemen commended to Aslak only and they have 7 acres’. The final entry in the Domesday Book is for land belonging to Eudo FitzSpirewic that states: ‘in Carleton Rode there is 1 freeman and 8 acres. Then it was worth £7, now £8. Heinfrid received those freemen for land. The whole of Carleton Rode is 1 league and 4 furlongs in length and 10 furlongs in breadth. And there are 4 pigs and it renders 22 ½ d of the geld’ (Williams and Martin 2003).

The manors recorded for Carleton Rode were divided between the five landowners mentioned above in the Domesday Book at the time of the Norman Conquest. As recorded by Blomefield in his late 19th century ‘An Essay Towards A Topographical History of the County of Norfolk,’8 the principle manor in the 11th century belonged to Roger Bigod, whose manor was also the largest in terms of acres that also contained the two churches of the village (see below) and became known as Carleton manor. The smaller parcels of Roger Bigod’s manor were given to neighbouring Forncett manor, which held the land through to the 19th century. The land of Eudo FitzSpirewic in Domesday belonged to the manor at Tibenham to the south until 1550, when it joined Carleton manor. The land of Count Alan, Earl of Richmond, originally formed part of his manor at Cossey but was subsequently included into the manor of Carleton as was the Kings land. Finally, the large parcel of land of William de Warenne became the manor of Bokenham (now the settlement of Buckenham to the west of Carleton Rode), named after the later 13th century owners, the de Bukenham

7 http://www.stavacademy.co.uk/mimir/vikingplace.htm (Accessed October 2016) 8 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol5 (Accessed October 2016)

family. This manor had links with Rode-Hall manor, named not for an individual but for where the manor was thought to have been sited, along Rode Lane in the west of the village. Records for both these manors date from the 13th century through to at least the 17th century.

Although two churches were recorded in the land belonging to Roger Bigod in Carleton Rode, only one still exists on the site of the current church of All Saints; the location of the other is unknown, the Domesday Book being the only known historical reference to it. It is believed to have been in disuse however by the 12th century, which may be why no remains of it can be seen today (Batcock 1991), particularly as it would also have been a wooden construction and potentially also without a churchyard. Why only one of the churches was eventually rebuilt in stone is not known, but the remaining church in Carleton Rode dedicated to All Saints is sited in the east of the parish, just north of Hargate. The main fabric of the church dates from the 13th century with both 14th and 15th century additions; the first rector being appointed in 13079. Local knowledge reputedly states that All Saints replaced a church that had stood on the same site since 630 AD (Graham 2007), but with no records remaining it is uncertain if the other church was originally of the same date also.

There are also no records of any historic fairs or markets to have taken place in Carleton Rode, which would mean that trade would have to have taken place in any number of nearby settlements during the medieval period. Markets were established in Old and New Buckenham, Tacolneston and Forncett, all surrounding Carleton Rode and would have also been easily accessible. Alternatively, there was also both the market towns of Attleborough and Wymondham, although slightly further afield, would have been traversable within a day. It is unlikely that medieval city of Norwich would have had much influence over the prosperity of Carleton Rode given its distance, but the landscape of south Norfolk is ideal for sheep grazing and although the wool trade was never as dominant during the medieval to the Norfolk economy as it was in neighbouring Suffolk, Norwich still played a central part in exporting goods more widely across the country and would have been lucrative to local weavers in the parish as well as the opportunity for them to trade more locally (Nightingale 2000).

Wymondham Abbey, in the market town of Wymondham to the north of Carleton Rode, was founded in 1107 as a Benedictine monastery by William d’Aubigny as a daughter house of St. Alban’s Abbey where a close relative of the family was Abbot10. The fact that Carleton Rode was on the routeway to Wymondham from the south (particularly Diss) may have influenced the patterns and distribution of settlement during the high medieval along this road. A number of the listed buildings today are along this routeway, and although these are all post medieval in date they may well have replaced earlier structures on the same site; starting from the river crossing at Old Hall Bridge, around Carleton Fen, onto Ash Lane and then up Rode Lane. From the later medieval period it was also commonplace for settlements to actually be established along the edge of commons (Dallas 2013) so this would also have affected the layout of the community and why a lot of the early post medieval houses in Carleton Rode are now set back from the main road along what was originally the common edge. One example of this in the village is the farmhouses to the north of The Turnpike Road, between Upgate Street and Rode Lane, which are in a rough line set back from the current road network.

Maps of Carleton Rode from the 17th century show the extent of commons at that time which surrounded Flaxlands and the church on three sides, to the west, south and east. Figure 3 below shows the extent of the common land in Carleton Rode during the early post medieval period, superimposed on the later 18th century enclosure map.

9 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol5/pp125-130 (Accessed October 2016) 10 http://www.wymondhamabbey.org.uk/visiting/history/ (Accessed October 2016)

Figure 3: 1779 Enclosure map with the extent of the common land overlaid in blue (copy of Enclosure Map and extent of the common land as mapped by Carleton Rode Local History Group)

Figure 4: 1779 Enclosure Map of Carleton Rode (from Carleton Rode Local History Group)

Although the process of enclosure was already in progress across the county prior to the introduction of the official parliamentary act of 1773, which formalised the whole process of separating and enclosing parts of both larger fields as well as the village commons. When comparing figures 3 and 4, of the pre- and post- enclosure maps, the change that was bought to the village during the 18th century is evident, particularly in the formation of new roads through old common land that led to an expansion of the settlement.

The negative side of the enclosure act was its effect on the poor who were not landowners and who would have relied on the common land for grazing, effectively forcing them off the land which would have resulted in de-population as well. This may have been a factor in that Carleton Rode as a settlement has always remained small; it is not on any major A- roads through the county and was also not included in the later 19th century railway network, most likely due to its small size. The railway instead was to the west passing through Attleborough from Thetford to Norwich and the east from Stowmarket – Diss – Norwich. One road through Carleton Rode was made into a turnpike, the Norwich to New Buckenham turnpike in 1772 along the B1113 running from west to east through the south of the parish. It may have been the only major routeway through the village, connecting New Buckenham and Forncett End, with the previous north-south road connecting Diss to Wymondham falling out of favour after the dissolution of the monastery during the 16th century and routeways in the north travelling through Bunwell. Along the turnpike a number of mile markers are still in situ, two of which are in the parish (NHER 56381 and 56382). The road was disturnpiked in 1870.

Figure 5: 1880’s OS Map of Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service 1:20,000

In the census of 1777, 725 people were recorded to live in the village,11 by 1801 this figure was at 767 that rose to 925 in 1851 (down slightly from a peak of 938 in 1841)12. The 1845 trade directory listed the majority of the working population as farmers (with perhaps a third owning their land), but there were also shopkeepers, the majority of which were bakers, with shoemakers, bee-house keepers, wheelwrights, blacksmiths, corn millers, school

11 http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/c/carleton_rode/census1777.shtml (Accessed October 2016) 12 http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/c/carleton_rode/ (Accessed October 2016)

teachers, a plumber and painter, a parish clerk and a rector13. The population was steadily in decline through the latter half of the 19th century to being 640 in the 1901 census14. The trade directory of the population during the later 19th century also listing the majority of residents as farmers, with also shopkeepers (including bakers), shoe makers, blacksmiths, beer house workers and policemen with rat and mole catchers, a thatcher, an auctioneer, a farm bailiff, a school mistress, wheelwright, parish clerk, and a corn merchant and miller15. The windmill in Carleton Rode was situated just west of the crossroads with Rode Lane and Flaxlands, on Mill Road. It was built in about 1858 and was made of clay and reportedly only one of a handful in Norfolk that had been built this way. It was later replaced by another mill on the same site16.

Figure 6: 1880’s OS Map of Flaxlands and the church in Carleton Rode © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service 1:7,500

The name of Flaxlands, the settlement in the west of the village around the crossroads of Rode Lane and Hall Road (figure 6) likely derived from the use of the flax plants (or Hemp) widely grown through East Anglia from the Anglo Saxon period onwards. It was able to be grown by peasant farmers as part of their subsistence, almost domestic, to be carried out on a part time basis and was typically grown in small fields next to houses as well as on small holdings (Holt-Wilson 1998). From the medieval onwards it was considered a taxable crop; the establishment of chartered markets would have provided trade outlets for the finished products and from the later medieval and early post medieval, south Norfolk and north Suffolk were the industrial heartland of this industry and the productive agricultural landscape around Carleton Rode was ideal for its manufacture. The peak of this manufacture was during the 18th century when south Norfolk alone accounted for one

13http://www.carletonrodehistorygroup.co.uk/HISTORY_GROUP2/Trade_Director.html (Accessed October 2016) 14 http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/c/carleton_rode/ (Accessed October 2016) 15 http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/c/carleton_rode/white1864.shtml (Accessed October 2016) 16 http://www.norfolkmills.co.uk/Windmills/carlton-rode-towermill.html (Accessed November 2016)

eighth of all the country’s output. A collapse of the industry during the 19th century was keenly felt by the poor in particular; the industry failing due to competition of both jute and cotton that was much cheaper in price, a rise in the price of wheat during the Napoleonic Wars (so more land would have been utilised for wheat production) and because the manufacture was so labour intensive; there had been a lack of mechanical assistance from the industrial revolution (Ibid).

In 1834 the Depwade Poor Law Union was formed for all the parishes within the Depwade Hundred, including Carleton Rode and may have arisen due to the downturn in the hemp industry as just discussed. The poor were sent to the workhouse specifically built for the Depwade Union in Pulham Market just to the west of the A140, in 1836. The building was in use as a workhouse until the Union was dissolved in 1930, after which it passed to the local authority and became known as the Depwade Public Assistance Institution until the late 1940’s17.

6.2 Archaeological Background

The following paragraphs summarise the finds and monuments listed in a parish search for Carleton Rode from the Norfolk Heritage Explorer18 website and a 2km search from Carleton Rode on the Heritage Gateway website19.

6.2.1 Prehistoric

A range of prehistoric finds have been recorded on the HER, including worked flints, pottery and metal work, the majority have been identified through fieldwalking and metal detecting with the occasional spot find. Prehistoric worked flints have been found through the parish but the majority were noted to the southeast on the rising higher ground from the River Tas and consisted of Palaeolithic flakes, Mesolithic flint blades and Neolithic scrapers as well as flint cores and flakes, piercers, hammerstones and a number of pot boilers that were found from around the church (NHER 19004). The site of a possible burnt mound was also noted close to the source of the River Tas (NHER 23418).

A Bronze Age metal work hoard was found through metal detecting during the mid-19th century during digging of a ditch and consisted of 10 socketed axes, two winged axes, one spearhead, one palstave, one hammer, two chisels and five gouges (NHER 10022). To the east of Bury Hall a Middle Bronze Age dirk (NHER 9191) was also found as were four of copper alloy spearheads, also found through metal detecting (NHER 25290, 28624, 30939 and 30940), the latter of those were found south of Flaxlands, whilst the first two were found in the north and west of the parish. Possible beaker pottery fragments were also identified from the Hargate area (NHER 23418).

A reasonable amount of Iron Age material has also been found through the parish that were mainly recorded through fieldwalking and consisting of brooches, terrets, a pin, shield boss and some coins were also found with a number of sherds of pottery. A number of sherds of the Iron Age pottery were also found through the dredging of streams (NHER 31982). One earthwork may date to the Iron Age (NHER 9201), a bank and double ditch feature, perhaps originally utilised as a defensive earthwork, but it may also have its origins in the

17 http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Depwade/ (Accessed November 2016) 18 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/advanced-search (Accessed November 2016) 19 http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/advanced_search.aspx (Accessed November 2016)

Anglo Saxon or medieval period, as it was certainly used as a boundary to the Buckenham deer park during the medieval period.

6.2.2 Romano-British

A possible Roman road is thought to run in the west of the parish (NHER 9219), but it is still unsure if this is the case or that the cropmarks seen are actually part of New Buckenham park boundary, similar to the earthworks mentioned above. Significant amounts of Romano- British finds have also been found through the parish with at least five areas where the finds have so substantial (and included Roman building material) that it was believed that these would have actually been sites of settlements, most likely farmsteads. Four of these were found in the south of the parish around Hargate (NHER16779, 23847 and 23002), the forth site included a lot of domestic finds, consisting of tweezers, brooches, a bell, weight, bracelet fragments, furniture fittings and a steelyard weigh (NHER 21959). A fifth site in the north of the parish produced over 200 Roman coins, brooches, part of a patera (shallow bowl) and two votive Roman objects (NHER 34589).

Numerous metal detected finds have also been recorded including a child’s copper alloy bracelet (NHER 10023), a high number and variety of coins dating to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries, a copper alloy key handle, brooches, a sword belt fitting (NHER 23271), a silver finger ring (NHER 23847), additional finger rings, fragments of furniture or box fittings, spoons, strap fittings, a sceptre handle, lead weights and a knife handle. A large amount of Roman pottery was also found through fieldwalking from numerous sites and was found to mainly date to between the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, some of which were also found with fragments of box flue tile, perhaps suggesting the presence of a higher status building. Two hoards of finds were discovered through metal detecting, the first of which comprised of two terrets and a fragment of harness mount or plaque (NHER 39434) and the second hoard included the finds of a linch pin head and two linch pin feet (NHER 51243) that were originally thought to have been Iron Age in date but have been dated to the mid-1st century AD and therefore very Early Roman in date (Graham pers comm).

6.2.3 Anglo Saxon

Artefacts dating from the 6th century have been recorded through the parish that span the entire Anglo Saxon period. From the potential Romano-British settlement sites mentioned above, three of the also yielded Early Anglo Saxon finds to suggest that there was a continuation of settlement of some form on site. These were around Hargate, (NHER 16779) where an Early Anglo Saxon brooch was found and site location now known yielded a number of Early Saxon finds, consisting of a bell, brooch, pendant and a pair of tweezers with a rare 6th century gold bracelet (NHER 21959). The third Romano-British settlement to have Early Saxon remains was in the north of the parish where the Roman votive offerings were recorded and a number of Early, Middle and Late Saxon metal work was recorded with sherds of Late Anglo Saxon pottery (NHER 34589).

Additional metal work finds have also been recorded from the Hargate area of the parish and it has been suggested that the nature of the Early Anglo Saxon finds may indicate the presence of inhumation burials in the vicinity (NHER 34859). The finds in question consist of an Early Saxon bow brooch, a mount, a pair of tweezers and a wrist clasp fragment, a Middle Saxon spoon, Early and Middle Saxon pottery and a Late Saxon whetstone.

Early Anglo Saxon brooches have also been found elsewhere in the parish with at least two sites of Middle Saxon pottery and one with a Middle Saxon furniture fitting (NHER 40255) that was found from the Hargate area. Numerous sherds of late Anglo Saxon pottery and a Late Saxon strap end were found from the northeast of the parish (NHER 39938) as well as a mount that may be Late Saxon or medieval in date from the far south (NHER 56888). A coin of King Cnut was also found with a bridle cheek piece, stirrup terminals and strap fittings.

6.2.4 Medieval

The records of Carleton Rode from the Domesday Book have already been discussed above so the size and rough population of the parish is already known from the historical records. The finds that have been identified through the parish have again mainly been found through both metal detecting and field walking with the Church of All Saints the only surviving medieval structures still remaining in the village; the location of the second recorded church in the Domesday Book remains unknown. A possible moated site was identified to the southwest of Hargate and the medieval New Buckenham deer park borders the parish of Carleton Rode to its east.

Sherds of medieval pottery were found from a number of locations through the parish, although it has not generally been recorded as to whether these sherds are high or later medieval in date, a more accurate specification of their date would enable any changes in pottery distribution which may also indicate any changes in settlement patterns to also be noted.

The metal detecting finds consist of medieval ring brooches, harness pendants (one in the shape of a cross), ampulla (lead pilgrim bottles), buckles, a jetton, a lead cross pendant, a seal matrix, a reliquary (a container for holy relics) and a coppery alloy seal with a Latin inscription that translates as “I am a seal of true love” (NHER 23021). Fragments of quern stone were also found with a number of coins, rings, bells, spindle whorls, thimbles, weights, part of a cauldron, medieval dress accessories, writing leads, copper alloy vessel fragments, a key, spoons, mounts, strap ends and belt mounts, a whetstone and a papal bulla lead seal of Edward I (NHER 34859).

Some finds date to the later medieval or early post medieval and have been identified as dress accessories, copper alloy vessel fragments and rings, lead weights, crotal bells and fragments of lava either quern or mill stones with pieces of iron slag. Several non-specific medieval metal objects have also been recorded on the HER.

One site just to the west of Hall Road yielded large quantities of medieval pottery with also medieval brick fragments (NHER 35236) and is a suggested settlement site, potentially on the edge of the common land that was also later occupied during the post medieval. A number of earthworks have also been identified along Upgate Street in the west of the parish from aerial photographs that may be of possible drainage features or land division markers that could be either medieval or post medieval in date. As these features do not correspond with any field boundaries on the historic maps of the parish, further work would be needed to determine the full extent, use and date of these earthworks.

6.2.5 Post Medieval

There are over 40 listed buildings in Carleton Rode parish, a large number dating from the 16th and 17th century onwards; the full list of which can be accessed on the Historic England website20 and so not included in this report. Sites of previous post medieval structures have also been recorded on the HER when looking at old maps of the parish. The site of a post medieval windmill was recorded on Mile Road; a later clay lump built structure was sited on Mill Road to the south (the Steam Mill). A 19th century telegraph station was also sited in Carleton Rode on the London to Yarmouth line just to the southeast of Telegraph Farm on Upgate Street that was also built of clay lump in 1808, but had been demolished by 1815 (Graham pers comm).

During the many phases of metal detecting and field walking through the parish a number of post medieval finds have been recorded from the across the parish, the majority on earlier sites of activity. The finds consist of coins and jettons (from France and Germany), clay pipes with a large quantity of post medieval pottery sherds. Other, mainly metal artefacts recorded are: bells, crotal bells, cloth seals, musket balls, thimbles, hammers, fragments of spurs, brooches, a gun flint, furniture fittings, harness mounts and a boss, weights, a candle snuffer, a lead toy, copper alloy rings, a knife end cap, book clasps, copper alloy handles, spindle whorls, a cauldron, a lamp, buttons, spoons, sword belt mounts and a strap distributor with a gold mourning ring.

20 https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list

7 Results of the test pit excavations in Carleton Rode

The approximate locations of the 57 test pits excavated across five excavation seasons between 2007 and 2011 can be seen in figure 7 below. The numbers of test pits for each year breaks down as follows; 2007 – 13 test pits, 2008 – 12 test pits, 2009 – nine test pits, 2010 – six and 10 test pits and 2011 – seven test pits. These also all include the pits dug by the school students through the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) as well as those volunteers and local residents organised by Carleton Rode Local History Group and the pupils of Carleton Rode Primary School.

The data from each test pit is set out below in numerical order and by year of excavation. Most excavation was in spits measuring 10cm in depth, but in cases when a change in the character of deposits indicated a change in context, a new spit was started before 10cm. An assessment of the overall results, synthesizing the data from all the pits, including deductions about the historic development of Carleton Rode and the potential of the buried heritage resource of the village is presented in the following Discussion section (Section 8).

Finds from each test pit are discussed in summary in this section, and listed in detail in the relevant appendices (Section 12). Photographs of sites under excavation and of all finds are included in the archive, but not included in this report for reasons of space.

Figure 7: The five years of test pitting in Carleton Rode (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

7.1 2007 Excavations

The initial excavations in Carleton Rode consisted of 13 1m2 test pits that were excavated over the two days of the 9th - 10th May in separate clusters around the church and Flaxlands. The test pits were excavated by 36 HEFA participants from Acle High School, Attleborough High School, Old Buckenham High School and Rosemary Musker High School (school names correct at the time of participation). Carleton Rode Local History Group and the pupils from Carleton Rode primary school also excavated test pits.

Figure 8: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2007 (NB: test pits are not shown to scale © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Test Pit one (CRO/07/1)

Test pit one was excavated in a small enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century pair of cottages just southeast of the church in the far east of the village (Glebe Farm Cottage, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611632 292408).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 9: Location map of CRO/07/1

The majority of the pottery from CRO/07/1 dates to the Victorian period with two types of post medieval pot, including Glazed Red Earthenware and Delft Ware, all of which were excavated from the upper four contexts only.

GRE TGE Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 2 13 26 1550-1900 1 2 1 12 2 4 1550-1900 1 3 1 13 1 2 7 9 1550-1900 1 4 2 5 3 18 1550-1900 Table 1: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/1

A modern pipe was uncovered in the south eastern corner of CRO/07/1 at context four; excavations however were able to continue around the pipe. All the finds and pottery were recovered from the upper four contexts of the test pit one only, at which depth clay was encountered. The modern finds of plastic, glass and concrete were mixed with fragments of CBM, clay pipe and animal bone which suggest continual activity from when the house was built. A plastic bag was also identified in context seven which suggests that the modern disturbances of test pit one continued to a greater depth. A single fragment of waste flint was excavated from context one and may suggest prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit two (CRO/07/2)

Test pit two was excavated in a large open grassed area to the north west of a likely 18th/19th century house and just outside the church boundary in the far south east of the village. It was also the northern of two test pits excavated within the property; see also CRO/07/13 (Glebe Barn, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611595 292464).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was reached. Excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Three sherds of Victorian pottery were only excavated from context three in CRO/07/2.

Victorian Figure 10: Location map of CRO/07/2 Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 2 3 3 10 1800-1900 Table 2: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/2

Very few finds were excavated from CRO/07/2, which consist of CBM fragments, glass, slate and animal bone and as Victorian pottery was also only recovered from the upper three contexts, it suggests that there was minimal activity on site until the 19th century. The presence of potential waste flints from contexts one to three may also indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit three (CRO/07/3)

Test pit three was excavated in a large enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse, just west of the church boundary in the far south east of the village. It was also the eastern of two test pits excavated within the property; see also CRO/07/12 (Church Farm, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611442 292533).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.58m, at which natural was reached. Excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single large sherd of German Stoneware was only excavated from context five in CRO/07/3. Figure 11: Location map of CRO/07/3 GS Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 3 5 1 24 1500-1700 Table 3: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/3

Very few finds and pottery were excavated from CRO/07/3, which consist of small fragments of CBM, coal, metal wire and animal bone that suggest initial activity in the very late medieval period, continuing into the post medieval. It is probable that the domestic rubbish was deposited elsewhere over the garden or farm rather than due to a decrease of activity across site. A single piece of waste flint was excavated from context one and may suggest prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit four (CRO/07/4)

Test pit four was excavated in a large enclosed rear garden of a modern property backing onto the church boundary to the north (New Rectory Garden, Chapel Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611512 292586).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not recorded, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/07/4 dates to the Victorian period. A single small sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware was recovered from context one, whilst two small sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware were excavated from the lower contexts of the test pit.

Figure 12: Location map of CRO/07/4

EMW GRE Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 5 1100-1400 4 2 16 24 1800-1900 4 3 1 4 7 23 1550-1900 4 4 1 13 1 1 1550-1900 Table 4: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/4

The single small sherd of medieval pottery may suggest that this area north of the church was actually open fields during that time and that the medieval focus of activity was in the west of the village at Flaxlands, rather than around the church. This trend was similar into the post medieval, although expansion is evident through the village at that time, which also continued into the Victorian period. The small number of finds recovered, which consist of CBM fragments, coal, iron nails, animal bone, glass, slate, mortar and a bone button, reflects the minimal activity on site, although a complete lamb burial was excavated in context four. Fragments of waste flint and burnt stone were also excavated from contexts three and four.

Test Pit five (CRO/07/5)

Test pit five was excavated in a small enclosed front garden of a likely 19th century house, orientated side on to the main road and situated quite centrally in the village (Flaxlands, Flaxlands Road, Carleton Rode. TM 610962 293030).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was reached. Excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 13: Location map of CRO/07/5 A single small sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware was excavated from the lower context of CRO/07/5, whereas the rest of the pottery recovered dates to the Victorian period and was also found in much larger quantities through the upper four contexts.

EMW Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 11 25 1800-1900 5 2 39 59 1800-1900 5 3 21 52 1800-1900 5 4 3 14 1800-1900 5 5 1 4 1100-1400 Table 5: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/5

The location of CRO/07/5, quite central in the village was part of the core focus for the medieval activity in Carleton Rode, although this site was quite possibly either open fields or that rubbish was deposited elsewhere on site during that time. The same may be true for the post medieval activity, although a small fragment of clay pipe was recovered from context four that suggests there was at least some activity on site, albeit minimal. The large amounts of Victorian pottery with the finds, which include CBM, animal bone, coal, iron nails and scrap iron that were found through all five contexts, with a penny coin dated to 1903, excavated from context three suggests that these finds and the majority of the disturbance on site all date to the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Test Pit six (CRO/07/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the centre of an open front garden of a modern house, which is set back from the main road in the centre of the village (Brockley Cottage, Greenways Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610875 293135).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not reached, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Two sherds of late Saxon Thetford Ware pottery were excavated from context three, that were mixed with a large number of sherds of Early Medieval Sandy Ware and three sherds of Grimston ware that were mainly excavated from the lower contexts of the test pit. Five sherds of Figure 14: Location map of CRO/07/6 Glazed Red Earthenware were recovered from the mid-contexts of CRO/07/6 and 20 sherds of Victorian pottery were also identified from the upper three contexts only.

Thetford EMW GRIM GRE Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 2 3 4 1100-1900 6 2 1 3 12 46 1550-1900 6 3 2 10 2 9 2 9 5 30 850-1900 6 4 8 58 1 4 2 7 1100-1750 6 5 48 175 2 11 1100-1400 Table 6: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/6

CRO/07/6 was also quite centrally located in the village and it is its position that suggests it was potentially part of a core focus of activity of Carleton Rode that begun from the late Saxon period and was mainly concentrated in the western half of the village. If there was a church situated on the green at the junction of Greenways Lane and Flaxlands, then CRO/07/6 was sited immediately to the north and would also explain this focus of activity away from the current church. There is however no evidence of the church as limited excavations have taken place in Carleton Rode. This activity appeared to continue on site until c. AD1600, after which there was an apparent lull in occupation until the 19th century. The majority of the finds date to this later period of occupation and include CBM, animal bone, coal and modern glass. Clay pipe was also excavated with iron nails, coal and smaller fragments of CBM in the lower contexts of the test pit, which also suggests later disturbance rather than undisturbed medieval and post medieval deposits.

Test Pit seven (CRO/07/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the enclosed back garden of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage located in the west of the village to the south of Flaxlands (Flaxlands Farm, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610430 292900).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not reached, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this depth and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 15: Location map of CRO/07/7

The majority of the pottery dates to the Victorian period and was recovered from the upper four contexts of CRO/07/7 and disturbing the underlying deposits. A single sherd of late Saxon Thetford Ware pottery was excavated from context two with an additional nine sherds of Early Medieval Sandy Ware mixed between contexts one and three. Sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware were all excavated in small numbers from the upper two contexts only.

Thetford EMW GRE TGE SS SWSG Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 5 38 1 2 2 5 1100-1900 7 2 1 4 3 8 1 2 1 2 11 27 850-1900 7 3 4 17 3 6 1100-1900 7 4 2 4 1800-1900 Table 7: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/7

As CRO/07/7 was situated in the far west of the village, this whole area appears to be part of the main focus of activity in the late Saxon that continued into the medieval period. At this time however, there was also a small expansion in the east of Carleton Rode and around the current church. There is then a complete gap in activity which most likely lasted until the current house was built in the 17th century, from which time activity on site has been continual through to the present day. Due to the disturbance in the 19th century the finds are also very mixed and include coal, CBM and glass recovered from upper and lower contexts with waste flint and burnt stone. Clay pipe, animal bone, a small round metal lid and even a badminton racket handle were also found and all recovered from the upper four contexts of the test pit.

Test Pit eight (CRO/07/8)

Test pit eight was excavated immediately behind a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse situated on the corner of Rode Lane and Flaxlands in the west of the village (Corner Farm, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610504 293131).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was reached. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 16: Location map of CRO/07/8

The vast majority of the pottery excavated dates to the Victorian period with large numbers of sherds recovered from virtually every context. Additionally, a range of post medieval pottery types were also excavated and include Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire Slipware which were mainly identified from the middle and lower contexts of CRO/07/8. A single sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware was also excavated from context three.

EMW GRE WCS ES SS Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 9 12 1800-1900 8 2 1 1 8 25 1550-1900 8 3 1 10 12 145 1 4 38 97 1100-1900 8 4 1 3 1 15 7 23 1600-1900 8 5 1 1 1550-1750 8 20 1 22 7 29 1550-1900 Table 8: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/8

The majority of the activity on sites dates to the mid-16th century and later which correlates to the construction of the house. Although the house is situated in the west of the village, where there is a greater focus for earlier occupation, the site appears to have had very little activity prior to the 16th century and the sherd of early medieval pot may suggest that the site was open fields rather than evidence of settlement at that time. The finds excavated also suggest more intense post medieval onward occupation with modern tile, CBM, slate, iron nails, modern glass, plastic and animal bone excavated with clay pipe that were also found through all the contexts, including context 20. The presence of burnt stone and waste flint flakes from contexts one and four may also suggest prehistoric activity on site. A feature (context 20) was excavated at 0.5m along the southern edge of the test pit, cut into the natural clay and contained mainly Victorian pottery with a single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware pot. It was potentially a Victorian rubbish dump that had been disturbed by more recent digging as modern tile and glass were also recovered with horse shoe fragments, clay pipe and animal bone.

Test Pit nine (CRO/07/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the large open rear garden of an early 17th century Grade II listed cottage set back from the road in the northwest of the village (Primrose Farm, Hall Road, Carleton Rode. TM 610584 293258).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.56m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large quantity of medieval pottery was Figure 17: Location map of CRO/07/9 excavated from test pit nine and includes Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware that were also identified from every context. Only five sherds of earlier pottery were identified to the late Saxon period and were recovered from the mid-contexts of the test pit. A range of post medieval wares were recovered, the majority of which is Glazed Red Earthenware that was excavated from the upper four contexts, whilst Cistercian Ware and English Stoneware were identified in much small numbers and found in the mid-contexts only. A large number of sherds of Victorian pot was also excavated and only from the upper three contexts of CRO/07/9.

Thetford EMW GRIM CW GRE ES Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 2 9 1 2 4 4 1100-1900 9 2 1 2 6 23 15 21 1100-1900 9 3 3 9 1 7 4 14 9 57 20 45 850-1900 9 4 2 9 16 59 2 6 5 41 1 6 850-1750 9 5 3 47 2 7 1200-1400 9 20 2 12 1100-1400 9 extension 4 23 1 5 5 34 10 64 1100-1900 Table 9: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/9

The large amounts of medieval pottery excavated from CRO/07/9 suggest that there was a lot of activity of site during that time. A beam slot (right) was excavated at a depth of c.0.47m along the western edge of the test pit could potentially date to the late Saxon or to the early medieval period. 12th century pottery was only excavated from the feature but may relate to the demolition of the building during that time. The beam slot measured 0.23m in width but extended beyond the 1m length of the test pit, although its southern end was identified when a 0.5m long extension of Figure 18: The beam slot under excavation the test pit was excavated. The pottery and finds suggest that this site has been occupied continuously through to the present day from the later Saxon period

and consist of CBM, coal, tile, iron, glass, animal bone, clay pipe, a plastic clothes peg, slag and part of a horse shoe found through all five contexts, including the extension. A possible waste flint was also excavated from context five and may suggest prehistoric activity in the area.

Test Pit 10 (CRO/07/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in a small grassed area directly in front of the Primary School building and the main road. The school is situated opposite the church in the far south east of the village (Carleton Rode Primary School, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611468 292451).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Five sherds of pottery were excavated from CRO/0710, all of which date to the Victorian period and suggest that very little activity prior Figure 19: Location map of CRO/07/10 to that time.

Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 10 1 2 4 1800-1900 10 3 3 70 1800-1900 Table 10: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/10

A cobbled surface was excavated at 0.2m that covered the extent of the test pit and was most likely the old playground surface that was present when the school was built in the latter half of the 19th century. The small amounts of finds recovered, consisting of modern glass, coal; CBM and iron nails with animal bone, all from the four contexts, suggest land use related to the school and its construction. Two coins were also excavated from the upper two contexts, both three pence coins and date to 1943 and 1942.

Test Pit 11 (CRO/07/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house along the main road in the eastern half of the village (Briar Cottage, Flaxlands, Carleton Rode. TM 610640 293194).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was recorded. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A range of pottery types were excavated from CRO/07/11, although all of which had been disturbed by Victorian pottery that was recovered from the upper three contexts. Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware were excavated Figure 20: Location map of CRO/07/11 in quite small numbers from contexts two and three. Medieval pottery dominated the assemblage, with the majority of Early Medieval Sandy Ware excavated from context three, although Grimston Ware was also recovered from the first context. A single sherd of Thetford ware was also excavated from context two.

Thetford EMW GRIM GRE SWSG Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 3 2 4 2 2 1100-1900 11 2 1 4 4 22 1 5 4 4 850-1900 11 3 9 44 1 4 2 2 1100-1900 Table 11: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/11

The medieval and late Saxon activity on site appears to be part of the core focus of occupation during that time that was concentrated around the Flaxlands area. Evidence for activity continued on site through to the present day and the majority of the finds and pottery had been disturbed by digging in the 19th century. The modern glass, coal, plastic, CBM and iron nails were mixed with clay pipe, animal bone and burnt stone through the four contexts.

Test Pit 12 (CRO/07/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated in a large enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse, just west of the church boundary in the far south east of the village. It was the western of two pits excavated here; see also CRO/07/3 (Church Farm, Flaxlands Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611419 292535).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was recorded. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

One small sherd of Victorian pottery was excavated from CRO/07/12 in the second context. Figure 21: Location map of CRO/07/12 Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 3 1800-1900 Table 12: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/12

Much like CRO/07/3, very few finds or pottery were excavated from this test pit. A range of small fragments of CBM were mainly excavated with clay pipe, animal bone and a probable metal belt buckle through the upper three contexts of the test pit. These suggest there was activity on site prior to the 19th century, but also more than likely that the domestic rubbish was deposited elsewhere over the garden and farm.

Test Pit 13 (CRO/07/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated in a large open grassed area to the north west of a likely 18th/19th century property and just outside the church boundary in the south east of the village. It was also the southern of two test pits excavated within this property; see also CRO/07/2 (Glebe Farm, Church Road, Carleton Rode).

The record booklet for CRO/07/13 has since been lost so an exact grid reference for the test pit is unknown as are the finished depth of the test pit. Natural was however not found.

A single sherd of post medieval pottery was excavated from context two of CRO/0713. The Staffordshire Manganese Ware dates to the late 17th century.

SMW Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 15 1690-1750 Table 13: The pottery excavated from CRO/07/13

The lack of pottery and finds, as recorded in CRO/07/2, suggests that this land has been open fields for long periods of time and that the main focus of occupation was elsewhere, but probably still close to the site, as some material culture still made it out to the field. The few finds excavated here consist of coal, CBM, modern glass and concrete with scrap metal, all of which were excavated from context two and support evidence for activity on site mainly from the 17th century onwards.

7.2 2008 Excavations

Twelve 1m2 test-pits were dug in Carleton Rode in 2008 on the 2nd – 3rd July, bringing the total excavated over the two years to 25. These were dug by 33 HEFA participants from the Rosemary Musker High School, City of Norwich School and Charles Burrell School (school names correct at the time of participation). New sites were excavated between the 2007 sites that were also still around the two clusters at Flaxlands and the church. An additional test pit was also excavated by the Carleton Rode Local History Group.

Figure 22: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2008 (NB: Test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Test Pit one (CRO/08/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the far north west of the village with a walled side garden to the south of a late 16th - early 17th century Grade II listed farmhouse (Old Hall Farm, Hall Road, Carleton Rode. TM 610676 293641).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not reached at this level but due to time constraints, excavations were halted and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery recovered from CRO/08/1 is Victorian, which were also excavated from the upper four contexts of the test pit. Two sherds of Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware were identified from context four with a further three sherds of post medieval pottery, Glazed Red Earthenware and Figure 23: Location map of CRO/08/1 Staffordshire Manganese Ware mixed in contexts one and three.

GRIM LMT GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1550-1900 1 2 3 7 1800-1900 1 3 1 10 1 1 1550-1900 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 1200-1900 Table 14: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/1

This test pit produced small amounts of both finds and pottery, but suggests continual activity from the medieval through to the present day. The site seems to be part of the expansion of Carleton Rode during the medieval period and also appears to be the limit of activity in the north west of the village. This activity however appeared to continue through the later medieval and did not stop altogether, most probably due to the Black Death and seen in other parts of the village.

Test Pit two (CRO/08/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the north west of the village in the enclosed large rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse. The pit was dug near to the original back door of the oldest part of the house (Blackhall Farm, Hall Road, Carleton Rode. TM 610654 293337).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.67m. Natural was not reached at this level but due to time constraints, excavations were halted and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A range of medieval and post medieval pottery types were excavated from CRO/08/2. Early Figure 24: Location map of CRO/08/2 Medieval Sandy Ware, Hedingham Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware were mixed in contexts one, three and five. The German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were identified from contexts three to six only. Victorian pottery was recovered from all contexts that suggest a lot of disturbance during the 19th century.

EMW HED GRIM LMT GS GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 2 7 5 8 1200-1900 2 2 22 64 1800-1900 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 44 88 1100-1900 2 4 56 114 1800-1900 2 5 2 4 1 5 2 3 2 39 1 4 20 46 1100-1900 2 6 1 5 13 37 1680-1900 Table 15: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/2

Much like CRO/08/1, this site appears to be part of the medieval expansion of Carleton Rode during the medieval period into the north west of the village, which is also seen to continue through the later medieval into the post Black Death. The peak of activity however, was during the 19th century and a lot of modern finds were recovered from every context with coal, iron nails, CBM fragments, modern glass excavated with clay pipe and animal bone.

Test Pit three (CRO/08/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the west of the village in Flaxlands and was sited in the small grassed garden of a modern house (Flaxwell, Flaxlands Road, Carleton Rode. TM 610606 293138).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not reached at this level but due to time constraints, excavations were halted and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 25: Location map of CRO/08/3 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/08/3 dates to the Victorian period that was also excavated from every context. Single large sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were also excavated in the lower contexts of the test pit.

GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 2 3 9 1800-1900 3 3 3 7 1800-1900 3 4 1 39 14 113 1550-1900 3 5 6 48 1800-1900 3 6 1 14 2 4 1680-1900 Table 16: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/3

The modern house on the site of CRO/08/3 is a recent replacement of a row of cottages that fronted the road through the Victorian period. The lack of earlier finds suggest that the land was potentially fields through the post medieval, although the site is in an area populated during the medieval and post medieval periods. The modern finds and Victorian pottery have disturbed all the contexts and include small fragments of building rubble, modern glass, slate, coal and iron nails. A probable metal draw handle was also excavated from context five and a coin possibly dated to 1885 was recovered from context six. A flint cobble floor surface was uncovered at 0.46m is most probably a Victorian yard surface, potentially related to the cottages that previously stood on site.

Figure 26: Cobble surface identified in top right corner of CRO/08/3 © ACA

Test Pit four (CRO/08/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the west of the village and was sited in a large grassed back garden of a modern house situated to the south of Flaxlands (The Owls, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610444 292915).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.6m at which natural was reached. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 27: Location map of CRO/08/4

All the pottery excavated from CRO/08/4 dates to the medieval period with the vast majority of the pottery dating to the early medieval with 26 sherds Early Medieval Sandy Ware excavated through the upper four contexts. Single sherds of Hedingham Ware and Grimston Ware were also excavated in the mid-contexts.

EMW HED GRIM TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 6 1100-1200 4 3 5 19 1 2 1100-1300 4 4 20 101 1 1 1100-1300 Table 17: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/4

The site of CRO/08/4 was also part of the medieval expansion of Carleton Rode from the 12th century into the south western extent of the village. The only evidence for occupation is during the early medieval period and although there is activity in this part of the village during the post medieval and Victorian periods, the site was abandoned potentially around the time of the Black Death. Very few finds were recovered and the tile, iron nails and coal suggest limited activity on site until the current house was built in the 20th century, prior to which the land was used as an orchard. Potential worked waste flints were also excavated and may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit five (CRO/08/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the centre of the village and was sited with the back garden of a probable 19th century or slightly earlier house (The Nest, Greenways Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610934 293165).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/08/5 dates to the 19th century and was also recovered from all contexts excavated. A single small sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware was also identified from context three. Figure 28: Location map of CRO/08/5 GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 2 2 1800-1900 5 2 9 12 1800-1900 5 3 1 3 13 21 1550-1900 5 4 2 2 1800-1900 Table 18: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/5

At the depth excavated the lack of material culture related to the construction of the house is very limited, although clay pipe was recovered from every context. The occupation during the 19th century has greatly disturbed the garden, but there is potentially undisturbed archaeology at a greater depth. The post medieval occupation was an expansion from the late Saxon and medieval activity focused around the church that once stood at the corner of Flaxlands and Greenways Lane and the main road, south of CRO/08/5. The other finds of coal, modern glass, scrap iron and building material are related to the Victorian occupation of the land from the later 18th century.

Test Pit six (CRO/08/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the centre of the village and was sited in the north west corner in the rear garden of a modern semi-detached house (12 Greenways Close, Carleton Rode. TM 610977 293112).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.47m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Two sherds of pottery were only excavated from CRO/08/6. A sherd of German Stoneware and a small sherd of Victorian pot were both recovered Figure 29: Location map of CRO/08/6 from context two.

GS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 2 1 14 1 1 1550-1800 Table 19: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/6

The finds excavated from CRO/08/6 consist mainly of coal and CBM fragments and with the limited pottery, it suggests that the land was open fields until the modern house was built in the middle of the 20th century. The site, being set back from the main road through the village, was not the main focus of occupation until more recent times.

Test Pit seven (CRO/08/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the centre of the village and was sited in the north west corner of the back garden, and set back from the modern semi-detached house (12 Greenways Close, Carleton Rode. TM 610977 293112).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large amount of 19th century pottery was excavated from CRO/08/7 with 88 sherds of Victorian pottery identified from all the contexts. Five sherds of a range of post medieval pot were also recovered, including German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Slipware Figure 30: Location map of CRO/08/7 and Staffordshire Manganese Ware that were mixed between the upper and lower contexts. A single sherd of Grimston Ware pottery was also excavated from context four.

GRIM GS GRE SS MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 18 1 46 65 224 1550-1900 7 3 8 21 1800-1900 7 4 1 11 1 3 12 90 1200-1900 7 5 1 4 1 5 3 3 1650-1900 Table 20: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/7

The presence of medieval pottery in CRO/08/7 may have been from the site being used as open fields rather than for occupation, although undisturbed medieval deposits may remain in the lower levels of the test pit. There is however a definite drop off in activity from the earlier medieval until the start of the post medieval period, which then continues through the Victorian period to the present day. The majority of the finds and the pottery appear to date to these more recent periods with a lot of modern glass, CBM fragments, coal, scrap iron, although clay pipe was also excavated from the upper contexts as well as burnt stone that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit eight (CRO/08/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in a small grassed field north of the 20th century house adjacent to the main road through the village. The test pit was sited in the south west corner of the field, next to the shed and close to the front garden of the cottage (Church View Cottage, Flaxlands Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611022 292985).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was recorded, with a prehistoric ditch. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Four sherds of Late Iron Age pottery were excavated from the feature in the base of CRO/08/8. Two additional sherds of post medieval pottery were also excavated in the Figure 31: Location map of CRO/08/8 upper contexts with Hedingham Ware and Glazed Red Earthenware recorded, but the majority of the pottery excavated dates to the Victorian period with 15 sherds of pottery identified.

LIA HED GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 10 5 13 1550-1900 8 3 1 2 7 9 1200-1900 8 4 4 9 3 6 50BC-1900 Table 21: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/8

A probable Iron Age ditch was excavated in CRO/08/8 that may have potentially been used as a boundary for a settlement or an enclosure. There was evidence that the ditch was kept in use over long periods of time as there is evidence for a recut, but was probably out of use by the Late Iron Age. The feature itself was found to be curving through the test pit, orientated north east – south west and measured 0.6m in width and 0.5m in depth (below). The recut however was at least 1m in width but was shallower at c.0.3m in depth. The finds excavated from the ditch consist of burnt flint and potential waste flint flakes with the later Iron Age pottery excavated from the top of the backfill.

Figure 32: Overhead view (left) and section (right) through the ditch excavated from CR0/08/8 (photographs © ACA)

Very few other finds were excavated from the test pit and include small fragments of coal and CBM with part of a metal hoop that may have been worn at one time. Further analysis would however be needed on this to determine its use and date (figure 32). The site indicates very little activity during the post medieval period, although it was most probably an open field during that time and evidence of earlier occupation may also exist elsewhere with the farm. The occupation appears to peak during the Victorian period, but due to the nature and location of the site, the finds and pottery and Figure 33: Metal hoop fragment from context 4 always few. of CRO/08/8

Test Pit nine (CRO/08/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the large open side garden of a Grade II listed 17th former Church Farmhouse. The test pit was sited south of the house and east of the large pond in the centre of the lawn (Carleton Manor, Flaxlands Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611338 292599).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from CRO/08/9 dates to Figure 34: Location map of CRO/08/9 the 19th century, suggesting very little activity on this part of site until the Victorian period.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 9 2 4 17 1800-1900 9 3 4 23 1800-1900 Table 22: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/9

Although the main part of the house dates to the 17th century, no finds excavated from the test pit support activity on site from that date. It is possible that the disposal of finds took place closer to the house or behind it and away from the large gardens to the south where the test pit was located. Tile and small brick fragments were excavated with modern glass and plastic that all potentially date to more recently, although a large number of burnt stones were also excavated through most of the lower contexts and could suggest prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit 10 (CRO/08/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in a common area Green in the centre of the village, between Flaxlands Road and Greenways Lane. The test pit was sited to the east of the Green away from the two main roads (The Green, Greenways Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610831 293155).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m at which level natural was recorded. A land drain was encountered at 0.4m in the north of the test pit and was left in situ. Excavations were halted at 0.6m and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 35: Location map of CRO/08/10 The pottery excavated from CRO/08/10 yielded four types of medieval pot, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Hedingham Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware found in contexts four to seven only. The Victorian disturbance yielded four sherds of 19th century pottery in the upper contexts only.

EMW HED GRIM LMT VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 2 3 7 1800-1900 10 4 1 2 1 5 1100-1900 10 6 2 4 1 1 2 5 1 2 1100-1550 10 7 2 5 1 4 1100-1300 Table 23: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/10

The site is located centrally in the village and the pottery evidence suggests that it was occupied throughout the medieval period. The lack of evidence dating to the post medieval may relate to that the church was thought to have stood on this Green that was potentially pulled down in the early post medieval period, although there is no evidence to support this theory. The iron nails, slag, CBM fragments were excavated with coal, modern scrap metal and modern coins. Clay pipe was also recovered and suggests limited activity on site during the post medieval period. Small flakes of potential waste flint were also recorded and may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 11 (CRO/08/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house opposite the common area Green where CRO/08/10 was excavated, in the centre of the village (3 Greenways Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610915 293098).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.52m at which natural was recorded. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was Figure 36: Location map of CRO/08/11 recorded and backfilled.

Two sherds of late Saxon pottery were excavated in the lower context of the test pit with a range of medieval pottery types, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware. Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Victorian pottery were also excavated in the middle contexts of CRO/08/11.

THET EMW GRIM LMT GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 1100-1200 11 2 2 11 1 11 2 5 1100-1750 11 3 8 24 1 4 2 2 2 4 1100-1900 11 4 2 6 6 57 1 2 850-1200 Table 24: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/11

Much like CRO/08/10, the location of CRO/08/11 appears to be in the core of the early village. The late Saxon evidence suggests that from test pit excavations so far, CRO/08/11 was the eastern limit of late Saxon activity in Carleton Rode but was the centre throughout the medieval period. The drop off in pottery during the later medieval period may correlate with the general decrease in activity in Carleton Rode at that time that was most probably related to the Black Death. But it did not cease altogether and there is evidence for activity on site through the post medieval and Victorian periods until the current house was built in the later 20th century. The majority of the finds consist of coal and small fragments of CBM with some scrap iron and a woollen sock that were excavated from the disturbed upper contexts of the test pit.

Test Pit 12 (CRO/08/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated on the edge of Carleton Rode Primary School playing field to the north west of the school and close to the main road through the village opposite the church (Carleton Rode Primary School, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611482 292442).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not recorded but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/08/12 dates to the 19th century and was recovered from the middle contexts. A single sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware was also excavated from context three. Figure 37: Location map of CRO/08/12 EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 4 1800-1900 12 3 1 1 5 9 1100-1900 Table 25: The pottery excavated from CRO/08/12

During the medieval period the site, although opposite the church, was potentially used as open fields that continued the same through the post medieval too as only a single fragment of medieval pot and a small section of clay pipe were recovered, both in context three. The land was probably only fully utilised when the Victorian school was built in the latter half of the 19th century. The small amounts of CBM fragments, coal, slate and iron nails excavated suggest land use related to the school, although the seven pieces of slag suggest that industrial works were either undertaken on site or were disposed of prior to the construction of the school.

7.3 2009 Excavations

Nine test-pits were excavated in Carleton Rode in 2009, bringing the total to date to 34. They were dug over two days on the 3rd and 4th June by 21 HEFA participants from Open Academy Norwich and Sewell Park School (school names correct at time of participation). As in the previous years, test pits continued to be excavated in both Flaxlands and around the church but five test pits were excavated on farms in the south of the parish.

Figure 38: Location map for test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2009 (NB: Test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Test Pit one (CRO/09/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of an old 17th/18th century Grade II listed former inn, set back from the road in the west of the village (Plough End, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610420 292843).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and Figure 39: Location map of CRO/09/1 backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from CRO/09/1, the vast majority however dates to the Victorian period and were found through all six contexts of the test pit. The earliest pottery includes single sherds of Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Hedingham Ware, which were all excavated from the lower two contexts. Greater numbers of Late Medieval Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, Cologne Stoneware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were identified from the upper half of the CRO/09/1.

THET EMW HED LMT GS GRE DW WCS MANG VIC TP Cntx No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 6 18 1800-1900 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 2 6 100 374 1400-1900 1 3 4 49 1 5 1 7 53 249 1550-1900 1 4 8 48 5 19 8 95 1 7 2 5 37 88 1400-1900 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 2 900-1800 1 6 1 3 3 6 1100-1900 Table 26: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/1

The small amount of late Saxon and medieval pottery excavated from CRO/09/1 suggests that the site was most likely open fields during this time as it appears to be the southern extent of the core of the later Saxon and medieval activity in Carleton Rode. The increase in activity during the post medieval most probably relates to the construction of the house during that time, with an apparent peak in activity during the 19th and 20th century, most likely relating to the time the property was used as a pub. A large amount of clay pipe was excavated, one with a bowl decorated with skull and crossbones with the words “Death and Glory” underneath (figure 39). This clay pipe example was found with modern finds of concrete, slate, glass, a plastic button, the metal spring from a clothes peg; scrap iron with CBM, blue painted plaster fragments, tile, coal, cockle and oyster shell, slate pencils, iron nails, a small horseshoe and a metal conical Figure 40: ‘Death and Glory’ clay pipe bowl light or candle attachment. Burnt stone and from context 3, CRO/09/1 © ACA possible flint flakes were also identified and may indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit two (CRO/09/2)

Test pit two was excavated to the immediate south of a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse in the far south west of the village (Elm’s Farm, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610846 291482).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from CRO/09/2 dates to after the 17th century with small numbers of English Stoneware, White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and Creamware mixed in with a large Figure 41: Location map of CRO/09/2 number of Victorian sherds.

EST SWSG CR VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 13 41 1800-1900 2 4 7 37 1 8 1 5 37 99 1720-1900 2 5 2 2 1800-1900 Table 27: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/2

The pottery excavated from CRO/09/2 suggests that there was no activity on site prior to the construction of the house during the 17th century. All the finds date to this occupation too and consist of glass, iron nails, scrap iron, CBM, concrete, coal, a safety pin, end of shotgun cartridge, metal buttons, animal bone, a pair of pliers, snail shells and clay pipe. A couple of pieces of slag were also recovered and suggest the presence of metal working on or near site.

Test Pit three (CRO/09/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the narrow and slightly sloping front garden to the north of the old front door and set between the trees of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage (Yew Tree Farm, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610941 291368).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.5m in the eastern half of the pit. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was Figure 42: Location map of CRO/09/3 recorded and backfilled.

The post medieval pottery of both Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware were only recovered from the upper contexts of CRO/09/2. Sherds of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Hedingham Ware, German Stoneware and Glazed Red Earthenware were all identified from the potential building foundations that were excavated in the base of the test pit.

EMW HED GS GRE MANG EST TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 3 1 110 1 3 1680-1750 3 20 1 1 1 33 10 118 1100-1600 3 21 2 2 1 8 3 12 1100-1600 Table 28: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/3

Remnants of a building were identified at 0.4m in depth, which include a potential beam slot along the north eastern edge of the pit, parallel with the road, and a large post hole measuring c.0.4m x 0.4m that was also packed with large flints to the southwest of the beam slot. Also exposed within the test pit was a probable thick clay floor surface (right). Both the beam slot (context 20) and the post hole (context 21) yielded medieval and post medieval pottery, which potentially could relate to the use of the building during the medieval and its subsequent demolition before the current house was built in the 17th century. CBM and burnt CBM were also excavated from contexts 20 and 21 with iron nails, oyster shell, glass, burnt bone and potential waste flint flakes, suggesting that a fire may have Figure 43: Pre-excavation photo of the beam slot (top), destroyed the original building. The rest flint packed post hole (left) and clay floor (right) within of the finds and pottery excavated from CRO/09/3 above the building date to the use of the current building, although they also indicate much more recent disturbance. The finds include a small green plastic army man, a ‘half penny’ coin dated to 1974, glass, tile, CBM, oyster shell, pink plaster, clay pipe, concrete, iron nails, mortar and a modern screw. Burnt stone and flint were also recovered that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit four (CRO/09/4)

Test pit four was excavated on a flat area of lawn behind a Grade II listed 17th century 3-bay barn (now converted into a house) that used to be part of the farm situated immediately to the north (Carleton Barn, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610941 291326).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.4m in the southern half of the pit. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The sherds of Saxon (Thetford Ware) and medieval pottery (Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware) are mainly mixed in with the later post medieval and Victorian sherds in the upper half of Figure 44: Location map of CRO/09/4 CRO/09/4. A few undisturbed layers with Early Medieval Sandy Ware are present in the lower contexts of the test pit. Small amounts of German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were excavated with some Victorian pottery.

THET EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 7 26 1800-1900 4 2 3 5 1800-1900 4 3 2 5 4 6 1 16 1 6 1 4 2 8 2 18 4 11 900-1900 4 4 1 3 1800-1900 4 5 2 5 1100-1200 4 6 1 3 1100-1200 Table 29: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/4

The small amount of late Saxon pottery excavated from CRO/09/4 is evidence for the first time of Saxon activity separate from the core late Saxon settlement around Flaxlands to the north. The pottery recovered also suggests that there was continual activity on site through the medieval to the present day; the land and barn were actually part of the farm next door, until the late 20th century. There has been a lot of recent disturbance on site, potentially relating to the recent conversion of the barn, where modern drain fragments and concrete were recovered through all contexts with CBM, glass, Perspex, coal, tile, metal buttons, iron nails and part of a horse shoe. Three pieces of burnt stone were also recovered from context three and may indicate later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit five (CRO/09/5)

Test pit five was excavated on the south eastern edge of a grassed field and allotments, just north of a Grade II listed 17th/18th century farmhouse set in the far southwest of the village (The Ashes, Ash Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 611148 291200).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not found at this level, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small numbers of pottery were excavated from CRO/09/5; the lowest levels appear to be undisturbed layers dating to the medieval period. Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Figure 45: Location map of CRO/09/5 Grimston Ware were identified with single sherds of Staffordshire Manganese Ware and White Salt-Glazed Stoneware in the upper half of the test pit. Nine sherds of Victorian pottery were also found.

EMW GRIM MANG SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 3 1800-1900 5 2 1 2 1 2 8 33 1100-1900 5 3 2 6 1 1 1 2 1100-1750 5 4 1 9 1300-1350 Table 30: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/5

CRO/09/5 appears to be part of a cluster of high medieval activity in the far south, away from the main village, but was most likely also affected by the Black Death during the later medieval. The small amount of post medieval and later pottery recovered suggests that this site has always been an open field next to the house, rather than an area for settlement. A small number of finds were also excavated including mortar, CBM, slate, glass, tile, concrete, scrap metal including a thin metal cross of metal – possibly used to hold glass in place, a small crushed hand held bell, iron nails and a small piece of slag. A piece of burnt stone was also recovered and may indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit six (CRO/09/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century farmhouse set in the far south of the village. The pit was sited close to the back of the house and set in front of the raised borders (White House Farm, Ash Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 611353 291030).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.57m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A lot of pottery was recovered from CRO/09/6, the majority of which dates to the Victorian period and was found through all five contexts. A Figure 46: Location map of CRO/09/6 wide range of post medieval wares were excavated through the lower half of the test pit and include Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware, ‘Scratch Blue’ ware and Creamware. A small number of Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware were also identified from context five.

THET EMW GRIM GRE DW MANG EST SB CR VIC TP Cntx No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 23 63 1800-1900 6 2 5 36 1 2 37 82 1550-1900 6 3 11 162 1 5 2 40 1 1 3 5 3 19 38 153 1550-1900 6 4 4 23 2 8 1 34 5 6 1550-1900 6 5 3 13 7 16 1 2 1 16 3 12 900-1900 Table 31: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/6

As with CRO/09/4, the late Saxon pottery excavated from CRO/09/6 suggests the possible southern extent of late Saxon activity identified through test pitting in the village, which expanded into the medieval with potentially more intense activity, before a complete drop off during the later medieval. The construction of the current house correlates with a vast increase of activity at the same time, peaking in the 19th and 20th centuries. The finds consist of a mix of tile, concrete, iron nails, CBM, shotgun cartridges, glass, including a glass bead, a slate pencil, coal, cockle and oyster shell, clay pipe, a milk bottle lid, metal button, a glass marble, a fake tooth set in a mouth piece, modern tile and nails and suggest a lot of disturbance on site. A possible flint blade, with a couple of pieces of possible worked flint and burnt stone were also recovered and may indicate later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit seven (CRO/09/7)

Test pit seven was excavated toward the back fence of a modern semi-detached house, set high back from the main road through the centre of the village (7 Flaxlands, Carleton Rode. TM 610944 293085).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.4m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small amounts of early pottery was excavated from CRO/09/7, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Late Medieval Ware and Glazed Red Figure 47: Location map of CRO/09/7 Earthenware that were all mixed through the test pit. The majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period and was also found through the upper three contexts.

EMW LMT GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 1 10 1 2 1550-1900 7 2 1 2 2 16 1400-1900 7 3 2 11 2 12 1100-1900 Table 32: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/7

The small amount of medieval and post medieval pottery excavated from CRO/09/7 suggests that the site was most probably open fields during this time, on the edge of the core medieval settlement around Flaxlands. This activity appears to have slightly increased into the 19th century but there appears to be no evidence for occupation on site until the current house was built in the 20th century. A lot of modern finds were also recovered, including modern tile and drain, a plastic lid, the metal spring from a peg, modern screw, CBM, tile, an empty tube of glue that were found mixed with coal, mortar and clay pipe.

Test Pit eight (CRO/09/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the centre of a flat front garden of a modern house, close to the centre of the village (3 Greenways, Carleton Rode. TM 610898 293093).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/09/8 dates to the medieval period with Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware all found through the middle contexts of the test Figure 48: Location map of CRO/09/8 pit. Small amounts of Glazed Red Earthenware and Victorian pottery were also identified in context two.

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 2 28 2 5 2 9 1100-1900 8 3 13 98 2 51 1100-1300 8 4 4 6 1100-1200 Table 33: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/8

The medieval pottery excavated from CRO/09/8 suggests quite intense occupation on site during the medieval period which may be due to its location opposite the village green where a church may have stood during the later Saxon and medieval periods that was also quite central in the medieval village at Flaxlands. The has thereafter likely remained as open fields until the current house was built in the second half of the 20th century, from which most of the finds appear to date to. These include concrete, CBM, iron nails, tile, glass, mortar with snail shells and a small round stone ball. Three possible pieces of waste flint were also identified and may indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit nine (CRO/09/9)

Test pit nine was excavated along the eastern edge of the school playing field, set behind the school in the east of the village (Carleton Rode Primary School, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611443 292384).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.4m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Only three sherds of pottery were excavated from CRO/09/9. These consist of a single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware and two sherds of Victorian pottery.

GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 3 2 5 1800-1900 9 4 1 22 1550-1600

Table 34: The pottery excavated from CRO/09/9 Figure 49: Location map of CRO/09/9

It appears that CRO/09/9 set back from the road opposite the church has most probably always been open fields that continued even when the school was built during the later 19th century. The finds recovered are mainly quite recent in date and consist of tile, coal, iron nails, clay pipe, a 20 pence coin dated to 1994, glass, plastic, part of a horseshoe and a possible small musket ball.

7.4 2010 Excavations

Two excavations were undertaken in Carleton Rode in 2010, the first of these was over the two days of 19th and 20th May where six test pits were excavated by 20 HEFA participants from Open Academy Norwich, City Academy and the Hewett School (school names correct at the time of participation). The second excavation was over the two days of the 9th and 10th June where a further 10 test pits were excavated by 29 HEFA participants from Rosemary Musker school and the Charles Burrell Humanities School (school names correct at the time of participation). Test pits were also excavated by members of Carleton Rode Local History Group on both excavations and the test pits were spread across the parish.

Figure 50: Location map for the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2010 (NB: test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Test Pit one (CRO/10/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house on a square grassed area of lawn, just beyond the decking and opposite the large garden shed (6 Chapel Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611499 292709).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 51: Location map of CRO/10/1 Single sherds of Roman, Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware were excavated from the upper contexts of CRO/10/1 with five sherds of Victorian pottery.

RB GRE SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 4 57 1800-1900 1 2 1 3 1 12 100-1900 1 3 1 2 1 4 1550-1750 Table 35: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/1

The first evidence for Roman activity in Carleton Rode was identified, through test pitting, from CRO/10/1. The small isolated pottery find however suggests that this area was likely peripheral to more intense Roman occupation close by. The lack of later pottery also suggests that despite its location just north of the church, this site was likely open fields until the current house was built in the late 20th century. The finds however suggest that there was a great deal of disturbance on site, most probably when the current house was built and a lot of both domestic and builders rubbish was deposited into the back garden. There was also evidence of burning within the test pit; there had likely been a bonfire on site at some point. The finds consist of a blue painted metal toy car, fragments of black cloth, plastic, part of a white wrapper, modern tile, a Stella Artois metal bottle cap, glazed tile, scrap metal fragments, CBM and tile, slate, glass, iron nails, partially melted base of a two litre plastic drinks bottle, metal wire, black plastic lid to a spray can, metal screws and bolts, snail and oyster shells, coal, two one penny coins dated to 1916 and 1921 and possible rats nest material. Possible waste flint and burnt stone were both recovered from the lower contexts of the test pit and may indicate later prehistoric activity also on site.

Test Pit two (CRO/10/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the large open rear garden of a modern house set back from the road leading north out of the village past the church (Orchard Cottage, Chapel Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611704 292744).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from CRO/10/2 dates to the 17th century and later, consisting of small numbers of both Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware. The vast majority of the pottery however, dates to the Victorian period and was found mixed through the test pit. Figure 52: Location map of CRO/10/2

SMW EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 1 1800-1900 2 2 2 4 3 18 26 41 1680-1900 2 3 12 51 1800-1900 2 4 7 14 1800-1900 2 5 7 15 1800-1900 Table 36: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/2

The site of CRO/10/2 was originally on Mill Lands and although the date of it is unknown; the pottery suggests that there was limited activity on site from the 17th century with occupation likely from the Victorian period to the present day. A small number of finds were also recovered reflecting the disturbance evident across site and consist of glass, coal, clay pipe, milk bottle tops, tile, iron nails, CBM, an aluminium screw bottle top, metal and plastic buttons, with tiny metal chains and a small horse shoe. Possible pieces of both waste flint and burnt stone were also recovered from the upper half of the test pit and may indicate the presence of later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit three (CRO/10/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the large enclosed rear garden of a 19th century house set on the main turnpike road in the south of the village. The pit was sited outside of the original property boundary along its eastern extent (Chelsea Cottage, The Turnpike, Carleton Rode. TM 611946 291577).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints and the presence of a pipe, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated Figure 53: Location map of CRO/10/3 from CRO/10/3 dates to the Victorian period and was found through all contexts of the test pit. Single sherds of both medieval and post medieval pottery types were also identified, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

EMW GRE WCS SMW EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 1 1 3 6 7 1720-1900 3 2 1 1 1800-1900 3 3 2 4 1800-1900 3 4 1 4 1 3 2 5 1 4 4 17 1100-1900 3 5 3 22 1800-1900 3 6 1 19 3 25 1550-1900 3 7 3 25 1800-1900 Table 37: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/3

The low levels of both high medieval and post medieval activity identified at CRO/10/3 suggest that the site was likely open fields, despite its location along the main road to the south of the village, until the current house was built in the early 19th century when it was also originally used as a wheelwright. The test pit is actually sited outside of the original property boundary but the finds and pottery suggest that it was from the 19th century when occupation became more evident along the main road when this area was also likely used to deposit domestic rubbish well into the 20th century. The finds consist of modern CBM, concrete, coal, tarmac, glass, iron nails and screws, CBM, tile, Perspex, slate, fragment of plastic sheeting, modern screws and nails, a black plastic tie, possible fragments of grey lino, green and cream fragments of modern glazed china tile, part of an orange flavour plastic tic-tac container, the metal spring from a clothes peg, plastic, white twine, mortar, asbestos and clay pipe with three possible pieces of slag and a number of waste flint flakes and burnt stone that may indicate prehistoric activity also on site.

Test Pit four (CRO/10/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the original enclosed front garden of a probable 19th century cottage set back from the main turnpike road in the far south east of the village (Hargate Farm, Bunwell Hill, Carleton Rode. TM 612107 291672).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 54: Location map of CRO/10/4

Small amounts of both medieval and post medieval pottery were excavated from the upper contexts of CRO/10/4, and consist of one or two sherds each of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. The majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period with 15 sherds recovered from test pit four.

EMW GS GRE SMW EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 2 4 1800-1900 4 2 1 9 1 3 1 1 12 113 1550-1900 4 3 2 20 1 2 1680-1750 4 4 1 5 1 5 1 11 1100-1900 Table 38: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/4

Much like CRO/10/3, there is limited activity recorded at CRO/10/4 to date from the high medieval and post medieval periods, suggesting that the site was potentially open fields at that time until the current cottage was built originally as a toll house along the main east- west road. The few later finds and pottery however suggest that the site has not been greatly disturbed – potentially because it was the original front garden, although is now being used as the back garden. The small number of finds recovered consists of clay pipe, CBM, tile, coal, glass, a white plastic wrapper, iron scraps and the centre part of a battery. A single possible piece of waste flint was also recovered from context four and may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit five (CRO/10/5)

Test pit five was excavated on a large flat area of rear garden, between the patio and tennis court to a probable 18th/19th century cottage set in the far south of the village (The Gables, Fen Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611931 291300).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, with a sondage to 0.9m in the north eastern corner. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small number of both Late Saxon and Figure 55: Location map of CRO/10/5 medieval pottery types were excavated from CRO/10/5, consisting of Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Late Medieval Ware and Cistercian Ware. A greater number of post medieval sherds were also identified, with Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, English Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware all identified mixed through the test pit with a large amount of Victorian pottery.

THET EMW GRIM LMT CIST GRE DW EST SMW SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 2 5 1 5 3 15 1 1 12 35 900-1900 5 3 1 2 1 19 8 11 1470-1900 5 4 1 8 1 10 3 7 1 4 1 7 19 109 900-1900 5 5 1 4 5 42 1 2 1 4 20 73 1100-1900 5 6 1 3 1 6 1 22 1 2 2 42 7 7 1400-1900 5 7 1 4 1 2 1 10 6 11 1550-1900 Table 39: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/5

The late Saxon activity identified at CRO/10/5 seems to suggest that the site was potentially a farmstead during the 10th century as scattered late Saxon activity has been identified through test pitting across the southern extent of the village. Occupation continued through the medieval until the current house was built in the 15th century, after which there appears to be an increase in the pottery deposited on site, peaking into the 19th and 20th centuries. A large amount of finds were also recovered and consist of a red and silver small toy plastic sword, modern nails, plastic, coal, CBM, clay pipe, tile, concrete, iron nails and bolts, a slate pencil, iron scraps, oyster shells, glass, asbestos, a metal buckle and two pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit six (CRO/10/6)

Test pit five was excavated in the large rear garden of a probable 19th/20th century cottage set back from the road at Flaxlands in the north west of the village (Sunset Farm, Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610480 293066).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of both Bronze Age and Early Anglo Saxon pottery were both excavated from the lower contexts of CRO/10/6 and mixed in with a large quantity Figure 56: Location map of CRO/10/6 of Late Saxon and medieval pottery, including Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware. Single sherds of post medieval German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware and Staffordshire Slipware were also recovered from the upper contexts of test pit six with a number of Victorian sherds.

BA EMS THET EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE DW SS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 5 1 2 1550-1900 6 2 1 13 5 20 1550-1900 6 3 5 14 7 27 5 12 1 5 1 7 23 86 900-1900 6 4 1 5 3 9 17 62 3 10 1 3 500-1600 6 5 1 1 5 12 3 8 1 1 2 4 2000BC-1550 Table 40: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/6

The first evidence of Bronze Age activity from test pitting in Carleton Rode was excavated from the base of CRO/10/6 and suggests that there was a shift of activity eastwards into the Iron Age, as also identified through test pitting (CRO/08/8). The first evidence for Early Saxon activity through test pitting was also identified in test pit six and may explain why there was a focus of occupation at Flaxlands during the later Saxon period as the area had already been settled 400 years earlier. This quite intense occupation was evident through the Late Saxon and high medieval periods but did diminish into the late medieval, most likely because of the Black Death and after which had very little activity on site and the area may have been used as fields until the current house was built in the later 19th century. A mix of more recent finds were excavated with the later pottery from the upper half of the test pit suggesting a lot of more recent disturbances on site. The finds consist of coal, CBM, tile, iron nails and scraps, glass, concrete, modern tile, clay pipe, a worn coin (date unknown) and a possible fragment of quern stone. A single piece of burnt stone was also recovered that may also be Bronze Age in date.

Test Pit seven (CRO/10/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the enclosed garden to the west of the Grade II listed house, originally built as part of the mill in 1854 in the far north and west of the village (The Steam Mill, Mill Road, Carleton Rode. TM 609837 293323).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.4m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

No pottery was excavated from CRO/10/7.

As no pottery was recovered from CRO/10/7 it suggests that there was little to no activity on site until the mill was built in the 19th century. The finds excavated consist of coal, CBM, Figure 57: Location map of CRO/10/7 metal wire, polystyrene, glass, tile, iron nails and scraps with fragments of plastic and chalk that most probably all relate to the construction of the mill and its subsequent occupation and suggests that there were still disturbances on site well into the 20th century. A possible waste flint core was also identified from context two and may indicate later prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit eight (CRO/10/8)

Test pit eight was excavated on a small patch of grass behind the modern bungalow added to the north of the 17th century farmhouse and just in front of the silo (Upgate Farm, Upgate Street, Carleton Rode. TM 609620 292281).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.48m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/10/8 dates to the Victorian period and was found mixed through the test pit. A small number of both medieval and post medieval sherds were also recovered and consist of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Figure 58: Location map of CRO/10/8 Late Medieval Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware.

EMW GRIM LMT GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 1 3 2 11 10 26 1100-1900 8 2 19 80 1800-1900 8 3 3 6 4 74 1 1 1800-1900 8 4 11 31 1800-1900 8 5 13 40 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 7 1100-1900 Table 41: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/8

Given the large amount of medieval pottery that was excavated from CRO/10/8 it seems likely that there was a farmstead on site during the medieval period, as a number of these isolated farmsteads have been identified throughout the village by the test pitting strategy. The site most likely continued to be utilised after the medieval but perhaps the focus of activity shifted, especially when the current farmhouse was built to the south of the test pit during the 17th century and the focus of rubbish deposition was elsewhere on site. With developments on the property into the 19th and 20th centuries, it is at that time that a great deal of disturbance is recognised on site and a large number of finds were also deposited on and around the test pit area. The finds consist of modern drain fragments, glass, iron nails and bolts, glass, the centre parts of batteries, tile, concrete, CBM, coal, plastic, slate, fragments of scrap iron, tarmac, clay pipe, possible old degraded glass, a number of pieces of slag – suggesting metal working on or close to site and a half penny coin dated to 1907. The presence of a single piece of burnt stone excavated from context two may also indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit nine (CRO/10/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the open rear garden of a Grade II listed probable 17th century farmhouse set in the far south and west of the village (Plum Tree Farm, Upgate Street, Carleton Rode. TM 609690 291727).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.32m, where a clunch wall was identified. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from CRO/10/9, although the vast majority are Victorian in date with over 40 sherds identified. Figure 59: Location map of CRO/10/9 Medieval and post medieval pottery types were also recovered and include Hedingham Ware, Late Medieval Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, English Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

HED LMT GRE WCS EST MANG SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 2 12 2 26 2 3 1 1 13 28 1200-1900 9 2 1 6 11 60 2 9 5 28 32 47 1800-1900 9 4 1 11 1 8 1 1 1550-1900 Table 42: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/9

A possible footing for a clunch wall was identified running diagonally through the test pit on a north-east to south-west orientation and was at least 0.1m in depth, although further excavations would be needed to confirm this. Although no pottery was recovered from either side of the wall, it may date to the medieval period given the small amounts of medieval pottery that were excavated above it, potentially as part of the medieval farmstead that could have been on site before the current farmhouse was built in the 17th century. During the post medieval period there is an increase in the pottery and finds recovered from CRO/10/9 as well as evidence for more disturbance across site, especially during the 19th century and later. The finds consist of tile, CBM, a plastic button, coal, iron nails, glass, the possible end of a bullet, fragments of plastic, clay pipe, iron scraps and a brown plastic toy wheel from a pirate ship.

Test Pit 10 (CRO/10/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in the open front garden of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage that originally fronted the common in the far south of the village, now set well back from the main road (Turnpike Farm West, The Turnpike, Carleton Rode. TM 610342 291018).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which a pipe was found along the western edge of the pit. The rest of the pit was excavated to 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Figure 60: Location map of CRO/10/10 All the pottery excavated from CRO/10/10 dates to the 16th century and later with a number of Glazed Red Earthenware sherds found with Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Slipware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware. The majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period and was found mixed through all the contexts of test pit 10.

GRE WCS SS MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 6 20 1800-1900 10 3 2 6 1 3 7 24 1550-1900 10 4 5 25 2 9 3 4 13 25 1550-1900 10 5 1 8 3 10 1550-1900 10 20 1 7 2 8 1550-1900 Table 43: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/10

Despite the location of CRO/10/10 along the northern edge of the common set in the far south of the village, there is no evidence for any activity on site prior to the 16th century. It was after this time that a number of properties were built along the common edge and the pottery corresponds with this increase in occupation. There is also a lot of disturbance evident on site, more so into the 19th century, which is also most probably when the pipe that was identified towards the base of test pit 10, was originally laid. A large number of finds were also recovered from the upper contexts of the test pit, through which the disturbance seems to be the greatest, and they consist of tile, glass, a possible fragment of plastic or Perspex, CBM, iron nails and scraps, modern bolts and screws, coal, clay pipe and a possible piece of old degraded glass. A number of pieces of burnt stone were also recovered with possible waste flint flakes that may also indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit 11 (CRO/10/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated in the open front garden of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage that originally fronted the common in the far south of the village, now set well back from the main road (Turnpike Farm East, The Turnpike, Carleton Rode. TM 610534 291030).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware was excavated from context five of CRO/10/11, but the rest of the pottery recovered dates to the 16th century and later. Single sherds of German Stoneware, English Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Staffordshire White Salt- Figure 61: Location map of CRO/10/11 Glazed Stoneware were all identified with a number of Glazed Red Earthenware sherds and 20 sherds of Victorian pottery that were found mixed through the test pit.

EMW GS GRE EST MANG SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 2 4 1680-1900 11 2 7 14 1800-1900 11 3 6 18 1 5 1 3 7 9 1550-1900 11 4 1 2 4 37 3 3 1550-1900 11 5 1 1 5 76 1 1 1100-1900 Table 44: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/11

The medieval pottery that was excavated from CRO/10/11 is the first evidence of medieval activity along the common edge so far identified through the test pitting strategy, although it sill suggests that there was no occupation until the current house was built during the 17th century. Also, much like the results from CRO/10/10, there appears to have been the most disturbances evident on site during the 19th century and later with a mix of finds also recovered through the test pit. These consist of tile, CBM, coal, glass, a possible bullet casing, clay pipe, concrete, iron scraps, possible fragments of cream painted plaster, a small decorative metal fixing and fragments of old degraded glass. The presence of a number of pieces of possible waste flint flakes and burnt stone may also indicate prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit 12 (CRO/10/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated in the enclosed garden to the west of a Grade II listed 17th or 18th century cottage, potentially on the edge of the original common and now set well back from the main road in the far south of the village (Lavender Cottage, The Turnpike, Carleton Rode. TM 610560 291073)

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which a pipe was found in the eastern half of the pit. Excavations continued in the western Figure 62: Location map of CRO/10/12 half to 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from CRO/10/12 dates to the 17th century and later with single sherds of Cologne Stoneware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware all recovered. The vast majority of the pottery identified however, dates to the Victorian period, with just over 60 sherds recovered.

WCS EST MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 7 1 6 26 192 1600-1900 12 3 26 69 1800-1900 12 4 4 18 1800-1900 12 5 1 1 5 14 1680-1900 Table 45: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/12

Much like the results from both CRO/10/10 and CRO/10/11 there is little to no evidence for occupation on the edge of the common at CRO/10/12 until the current house was built in the 17th century, although given the small amount of pottery and finds recovered dating to before the 19th century are so few it seems likely that the domestic rubbish was deposited elsewhere on the property. The pipe that was identified through the test pit most likely dates to the 19th century, given the large amount of 19th century disturbance that is evident based on the number of finds and pottery that were mixed through the test pit. The finds recovered consist of asbestos, a metal tent peg, fragments of coppery pipe, concrete, CBM, iron nails and modern screws, iron scraps, the end of a shotgun cartridge, clay pipe, glass, tile, a possible coin/token and a small Nivea Crème tin.

Test Pit 13 (CRO/10/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated in the large enclosed rear garden of originally two perhaps 17th or 18th century cottages, fronting the common and now set far back from the road in the far south of the village (Laurel Cottage, The Turnpike, Carleton Rode. TM 610633 291081).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, with the southern half of the pit taken to 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/10/13 dates to the Victorian period and Figure 63: Location map of CRO/10/13 was found through the upper half of the pit. Single sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware were also identified from the upper contexts of test pit 13.

GRE EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 4 1 3 14 92 1700-1900 13 3 1 10 4 12 1550-1900 13 4 2 4 1800-1900 Table 46: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/13

Again like the finds and pottery excavated from CRO/10/10, CRO/10/11 and CRO/10/12, the results from CRO/10/13 suggest that there was little to no occupation on this edge of the common until the current house was built in the 17th century. The few finds that date from this period also suggest that the majority of the domestic rubbish from that time was deposited elsewhere across site as the majority of the disturbance dates to the 19th century and later. A small number of finds were also excavated and consist of concrete, iron scraps, tile, glass, CBM, iron nails, coal and a possible small piece of burnt stone that may indicate prehistoric activity on site. A small articulated animal was also buried in a circular depression in the south of the test pit; further analysis would be needed on the bones to determine what species of animal was buried here and if cause of death was evident.

Test Pit 14 (CRO/10/14)

Test pit 14 was excavated close to the north west side large open garden of a probable 18th or 19th century cottage set in the far south east of the village (Fen Cottage, Fen Road, Carleton Rode. TM 612070 291067).

Test pit 14 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/10/14 dates to the Victorian period and was found mixed through the six contexts. Three sherds of post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware were also recovered from the base of test pit 14. Figure 64: Location map of CRO/10/14

GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 1 1 1800-1900 14 2 9 46 1800-1900 14 3 9 22 1800-1900 14 4 3 12 1800-1900 14 5 7 120 1800-1900 14 6 2 21 1 1 2 9 1550-1900 Table 47: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/14

The small amounts of post medieval pottery excavated from CRO/10/14 suggest there was limited activity on site until the current house was probably built in the 18th century or later, after which there are higher levels of disturbance evident with a mix of later pottery and finds. The finds consist of iron nails and bolts, coal, CBM, clay pipe, the centre part of a battery, tile, concrete, a clear plastic wrapper, milk bottle tops, slate, the end of a shotgun cartridge, half a metal disc or button and a single piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. A number of pieces of waste flint were also recovered that may also represent later prehistoric activity on site close to the River Tas.

Test Pit 15 (CRO/10/15)

Test pit 15 was excavated in the southern corner of a field to the north of a stream centrally along Rode Lane (Field Eastern side of Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610742 291981).

Test pit 15 was excavated to a depth of 0.2m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware was excavated from CRO/10/15.

GRE Figure 65: Location map of CRO/10/15 TP Context No Wt Date Range 15 2 1 9 1550-1700 Table 48: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/15

The very few finds and pottery that were excavated from CRO/10/15 suggest that the site has likely always been open fields and especially for agriculture since the post medieval period with the single sherd of 16th-17th century pottery and small piece of coal that were both excavated. The single pieces of burnt stone and waste flint that were also recovered from context two may also indicate the presence of later prehistoric activity also on site.

Test Pit 16 (CRO/10/16)

Test pit 16 was excavated in the northern corner of a field to the south of a stream and pond, centrally along Rode Lane (Field Eastern side of Rode Lane, Carleton Rode. TM 610748 291941).

Test pit 16 was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, with the southern half of the pit excavated to 0.6m. Natural was not found, as layer of solid stone was identified. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of medieval Grimston Ware was excavated from the upper contexts of CRO/10/16 with an additional single small sherd of Victorian pottery. Figure 66: Location map of CRO/10/16 GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 16 2 1 3 1800-1900 16 3 1 4 1200-1350 Table 49: The pottery excavated from CRO/10/16

Much like the results of CRO/10/15 just in the next field to the north, the few finds and pottery that were excavated from CRO/10/16 suggest that the site here was likely always open fields and especially used for agriculture from the medieval period onwards. The few finds consist of CBM, coal, snail shells, iron nails and a possible piece of concrete with a small piece of burnt stone that may also indicate later prehistoric activity.

7.5 2011 Excavations

Excavations were undertaken in Carleton Rode over two days on the 23rd and 24th May 2011 by 16 HEFA participants from the Hewett School and Open Academy Norwich (school names correct at the time of participation). Seven 1m2 test-pits were excavated in 2011, bringing the total dug since 2007 to 57. Two of these test pits were excavated by the Carleton Rode Local History Group and the pits were again sited through the parish.

Figure 67: Location map for all the test pits excavated in Carleton Rode in 2011 (NB: test pits not shown to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Test Pit one (CRO/11/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the open front garden of a Grade II Listed 17th century cottage set in the far south west of the village (South Farm, Upgate Street, Carleton Rode. TM 609681 291706).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Seven sherds of pre 19th century pottery were excavated from CRO/11/1, Hedingham Ware, Late Medieval Ware, Cologne Stoneware and English Stoneware and were also found Figure 68: Location map of CRO/11/1 through the upper three contexts. The majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period and sherds recovered from each context.

HED LMT WCS ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 13 1 1 2 2 1200-1900 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 3 1400-1900 1 3 1 2 2 4 1400-1900 1 4 1 2 1800-1900 1 5 1 2 1800-1900 Table 50: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/1

There is evidence for limited medieval activity on site, perhaps it was one of many isolated farmsteads that have been identified through the test pitting strategy in Carleton Rode. After the current house was built in the 17th century there is an evident shift in use of the land as this area became utilised as a garden, with greater disturbances noted into the 19th century as more rubbish is deposited. A number of pieces of slag were excavated from the test pit, suggestive of metal working on site and were mixed in with a number of finds, such as clay pipe, CBM, glass, painted tile, coal, pieces of scrap metal, modern nails, pieces of rubber and tile.

Test Pit two (CRO/11/2)

Test pit two was excavated in a small enclosed grassed area immediately east of a 19th century cottage, set in the far east of the village (Stone Barn Farm, Upgate Street, Carleton Rode. TM 609636 292805).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/11/2 dates to the Victorian period, but a shingle large sherd of 16th century Glazed Red Earthenware was also identified.

Figure 69: Location map of CRO/11/2

GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 3 16 1800-1900 2 3 1 59 7 14 1550-1900 Table 51: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/2

The results of the test pitting in Carleton Rode so far, suggests that the location of CRO/11/2 along the northern end of Upgate Street, has had little activity until the post medieval period, when there is an expansion of occupation in the village to previously unoccupied areas. Few finds were also found with the pottery, the majority dating to the 19th century and later with more recent disturbances. Fragments of foil were recovered with pieces of melted plastic, a marble, a metal button, remains of a tin can, iron nails, tile, fragments of a plastic container and pieces of scrap metal. Three small pieces of slag were also excavated; suggesting metal working was likely taking place close to site, although the size of the fragments suggest they were likely used for manuring and transported in.

Test Pit three (CRO/11/3)

Test pit three was excavated in a grassed paddock immediately east of a probable 17th century cottage, set back from the main road in the far east of the village (Bury’s Hall, Old Buckenham Road, Carleton Rode. TM 609187 293166).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single small sherd of Bronze Age pottery was excavated from CRO/11/3, but this was mixed in with post medieval wares of Glazed Red Earthenware, English Stoneware and a number of Victorian sherds. Figure 70: Location map of CRO/11/3

BA GRE ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 1 1 2 1800-1900 3 2 1 2 4 4 1700-1900 3 3 2 7 1800-1900 3 4 1 2 1 2 8 8 1200BC-1900 Table 52: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/3

This test pit is only one of two so far excavated in Carleton Rode to feature Bronze Age pottery remains, (see also CRO/10/6), both of which were recovered from the north eastern area of the village and with the flints that were also identified from this test pit, scattered Bronze Age occupation is likely in this part of the village. The site seems to have been generally abandoned until the current house was built, although activity is still limited, potentially due to the test pit location outside the original property boundary, until the 19th century, when more disturbances are evident on site. A small amount of finds were also recovered, including glass, CBM, tile, clay pipe, mortar, a possible fragment of vitrified brick and pieces of scrap metal and may have been used as manuring.

Test Pit four (CRO/11/4)

Test pit four was excavated along a patch of grass next to the driveway of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage, set in the far north of the village and north of Flaxlands (Grove Farm, Hunts Green, Carleton Rode. TM 611232 293564).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.5m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from CRO/11/4 dates to the Victorian period, with large numbers recovered through the test pit. A wide range of earlier wares were also recorded but in much smaller numbers and include Early Figure 71: Location map of CRO/11/4 Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Late Medieval Ware, German Stoneware, Cistercian Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Border Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware.

EMW GRIM LMT GS CW GRE BW SMW SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 2 1 2 10 39 1400-1900 4 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 33 116 1500-1900 4 3 6 14 1800-1900 4 4 1 4 1 31 1 4 17 123 1100-1900 4 5 1 1 1 4 15 126 1450-1900 Table 53: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/4

The area of Hunts Green is the furthest north that has been excavated using the test pitting strategy in Carleton Rode and the results suggest that this area was likely utilised as a farmstead from the medieval period, through to the present day and one of many isolated farms identified in the village. A large amount of finds were also recovered, consisting of clay pipe, modern white tile, modern wood, tile, CBM, glass, iron nails, a plastic wrapper, mortar, a plastic bottle stopper, thin metal wire, the central part of a battery, a metal button, pieces of scrap metal, a clear glass bottle stopper, slate and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on site. Fragments of a quern stone were also identified along with both burnt stone and flint pieces that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit five (CRO/11/5)

Test pit five was excavated along the southern edge of a grassed horse paddock, immediately south of a modern house, set in the far south east of the village, just north of Carleton Fen (Kings Acre, Fen Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611816 291269).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.4m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 72: Location map of CRO/11/5

Two small sherds of pottery were only excavated from CRO/11/5 and were found from the upper contexts. They consist of post medieval Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Victorian pottery.

SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 1 1 1680-1750 5 3 1 1 1800-1900 Table 54: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/5

The very few finds and pottery that were excavated from CRO/11/5 suggest that there has always been limited activity on site, but was only started to be utilised into the post medieval period. The finds consist of tile, CBM and clay pipe that may all be from manuring of fields, but the presence of flint flakes may also suggest prehistoric activity in the area.

Test Pit six (CRO/11/6)

Test pit six was excavated close to the centre of a triangular grassed field in the far west of the village. (Field, East of The Turnpike and North of Hargate Farm, Carleton Rode. TM 612202 291806).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from CRO/11/6 dates to the 16th century, as Glazed Red Earthenware.

Figure 73: Location map of CRO/11/6

GRE TP Context No Wt Date Range 6 2 1 6 1550-1600 6 3 1 13 1550-1600 6 5 1 10 1550-1600 Table 55: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/6

Given the few finds and pottery that were identified from CRO/11/6 it seems likely that the site has always been open fields. The fragment of pudding stone quern (pictured) is quite unusual as they are mostly found in Hertfordshire, but does suggest that cereals and grains were perhaps being processed on site and evidence for occupation may lie elsewhere in the field. A large amount of both burnt flint and flint flakes were also recovered and suggest there was prehistoric occupation also on site. The rest of the finds are quite sparse, consisting of glass, clay pipe stem and a thin metal sheet.

Figure 74: Fragment of pudding stone quern from CRO/11/6, context five © ACA

Test Pit seven (CRO/11/7)

Test pit seven was excavated on a small patch of lawn in the front of a modern property that is surrounded by a driveway and set opposite the church to the south (Curacoa, Church Road, Carleton Rode. TM 611506 292436).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was excavated from CRO/11/7, which was also mixed in with Late Medieval Ware and early post medieval Glazed Red Earthenwares. A single small sherd of Victorian pottery was also identified.

Figure 75: Location map of CRO/11/7

RB LMT GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 100-1900 7 4 1 4 3 23 1400-1600 7 5 7 37 1550-1600 7 6 1 2 1400-1550 Table 56: The pottery excavated from CRO/11/7

The Roman pottery that was excavated from CRO/11/7 is only one of two test pits excavated in Carleton Rode to produce evidence for Roman occupation (see also CRO/10/1). Both of these pits are around the church, which suggests that this area was likely utilised as the site of small isolated Roman farmstead. Despite its location opposite the church there is limited post Roman use on site with a focus of activity between the 15th and 17th centuries, perhaps relating to work on the church that was recorded at this time, before being abandoned again for use as fields until the current house was built in the 20th century. A mix of finds were also recovered from the test pit, consisting of a bent metal ring, fragments of plastic, clay pipe, glass, tile, CBM, slate, coal, a metal peg, snail shell and pieces of scrap metal. An additional two pieces of slag were also identified, suggesting metal working on or close to site, again perhaps related to work on the church. Pieces of worked flint may also suggest prehistoric activity on site.

8 Discussion

The test pitting in Carleton Rode has contributed to the wider understanding of the history and archaeology of the parish as well as in the wider context within south Norfolk. As pottery can be accurately dated, often within one hundred years or so and is the one of the most frequent finds excavated from the test pitting, it has been utilised as the main source of dating the occupation and activity identified during the test pit excavations and will be discussed in historic order below.

8.1 Prehistoric

Roughly half of the excavated test pits yielded possible worked flint and although for this level of reporting it has not been analysed by a specialist, the general form of the flint means that the majority likely date to the Neolithic and later, although of course earlier dated flints cannot be discounted. The distribution of these worked flints can be seen below with worked flints found from 27 of the test pits.

Figure 76: The presence of possible worked flint from the Carleton Rode test pits (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

There does not appear to be any significant pattern to the distribution of the worked flint suggesting that the likely later prehistoric activity was widespread along the higher ground just north of Carleton Fen in the south of the parish. The rest of the worked flint was found above 60m OD in the north of the parish, with the exception of CRO/10/15, where the flint was found close to the spring of the River Tas. The division of the finds may perhaps represent seasonal camps utilised mainly in the south during summer and on the higher ground in the north during winter, all of which were also on the south facing slopes. The distribution of burnt stone, most likely dating as Bronze Age in date, as seen in figure 77 below, follows a very similar distribution pattern as the worked flint and was found from 24 of the test pits. Some of these sites of burnt stone were also found with the worked flint and some were found without any flint working evidence. Two sherds of Bronze Age pottery were also found from two test pits, CRO/10/6 and CRO/11/3, both of which were in the northwest of the village and one (CRO/10/6) also contained one piece of burnt stone and one quern stone fragment, although the date of the latter is not known. A fragment of undated Hertfordshire pudding stone was also excavated from CRO/11/6 and although the date is again unknown it could be either prehistoric or Romano-British in date but shows that both cereals and grains were being processed in this part of the parish, likely related to a nearby farmstead.

Figure 77: The presence of burnt stone from the Carleton Rode test pits (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

Further analysis is needed on the flint work from Carleton Rode to determine the date range of the finds and to see if the seasonal activity theory mentioned above is accurate, or are we seeing hunter gatherer Mesolithic activity with then a shift to more settled activity into

the Neolithic, clearing the woodland and utilising the lighter soils of south Norfolk for agriculture. Given the importance of the rivers as transport and communication networks, a settlement at the source of the River Tas may have been a strategic position for any prehistoric tribe.

The definitely dated Bronze Age (two sherds) and Iron Age (four sherds) pottery were all found in the north of the parish and north of the River Tas spring, potentially suggesting that this may have been the drier ground from the 3rd century BC. The only prehistoric archaeological feature excavated from the test pits was the presence of a slightly curving east-west ditch, dated to the Late Iron Age that was found in CRO/08/8. It most likely however had much earlier origins, potentially from the Bronze Age, given the presence of both worked flint (although these would still need to be dated) and a large amount of burnt stone that were found within the ditch backfill. There was evidence for a recut, likely during the Iron Age that had then been completely backfilled by the later Iron Age, with the Late Iron Age Belgic pottery sherds excavated from the very upper levels of the ditch. Within the confines of a 1m2 test pit, the exact function of the ditch cannot be accurately determined but it may have been a boundary ditch for a settlement or enclosure running roughly parallel with the contour of the land on the edge of the higher ground. This site would also have been part of the tribal lands of the Iceni tribe who controlled Norfolk and north Suffolk, where small settlements scattered through the landscape would have been the norm. Further excavations would certainly be needed in this area of Carleton Rode to determine the full extent of the Iron Age activity here and also if there is any settlement evidence.

8.2 Romano-British

The location of Carleton Rode was sited a distance west of the major known Roman road in south Norfolk, the A140 that was known as Pye Road. This linked the administrative centre at Caistor St Edmund, known as Venta Icenorum and located just south of Norwich also on the River Tas, south to Colchester (Camulodunum). This administrative centre would have controlled all the land that once belonged to the Iceni tribe during the later Iron Age and it is probably the location of Carleton Rode at the source of the River Tas and the good local soils that would have made this part of south Norfolk an attractive place to settle during the Roman period. A possible Roman road has also been suggested to be evident along the parish boundary with New Buckenham, but without excavation it is not sure if this is actually part of the medieval deer park boundary or an earlier road.

Extensive evidence for Romano-British occupation has however already been identified on the HER through the parish although a cluster was identified in the south around Hargate. From the test pitting however, two sherds of Roman Greyware pottery were only excavated from CRO/10/1 and CRO/11/7, both of these test pits were sited around the current church. It is possible that the lack of Romano-British finds from the test pitting is due to the later disturbances as the village developed from the Anglo Saxon period or that the development of Carleton Rode as a settlement was deliberately chosen to be away from the remains of any Romano-British areas of occupation. This theory is generally supported by the majority of Roman finds that were found through fieldwalking and metal detecting on the now many open fields through the parish, but further work would be needed within the extent of the current settlement to also support this concept.

8.3 Anglo Saxon

As recorded on the HER some of supposed Romano-British settlement sites that were found through metal detecting and fieldwalking mentioned above, also yielded further evidence for settlement into the Early Anglo Saxon period. One of these areas would have been on Rode Lane, close with the crossroads at Flaxlands, as one sherd of Early Anglo Saxon pottery was excavated from CRO/10/6. Settlement may have dwindled slightly through the Middle Anglo Saxon, the handful of metal detected finds dating to this period, the only proof of continual activity in the parish.

During the Late Anglo Saxon period both population size and density began to increase again and it has been recorded that south Norfolk in particular had a higher population than most of the rest of Norfolk, being one of the most densely settled areas in East Anglia, particularly along the river valleys, including the River Tas21. There was not a distinct rise of Late Anglo Saxon finds recorded on the HER, but there was an increase in the amount of Late Saxon pottery found, which was supported by the finds from the test pitting, where 35 sherds of Late Saxon Thetford Ware pottery were recorded from 10 of the test pits (1.5% of all the pottery excavated from the test pitting in Carleton Rode). As most of the metal detected and field walked finds were found outside the core of the village, the test pit excavations within current property boundaries has enabled the distribution of this Late Saxon pottery to be recorded as some of the original settlement sites of the village. Seven of the test pits yielding Thetford Ware pottery were found in the northwest of the village, along the northern extent of Rode Lane and the cross roads with Flaxlands, extending slightly east. It is likely that Rode Lane was established as a routeway from the later Saxon period that became further developed and well-travelled into the medieval period as a pilgrim route to Wymondham Abbey.

Three sites in the south of the parish also yielded Late Saxon pottery (CRO/09/4, CRO/09/6 and CRO/10/5) that were also on this routeway as well as being close to the River Tas. These most likely represent either isolated farmsteads or together part of a small hamlet just north of Carleton Fen.

No Late Saxon pottery was found from around the church, despite the fact that it is widely believed that the current church of All Saints was sited on the same position as the original Middle/Late Saxon one. The location of the second church mentioned in the Domesday Book is unknown, but presumably may be sited in the Flaxlands area given the cluster of Late Saxon pottery that was identified through the test pitting strategy. The lack of Late Anglo Saxon pottery from around the church may be because it just was not found in the time available, although six of the 13 test pits excavated around the church were excavated to natural; so it may be that the focus of Late Saxon activity was not along the current road layout, perhaps even to the north or east of the church, rather than to the south and west as it is today. Further work would be needed to establish if there is a link between the settlement and All Saints church during the Late Anglo Saxon period or did the occupation around the church develop from the medieval period onwards.

8.4 Medieval

The high medieval pottery (dating between AD 1066 and 1399) that was excavated from the Carleton Rode test pits increased greatly compared to the Late Saxon wares recorded. A total of 313 sherds of high medieval pottery were found from 32 of the test pits, equating

21 www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/planning/3143.asp (Accessed October 2016)

to 13.4% of all the pottery found. The distribution of these sherds had its greatest focus again around Flaxlands and the northern half of Rode Lane, both along the major routeway to Wymondham and along the eastern edge of the common. Activity continued at the three known Late Anglo Saxon sites in the south of the parish as well, which also expanded to include a number of new locations along the routeway and then common edge in the south of the parish. A map of the common edge superimposed over the test pit locations can be seen in figure 76 on the next page. This activity also extended east to Hargate as well as west to Upgate Street, both of which would have also been on the edges of commons during the medieval period. For the first time in the test pitting, high medieval pottery was also excavated from around the church, although only at two sites: CRO/07/4 and CRO/08/12 and in small quantities, as well as to the north of Flaxlands at Hunts Green; the green part of the name from the open green that a small hamlet or cluster of farmsteads were built around. The vast majority of the focus of occupation during the high medieval was around Flaxlands and seems to have been the core of the village at that time. When the settlement was thriving however it is still not known as to why the second church recoded in the Domesday Book went out of use in this apparently thriving settlement.

There was a severe drop in the amount of pottery excavated from the test pits that date as late medieval (AD 1400 to 1539), with only 43 sherds of pottery excavated from 15 of the test pits (accounting for only 1.84% of all the pottery excavated). The most likely cause of this is due to the Black Death that swept the country during the 14th century and would have severely affected population levels at that time, forcing the partial or complete abandonment of many settlements. When looking at the pottery distribution for the late medieval pottery, it is still appearing in the core areas of settlement already identified as being in existence from the Late Anglo Saxon period onwards; such as at Flaxlands, in the far south of the parish, along the common edge on Upgate Street and even around the church, although this was still minimal, with again only two sites yielding late medieval pottery here.

Additional likely medieval features were also recorded through three of the test pits; in CRO/07/9 a beam slot was excavated just south of the current 17th century house and was also found to be at right angles to it. A large amount of high medieval pottery was found from the backfill and so suggests a 12th century date for a structure here that may also have been originally orientated parallel to and fronting the edge of the common; its eastern extent reaching Hall Road. It seems most likely that the site was abandoned around the time of the Black Death as no later medieval pottery was excavated from the test pit, the site either left derelict or was torn down. When it was replaced in the 17th century, the orientation of the house was changed to be side onto the road, most likely relating to the loss of the common land

A second beam slot was excavated with a large post hole and floor surface at CRO/09/3 in the far south of Rode Lane. The beam slot was parallel and closer to the road than the current 17th century farmhouse so certainly points to an earlier structure on site, likely 12th or 13th century in date given that high medieval pottery was found from both the beam slot and post hole. The post hole was large and packed with big flints suggesting that it would have originally held a large post, most likely structural, and a compact thick clay floor surface was also identified that would have been internal to the building. This site was also likely abandoned by the late medieval as no pottery was found of this period, potentially due to the Black Death, but there finds excavated also hint that there may have been a fire on site as both burnt CBM and fragments of bone were both excavated. The fire may have been deliberate to aid in the demolition of the building with the presence of post medieval pottery also excavated from both features suggest that the original structure was still at least partially standing and had to be cleared prior to the construction of the current house .

Figure 78: Extent of the common edge (in red) overlain with the Carleton Rode test pit locations (NB test pits are not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2018. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

A possible footing for a clunch wall that was identified running diagonally through CRO/10/9 was most likely on a north-east to south-west orientation, so certainly predating the current 17th century house and may originally have been part of a structure or boundary along the edge of the common. Medieval pottery was only found above the wall, no pottery was excavated from either side, and so further work would certainly be needed here to determine the extent and use of this feature.

8.5 Post Medieval and later

A large amount of post medieval pottery was excavated from 47 of the Carleton Rode test pits, a total of 336 sherds and 14.4% of all the pottery identified. This rise in pottery is recorded at the same time as a rise in the general population and industry of the region, including improvements in agriculture, transport and trade links (the type of work in the village have already been recorded in trade directories and mentioned in section 6.1 above).

The distribution of these post medieval finds are a lot more widespread than previously recorded and reflect the changes of the topography of the village, including the enclosure act which divided up the common land and new roads (including those that were also

turnpiked). New occupation has been recorded from test pits on old common land, particularly in the west of the parish, but as well as building plots slightly closer to the new roads on what was previously common land. Occupation and activity increased in areas that were already settled from the medieval period, with growth noted at Flaxlands, around the church and along The Turnpike road running east-west in the south of the parish.

Only a small amount of imported pottery was excavated from the test pits, three quarters of that came from Germany as German Stonewares and Cologne Stonewares (24 sherds) and an additional six sherds of pottery were identified as Delft Ware from the Netherlands. Only 1.28% of all the pottery excavated was foreign. Delft Ware was also produced in Britain from about AD 1600 onwards and Norwich was the first place of production, so it is perhaps surprising that more of this type of pottery was not excavated in Carleton Rode, given the proximity of the village to Norwich. It is possible that there was just not a great demand for foreign wares or styles for residents at that time and with no market in Carleton Rode access to foreign trade would have been perhaps limited to the larger towns of the day, the smaller, more local markets dealing with domestic pottery wares; although those that were found originated from across England.

Additional post medieval finds, particularly in the form of musket balls, gun flints and sword belt mounts, the majority of which were already found on the HER, also hint at perhaps more turbulent times for the region. These may either date from around the time of the Civil War or perhaps subsequent wars with the continent. Further work would be needed on these finds to fully determine their relationship with wider and general historical events of that time.

Pottery dated as ‘Victorian’ was the most frequently found through the majority of the test pits (49 out of 57 pits yielded 1,597 sherds of pot), accounting for just over 68% of all the pottery identified from the Carleton Rode test pits. The increase in activity through the test pits first noted from the post medieval period continued into the 19th century in the layout of the village that is still seen today. There were no identified imported or high status wares, but only one test pit yielded three sherds of ‘Scratch Blue’ ware pottery (CRO/09/6 along Ash Lane in the south of the parish) that would have made up a bowl for drinking tea, to copy the Chinese and was in fashion in this country during the second half of the 18th to the early 19th century. This may hint that the residents at this property at that time were quite well-to-do, keeping up with the latest trends as well as gaining access to these wares.

9 Conclusion

The 57 test pits that were excavated over a four-year period in the village of Carleton Rode in south Norfolk, as part of the University of Cambridge’s Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) and in conjunction with the Carleton Rode Local History Group, have yielded archaeological evidence for settlement in the parish dating from the prehistoric period through to the 19th century. All the test pit results have added to the ‘bigger picture’ of Carleton Rode and beyond and also providing a new insight into the level of archaeological remains that are still present under the current village. Of the 57 test pits that were excavated, a total of 29 were excavated to natural in the time available and with the range of finds that excavated shows the level of detail that can be obtained from a currently occupied rural settlement with the minimal of disturbance.

The excavations in Carleton Rode have yielded a range of archaeological evidence, the majority of which compliments what is already known on the local HER. The quite widespread distribution of both worked flints and burnt stone point toward most likely later prehistoric activity in the parish, both alongside the northern banks of the River Tas as well as on the higher ground where the current village is sited. The presence of an Iron Age ditch is however one of the first prehistoric features to be found in Carleton Rode and although further excavation would be needed beyond the 1m2 test pit, it may well be part of a boundary or enclosure that was in use until the Late Iron Age. The Romano-British evidence for activity from the test pits is minimal, with the majority of the indications of settlement from both metal detecting and fieldwalking on the remaining open areas of the parish, any Romano-British activity may have been destroyed by the modern village or that the areas where the Anglo Saxon settlement was focused is away from any previous Romano-British occupation.

Within these identified areas of Roman settlement there has been evidence for continual use of the sites through the Early Anglo Saxon period as well that was also reflected with a few finds of Early Saxon pottery from the test pitting. The village of Carleton Rode however developed from the Late Anglo Saxon period with five landowners recorded post Conquest in the Domesday Book, with a focus of occupation around Flaxlands as well as more isolated settlements or farmsteads in the south of the parish close to river and fen. This pattern continued into the high medieval period, including for the first time activity recorded from around All Saints church as well along the edge of the common that surrounded the majority of the village and led to the general dispersed nature of the settlement. At least two medieval structures were also recorded at two locations, most likely pre-dating the farmhouses that currently occupy the sites. The Black Death in the 14th century most likely affected the population of Carleton Rode to a great extent as there is a sharp decline in the amount of late medieval pottery excavated from the test pits, compared to the high medieval. South Norfolk was densely settled from the 16th century onwards, which was also reflected in the amount of post medieval pottery identified from the test pits, and the settlement also continued to expand into what was common land. Imported pottery was rare and no high status wares were identified at all from the excavations.

10 Acknowledgements

The test pit excavations in Carleton Rode were directed by Carenza Lewis with on-site supervision provided by Catherine Collins, Dan Auckett, Natalie White, Clemency Cooper, Jessica Rippengal, Sarah Jordan, David Page, Robert Gardner-Sharp and Paul Blinkhorn, who also analysed all the pottery. The Higher Education Field Academy was funded by Aim Higher Essex and the European Social Fund, managed by Lorraine Sturman with additional funding provided from the Higher Education Funding Council for England.

Our local coordinator in the village was Pat Graham who also found all the test pit sites for excavation beforehand and very kindly consulted on this report. The village hall was our base for each year.

Thanks must also go to all the property owners in Carleton Rode who volunteered their gardens and fields for excavation and to all the 155 students and staff who dug and supervised the test pitting and student ambassadors from the University of East Anglia in Norwich. The nine Norfolk schools involved with the excavations were Acle High School, Attleborough High School, Old Buckenham High School, Rosemary Musker High School, City of Norwich School, Charles Burrell School, Open Academy Norwich, Sewell Park School and the Hewett School (names were correct at the time of the excavations).

11 References

Aston, M. A. and Gerrard, C. 1999. ‘Unique, traditional and charming: the Shapwick Project, Somerset’ The Antiquaries Journal, 79, 1-58

Batcock, N 1991. The Ruined and Disused Churches of Norfolk. East Anglian Report No. 51. Dereham: Norfolk Archaeological Unit and Museums Service

Beresford, M. W. 1954. The Lost Villages of England. London

Beresford, M. W. and Hurst, J.G. 1971. Deserted Medieval Villages. London

Dallas, P.A.W 2013. Elite Landscapes in Late Medieval and Early Modern East Anglia: Families, Residences and the Development of Exclusivity. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis for the University of East Anglia, School of History.

Gerrard, C. 2003. Medieval Archaeology: understanding traditions and contemporary approaches. London

Graham, P 2007. History of All Saints’ Church, Carleton Rode, Norwich. Unpublished booklet available for purchase in All Saints church, Carleton Rode

Holt-Wilson, T 1998. The East Anglian Hemp Industry – An Introduction. In Rogers, D. A (ed) A Plant of Contention: An Exhibition illustrating the history of Hemp: Catalogue. University of Essex

Hoskins, W. G. 1955. The Making of the English Landscape. London

Jones, R and Page, M. 2007. Medieval Villages, Beginning and Ends. Windgather Press

Lewis, C. 2005. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2005’, MSRG Annual Report 20, 9-16

Lewis, C. 2006. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2006’, MSRG Annual Report 21, 37-44

Lewis, C. 2007a. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2007’, MSRG Annual Report 22, 48-56

Lewis, C. 2007b. ‘New Avenues for the Investigation of Currently Occupied Medieval Rural Settlement – Preliminary Observations from the Higher Education Field Academy’. Medieval Archaeology 51, 131-161

Lewis, C. 2008. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2008’, MSRG Annual Report 23, 60-68

Lewis, C. 2009. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2009’, MSRG Annual Report 24, 43-58

Lewis, C. 2012. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2011’, MSRG Annual Report 27, 42-56

Lewis, C. 2013. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2012’, MSRG Annual Report 28, 77-89

Lewis, C., Mitchell Fox, P., and Dyer, C. C. 2001. Village, Hamlet and Field. Macclesfield: Windgather

Mills, A.D 2003. Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names. Oxford: University Press

Nightingale, P 2000. ‘Trade, Urban Hinterlands and Market Integration c.1300-1600’. In Galloway, G. A (Ed) Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series No.3, pp88-301. London (accessed on www.history.ac.uk/bookshop/files/Trade-Urban-Hinterlands-Nightingale.pdf)

Roberts, B. K. 1987. The Making of the English Village. Harlow

Roberts, B. K. and Wrathmell, S. 2000. An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England. London

Roberts, B. K. and Wrathmell, S. 2003. Region and Place. London

Williams, A. and Martin, G.H. (eds). 2003. Domesday Book: A Complete Translation, Volume III Little Domesday and Index of Places. London, Folio Society

12 Appendices

12.1 Pottery Reports – Paul Blinkhorn

12.1.1 Pottery Types

BA: Bronze Age. Simple, hand-made pots with large amounts of flint mixed in with the clay. Dates to around 1200 – 800 BC

LIA: ‘Belgic’. So-called because it was originally thought to have been made by members of an Iron Age people called the Belgae who were thought to have fled from France to Britain when the Romans invaded. It is the first prehistoric pottery to have been thrown on a proper potter’s wheel and fired in a kiln rather than a bonfire. Was used between about 50BC and AD50.

RB: Roman Grey Ware. Roman pottery, made in many different places in Britain. Many different types of vessels were made, especially cooking pots. 1st - 4th century.

EMS: Early Anglo-Saxon. Crude pottery made by the pagan Anglo-Saxons. Was first made after the Roman pottery industries ceased production after the legions withdrew. Most people probably made their own pottery of this type, dug from clay close to where they lived and fired in bonfires. Most pots were plain, simple forms such as jars and bowls, but some, usually used as cremation urns, were decorated with stamps and scored linear patterns. First made around AD450, very rare after AD700.

THET: Thetford ware. So-called because archaeologists first found it in Thetford, but the first place to make it was Ipswich, around AD850. Potters first began to make it in Thetford sometime around AD925, and carried on until around AD1100. Many kilns are known from the town. It was made in Norwich from about AD1000, and soon after at many of the main towns in England at that time. The pots are usually grey, and the clay has lots of tiny grains of sand in it, making the surface feel a little like fine sandpaper. Most pots were simple jars, but very large storage pots over 1m high were also made, along with jugs, bowls and lamps. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England as far north as Lincoln and as far south as London.

EMW: Early Medieval Sandy Ware: AD1100-1400. Hard fabric with plentiful quartz temper. Manufactured at a wide range of generally unknown sites all over eastern England. Mostly cooking pots, but bowls and occasionally jugs also known.

GRIM: Grimston Ware. Made at Grimston, near King’s Lynn. It was made from a sandy clay similar with a slight ‘sandpaper’ texture. The clay is usually a dark bluish-grey colour, sometimes with a light-coloured buff or orange inner surface. It was made between about AD1080 and 1400. All sorts of different pots were made, but the most common finds are jugs, which usually have a slightly dull green glaze on the outer surface. Between AD1300 and 1400, the potters made very ornate jugs, with painted designs in a reddish brown clay, and sometimes attached models of knights in armour or grotesque faces to the outside of the pots. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England. A lot of Grimston ware has been found in Norway, as there is very little clay in that country, and they had to import their pottery. Nearly half the medieval pottery found in Norway was made at Grimston, and was shipped there from King’s Lynn.

HED: Hedingham Ware: Late 12th – 14th century. Fine orange/red glazed pottery, made at Sible Hedingham in Essex. The surfaces of the sherds have a sparkly appearance due to there being large quantities of mica, a glassy mineral, in the clay. Pots usually glazed jugs.

LMT: Late Medieval Ware: Hard, red pottery with lots of sand mixed in with the clay. Made from about 1400 – 1550 in lots of different places in East Anglia. Used for everyday pottery such as jugs and large bowls, and also large pots (‘cisterns’) for brewing beer.

CW: Cistercian Ware: Made between AD1475 and 1700. So-called because it was first found during the excavation of Cistercian monasteries, but not made by monks. A number of different places are known to have been making this pottery, particularly in the north of England and the midlands. The pottery is very thin-walled and hard, as they were made in the first coal-fired pottery kilns, which reached much higher temperatures than the wood- fired types of the medieval period. The clay fabric is usually brick red or purple, and the pots covered with a dark brown- or purplish-black glaze on both surfaces. The main type of pot was small drinking cups with up to six handles, known as ‘tygs’. They were sometimes decorated with painted dots and other designs in yellow clay. Cistercian ware was very popular, and is found all over England.

GS: German Stonewares. First made around AD1450, and still made today. Made at lots of places along the river Rhine in Germany, such as Cologne, Siegburg and Frechen. Very hard grey clay fabric, with the outer surface of the pot often having a mottled brown glaze, with some having blue and purple painted decoration, and others moulded medallions (‘prunts’) with coat-of-arms or mythical scenes on them. The most common vessel type was the mug, used in taverns in Britain and all over the world. Surviving records from the port of London (‘port books’) show that millions such pots were brought in by boat from Germany from around AD1500 onwards.

GRE: Glazed Red Earthenwares: Just about everywhere in Britain began to make and use this type of pottery from about AD1550 onwards, and it was still being made in the 19th century. The clay fabric is usually very smooth, and a brick red colour. Lots of different types of pots were made, particularly very large bowls, cooking pots and cauldrons. Almost all of them have shiny, good-quality orange or green glaze on the inner surface, and sometimes on the outside as well. From about AD1680, black glaze was also used.

BW: Border Ware. Fine, white, slightly sandy fabric, made on the Surry/Hampshire border near London. Large range of different everyday vessel types, from simple pots through to candlesticks and money-boxes, usually with a yellow or bright green glaze. Dated 1550 – 1750 in London.

TGE/DW: Delft Ware. The first white glazed pottery to be made in Britain. Called Delft ware because of the fame of the potteries at Delft in Holland which first made it in Europe, although it was invented in the Middle East. Soft, cream coloured fabric with a thick white glaze, often with painted designs in blue, purple and yellow. First made in Britain in Norwich around AD1600, and continued in use until the 19th century. The 17th century pots were expensive table wares such as dishes or bowls, but by the 19th century, better types of pottery was being made, and it was considered very cheap and the main types of pot were such as chamber pots and ointment jars.

WCS: Cologne Stoneware. Hard, grey pottery made in the Rhineland region of Germany from around 1600 onwards. Usually has lots of ornate moulded decoration, often with blue and purple painted details. Still made today, mainly as tourist souvenirs.

SS: Staffordshire Slipware. Made between about AD1640 and 1750. This was the first pottery to be made in moulds in Britain since Roman times. The clay fabric is usually a pale buff colour, and the main product was flat dishes and plates, but cups were also made. These are usually decorated with thin brown stripes and a yellow glaze, or yellow stripes and a brown glaze.

SMW: Staffordshire Manganese Ware, late 17th – 18th century. Made from a fine, buff- coloured clay, with the pots usually covered with a mottled purple and brown glaze, which was coloured by the addition of powdered manganese. A wide range of different types of pots were made, but mugs and chamber pots are particularly common.

ES: English Stoneware: Very hard, grey fabric with white and/or brown surfaces. First made in Britain at the end of the 17th century, became very common in the 18th and 19th century, particularly for mineral water or ink bottles and beer jars.

SWSG: Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. Hard, white pottery with a white glaze with a texture like orange peel. Made between 1720 and 1780, pots usually table wares such as tea bowls, tankards and plates.

SB: ‘Scratch Blue’ ware. 1750 – 1820. A quite rare version of SWSG, which has designs scratched into the clay and coloured blue. Pots mainly small bowls for drinking tea in Chinese fashion, which was the fashion at the time.

CR: Creamware. This was the first pottery to be made which resembles modern ‘china’. It was invented by Wedgewood, who made it famous by making dinner surfaces for some of the royal families of Europe. Made between 1740 and 1880, it was a pale cream-coloured ware with a clear glaze, and softer than bone china. There were lots of different types of pots which we would still recognise today: cups, saucers, plates, soup bowls etc. In the 19th century, it was considered to be poor quality as better types of pottery were being made, so it was often painted with multi-coloured designs to try and make it more popular.

VIC: ‘Victorian’. A wide range of different types of pottery, particularly the cups, plates and bowls with blue decoration which are still used today. First made around AD1800.

12.1.2 2007 Results

No. = number of sherds Wt. = weight of sherds in grams Test Pit 1

GRE TGE Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 2 13 26 1550-1900 1 2 1 12 2 4 1550-1900 1 3 1 13 1 2 7 9 1550-1900 1 4 2 5 3 18 1550-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to the post-medieval period, but shows that there have been people living at the site since 1550.

Test Pit 2

Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 2 3 3 10 1800-1900

This test-pit produced very little pottery, and it is all Victorian. It shows that the site was not really used by people until the 19th century.

Test Pit 3

GS Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 3 5 1 24 1500-1700

This test-pit only produced one sherd of pottery, but it dates to around the end of the medieval period. It shows that people were here at that time, but were probably not living here as there is so little pot.

Test Pit 4

EMW GRE Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 5 1100-1400 4 2 16 24 1800-1900 4 3 1 4 7 23 1550-1900 4 4 1 13 1 1 1550-1900

Most of the pottery from this test-pit dates to Victorian times, but there is a single small sherd of medieval pot and two pieces of early post-medieval ware. It suggests that the site may have been fields from around 1100 until the 19th century.

Test Pit 5

EMW Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 11 25 1800-1900 5 2 39 59 1800-1900 5 3 21 52 1800-1900 5 4 3 14 1800-1900 5 5 1 4 1100-1400

Most of the pottery from this test-pit dates to Victorian times, but there is a single small sherd of medieval pot. It suggests that the site may have been fields here around 1100, but that the site was not really used by people until the 19th century.

Test Pit 6

This test pit produced lots of pottery, and shows that people must have been living here between 1100 and 1600. The sherds of Thetford ware may be late Saxon in date, but such pottery was used during the first 50 years of the medieval period, and may date to that time. There is no pottery dating to between 1600 and 1800, and suggests that there was no-one living there then.

Test Pit 7

This test-pit produced a range of pottery which suggests that there was two separate periods of occupation here. The first was during the late Saxon and early medieval periods, and then again from about 1550 to the present.

Test Pit 8

This test-pit produced a lot of post-medieval pottery, and shows that people have been living at the site since 1550. There is also a single piece of medieval pottery, so the area may have been fields at that time.

Test Pit 9

This test-pit produced a very large quantity of medieval pottery, as well as late Saxon and later wares, and shows that the site has been continuously occupied for around 1000 years. The building foundation slot produced only pottery which dates to the 12th century, so the building which it supported probably dates to that time. It could even date to the late Saxon period, with the pottery getting into the slot when the building was demolished.

Test Pit 10

Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 10 1 2 4 1800-1900 10 3 3 70 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, which shows that the site was not really used by people until the 19th century.

Test Pit 11

Thetford EMW GRIM GRE SWSG Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 3 2 4 2 2 1100-1900 11 2 1 4 4 22 1 5 4 4 850-1900 11 3 9 44 1 4 2 2 1100-1900

The range of different pottery types from this test pit show that the site has been used by people for around 1000 years. There is quite a lot of medieval pot from the deepest contexts, which suggests it is likely that people were living here at that time, and that there may be undisturbed archaeological deposits at the site.

Test Pit 12

Victorian Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 3 1800-1900

Only one piece of pottery was found in this test-pit, and it is Victorian, which shows that the site was not really used by people until the 19th century.

Test Pit 13

SMW Test Pit Context No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 15 1690-1750

This test-pit only produced one sherd of pottery, but it dates to the late 17th century, and shows that there were people here at that time. It is unlikely that they lived here though, and it was probably fields.

12.1.3 2008 Results

No. = number of sherds Wt. = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

GRIM LMT GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 1550-1900 1 2 3 7 1800-1900 1 3 1 10 1 1 1550-1900 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 1 1200-1900

This test-pit only produced small amounts of pottery, but there is enough to show that people starting using the site around AD1200, and probably carried on fro then to the present day.

Test Pit 2

This test-pit produced a lot of pottery, and whilst most of it is Victorian, there was also quite a lot of other different type there. They show that people have been living on the site from around AD1100 until the present day.

Test Pit 3

GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 2 3 9 1800-1900 3 3 3 7 1800-1900 3 4 1 39 14 113 1550-1900 3 5 6 48 1800-1900 3 6 1 14 2 4 1680-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to after the medieval period, and most of it is Victorian. There are some earlier types, and the pieces are quite large, so the site has probably been occupied from around AD1550 to the present.

100

Test Pit 4

EMW HED GRIM TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 6 1100-1200 4 3 5 19 1 2 1100-1300 4 4 20 101 1 1 1100-1300 4 5 2 6 1200-1300

All the pottery from this site is medieval. It shows that there were people living here in the 12th and 13th centuries, but also that the site was abandoned soon after that time, and nobody lived here again until the new house was built.

Test Pit 5

GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 2 2 1800-1900 5 2 9 12 1800-1900 5 3 1 3 13 21 1550-1900 5 4 2 2 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to after the medieval period, and most of it is Victorian. The site was probably only used as fields before that time.

Test Pit 6

GS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 2 1 14 1 1 1550-1800

This test pit only produced two pieces of pottery, but one of them dates to the 16th century. It seems most likely that the site was probably fields until the present houses were built.

Test Pit 7

GRIM GS GRE SS MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 18 1 46 65 224 1550-1900 7 3 8 21 1800-1900 7 4 1 11 1 3 12 90 1200-1900 7 5 1 4 1 5 3 3 1650-1900

This test-pit produced a range of different pottery types, although most of it was Victorian. The single piece of medieval pottery shows that people used the site at that time, but there appears to have been very little activity until the 16th century.

101

Test Pit 8

LIA HED GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 10 5 13 1550-1900 8 3 1 2 7 9 1200-1900 8 4 4 9 3 6 50BC-1900

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but there a few pieces of late Iron Age or early Roman material present, showing that the site was used at that time. After that, it appears to have been largely unused until the 19th century, although the single small piece of medieval pottery suggests it may have then been fields.

Test Pit 9

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 9 2 4 17 1800-1900 9 3 4 23 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit was Victorian, which suggests that there was very little human activity there before the 19th century.

Test Pit 10

EMW HED GRIM LMT VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 2 3 7 1800-1900 10 4 1 2 1 5 1100-1900 10 6 2 4 1 1 2 5 1 2 1100-1550 10 7 2 5 1 4 1100-1300

The range of pottery form this test-pit shows that the site was occupied throughout the medieval period, from about AD1100 – 1500. It appears to have been abandoned after then, until the 19th century.

Test Pit 11

THET EMW GRIM LMT GRE MANG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 1100-1200 11 2 2 11 1 11 2 5 1100-1750 11 3 8 24 1 4 2 2 2 4 1100-1900 11 4 3 8 12 71 1 2 850-1200 11 5 1 1 2 2 850-1200

This test-pit produced a wide range of pottery, and shows that people have been living here more or less continuously from late Saxon times until the present day.

102

Test Pit 12

EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 4 1800-1900 12 3 1 1 5 9 1100-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit was Victorian, apart from a small sherd of medieval material. It shows that there were people using the site at that time, but then it appears to have been abandoned until the present day.

103

12.1.4 2009 Results

No. = number of sherds Wt. = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

This test pit produced a lot of pottery, with many different types present. They show that the site has been used by people since the late Saxon period, although there is not much pottery dating to before 1400, so it may have been fields then. Since then it looks as if people have been continuously living here.

Test Pit 2

EST SWSG CR VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 13 41 1800-1900 2 4 7 37 1 8 1 5 37 99 1720-1900 2 5 2 2 1800-1900

The pottery from this site shows that people were not using the site very much, if at all, before 1700, but have been living here ever since.

Test Pit 3

EMW HED GS GRE MANG EST TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 3 1 110 1 3 1680-1750 3 20 1 1 1 33 10 118 1100-1600 3 21 2 2 1 8 3 12 1100-1600

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were using the site in the early medieval period, probably between about 1100 and 1300. After that, it was abandoned until the second half of the 16th century, and there has been people here ever since, although no pottery was deposited after about 1750.

104

Test Pit 4

THET EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 7 26 1800-1900 4 2 3 5 1800-1900 4 3 2 5 4 6 1 16 1 6 1 4 2 8 2 18 4 11 900-1900 4 4 1 3 1800-1900 4 5 2 5 1100-1200 4 6 1 3 1100-1200

This test-pit produced pottery which shows that people have been using this site probably continuously since late Saxon times. The deepest two contexts produced only medieval pottery, and are probably undisturbed medieval layers.

Test Pit 5

EMW GRIM MANG SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 3 1800-1900 5 2 1 2 1 2 8 33 1100-1900 5 3 2 6 1 1 1 2 1100-1750 5 4 1 9 1300-1350

This test-pit did not produce a lot of pottery, but that which was found shows that people were using the site in the medieval period, probably between 1100 and 1350, but then very little use was made of it until about 1700. It may have always been a field. The deepest context produced only medieval pottery, and is probably an undisturbed medieval layer.

Test Pit 6

This test-pit produced a lot of pottery, and even though most of it is Victorian, the rest shows that there were people living here in the early part of the medieval period, between about 1100 and 1300. It then seems to have been abandoned until around 1500, after which time people have lived here.

105

Test Pit 7

EMW LMT GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 1 10 1 2 1550-1900 7 2 1 2 2 16 1400-1900 7 3 2 11 2 12 1100-1900

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people were using the site, although not necessarily living on it, for most of the medieval period and into the later 16th century. It then seems to have been abandoned until Victorian times.

Test Pit 8

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 2 28 2 5 2 9 1100-1900 8 3 13 98 2 51 1100-1300 8 4 4 6 1100-1200

The pottery from this site shows that people were living here during medieval times, probably during the 12th and 13th centuries. It then seems to have been more or less completely abandoned, apart from a few small sherds dating to the post-medieval period, when it may have been used as fields. The deepest two contexts produced only medieval pottery, and are probably undisturbed medieval layers.

Test Pit 9

GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 3 2 5 1800-1900 9 4 1 22 1550-1600

The pottery from this test-pit shows that the site has been used by people from around 1550, but it was probably fields for most of that time.

106

12.1.5 2010 Results

No. = number of sherds Wt. = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

RB GRE SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 4 57 1800-1900 1 2 1 3 1 12 100-1900 1 3 1 2 1 4 1550-1750

The pottery from this test pit all dated to 1550 or later apart from a single small piece of Roman material. It was perhaps fields in the Roman period, and then abandoned and not used again until the post-medieval period.

Test Pit 2

SMW EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 1 1800-1900 2 2 2 4 3 18 26 41 1680-1900 2 3 12 51 1800-1900 2 4 7 14 1800-1900 2 5 7 15 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to 1680 or later, and so it is very unlikely that the site was used by people before that time.

Test Pit 3

This test-pit produced a fairly wide range of pottery. There is a single piece of medieval pottery, so people were using the site at that time, but it may have been abandoned in the 14th century, and then not used again until the 16th century, and has been in use ever since.

107

Test Pit 4

EMW GS GRE SMW EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 2 4 1800-1900 4 2 1 9 1 3 1 1 12 113 1550-1900 4 3 2 20 1 2 1680-1750 4 4 1 5 1 5 1 11 1100-1900

Test Pit 5

This test-pit pit produced lots of pottery and many different types. It would appear that people first lived at the site in the 10th century, and have been using it ever since.

Test Pit 6

This test-pit pit produced lots of pottery and many different types. It would appear that people used the site in the prehistoric period, and also in Early Saxon times. The of the wares indicate that the site was then settled in the 10th century, and people have been living there ever since.

Test Pit 7

No pottery was excavated from CRO/10/7

108

Test Pit 8

EMW GRIM LMT GRE EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 1 3 2 11 10 26 1100-1900 8 2 19 80 1800-1900 8 3 3 6 4 74 1 1 1800-1900 8 4 11 31 1800-1900 8 5 13 40 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 7 1100-1900

This test-pit produced large amounts of early medieval pottery, showing that people were living at the site in the 12th and 13th centuries. There is very little pottery dating to the 15th and later, until the 19th century, so it may be that people were using the site, but not living there, during that time.

Test Pit 9

HED LMT GRE WCS EST MANG SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 2 12 2 26 2 3 1 1 13 28 1200-1900 9 2 1 6 11 60 2 9 5 28 32 47 1800-1900 9 4 1 11 1 8 1 1 1550-1900

The range of pottery types at this site shows that people have been using it continuously since the 13th century, although they may not have been living there until the mid-late 16th century.

Test Pit 10

GRE WCS SS MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 6 20 1800-1900 10 3 2 6 1 3 7 24 1550-1900 10 4 5 25 2 9 3 4 13 25 1550-1900 10 5 1 8 3 10 1550-1900 10 20 1 7 2 8 1550-1900

This test-pit did not produce any pottery dating to before the mid-16th century, so it seems unlikely that people were using the site before that time. They appear to have been living there since then, although most of the pottery is Victorian.

109

Test Pit 11

EMW GS GRE EST MANG SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 2 4 1680-1900 11 2 7 14 1800-1900 11 3 6 18 1 5 1 3 7 9 1550-1900 11 4 1 2 4 37 3 3 1550-1900 11 5 1 1 5 76 1 1 1100-1900

There is only one small piece of pottery dating to before the 16th century, so people were probably using the site at that time, but not living there. The amount of later pottery suggests that the site was settled around AD1550, and has been ever since.

Test Pit 12

WCS EST MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1 7 1 6 26 192 1600-1900 12 3 26 69 1800-1900 12 4 4 18 1800-1900 12 5 1 1 5 14 1680-1900

This test-pit did not produce any pottery dating to before the 17th century, so it seems unlikely that people were using the site before that time. They appear to have been living there since then, although most of the pottery is Victorian.

Test Pit 13

GRE EST SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 4 1 3 14 92 1700-1900 13 3 1 10 4 12 1550-1900 13 4 2 4 1800-1900

110

Test Pit 14

GRE EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 1 1 1800-1900 14 2 9 46 1800-1900 14 3 9 22 1800-1900 14 4 3 12 1800-1900 14 5 7 120 1800-1900 14 6 2 21 1 1 2 9 1550-1900

Test Pit 15

GRE TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 15 2 1 9 1550-1700

This test-pit produced only one sherd of pottery, but it is of 16th or 17th century date, and shows that people were using the site at that time.

Test Pit 16

GRIM VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 16 2 1 3 1800-1900 16 3 1 4 1200-1350

This test-pit produced only two sherds of pottery, but one is of 13th or 14th century date, and shows that people were using the site at that time.

111

12.1.6 2011 Results

No. = number of sherds Wt. = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

HED LMT WCS ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 2 13 1 1 2 2 1200-1900 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 3 1400-1900 1 3 1 2 2 4 1400-1900 1 4 1 2 1800-1900 1 5 1 2 1800-1900

The pottery from this test-pit shows that there were people using the site in the medieval period from about 1200-1500, but it was then largely unused until the 19th century.

Test Pit 2

GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 3 16 1800-1900 2 3 1 59 7 14 1550-1900

Nearly all the pottery from this test-pit was Victorian, which suggests that people did not really use the site before the 19th century, although the single piece of GRE shows that the site was in use for a while in the 16th or 17th centuries.

Test Pit 3

BA GRE ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 1 1 2 1800-1900 3 2 1 2 4 4 1700-1900 3 3 2 7 1800-1900 3 4 1 2 1 2 8 8 1200BC-1900

This test-pit did not produce very much pottery dating to before the 19th century, although a single small piece of Bronze Age pot was found, which along with the group of flints found in the pit, shows people were probably living on the site in prehistoric times.

112

Test Pit 4

Most of the pot from this site was Victorian, but there are small amounts of lots of other types, which show that the site has been continuously in use since the beginning of the medieval period, around AD1100.

Test Pit 5

SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 1 1 1680-1750 5 3 1 1 1800-1900

The fact that so little pottery was found at this pit shows that the site has never been used by people other than perhaps as fields.

Test Pit 6

GRE TP Context No Wt Date Range 6 2 1 6 1550-1600 6 3 1 13 1550-1600 6 5 1 10 1550-1600

The pottery from this pit is all GRE, and shows that people have not really used the site apart from as a field, although the flints and stone from the pit shows that there were people living here in prehistoric times..

Test Pit 7

RB LMT GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 100-1900 7 4 1 4 3 23 1400-1600 7 5 7 37 1550-1600 7 6 1 2 1400-1550

The pottery from this site shows that people were using it in Roman times, but then it was abandoned until the late medieval and early post-medieval period, perhaps AD1400 -1600. It then appears to have been abandoned until more recently.

113

12.2 Other Finds – Catherine Collins and Roberta Fulton

12.2.1 2007 Finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery)

iron nails x3 = 27g, metal CBM x13 = 108g, plate to fix around a key coal x19 = clay pipe stem x1 = modern red C. 1 hole = 10g, slag x1 = 9g, 17g, waste 1g, modern tile x2 = plastic lid = 8g new penny coin dated to flint? x1 = 1g 24g 1973 = 3g

modern tile x4 = clear container glass animal bone x6 C. 2 iron nails x3 = 15g coal x5 = 10g 71g, CBM x4 = 151g x2 = 2g = 32g

CBM x7 = 279g, clear container glass C.3 modern CBM x2 = coal x3 = 6g x3 = 17g 39g

modern tile x3 = animal bone x1 C.4 iron nail x1 = 7g coal x1 =2g 183g, CBM x1 = 43g =2g

Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/1

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 2 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

waste flint x2 = battery or cartridge C. 1 9g casing? x1 = 4g

waste flint x1 = C. 2 CBM x1 = 279g 1g slate x1 = 4g, dark green bottle animal bone x1 C.3 waste flint? x1 glass x1 = 6g =23g =6g Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/2

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) waste flint? x1 = C. 1 CBM x1 = 22g twisted wire = 1g 116g animal bone x1 = C. 2 CBM x5 = 43g metal wire = 3g coal x1 = 28g 8g

C.3 CBM x6 =34g charcoal x6 =2g

Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/3

114

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working animal bone x1 = C. 1 CBM x8 = 57g iron nail x1 = 2g coal x1 = <1g 2g clear window glass C. 2 CBM x6 = 18g slate x4 = 17g x1 = 2g slate x2 = 9g, dark green bottle coal x1 = 10g, mortar x1 = 3g, C.3 CBM x3 = 101g iron nails x1 = 8g glass x1 = 3g waste flint x1 = animal bone x4 =3g 3g

coal x1 = 1g, animal bone x 251 C.4 CBM x2 = 15g iron nails x4 = 36g burnt stone x1 = = 157g, bone button

7g = 1g C.5 snail shells x2 =2g

Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/4

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) animal bone C. 1 CBM x2 = 6g iron bolt x1 = 200g coal x6 = 16g x1 = 19g

dark green bottle glass x3 = 9g, light iron nails x 3 = 29g, concrete x1 = C. 2 CBM x8 = 85g green bottle glass x1 coal x6 = 10g scrap iron x1 = 28g 102g = 6g, clear container glass x2 = 4g

iron nails x1 = 17g, half animal bone C.3 CBM x3 = 26g penny coin dated to coal x1 = 7g x1 = 1g 1903 = 6g

CBM x2 = 12g, clay small perfectly pipe stem x1 = 1g, small metal valve? = C.4 round stone clay pipe bowl 2g ball = 4g fragment x1 = <1g

snail shell x1 C.5 iron nail x1 = 10g coal x2 = 2g = 12g, animal

bone x1 = 2g Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/5

115

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) C. 1 CBM x3 = 29g iron nail x1 = 5g

clear container glass x3 iron nails x6 = 19g, CBM x 29 = 386g, charcoal x2 = = 17g, clear window iron bolt head x1 = C. 2 modern CBM x9 = coal x7 = 78g 6g, concrete x1 glass x2 = 4g, light blue 63g, scrap iron x1 = 125g = 56g glass bottle neck = 10g 89g

CBM x4 = 64g, iron nails x3 = 12g, modern CBM x1 = animal bone x4 C.3 scrap iron x2 = 48g, coal x1 = 8g 21g, clay pipe stem = 27g strips of iron x3 = 71g x3 = 12g C.4 CBM x2 = 27g iron nail x1 =3g coal x4 =7g

snail shell x1 C.5 CBM x1 = 2g iron nails x2 = 6g coal x1 =<1g =9g Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/6

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 7 working pottery)

animal bone x8 = 86g, foil clay pipe stem x1 milk bottle lid = <1g, C. 1 = 3g, CBM x10 = iron nails x4 = 18g coal x6 = 9g concrete x8 = 111g,

120g plastic wire outer tubing = 6g, plastic buttons x2 = 2g

clear container glass x4 = 5g, green glazed coal x10 = badminton racket handle container glass x1 = 10g, burnt x1 = 20g, concrete x2 = C. 2 CBM x4 = 16g 2g, clear glass stone x1 = 11g, animal bone x2 = fragment of bottle 7g, waste 15g, burnt bone x2 = 4g neck = 4g, clear flint x1 =1g window glass x1 = <1g

coal x9 white Perspex x1 =1g, clear container glass iron nails x2 =32g, =10g, burnt oyster shell fragment x1 = C.3 CBM x10 =23g x2 =3g metal lid =5g stone x2 = <1g, animal bone x1 = 1 = 13g 2g, burnt bone x1 = 2g coal x9 = clear container glass 12g, burnt C.4 CBM x2 = 30g white Perspex x1 = <1g x3 = 2g stone x1 =1g Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/7

116

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) burnt stone x1 C. 1 modern tile x3 = 23g concrete x1 = 206g = 18g

animal bone x6 = modern tile x2 = 13g, dark green bottle 41g, fragments of CBM x4 = 66g, clay glass x1 = 6g, clear iron nails x2 = 7g, C. 2 pink plastic x3 = 1g, pipe bowl fragment window glass x3 = iron rod = 65g fragment of plastic x1 = 1g 4g comb = 1g

animal bone x6 = clear container thin metal token = 27g, fragment of CBM x17 = 364g, glass x2 = 6g, clear 1g, iron nails x8 = blue plastic x1 = clay pipe stem x4 = window glass x3 = C.3 47g, twisted wire x2 coal x1 = 3g <1g, fragment of 8g, modern tile x1 = 5g, dark green = 3g, scrap iron x1 pink plastic x2 = 10g container glass x1 = = 14g <1g, white Perspex <1g x1 = 2g

modern tile x 5 = 57g, waste flint x1 = animal bone x4 = C.4 iron nails x5 = 28g CBM x6 = 110g 2g 23g

clear container glass x1 = 10g, modern tile x2 = 24g, clear window glass horse shoe animal bone x1 = C.20 clay pipe stem x1 = x1 = <1g, orange fragments x2 = 31g 3g 2g container glass x1 = 2g Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/8

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 9 working pottery) CBM x18 = 120g, clear container scrap iron x1 = 85g, C. 1 modern tile x1 = coal x6 = 17g animal bone x2 = 12g glass x6 = 27g iron nails x3 = 14g 11g

scrap iron x1 = 24g, modern yellow plastic clay pipe stem x3 dark green bottle iron nails x7 = 78g, clothes peg = 3g, = 4g, CBM x8 = glass x1 = 5g, clear part of a horse shoe C. 2 coal x 4 = 16g modern plastic 211g, modern window glass x 3 = = 40g, metal fixing wrapping = 1g, animal CBM x 6 = 37g 11g (perhaps part of a bone x6 = 11g lock) = 51g

clear container clay pipe stem x6 iron nails x5 = 47g, glass x6 = 15g , coal x10 = C.3 = 13g, CBM x18 = slag x2 = 21g, small animal bone x3 =2g dark green bottle 42g 145g metal token = 4g glass x1 = 26g slag x1 = 11g, iron C.4 CBM x5 = 167g coal x2 = 8g animal bone x1 =<1g nails x1 = 4g coal x5 = 3g, possible C.5 CBM x4 = 13g animal bone x1 = 4g waste flint x1 = <1g Context CBM x7 = 104g iron nails x4 = 46g coal x2 = 11g animal bone x55 = 71g Extension Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/9

117

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery) iron nail x1 = 7g, three clear container C. 1 CBM x2 = 23g pence coin dating to coal x3 = 8g glass x1 = 10g 1943 = 6g CBM x5 = 33g, three pence coin dating animal bone x1 = C. 2 fragment of ceramic to 1942 = 7g, iron nails slate x1 =4g 25g, modern lino x2

tube = 1g x4 = 11g = 2g slate? x6 = bone x1 = 3g C.4 28g (possible human) Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

plastic x1 = 2g, clear container coal x6 = 7g, animal bone x1 = C. 1 CBM x8 = 39g iron nails x8 = 22g glass x3 = 2g slate x1 = 1g 2g, snail shells x2 = 1g

CBM x13 = 36g, orange bottle glass iron nails x7 = 40g, half animal bone x14 = C. 2 clay pipe stem x3 coal x21 = 35g x1 = 2g a horse shoe = 43g 69g, foil x1 =<1g = 4g clay pipe stem x1 animal bone x7 = C.3 = 2g, CBM x8 = iron nail x1 = 10g coal x2 = 1g 7g 11g

coal x1 = <1g, animal bone x1 = C.4 burnt stone x3 7g = 61g

Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/11

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery)

CBM x14 = 313g, clay oyster shell x1 = C. 1 pipe stem x1 = 4g 6g

C. 2 CBM x8 = 232g

animal bone x1 = C.3 metal belt buckle? = 52g 41g Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/12

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery) light green scrap metal x1 = 7g, coal x2 = C. 2 CBM x2 = 32g container glass x1 concrete x1 = 103g metal fixing = 6g 24g = 3g Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/07/13

118

12.2.2 2008 Finds

Metal & Test Ceramic (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other Pit 1 pottery) working red CBM fragments x2 = clear container slate x1 = 4g, coal white plastic C. 1 17g, lay pipe stem x1 = <1g glass x1 = 3g x2 = <1g cap = 3g waste flint x1 = dark green bottle scrap iron x1 = 17g, coal x1 = C. 2 red CBM fragments x7 = 40g glass x1= 2g 45g <1g, burnt stone x1 =2g red flat tile fragments x4 = 61g, red CBM fragments x8 lump of iron = 25g, C.3 coal x2 = <1g = 42g, yellow CBM iron nails x1 = 2g fragments x1 = 16g

clay pipe stem x3 = 15g, clay pipe bowl fragment x1 = 5g, red flat tile fragments x2 = oyster shell 71g (handmade), flat red tile x1 = 7g, C.4 iron nails x5 = 50g coal x4 = 8g fragments x1 = 50g (not animal bone handmade), red CBM x1 = 2g fragments x5 =52, small square red flat tile = 8g

red CBM fragments x2 = 5g, oyster shell C.5 fragment of flat red tile (black iron nails x1 = 5g x4 = 23g through the centre) = 28g

Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/1

119

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery) clay pipe stem x1 = dark blue glass C. 1 slag x1 = <1g coal x3 = 11g 1g lump = 1g

red CBM fragments metal button with black plastic button = x6 = 21g, clear window decoration, lid of an <1g, black plastic orange/red glass x2 = 4g, C. 2 aluminium can = 2g, coal x9 = 17g unknown object = ‘corrugated’ effect clear container fragments of iron nails <1g, fragments of on one side tile glass x1 = 6g x1 =1g oyster shell x1 = <1g fragments x3 = 21g

red CBM fragments coal x11 = clear container modern black plastic x7 = 22g, clay pipe slag? x1 = 8g, scrap iron 24g, waste glass x1 = 8g, tubing with copper cap C.3 stem x3 = 7g, x2 = 9g, iron nails x2 = flint x3 = 14g, clear window = <1g, animal bone x2 yellow CBM 13g burnt stone glass x1 = 4g = 6g fragments x5 = 13g x3 = 16g

iron nails x2 = 30g, part clear container of a thin aluminium/tin clay pipe stem x7 = coal x2 = 3g, corner of modern glass x2 = 10g, can? = 1g, thin small C.4 17g, red CBM waste flint plastic food wrapper clear window band of modern metal fragments x1 = 4g flakes x3 =8g =<1g glass x1 = 1g folded over (use unknown) = 2g

red CBM fragments light green bottle slag x1 = 9g, iron nails coal x16 = C.5 x4 = 20g, yellow tile animal bone x1 =<1g glass x2 = <1g x2 =21g 26g fragments x1 = 7g

clay pipe stem x1 = orange bottle 1g, fragments of animal bone tooth glass x1 = 7g, C.6 yellow tile x1 = 32g, iron nails x1 = 7g coal x7 = 9g =4g, snail shell x1 = light green bottle red CBM fragments 2g glass x1 = 4g x1 = 6g Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/2

120

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 3 working pottery) slate x1 = red CBM fragments x2 = clear window C. 1 16g, coal x1 10g glass x1 = 8g = 3g iron nails x2 = 4g, clear container thin metal bottle cap light blue Perspex red CBM fragments x9 = glass x2 = 6g, slate x1 = 2g, C. 2 = <1g, flat metal disc = <1g, snail shell 39g clear window coal x3 = 7g with hole in centre = x1 = 2g glass x1 = 2g 4g

red CBM fragments x4 = 49g, rim of red ‘flowerpot’ clear window iron nails x3 = 37g, coal x11 = type pot = 52g, red tile glass x4 = 14g, metal cap for bottle 43g, slate x1 C.3 fragment (appears to clear container =1g, scrap metal = 14g, waste have been worn down glass x1 = 1g object = 30g flint x1 = 2g centrally, so likely floor tile) = 99g

curved red tile with leaf decoration along top complete thin edge = 192g, flat red tile and long clear with patchy black glaze glass bottle = large iron bolts x2 = on one side = 98g, flat 79g, clear bottle waste flint milk bottle top = 128g, iron nails x1 = C.4 red tile with black glaze glass x2 = 60g, flake x1 = 6g, <1g, mussel shell 8g, thin metal cap for on one side = 85g, rim of clear window coal x1 = 2g x2 = 3g bottle = <1g large red earthenware glass x2 = 4g, pot? black on inside = light green bottle 140g, red CBM glass x1 = 1g fragments x1 = 11g

rectangular-ish iron nails x2 = 19g, wooden handle metal button x1 = (remnants of metal <1g, modern metal slate x2 = red CBM fragments x3 = dark green bottle still evident in the C.5 safety pin = 2g, 19g, burnt 28g glass x4 = 81g end of wood) = squarish metal stone x1 = 5g 17g, oyster shell x1 handle for draw = = 17g, mussel shell 131g x2 = 3g

end of a shotgun lump of concrete cartridge = 4g, iron curved red roof tile x2 = slate x1 = with nail stuck to it dark green bottle nails x6 = 90g, part of C.6 150g, modern CBM 65g, coal x1 = 125g, oyster shell glass x1 = 10g a horseshoe = 68g, fragments x2 = 215g = 3g x1 = 31g, animal coin – farthing? bone x1 = 3g Dated to 1800’s Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/3

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) clear plastic strip C. 1 iron nails x1 = 9g coal x2 = 5g =<1g curved red roof tile fragment x1 = 34g, fragment of C. 2 scrap iron x3 = 16g coal x2 =3g drain fragments x1 concrete x1 =7g =10g

coal x2 = 1g, C.5 waste flint x4 =

14g

yellow CBM C.6 fragments x1 = <1g

Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/4

121

Metal & Ceramic (excluding Test Pit 5 Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working clay pipe stem x3 = 6g, clear window C. 1 clay pipe bowl fragments glass x1 = <1g x1 = <1g

clay pipe stem x5 = 2g, clay pipe bowl fragments coal x12 = 14g, x1 = 1g, red CBM light green bottle waste flint x1 = C. 2 fragments x7 = 55g, rim of glass x1 = 1g 1g, burnt stone x1 red ‘flower pot’ type pot = = 2g 18g

clear container coal x3 = 15g, clay pipe stem x2 = 5g, glass x3 = 6g, waste flint x2 = C.3 red CBM fragments x2 = iron nails x1 = 3g clear small glass 23g, burnt stone 18g ‘rod’ = 5g x1 = <1g

clear container clay pipe stem x1 = 1g, glass x1 = <1g, snail shell x1 C.4 red CBM fragments x1 = scrap iron x1 =8g clear window =13g 1g glass x1 = <1g

clay pipe stem x2 = 6g, snail shell x1 C.5 red CBM fragments x3 = =4g 22g Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/5

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) pale red CBM animal bone C. 1 coal x6 =13 fragments x6 = 76g x1 =2g

red CBM fragments x8 clear window glass lump of unidentified coal x5 = 17g, C. 2 = 130g x1 = <1g iron = 5g waste flint x2 =5g

coal x1 = <1g, thin strip of C.3 waste flint flakes unidentified iron = 5g x2 =2g red CBM fragments x2 waste flint x1 = C.4 = 5g 5g

fragments of red CBM C.5 x1 = 22g (possible

handmade)

Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/6

122

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 7 working pottery)

yellow CBM clear container glass fragments x1 = 4g, lump of iron burnt stone C. 1 x1 = 2g, lead window clay pipe bowl (horseshoe?) = 47g x2 = 42g glass x1 = <1g fragment x1 = 2g

dark green bottle glass x4 = 24g, light green part of iron horseshoe red tile fragments bottle glass x1 = 7g, = 48g, thin flat metal (slightly curved) x3 = clear container glass plate, broken but bright orange 93g, clay pipe stem x11 = 51g, orange roughly squarish, with plastic x6 = 4g, x1 = 2g, flat red tile coal x10 = C. 2 bottle glass x2 = 4g, 2 small holes at top – vitrified material? fragments (one 41g clear window glass x2 no markings, use x1 = 5g, concrete blackened as if burnt) = 6g, clear small base unknown = 7g, x1= 23g x3 = 57g, red CBM of partial body of an aluminium screw cap fragments x18 = 164g incomplete ‘test tube’ = 1g style bottle = 17g

red CBM fragments clear container glass part of a horseshoe = coal x6 = C.3 x1 = 4g x3 = 16g 19g 15g red CBM fragments light green bottle glass coal x11 = x3 = 48g, fragment of x1 = 2g, clear lump iron x1 = 49g, 35g, burnt C.4 clay pipe bowl x1 = container glass x1 = iron nails x1 = 17g stone x2 = 2g 12g 23g Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/7

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

fragment of flat red coal x1 = 18g, tile (handmade?) x1 = C. 1 waste flint x3 = 30g, red CBM 22g fragments x3 = 5g

coal x7 = 22g, red CBM fragments burnt stone x1 = C. 2 iron nails x1 = 5g x1 = 4g 11g, waste flint x1 = 7g

coal x11 = 11g, red CBM fragments waste flint x2 = animal bone x1 = C.3 iron nails x1 = 4g x3 = 6g 6g, burnt stone <1g x2 = 2g

red CBM fragments possible part of a coal x5 = 16g, clear window C.4 x5 = 8g, clay pipe metal bracelet? = waste flint x6 = animal bone x1 = 1g glass x1 = 2g bowl x1 = 1g 10g 12g burnt stone x12 C.20 = 68g, waste animal bone x1 = 2g

flint x1 = 4g Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/8

123

Metal & Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 9 pottery) working

fragments of red tile (probable floor/wall as mortar present) x4 = 101g, C. 1 pale red/yellow CBM

fragments x3 = 50g, fragments of yellow tile x1 = 5g

small piece of white plastic, rectangular C. 2 in shape with hole at either end = <1g

red CBM fragments x6 = 12g, yellow/orange CBM coal x5 = 4g, fragments x2 = 17g, red burnt stone C.3 roof tile (with hole, x15 = 104g,

blackened on one side) x1 flint flake x1 = = 34g, red tile fragments 2g x2 = 56g

light blue thick red tile fragments x1 container glass x1 = 16g, red CBM fragments burnt stone small snail shells x1 C.4 = 3g, clear iron nails x1 = 2g. x3 = 22g, yellow/orange x10 = 60g = 2g container glass x1 CBM fragments x2 = 16g = <1g

burnt stone x11 = 72g, C.5 waste flint x1 = 2g Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/9

124

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery)

clay pipe stem x1 = 10 pence coin dated to C. 1 1g, red CBM coal x1 = 6g 2000 = 7g fragments x4 = 19g

modern blue part red CBM fragments dark green 50 pence coin dated to of plastic food x3 = 27g, curved red C. 2 bottle glass x1 = 1977 = 13g, iron nails x1 coal x1 = 3g wrapper = <1g, red tile fragment x1 = 54g = 2g plastic fragment x1 11g =<1g

red CBM fragments iron nails x7 = 39g, milk bottle top = x8 = 30g, red floor clear container C.3 modern wire x2 = 8g, slag coal x5 = 18g <1g, cream plastic tile with black glaze glass x1 = <1g x1 = 10g x2 = <1g x1 = 26g

large screw with decorated head (iron) coal x3 = 34g, red CBM fragments clear container C.4 65g, large iron nails x1 = waste flint x1 x5 = 49g glass x1 = 14g 29g, slag x1 = 37g, iron = 4g, nails x1 = 5g

red flat tile fragments x1 = 48g (probable floor tile), red CBM iron nails x1 = 5g, lump of C.5 coal x3 =3g fragments x7 = 27g, scrap iron x1 = 6g yellow CBM fragments x1 =6g

coal x1 = <1g, snail shell x1 = 2g, red CBM fragments slag x1 = 8g, small iron C.6 waste flint x9 animal bone x1 = x3 = 8g nails x1 = 2g = 16g <1g fragment of scrap iron x1 waste flint x3 C.7 = 5g, flat iron unidentified = 6g object =8g Table 79: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

iron nails x4 = 15g, long red CBM fragments thin iron rod = 26g, thin coal x33 = x36 = 168g, clear window C. 1 metal rod (bent) = 19g, 42g, slate fragments of red flat glass x1 = 2g slag (slightly vitrified x1 =2g tile x1 = 23g material?) x3 = 9g

red CBM fragments woollen child’s sock = x54 = 183g, flat red 20g, modern string = tile fragments x4 = 1g, chalky mortar clear container iron nails x4 = 16g, slag coal x46 = C. 2 66g, curved red tile fragments x55 = 338g, glass x2 = 3g x2 = 13g, 49g fragments x2 = 25g, modern plastic clay pipe stem x1 = wrapping = <1g, plastic 1g cap = <1g

red CBM fragments x14 = 176g, red flat clear window iron nails x2 = 5g, slag? coal x7 = C.3 tile fragments x1 = modern string = 1g glass x1 = 2g x1 = 6g 27g 33g, clay pipe stem x2 = 6g

modern CBM fragments coal x1 C.5 iron nails x1 = 2g (concrete?) x3 = =<1g 112g Table 80: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/11

125

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery) modern black C. 1 iron nails x1 = 1g coal x1 = 14g rubber = <1g red flat tile with black iron nails x1 = 23g, slag clear container coal x2 = 18g, C. 2 glaze = 49g, red CBM x3 = 26g, coin dated to glass x1 = 2g slate x1 = 1g fragments x2 = 48g 1940 ‘one ….’ = 10g metal button x1 = 2g, slag coal x1 = 91g, clear container C.3 clay pipe stem x1 = 2g x2 = 71g, iron disc with burnt stone x1 glass x1 = <1g hole in centre = 4g = 5g red CBM fragments x1 coal x5 = 19g, C.4 slag x1 = 5g = 5g slate x1 = 1g Table 81: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/08/12

126

12.2.3 2009 Finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery) concrete x1 = clear container 57g, mortar x7 = chalk lumps x12 clay pipe stem x4 =7g, glass x9 = 46g, 26g, white metal peg spring = 3g, = 28g, coal x4 = C. 1 red CBM fragments x33 clear window glass plastic button = scrap iron x4 = 39g 25g, burnt stone =154g x6=7g, green bottle <1g, blue x2 = 6g glass x3 =12g painted plaster x4 =21g iron nails x11 = 54g, clay pipe stem x42 = clear window glass long thin iron nails 66g, red CBM x8 = 11g, clear with hoop at one end sea shells x2 fragments x34 =114g, container glass x5= x2 = 29g, metal =3g, cockle chalk x5 =27g, C. 2 clay pipe bowl 13g, green bottle conical light/candle shell x2 = 2g, coal x44 =69g fragments x3 =3g, flat glass x2 = 7g, attachment? = 13g, concrete x3 red tile fragments x1 orange bottle glass part of a horse shoe? =13g =24g x1 =5g = 19g, metal disc fixing? = 10g

clay pipe stem x31 x59g, clay pipe bowl orange bottle glass fragments x2 =2 g, clay coal x54 = 121g, x1 =2g, clear pipe bowl with skull and iron nails x8 = 42g, slate pencils x2 = window glass x2 cockle shell x3 crossbones = 11g, flat scrap iron x1 =7g, 5g, slate x3 = C.3 =2g, green bottle =2g, oyster shell red tile fragments x2 = small horseshoe? = 31g, burnt stone glass x5 = 30g, x2= 2g 89g, dirty yellow flat tile 16g x2 =2 5g, flint? x1 clear container fragment x1 =22g, red = 1g glass x7 = 15g CBM fragments x9 = 56g clear container red CBM fragments x14 glass x9 = 23g, coal x25 = 45g, = 188g, dirty yellow metal bucket handle = cockle shell x2 = green bottle glass slate pencil = 3g, CBM fragments x1 230g, iron nails x4 = 1g, oyster shell C.4 x2 = 12g, melted slate x2=4g, =71g, clay pipe stem 46g, scrap iron x8 = x3 = 9g, sea blob clear glass = lumps of chalk x3 x34 = 64g, clay pipe 25g shells x2 = 4g 8g, clear window =32g bowl fragments x4 = 8g glass x7 = 9g clay pipe stem and snail shell x1 C.5 bowl junction = 7g, red scrap iron x1 =11g =2g BM fragments x1 = <1g C.6 flint? x1 =2g

Table 82: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/1

127

Ceramic Test (excluding Glass Metal & metal-working Stone Other Pit 2 pottery)

flat red tile clear window glass coal x19 = 84g, fragments x1 = 43g, x5 = 12g, clear thin plates of iron x49 = 435g, concrete x2 = C. 1 lumps chalk x3 red CBM fragments container glass x5 iron nails x2 = 25g 38g = 47g x2 = 12g = 12g

white china ‘bell’ flat plate metal with round shaped object with holes along middle and hole through middle squarish loop on top = 148g, coal x8 = 48g, snail shell x1 = 22g, dirty yellow clear container end shotgun cartridge x3 C.4 lump of chalk = 3g, animal CBM fragments x1 = glass x3 = 13g =13g, safety pin = 1g, flat x3 =46g bone x1 =6g 122g, clay pipe stem plates iron x9 =37g, metal x1 =3g, red CBM buttons x2 =3g, iron nails x5 = fragments x3 = 37g 59g, slag? x2 =5g

yellow/orange pliers = 143g, curved thin flat curved tile metal plates x2 = 117g, flat coal x11 = 16g, clear window glass snail shell x1 C.5 fragments x1 = 66g, plates iron x19 = 132g, iron lump of chalk x2 = 6g = 1g red CBM fragments nails x1 =11g, round metal x1 =3g x24 = 146g tube section = 41g Table 83: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/2

Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Test Pit 3 Glass Stone Other pottery) working coin ‘half penny’ small green green bottle glass C. 1 dated 1974 = 2g, plastic army x1 = 3g iron nails x4 = 27g man? = <1g

flat red tile fragment with oyster shell x1 mortar x1 = 231g, curved small plate copper? = 10g, pink red roof tile x2 = 242g, red clear window C. 2 (use unknown) = 2g, plaster x3 =1 CBM fragments x12 = glass x1 = <1g iron nails x1= 7g 4g, concrete x2 221g, clay pipe stem x1 = = 146g 4g

curved red tile fragments x2 = 234g, red CBM fragments clear window modern screw? x1 = C.3 x1 = 12g, clay pipe stem x1 glass x1 = 4g 3g = 4g

curved red tile fragments x1 = 97g, red CBM fragments clear window coal x1 = <1g, oyster shell x1 (1 with mortar) x9 = 180g, glass x2 =4g, flint? x1 =2g, C.4 = 4g, mortar x1 clay pipe stem x1 =3g, dirty clear container burnt stone? = 13g yellow CBM fragments x1 glass x1 =3g x1 = 14g =87g

oyster shell x3 red CBM fragments x11 =1 clear container iron nails x2 =22g, C.20 =22g, burnt 55g, burnt CBM? x1 = 11g glass x3 = <1g scrap iron x1 =2g bone x2 = 6g red CBM fragments x10 = C.21 flint? x5 = 6g 54g Table 84: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/3

128

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 4 working pottery) red brick fragment with mortar = 1841g, modern drain fragments x2 = 318g, red CBM clear container glass white Perspex x1 C. 1 fragments x16 = 59g, x2 = 8g, orange bottle plate iron x1 =22g coal x5 =13g = <1g dirty yellow CBM glass x6 = 31g fragments x3 = 85g, flat red tile fragment x1 =23g

clear container glass red CBM fragments x3 = x1 = 9g, orange bottle C. 2 66g, modern drain coal x4 =14g glass x1 = 2g, clear fragments x1 = 11g window glass x1 = 2g

modern drain fragments lumps chalk x3 x19 = 892g, red CBM scrap iron x7 = =121g, slate x1 fragments x42 = 514g, animal bone x4 245g, iron nails x4 =5g, coal x7 = C.3 flat red tile fragment x1 =7g, concrete = 44g, metal button 6g, burnt = 34g, curved red tile x4= 217g = <1g stone? x3 = fragments x1 = 74g, 91g modern tile x2= 18g

metal token/button red CBM fragments x7 = =2g, scrap iron x1 C.4 304g, modern drain = 3g, iron nails x4 coal x1 =2g

fragments x4 = 115g = 58g, part of horse shoe? =32g

modern drain fragments x12 = 534g, red CBM orange bottle glass concrete x5 = C.5 fragments x13 = 409g, x1 = 2g, clear window iron nails x2 = 11g 160g flat red tile fragments x2 glass x1 = 4g = 89g

modern drain fragments orange bottle glass C.6 x2 = 151g, red CBM scrap iron x1 = 37g coal x1 = <1g x1 = 1g fragments x9 = 416g Table 85: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/4

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) red CBM fragments x3 = mortar x1 = C. 1 30g 8g

flat red tile fragments x1 clear container crushed bell? = 26g, = 40g, black glazed flat glass x3 = 28g, thin flat narrow strip red tile fragment x1 = slate x2 = concrete x1 C. 2 orange glass blob = metal = 0g, thin metal 15g, pink/orange CBM 13g = 11g 2g, , blob melted cross – hold window fragments x2 =24g, red glass x1 =13g glass in place? =2g CBM fragments x2 =4g burnt stone red CBM fragments x10 bent iron nail = 12g, x1 = 6g, C.3 = 88g, flat red tile slag? x1 =2g lump chalk fragments x6 = 57g x1 = 9g iron nails x1 = 5g, flat sheet copper? been red CBM fragments x2 = C.4 bent and there’s a slate x1 =2g 11g small round hole in one corner = 8g Table 86: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/5

129

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 6 working pottery)

iron nails x3 = 17g, flat red tile fragments x1 end shotgun cartridge clear container C. 1 = 37g, red CBM = 5g, scrap iron x1 = glass x5=16g fragments x2 = 35g 5g, strips iron x3 = 37g

clear glass bead = 2g, clear container slate pencil sea shells x3 = 6g, red CBM fragments x10 glass x2 =7g, green iron nails x5 = 16g, x1 =2g, coal cockle shell x1 = = 78g, modern tile C. 2 glass marble = 8g, scrap iron x3 = 23g, x5 = 8g, <1g, silver foil milk x1=5g, clay pipe stem clear window glass metal button = 1g burnt stone bottle lid = <1g, x1 = 2g x3= 3g, blue bottle x2 =7g, mortar x1 = 4g glass x1 = <1g

dirty yellow CBM fragments x1 = 86g, fake tooth set in clay pipe bowl clear container plastic mouth modern nails x1 =9g, fragments x4 =1 5g, red glass x4 = 41g, coal x1 =4g, piece = 1g, sea C.3 iron nails x3 = 29g, CBM fragments x1 green bottle glass flint x1 =4g shell x1 =2g, scrap iron x4 = 72g =30g, dirty yellow flat x4 = 19g cockle shell tile fragment x1 = 26g, fragment x1 = <1g clay pipe stem x2 =10g

flat red tile fragments x3 =31g, clay pipe bowl clear container iron nails x3 = 40g, oyster shell C.4 fragments x1 = <1g, red glass x3 = 3g, old coal x2 =2g scrap metal = 5g fragment x1 = <1g CBM fragments x2 = glass x1 = <1g 11g

coal x12 = red CBM fragments x2 clear window glass 19g, flint C.5 = 11g, clay pipe stem iron nails x1 = 11g concrete x2 = 2g x2 = 2g blade? = 2g, x2 = 6g flint? x1 =4g Table 87: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/6

Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 7 pottery) working

modern dark red tile fragments x1 = 335g, metal spring peg = 2g, modern drain fragments white plastic lid =1g, clear window metal ring = 2g, C. 1 x1 =24g, dirty yellow flat coal x5 = 4g black plastic cap = glass x2 = 18g modern screw x1 tile fragments x1 = 2g, red 5g =10g CBM fragment x1 = 7g, clay pipe stem x1 = 2g

empty black tube glue = 19g “Holdite non- flammable cement for fixing. Croydon Road, C. 2 Elmers End, Beckenham, Kent”, metal token/button = 3g

red CBM fragments x4 C.3 coal x4 = 6g mortar x1 =5g =4g Table 88: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/7

130

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

red CBM fragments x19 = 86g, dark red flint? x1 modern CBM clear container round head iron nails =2g, lump concrete x3 = 37g, C. 1 fragments x5 = 53g, glass x1 =14g x1 = 5g chalk x1 = mortar x3 =9g flat red tile fragments 25g x2 = 37g

clear container red CBM fragments glass x2 = 5g, concrete x3 = 16g, x17 = 138g, dark red green bottle glass flint? x2 = mortar x2 = 4g, snail C. 2 iron nails x1 =5g modern CBM fragment x1 = 0g, lump 7g shell fragments x3 = x1 =5g, melted glass x1 = <1g 1g

red CBM fragments x3 round stone C.3 iron nails x2 =11g = 9g ball = 3g C.4 snail shells x3 = 12g

Table 89: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/8

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 9 working pottery) flat red tile fragments iron nails x1 = 4g, coin C. 1 x2 = 58g, clay pipe coal x1 =<1g ‘20p’ dated 1994 = 5g stem x1 = <1g

clear container slightly curved thick red CBM fragments x3 glass x1 =5g, C. 2 plate metal = 51g, thin coal x9 = 18g = 6g orange bottle iron nails x5 = 49g glass x1 =21g

clay pipe stem x1 = 2g, red CBM fragments x3 curved container iron nails x5 = 19g, = 9g, curved red tile glass x4 = 9g, iron nail with hoop at black plastic = C.3 coal x4 =8g fragments x2 = 35g, flat green bottle glass one end = 11g, part of <1g black glazed red tile x1 =2 g horseshoe? = 12g fragment x1 = 9g

stone round C.4 ball? =13g Table 90: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/09/9

131

12.2.4 2010 Finds

Test Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other Pit 1 pottery) working modern dull red tile fragments x4 =78g, black glazed tile fragment x1 blue painted metal toy =17g, red CBM fragments x black cloth =<1g, flat car =33g (‘Mattel Inc. 20 =140g, flat red tile black plastic x1 =8g, 1969 Thailand Twin fragments x6 =141g, curved opaque flat chalk white wrapper with Mill’), ‘Stella Artois’ red and grey on outside of glass x1 =2g, x3=6g, remnants of red writing C. 1 metal bottle cap =4g, flat tile fragment x1 =18g, green bottle slate =<1g, concrete x6 rounded metal washer? red/orange CBM fragments glass x2 =2g x2=13g =105g, grey breeze (with hole through x3 =23g, modern grey tile block like material =4g, centre) =12g, corroded fragments x2 =46g, modern wood =8g iron nails x1 =11g pink/red CBM fragments x1 =20g, pink/yellow CBM fragments x2 =33g partially melted base of clear plastic two litre drinks bottle =24g, black plastic lid for a flat red tile fragments x2 fragment of curtain spray can =15g, black =19g, slightly curved red tile hem? with 2 metal plastic coated? metal fragments x2 =42g, hooks =17g, thin metal coal x22 wire =4g, red plastic x3 C. 2 orange/red CBM fragments mesh material =3g, =52g =<1g, sweet wrapper x1 =17g, red CBM modern metal screw like =<1g, concrete x6 fragments x15 =75g bolt =17g, curled metal =53g, snail shell x1 wire into spring =4g, =7g, black cloth =<1g corroded iron nails x3 =11g rats nest material? =43g, clear plastic metal wire x2= 2g, wrappers x4 =<1g, corroded iron nails x1 coal x15 black plastic x2 =10g, =8g, small metal =29g, flint C.3 red CBM fragments x6 =18g snail shell x2 =3g, white weights =15g (5g written core? plastic tube lid with on end and 10g on =50g small brush at one end other) (probably for nail varnish) =7g coal x10 =10g, one penny coins x2 burnt black plastic wrapper flat red tile fragments x2 =19g (one dated to 1921 stone x1 =<1g, rats nest C.4 =55g, red CBM fragments x2 and the other dated to =5g, material? =<1g, oyster =15g 1916?) waste shell x1 =2g flint? x1 =3g Table 91: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/1

132

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery)

clear container glass x1 =43g, C. 1 coal x1 =0g green bottle glass x1 =<1g

clay pipe stem x2 clear container corroded iron nails x1 =4g, coal x6 =9g, =7g, red CBM glass x1 =2g, clear red metal? object =5g, burnt stone x3 red milk bottle C. 2 fragments x2 glass bottle neck aluminium? bottle screw cap =13g, waste top =<1g =14g, flat red tile =6g =2g, metal button =3g flint x1 =3g fragments x1 =27g

coal x2 =<1g, small white red CBM blue container corroded iron scraps x1 C.3 burnt stone? plastic button fragments x2 =8g glass x1 =3g =28g x1 =11g =<1g

clear flat glass x1 clear container C.4 =<1g, green bottle tiny horse shoe? =9g coal x4 =8g glass x2 =6g glass x1 =9g

green bottle glass chalk x1 =92g, C.5 x1 =24g, clear flat tiny metal chains x2 =<1g coal x2 =<1g glass x1 =<1g Table 92: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/2

133

Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 3 pottery) working modern red CBM clear concrete x2 =100g, slag? x3 =8g, long fragments x9 = 370g, red container coal x6 =14g, grey corroded iron nails C. 1 CBM fragments x11 = glass x2 =2g, waste flint? x2 concrete/tarmac? x1 =25g, corroded 142g, curved red tile clear flat =14g x2=186g, yellow iron scraps x2 =11g fragments x1 =222g glass x1 =2g Perspex x1 =<1g modern red CBM fragments x5102g, clay pipe stem x1=3g, red CBM clear fragments x4 =31g, modern container slate x1 =8g, corroded iron scraps C. 2 dirty yellow CBM fragments glass x3=8g, coal x7 =27g, concrete x3 =157g x2 =8g x2 =13g, curved red tile clear flat chalk x1 =2g fragments x1 =32g, cream glass x6 =10g and brown glazed flat tile fragment x1 =4g

metal wire x6 =5g, plastic sheeting corroded metal fragment x1 =2g, spring from clothes burnt stone x1 green painted modern red CBM clear flat peg =3g, flat =13g, waste concrete x1 =60g, fragments x5 =80g, red glass x1 corroded iron nail? flint? x1 =4g, cream painted C.3 CBM fragments x7 = 136g, =<1g, clear =24g, corroded iron slate x8 = 51g, concrete x8 =364g, flat red tile fragments x1 container scraps x5 =6g, coal x9 = 24g, light grey building =20g glass x2 =5g modern screw x1 chalk x4 =9g material (like breeze =6g, corroded iron block) x8 = 48g, black nails x2 =11g plastic tie =<1g black plastic sheeting x3 =4g, yellow plastic sheeting x1 =0g, corroded iron slate x1 =6g, black rubber? tube clothes peg spring red CBM fragments x4 clear flat coal x1 =<1g, =17g, light grey C.4 x1 =4g, corroded =66g glass x1 =2g waste flint x1 building material (like iron scraps x2 =2g, =27g breeze block) x2 =9g, modern nail x1 =4g curved green plastic x1 =<1g, concrete x1 =9g fragments of modern red CBM fragments x6 light grey lino? tile x4 corroded modern =40g, modern red CBM = 188g, blue and screw x1 =4g, fragments x3 =7g, flat red clear plastic wrapper C.5 corroded iron nails coal x4 =6g tile fragments x1 =21g, x2 =<1g, curved x3 =46g, corroded grey thin and light modern green plastic x1 =2g, iron scraps x1 =3g tile? fragments x1 =4g charcoal x2 =2g, snail shell x1 =10g white plastic covering green glazed modern china =2g, concrete? kitchen/bathroom tile painted white =11g, fragments x7 = 171g, green bottle slate x1 =4g, modern light grey cream glazed modern glass x2 corroded modern waste flint? x2 lino? tile x3 =18g, C.6 china kitchen/bathroom tile =24g, clear nails x1 =4g =6g, coal x4 clear plastic tic-tac fragments x4 = 37g, curved container =9g container (orange) x5 red roof tile fragments x1 glass x1 =3g =2g, white twine =96g, red CBM fragments =<1g, concrete x5 = x22 = 647g 285g, curved green plastic modern nail x1 =5g, x1 =<1g, asbestos? corroded iron nails x1 =21g, concrete x1 red CBM fragments x16 = degraded x1 =6g, corroded chalk x1 =4g, =23g, pinky mortar? C.7 42g, clay pipe bowl green bottle metal object – coal x1 =<1g x1 =1g, clear plastic fragment? x1 =3g glass x1 =2g circular with 3 fragments x2 =2g prongs out the flat (likely part of tic-tac rounded base =58g box like context 6) Table 93: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/3

134

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

clay pipe stem x1 =2g, red CBM C. 1 fragments x1 =1g,

red and black tile fragments x1 =43g

clay pipe bowl clear flat glass x1 fragment x1 =2g, corroded iron chalk x3 =5g, white plastic C. 2 =1g, clear container red CBM fragments scraps x2 =10g coal x2 =<1g wrapper =<1g glass x3 =9g x4 =34g

corroded iron nails red CBM fragments clear container x1 =7g, corroded centre part of a C.3 x4 =30g glass x2 =26g iron scraps x3 battery =3g =16g

red CBM fragments chalk x2 =7g, C.4 x4 =11g, clay pipe waste flint? x1

stem x1 =3g =11g

Table 94: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/4

135

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

red and silver toy plastic sword =4g, blue plastic x1 red CBM fragments x6 corroded modern nails coal x1 C. 1 =<1g, concrete x3 = 23g x3 =11g =<1g =5g, red plastic x1 =<1g, orange plastic x1 =<1g

clay pipe stem x3 corroded iron bolt x1 =10g, flat red tile =33g, corroded iron fragments x5 = 62g, scraps x4 =6g, flat plate clear container coal x40 red CBM fragments of metal with curved concrete x2 =101g, glass x5 =20g, =88g, slate C. 2 x18 =215g, curved red edges folded in half with sea shell (whelk?) clear flat glass x5 pencil? x1 tile fragments x1 =21g, 2 holes through it =7g, =6g =8g =2g curved block of glazed corroded iron nails x17 = modern? tile/pot? x1 83g, corroded long =12g modern nail x1 =14g flat red tile fragments x4 =95g, red CBM chalk x7 green bottle glass corroded iron nails x3 concrete/mortar x1 C.3 fragments x7 = 55g, =29g, coal x1 =5g =22g =4g red/orange CBM x26 =48g fragments x2 =117g corroded iron nails x9 flat red tile fragments =49g, flat plate of chalk x1 x3 =138g, red CBM clear container corroded iron =51g, C.4 =5g, coal concrete x3 = 279g fragments x36 =313g, glass x3 =25g corroded iron bolts x2 x23 =100g clay pipe stem x1 =4g =34g, corroded iron scraps x3 =5g curved red tile crushed metal thimble fragments x3 =133g, =2g, slag x2 =7g, concrete x1 =12g, flat red tile fragments pink/red container rectangular corroded iron mortar with pink x10 =308g, red CBM glass x1 =4g, plate =46g, corroded iron coal x18 plaster? x6 =76g, C.5 fragments x30 =300g, orange bottle nails x13 = 97g, =41g oyster shell x1 =3g, clay pipe bowl glass x1 =<1g corroded L shaped nails pink/red asbestos? fragments x1 =<1g, x2 =39g, corroded iron x2 =10g clay pipe stem x1 =4g scraps x2 =6g flat red tile fragments x11 =200g, curved red tile fragments x1 =22g, clear glass stem red CBM fragments x4 corroded iron nails x3 coal x2 C.6 glass container =22g, clay pipe stem =30g, metal buckle =36g =2g =32g x1 =4g, clay pipe stem and bowl fragment x1 =3g

flat red tile fragments corroded iron nails x4 x8 = 222g, red CBM green bottle glass =22g, corroded iron bolt C.7 fragments x21 =230g, coal x2=4g x1 =68g x1 =49g, corroded iron modern pink/red CBM scraps x1 =3g fragments x1 =31g Table 95: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/5

136

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 6 working pottery)

red CBM fragments corroded iron scraps x1 x2 =25g, curved red C. 1 =2g, corroded iron nails coal x3 =2g tile fragments x1 x2 =17g =22g

corroded rectangular dirty yellow flat tile metal plate with rounded fragments x2 object through it (use clear container concrete x1 C. 2 =101g, modern flat unknown) =189g, coal x5 =4g glass x2 =8g =11g red tile fragments corroded iron nails x2 x1 =51g =12g, corroded iron scraps x2 =31g

clear flat glass x1 =2g, green bottle clay pipe stem x1 glass x1 =10g, C.3 =4g, red CBM clear glass with coin =9g coal x8 =10g

fragments x1 =1g writing x2 =4g, clear container glass x3 =42g

coal x4 =7g, burnt stone x1 =9g, C.4 coin/jetton =<1g quern stone fragment? x1 =94g Table 96: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/6

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 7 working pottery)

clear window glass metal wire x4 =15g, red CBM fragments x1 =0g, clear corroded iron scraps coal x4 =4g, polystyrene x1 C. 1 x2 =5g, red flat tile container glass x1 x2 =3g, corroded iron chalk x3 =11g =<1g fragment x1 =27g =2g nails x2 =13g

red CBM fragments chalk x6 =19g, flat plates of metal x2 blue plastic tube C. 2 x7 = 72g, flat red tile waste flint =4g and flat base=<1g fragments x1 =10g core? =21g red CBM fragments chalk x1 =18g, C.3 x5 =10g coal x3 =6g red CBM fragments coal x8 =13g, C.4 x5 =141g chalk x2 =5g Table 97: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/7

137

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 8 working pottery) modern drain clear container glass chalk x5 centre part of fragment x1 =104g, x27 =90g, green bottle large corroded iron bolt =18g, coal batteries x2 =6g, flat red tile C. 1 glass x2 =7g, orange =222g, corroded iron x47 =80g, concrete x2 =53g, fragments x1 =26g, bottle glass x7 =32g, scraps x2 =20g slate blue plastic x1 red CBM fragments clear flat glass x8 =21g x2=7g =<1g x41 = 187g

long corroded iron nails coal x32 flat red tile centre part of a clear glass bottle x1 =38g, corroded iron =150g, fragments x13 batteries x3 =17g, necks x2 =61g, clear nails x4 =24g, U shaped slate x2 =585g, red CBM concrete x4 =32g, container glass x19 corroded iron tacks x3 =19g, C. 2 fragments x103 turquoise plastic =89g, clear flat glass =27g, slag x3 =11g, chalk x8 =838g, dirty yellow x1 =<1g, mortar? x3 =13g, orange bottle corroded metal washer =28g, CBM fragments x3 x5 =61g, black glass x6 =23g =5g, corroded metal burnt stone =45g Bakelite? x 1 =3g scraps x3 =12g x1 =4g

small red CBM fragments round large horse shoe x3 =9g, flat red tile stone ball clear glass bottle neck =572g, coin ‘half penny’ tarmac? x1 =9g, C.3 fragments x2 =42g, =4g, coal x1 =46g dated to 1907 =5g, concrete x1 =10g clay pipe stem x1 x2 =7g, slag? x1 =10g =1g slate x1 =6g old glass? x1 =2g, red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x8 clear container glass x79 =395g, flat red =58g, slag? x2 =10g, coal x21 C.4 x9 =28g, orange bottle tile fragments x3 corroded iron scraps =55g glass x2 =11g, blue =60g x13 =38g container glass x1 =1g

clay pipe stem x1 corroded iron scraps x1 coal x1 C.5 =8g, red CBM =1g, corroded iron =4g fragments x5 =22g nails? x1 =4g Table 98: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/8

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 9 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

flat red tile x5 =81g, black plastic? red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x1 button =1g, small green bottle glass C. 1 x30 = 99g, =10g, end of a coal 5 =12g brown plastic toy x2 =3g orange/red CBM bullet? =4g ‘pirate ship’ wheel fragments x10 =61g =3g

clear flat glass x2 =2g, clear red CBM fragments container glass x3 corroded iron scraps cream plastic C. 2 x44 = 142g, clay coal x7 =11g =29g, green x2 =5g fragment x1 =<1g pipe stem x2 =3g bottle glass x2 =15g

red CBM fragments C.3 x1 =2g

red CBM fragments clear flat glass x1 C.4 x5 =27g =2g

Table 99: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/9

138

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery)

curved red tile corroded iron scraps fragments x2 =70g, flat x2 =3g, corroded coal x6 =5g, clear window glass plastic/Perspex? C.1 & 2 red tile fragments x1 iron nails x3 =19g, burnt stone x1 x1 =<1g x1 =2g =19g, red CBM corroded modern =9g fragments x4 =28g bolt/screw =23g

clear flat glass x7 burnt stone x1 flat red tile fragments =5g, orange bottle corroded iron nails =10g, waste flint? C.3 x1 =57g, red CBM glass x1 =3g, clear x3 =18g, corroded x2 =4g, coal x10

fragments x30 =128g container glass x1 iron scraps x2 =5g =13g, chalk x3 =2g =1g

red CBM fragments clear container x17 =44g, clay pipe glass x1 =4g, clear coal x21 =24g, stem x1 =5g, clay pipe corroded iron nails C.4 flat glass x5 =6g, burnt stone x1 bowl fragments x2 x7 =48g green bottle glass =15g =2g, flat red tile x1 =2g fragments x1 =21g

red CBM fragments x5 degraded clear flat C.5 coal x8 =6g =38g glass x1 =2g clay pipe stem x2 =4g, C.20 red CBM fragments x1 old glass? x1 =<1g

=0g Table 100: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

orange/red flat tile fragments x1 =41g, clear flat glass x1 C. 1 orange/red CBM coal x2 =4g =<1g fragments x3 =11g, red CBM fragments x1 =6g

bullet casing? =4g, clay pipe stem x2 =3g, corroded iron scraps x1 coal, x4 =3g, concrete x1 clear flat glass x3 red CBM fragments x3 =2g, square 6 shaped burnt stone x1 =13g, cream C. 2 =9g, clear container =12g, orange/red CBM metal plate –would have =3g, waste painted glass x1 =2g fragments x1 =29g screwed onto something flint x3 =11g plaster? =2g =11g

red flat tile fragments x1 =52g, red CBM coal x12 =16g, fragments x12 =40g, small decorative metal burnt stone x1 concrete x1 C.3 clay pipe stem x3 =3g, fixing =4g =3g, waste =11g, clay pipe bowl fragments flint? x1 =<1g x1 =2g, dirty yellow CBM fragments x2 =3g

clay pipe stem x4 =28g, clear flat glass x3 red CBM fragments x4 =<1g, old glass? x1 corroded iron nails x1 C.4 coal x4 =20g =14g, clay pipe bowl =1g, clear container =12g fragments x4 =3g glass x1 =<1g

red/orange flat tile waste flint? x2 C.5 fragment =84g, clay pipe =7g, burnt

stem x1 =3g stone x2=6g Table 101: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/11

139

Ceramic Test Pit (excluding Glass Metal & metal-working Stone Other 12 pottery)

red CBM fragments asbestos x1 x1 =4g, red/orange metal tent peg =35g, copper =59g, C. 1 CBM fragments x1 pipe? x2 =83g concrete x1 =31g =95g

end of shotgun cartridge =5g , modern nails x1 =3g, metal clay pipe stem x1 screws x1 =9g, corroded metal =3g, red CBM plate =13g, corroded iron nails green bottle glass chalk x1 =4g, C. 2 fragments x3 =69g, x2 =11g, corroded long metal x3 =26g coal x1 =4g yellow/orange CBM rods x3 =157g, thin flat metal fragments x1 =1g frame with different size square/rectangles inside –to be screwed into something =17g

modern thin slightly clear container curved red tile x1 glass x8 =68g, C.3 corroded lump of iron =19g =15g, clay pipe clear flat glass x1 stem x4 =5g =4g

small metal ‘Nivea Crème’ tin clay pipe bowl clear container C.4 ‘for the care of the sun’ with ‘LE’ fragment x1 =2g glass x1 =3g on rear = 6g clear container C.5 coin/token =5g glass x10 =91g Table 102: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/12

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery) corroded iron C. 1 concrete x1 =78g scraps x1 =8g

red curved tile clear container glass fragments x2 =336g, x13= 106g, green corroded iron nails C. 2 coal x4 =21g red CBM fragments bottle glass x3 =34g, x2 =10g x3 =26g clear flat glass x1 =2g

clear container glass coal x2 =3g, red CBM fragments x10 =129g, green corroded iron nails C.3 burnt stone? x3 =42g bottle glass x2 =4g, x2 =26g x1 =2g clear flat glass x1 =4g

red/orange CBM corroded iron C.4 fragments x1 =2g scraps x1 =37g Table 103: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/13

140

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 14 working pottery) red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x1 C. 1 coal x5 =2g x5 =21g =19g

flat red tile fragments x1 =31g, corroded iron nails x4 coal x1 =<1g, concrete x3 =29g, C. 2 clay pipe stem x1 =35g, corroded iron flint core? x1 centre part of

=2g, red CBM bolts x1 =20g =48g battery? =2g fragments x11 =35g

red CBM fragments clear flat glass x1 coal x2 =11g, concrete x1 =144g, x15 =97g, flat red =<1g, clear corroded iron nails x4 chalk x2 =4g, C.3 clear plastic wrapper tile fragments x2 container glass x1 =17g, slag x1 =10g waste flint? x2 x1 =<1g =60g =3g =6g

corroded iron nails x2 red flat tile clear container =18g, half a metal fragments x3 = 76g, glass x1 =3g, clear coal x4 =9g, milk bottle top x2 C.4 disc/button =4g, metal red CBM fragments window glass x1 slate x1=5g =<1g button =5g, corroded x12 =111g =3g iron scraps x3 =10g

corroded iron scraps red CBM fragments green bottle glass x3 =24g, end of x26 = 445g, flat red slate x2 =12g, C.5 x2 =40g, clear flat shotgun cartridge? tile fragments x1 coal x2 =1g glass x1 =2g =5g, corroded iron =107g nails x2 =11g

red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x1 x7 =153g, dirty clear flat glass x1 C.6 =5g, corroded iron concrete? x1 =5g yellow CBM =<1g scraps x3 =5g fragments x1 =6g Table 104: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/14

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 15 working pottery)

coal x1 =0g, burnt C. 2 stone x1 =4g,

waste flint? x1 =1g

Table 105: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/15

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 16 working pottery)

flat grey stone? C. 2 tile? x1 =28g

red CBM fragments burnt stone x1 C.3 x2 =5g =12g, coal x2=4g

red CBM fragments concrete? x1 =77g, C.4 x5 =83g snail shell x4 =6g

corroded iron nails x1 C.6 snail shell x5 =<1g =3g Table 106: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/10/16

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12.2.5 2011 Finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery)

curved clear glass x3 = clay pipe stem = 1g, 3g, ancient glass = slag x3 = 5g, nail = 47g, burnt coal C. 1 red CBM x11 = 66g, <1g, flat green glass = metal fragments x2 = 7g =<1g painted tile = 2g 1g

clay pipe stem x2 = curved clear glass x6 = 3g, clay pipe bowl 12g, flat clear glass x5 slag = 6g, modern nail = flint x5 = 6g, rubber C. 2 x2 = 8g, tile x4 = = 3g, curved green 4g, corroded metal burnt coal x3 fragment = 2g, 32g, red CBM x2 = glass x2 = 10g, flat fragments x7 =20g = 7g wood? = 2g 6g green glass x2 = 5g

modern nail? = 3g, scrap metal fragment = 5g, red CBM fragments C.3 circular metal item = 10g, x4 = 20g small metal item with tiny holes x2 = 3g, slag = <1g

green curved glass = red CBM fragments C.4 2g, clear curved glass flint x2 = 13g x10 = 72g with letter ‘E’=5g rubber red CBM fragments C.5 curved clear glass = 3g slag x3 =2g fragment = x5 = 32g <1g Table 107: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/1

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery)

foil? x6 = <1g, white slag =1g, corroded metal melted plastic with C. 1 flint =2g x2 = 3g evidence of writing = 4g

metal button = 1g, slag x2 marble = 5g, clear = <1g, tin remains of can remains of plastic C. 2 tile =12g glass x6 = 9g x2 = <1g, metal fragments container = 36g = 15g, metal nails x2 = 8g

metal nail = 5g, metal plastic fragments x3 C.3 red CBM = 9g black glass = <1g flint = 4g grip? =6g = 4g Table 108: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/2

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Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

red CBM x2 = 8g, red tile x4 = 12g, red brick = 7g, flat clear glass = C. 1 vitrified brick fragment = 3g 2g

clay pipe stem x2 = <1g, flat clear glass x5 = flat red tile x3 = 51g, red charcoal x4 =1g, C. 2 5g, green glass = CBM x3 = 63g, red brick mortar? x3 = 4g <1g = 41g

flat clear glass = red painted tile x2 = 37g, corroded metal C.3 1g, curved green charcoal = 4g red CBM x4 = 138g fragment = 3g glass = 2g C.4 flint x3 = 16g

Table 109: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/3

Ceramic Metal & Test (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other Pit 4 pottery) working curved flat glass, including one with clay pipe stem = writing ‘MITE 05’ x4 = 3g, white tile x2 = metal button = 34g, flat blue glass, with modern wood = 5g, bone 800g, red tile x6 = 1g, metal nails C. 1 letters ‘NOT’ = 3g, flint x3 = 12g = <1g, plastic wrapper = 110g, red CBM x4 x4 = 11g, slag curved green glass = 9g, 1g, mortar x2 =69g = 59g, yellow CBM x2 = 60g flat clear glass x12 = x3 = 22g 11g, curved clear glass x14 = 78g slag x3 = 9g, bone x3 = 4g, plastic modern nails flat green glass = 1g, stopper = <1g, snail shell x13 = 89g, thin red CBM x8 = curved green glass = 2g, flint x4 = 29g, = 2g, modern wood x5 = metal wire x3 = 216g, red tile x7 = curved brown glass x9 = burnt stone? 13g, archaeological C. 2 11g, scrap 108g, clay pipe 119g, curved clear glass = <1g, coal wood? x5 = 14g, plastic metal x6 = 9g, bowl = 6g x21 = 102g, flat clear x4 =9g sheeting? x2 = <1g, burnt thin corroded glass x5 = 5g charcoal? x3 = 5g, inside metal sheet = of battery = 3g 19g metal button = charcoal = <1g, black clear glass rim fragment 7g, modern nail quern stone plastic fragment = 1g, red tile = 16g, red = 14g, flat clear glass x5 x4 = 24g, fragments x3 circular foil seal/lid? = C.3 CBM x23 = 319g, = 3g, curved clear glass corroded metal = 1435g, flint <1g, scraps of paper x2 = clay pipe = 1g x5 = 11g fragments x8 = x2 = 6g <1g, battery remains = 13g 22g flat red tile x9 = slag x9 = 59g, 266g, curved red curved brown glass = metal nails x4 = tile x2 = 112g, 5g, curved clear glass 65g, thin iron yellow flat tile x3 = x5 = 4g, clear bottle rods x3 = 7g, worked flint C.4 527g, pink tile = 8g, bone =2g, wood = <1g neck/stem = 18g, green iron fragments x8 = 320g red CBM fragments bottle stopper = 10g, flat x4 = 5g, copper x39 = 260g, yellow clear glass x3 = 4g alloy casing x3 CBM fragments x17 = 8g = 107g clay pipe bowl = flint x13 = slag x3 = 10g, 10g, red flat tile x8 clear glass stopper x 31g, slate = nail = 57g, charcoal x2 = 1g, burnt C.5 = 60g, painted tile = 30g, curved clear glass 5g, burnt scrap iron x6 = charcoal x5 = 10g 2g, yellow CBM x7 x7 = 20g stone? x3 = 56g = 18g 14g Table 110: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/4

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Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 Glass Stone Other (excluding pottery) working

red tile x3 = 12g, red C. 1 CBM = 11g red tile x2 = 70g, clay C. 2 pipe item = 1g, red CBM flint = 6g

x3 = 7g worked flint x2 C.3 red tile x2 = 91g = 1g Table 111: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/5

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) C. 1 burnt flint x4 = 16g

flint x6 = 14g, burnt flint x10 = C. 2 89g Flat green glass burnt flint x3 = 22g, flint x6 = C.3 = 2g 8g clay pipe stem = thin metal sheet = burnt flint x6 = 71g, flint x2 = C.4 1g 6g 16g

Quern stone fragment (pudding stone) = 10.6cm C.5 wide, 9.8cm high and 4.4cm

long, flint x2 = 18g, burnt flint x11 = 101g

C.6 flint x8 =37g

C.7 flint =41g

C.8 flint =2g

Table 112: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/6

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 7 pottery) working bent metal ring = clear plastic C. 1 2g fragments x3 = <1g

clay pipe stem = 1g, yellow curved tile x2 = flint x3 = 3g, slate 98g, yellow tile x2 = curved clear glass C. 2 metal peg = 1g x2 = 4g, burnt coal 14g, red curved tile x2 x5 = 10g = 4g = 26g, red CBM x4 = 13g

curved clear red CBM x4 = 9g, glass, with letters corroded metal slate x2 = 5g, flint C.3 yellow CBM x2 = 11g, ‘UP CO’ = 13g, charcoal = <1g fragment = 5g x4 = 6g red tile x2 = 8g curved green glass x2 = 7g

red tile x3 = 450g, red worked flint x5 = C.4 CBM fragments x4 = glass x2 = 1g slag x2 = 5g snail shell x5 = 18g 19g 75g red tile x2 = 204g, red C.5 white shell = 2g CBM fragment = <1g corroded metal = C.6 flint x4 = 7g snail shell x2 = 3g 1g Table 113: The non-pottery finds excavated from CRO/11/7

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12.3 Maps

Much of the value of the test pit data from currently occupied rural settlements are derived from a holistic consideration across the entire settlement. Maps showing a range of the data from the test pit excavations in Carleton Rode are included below. These may be read in conjunction with relevant sections of the main report. Some of these maps are available online at http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/reports/norfolk/carleton-rode and these can be used, if wished, to prepare maps showing the distribution of other classes of data not depicted in this appendix.

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