Acceptability, Conflict, and Supporter Coastal Resource Management
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THESIS ACCEPTABILITY, CONFLICT, AND SUPPORT FOR COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND INITIATIVES IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES Submitted by Arren Mendezona Allegretti Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2010 Master’s Committee: Department Chair: Mike Manfredo Advisor: Stuart Cottrell Jerry Vaske Jessica Thompson Peter Taylor ABSTRACT ACCEPTABILITY, CONFLICT, AND SUPPORT FOR COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND INITIATIVES IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES Efforts to address the decline of coastal and habitat resources by Coastal Resource Management (CRM) initiatives are done via the application of frameworks such as Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) and Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). Recent literature stresses the necessity to complement biological monitoring with social science monitoring of coastal areas by applying social science concepts in CRM. Linkages between social science concepts such as a conflict, acceptance, and public support for CRM with research themes of governance, communities, and socioeconomics are crucial for advancing our understanding of the social success of CRM initiatives. In light of the scholarly and applied need, this thesis focuses on analyzing stakeholder perceptions, conflict, and public support for CRM policies and initiatives in Southern Cebu, Philippines. In particular, this thesis examines stakeholder attitudes and normative beliefs of CRM scenarios, and links these perceptions with public support of CRM policies and initiatives implemented at the levels of the community, municipality, and the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network. This thesis presents two manuscripts applying qualitative and quantitative social science methods for understanding stakeholder perceptions of conflict, acceptance, and public support for CRM policies. The first manuscript applies the Potential for Conflict ii Index (PCI2), a statistic that graphically displays the amount of consensus and the potential for conflict to occur in a CRM scenario. Specifically, the PCI2 displays fishers’ normative beliefs concerning their consensus and acceptability of CRM policies and initiatives. Face-to-face interviews with fishers serve as data for calculating the PCI2. This manuscript compares fishers’ normative beliefs concerning their evaluations of CRM policies among the municipalities of Oslob, Santander, and Samboan in Southern Cebu. Overall, fishers’ differing evaluations reflects the way CRM is implemented and enforced in each of these municipalities. Fishers’ evaluations allow local governments to understand the acceptability of CRM policies as well as make better management decisions concerning policy compliance, consensus for policies, and conflict within a municipality. The second manuscript of this thesis applies qualitative conflict mapping methods to the investigation of institutional conflict and accountability within a coastal municipality in Southern Cebu. Using in-depth interviews, conflict mapping methods enable the analysis of stakeholder attitudes of institutional conflict and accountability for CRM. This manuscript investigates institutional relationships among stakeholders accountable for CRM. Lastly, this manuscript examines how institutional relationships and stakeholder perceptions affect CRM at the community, municipality, and the MPA Network. The interpretive analysis reveals that conflicts concerning institutional accountability for CRM are often at the root of problems for implementing and enforcing coastal management initiatives and policies within the different communities of the municipality. iii Theoretical implications of this thesis include the application of normative theories and qualitative conflict analysis frameworks for understanding stakeholder perceptions of conflict and public support for CRM initiatives. Managerial applications of this thesis include the use of quantitative (PCI2) and qualitative (conflict mapping) social science monitoring methods applicable for understanding social science concepts such as stakeholder perceptions, conflict, and public support for CRM policies and initiatives. Future studies could include the combined use of PCI2 and conflict mapping as complementary research methods for investigating collaborative local government decision-making processes crucial for the social success of CRM initiatives. Arren Mendezona Allegretti Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Fall 2010 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Stuart Cottrell, Jerry Vaske, Jessica Thompson, Ryan Finchum, and Peter Taylor for providing valuable insight and direction. Thank you to Nonong Burreros, the local governments of Oslob, Santander, and Samboan, Southeast Cebu Cluster for Coastal Resource Management Council (SCCRMC), and Coastal Conservation Education Foundation (CCEF). Many thanks to the day-care workers of Oslob and United People of South Cebu for Development (UPSCDI) for their assistance with my research. I extend my gratitude to the Center for Collaborative Conservation (CCC) and the Environmental Governance Working Group (EGWG) for funding my research. Lastly, I thank my husband, Paul Allegretti and my parents for their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 References ............................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 11 Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) and Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) ........ 12 Addressing the gaps and needs for Human Dimensions Research in CRM ....................... 16 Communities ....................................................................................................................... 17 Governance, Institutions, and Networks ............................................................................. 21 Stakeholder perceptions reflecting societal values, attitudes, and normative beliefs ......... 29 Socioeconomic dimensions of MPAs and CRM ................................................................. 33 Tying it all in: communities, governance, stakeholder perceptions, and socioeconomics .. 35 References ........................................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE: MANUSCRIPT I. NORMS, CONFLICT, AND ACCEPTABILITY OF COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES IN CEBU, PHILIPPINES .... 47 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 48 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 49 Norms and Acceptability for CRM ........................................................................... 50 vi Consensus and the Potential for Conflict Index (PCI2) .......................................... 51 Philippine Coastal Management Context ............................................................... 53 Research Site Descriptions ..................................................................................... 54 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 56 Sampling Design ..................................................................................................... 56 Surveys ................................................................................................................... 56 Variables Description ............................................................................................. 57 Analysis Strategy .................................................................................................... 57 Results ............................................................................................................................... 58 Norms and Acceptability of CRM policies and scenarios ...................................... 58 Municipality Differences ........................................................................................ 58 Consensus for CRM scenarios, policies and sanctions ........................................... 62 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 69 Theoretical Implications: Norm Influence on Stakeholder Consensus and Behavior in CRM .................................................................................................................. 72 Future Research and Limitations ........................................................................... 73 References ........................................................................................................................