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And an Opposite Bend of the Tweed, Before They Unite Their Kindred Waters

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And an Opposite Bend of the Tweed, Before They Unite Their Kindred Waters —set, 1–0ſh: Name] OF N OR T H . B R ITA IN, 67 t c h . A P. II. Of Rorburghshire. § 1. Of its Name.] THE appellation of this shire is obviously derived from the designation of the town, which, as it owed its existence to the burgh upon a rocky peninsula, also owed to it the name of Rox-burgh. The ancient castle of Roxburgh stood high on an oblong protuberance of solid rock, upon the neck of a peninsula, which was formed by the near approach of the Teviot and the Tweed. Within the isthmus, on which the castle stood, the end of the peninsula expands to nearly the breadth of half a mile, by a curve of the Teviot, and an opposite bend of the Tweed, before they unite their kindred waters. On this commodious site, in predatory times, stood the town of Roxburgh, which was protected by the two rivers, on the east, south, and north, and by the castle, on the west. The most ancient name of this remarkable site, which occurs in record, is Rokesburg (a). Froissart calls it Roseburg, Buchanan Rosburgum, and Camden Rosburgh. But, these are probably vulgar names, which were adopted by popular writers, without much inquiry. More east ward, saith Camden, where Twede and Teifie join, Rosburg sheweth itself, called also Roxburg; and, in old time, Marchidun, because it was a town in the marches (b); where stands a castle, that for natural situation, and towered fortifications, was in past times, exceeding strong. But, his intimation is not warranted by the fact: It was not a town in the marches. If, by old time, Camden meant, the British period, Marchidun, in the British speech, would signify the towering fortress (c): And this name would be very descriptive of the position of Roxburgh, if we suppose, what is not improbable, that there was some fortress of the Gadeni upon this lofty knoll, when the Romans entered their diversified country. Fordun, indeed, calls Roxburgh Marche. (a) In Earl David's charter to Selkirk, the name is Rokesburg; and Rokerburc, in other charters. Nicholson's Hist. Lib. 363, and Smith's Bede, 764. The late lamented Duke of Roxburgh wrote his name, as his fathers had done before him, Roxburghe, and was even solicitous to retain the final (e), as a part of his inheritance. The worthy Duke might have defended his practice, by the authority of Sommer, in art. burg, Burge, arx, castrum, urbs, civitas. (6) Holland's Camden, Scotia, Io. (c) Owen’s Dict, under march and din. K 2 nond, (53 As A C C o U N T ſch II—Roslushire.-- mond, and Boece, and Bellenden, Marchmond. This appellation, plainly, means the mount on the marches. But, as Fordun was aware, that dun signified a hill, he may have merely translated the old name of Marchedun into Marchmont. There is reason to suppose, that the modern name of Rokesburgh, signifying the strength upon the rock, is not older than the Norman times (d). This shire is popularly called Teviotdale; because the vale of Teviot constitutes at least three-fourths of the whole county (e). S II. Of its Situation, and Extent.] Roxburghshire, as the most southern county cf North-Britain, has Northumberland, on the east; Northumber land, and part of Cumberland, on the south ; Dumfriesshire, on the south east; Selkirkshire, on the west; and Berwickshire, with a small portion of Edinburghshire, on the north (/). The county of Roxburgh extends from south-west to north-east 38 miles; and from south-east to north-west 27 (g). The breadth, indeed, about the middle of it, is carried out to a larger extent, by a projection of the shire northward of the Tweed, be tween the streams of the Gala and the Leader. This county contains a superficies of 696 square miles, or 445,440 statute acres. The popula tion of this shire, in 1801, being 33,682, allows exactly 48:39 persons to a square mile. This county is divided by its waters into several districts. Teviot dale, which forms the great body of its ample extent, comprehends the district, which is drained by the Teviot, and its subservient streams. And, Teviotdale comprehends 521 square miles, or 333,440 Statute acres. Lidisdale, which forms the south-west corner of Roxburghshire, on the borders of Northumber land, and of Cumberland, comprehends the Alpine country, which is drained by the Lid, the Hermitage, and other streams, which all send their kindred (d) Rock, meaning a stoney protuberance, is not in the Teutonic speech : In this sense, the word is old French, from the Celtic tongue; as we may learn from Bullet, and Menage : The Records, in Rymer, about 14oo, call the castle, Roke-burg. (e) Agricultural Survey, by the Rev. Dr. Douglas. (f) Roxburghshire lies between 55' 6' 40" and 55°42'52", N. lat. ; and between 2° 11", and ; 7' 50° W. longitude from Greenwich. Old Roxburgh castle, which gave its name to the shire, stood in 55° 36' 35° N. lat. ; and 2°29' 15" W. long. Jedburgh, the county town, stands in 55°29' 40" N. lat. ; and in 2° 35' 30" W. long. Kelso, the largest town, in this shire, is in 55° 36' 48" N. lat. ; and in 2° 28′ 20° W. longitude. These positions were taken from Arrow smith's late, and most accurate map of Scotland. In Blaeu's Atlas Scotia, may be seen Pont's sketches of Teviotdale No. 4, Lauderdale No. 6, and Lidsdale No. 9. There is a good modern map of Roxburghshire, in four sheets, on a scale of one inch to a mile, by Matthew Stobie, land surveyor, in Edinburgh, at the cxpence of the gentlemen of the county. (g) Id. - - WaterS —set III—oſiºneralobal..] or No RTH-BRIT AIN. 69. waters to the Solway frith: The superficies of Lidisdale contains 12 o square miles, or 76,800 statute acres. The third division of Roxburghshire is that projection, which extends northward of the Tweed, between the Gala, and the * Leader: And this northern district contains 28 square miles, or 17,920 statute acres. The fourth, or lower division of this shire, is that portion of it, which, lying northward of the Tweed, is included in the Merse; and which compre hends a superficies of 27 square miles, or 17,280 statute acres (h). § III. Of its natural Objects.] The southen parts of Roxburghshire are: very mountainous. A remarkable range of hills runs quite across the country, from east to west; beginning with Whitelaw, and Chillhill, on the northern declivity of the Cheviot mountains; and ending with Craikmuir, on the source of Borthwick water; and even proceeding westward into Ayrshire (). From those remarkable hills flow many streams into Teviotdale, on the north, and into Northumberland, Lidisdale, Ewisdale, and Eskdale, on the south. Lidisdale is an Alpine region, which is, however, dry; and affords excellent pasturage. Several of its hills are conspicuous objects from afar(k). The interior of Teviotdale abounds more with fertile vallies, than with great heights. Yet, has it several hills, in various places of its ample range, which attract notice, either from their natural appearances, or incite curiosity, by their memorable antiquities, Hounam-law emulates the Cheviot heights; and is the parent of the Kail, and Bowmont waters (1), r (h) The subjeined recapitulation will shew the comparative size of each of thoſe divisions : Sq. Miles. Stat. Acres. Teviotdale - - - 52 I - 333,449 Lidisdale - - - I 2 o - 76, Soo The Gala and Leader - - 28 - 17,92 o The portion of the Merse - 27 - 17,280 The total of the shire - - 696 - 445,440 These proportions were ascertained, by minute measurements, and calculations, from Arrowsmith's map of Scotland; and which were made, by dividing the surface into a series of triangles, and by calculating each triangle separately. This intimation is given, because other computations have been made mistakingly. (i) The Cheviot mountain, on the eastern extremity of this range, rears its conical top, above the level of the sca - - 2,682 feet Tudhope hill - - 1,830 feet Chillhil rises - - - 2,000 Wisp hill - - 1,820 Winburgh hill - - 2,000 Carter ſell . - - I,602 (k). Millenwood-fell is about 2,000 feet above the sea-level. Tinnis hill is a land-mark to sailors. Stobie's map of this shire; Stat. Account, xvi. p. 62-3. () Stat. Account, i. 52. - Dunian. 70 An A C C O U N T [Ch. II.-Roxburghshire.— Dunian hill rears its conical summit 1,031 feet above the sea-level. Rubers law rises to the height of 1,419 feet above the same plain. Bonchester hill, though not so high, deserves more notice, on account of the British strength on its summit, from which it derived its name. Burgh hill, in Cavers parish, though not remarkable for its height, merits notice from its ancient fort, which defended its crest, and gave it an appellation. In the same parish, Pen-crest pen, and Shelfhillpen; and, in Crailing parish, Penielheugh, are memorable, for preserving, through successigns of people, their British names. On the north of the Teviot, the eminences, which attract the greatest observation, are the Minto-craigs, which rise to the height of 858 feet above the sea-level; and which, as they are formed of rocks, and are interspersed with planting, are pic turesque objects, and are real ornaments to Teviot's vale (l). In the northern part of Teviotdale, the only eminences, which merit particular notice, are the Eldon hills, which are distinguished in that somewhat level region, by their singular appearance, and by the British, and Roman, strengths, that were formed on their acclivities (m).
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