r e x o n a 1 1 1 - back to the roots - - The European Story of a Danish Cutter -
The Rexona in Frederikshavn with registration number FN. 57. Einar Sigurd Olsen, 1915, oilpainting on canvas. Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven.
V.23 03 2010 Contents
Introduction 3 Association Rexona 7 Mission Statement 7 History Rexona 9 Offshore Fishing 1850-1920 15 Fishing vessels 17 Lustrum activities 2010 21 Lustrum activities 2011 21 Aims of the Lustrum 21 Target Groups 21 Renovation to original state 23 Time schedule 23 Partners 23 Budget 27 Organisation 27 Contact 27
The Rexona in 2007 outside the water locks at Den Oever. Source: archive association Rexona.
Introduction
2010 will mark 111 years since the Danish fishing cutter ‘Rexona’ was built in Frederikshavn in Denmark. The Rexona is one of the few Danish cutters still sailing. She is a reminder of the Golden Age of the Danish and North Sea fishing industry around 1900. The Association Rexona, the current owner of the cutter, would like to call attention to the important role of North Sea fishing and the impact for industry, economy and regional development during 1850-1920. The Danish fishing industry and cutters took the lead in the fast development of off shore fishing due to revolutionary inventions and the development of a modern fishing fleet.
The Rexona belongs to the last generation of wooden cutters before the mechanization and centuries of knowledge, experience and tradition are expressed by her excellent sailing qualities. “She sails like a swan,” a former crew member in Lemvig said during an interview. The Rexona symbolizes centuries of shipbuilding, methods of fishing and navigation skills. During the period 1850- 1920 industrialization, urbanization and a fast growing population led to an increasing demand for fish. Improved (international) networks made transport Breakfast on deck just before leaving for a sailing trip. Source: archive association Rexona. over large distances possible. Denmark had the most advanced fishing fleet and modern shipbuilding industry around 1900. Other North Sea countries, in particular Norway, The United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands looked with interest and copied the Danish example.
The Rexona is the sailing cultural heritage from this period. The Association Rexona wants to restore the cutter in the authentic style (based on the painting of 1915 and original drawings), sail to Denmark and ancient fishing grounds to promote the important role of North Sea fishery for public awareness. Furthermore, the Association would like to sail annually to Denmark and to institutionalize cooperation with Dutch, Danish and other European partners.
The Rexona with decktent during winter maintanance at the Naval Museum Port of Den Helder. Source: archive association Rexona.
The Rexona outside the harbour of Lelystad. Source: archive association Rexona.
The Rexona on television during SAIL 2005 during the news broadcast. The Rexona on the Wadden Sea outside the port of Den Helder. Source: NOS, the Dutch Public Broadcasting Organisation. Source: archive association Rexona.
Association Rexona
The Association Rexona (www.verenigingrexona.nl) is the owner of the cutter since 1997. The Members of the Association are devoted to maintain this unique ship and to pass knowledge, experience and skills with regard to sailing, construction and the original use of cutters for offshore fishing.
The goal of the Association is to keep the Rexona sailing, to offer this opportunity to the public and to take care of this cultural heritage. Income of the Association is generated from the annual contributions of members, donations and contributions for sailing days. This income covers the annual expenses for maintenance and administration. Experienced skippers educate crew on the job, in order to pass the knowledge, skills and experience to newcomers and new generations. During the winter the members carry out the regular maintenance activities. Big reconstructions are done by professional ship yards. The main reconstructions are financed by sponsors, subsidies and donations. The Prins Bernhard Foundation and two private sponsors will fund the necessary renovation of parts of the mid ship in the winter of 2008-2009. Training weekends for crew, navigation crew and captains are being organized in the spring. Passengers are ‘crew’ during sailing trips. The Rexona in the Inner Harbour during the annual cutter race -2005- in Enkhuizen. There are 12 sleeping cabins, kitchen and toilet facilities. source: archive association Rexona.
The Rexona currently sails only on Netherlands inland waters, Wadden Sea and IJsselmeer. After the reconstruction the ship will be seaworthy and can sail to Denmark and in the North Sea area. The web-site, so far only available in the Dutch language, provides further information.
Mission Statement
The Association Rexona wants to preserve one of the last wooden fishing cutters from the nineteenth century and to raise awareness of the important role of North Sea fisheries during 1850-1920.
The Rexona on the IJsselmeer during the cutterrace of 2005. source: archive association Rexona.
History Rexona
The Rexona was built in 1899 by the shipyard Olsen in Frederikshavn. She is a Frederikshavn cutter for Seine fishing. She was registered in Frederikshavn under the name ‘Nevada’, registration number FN 57, with a motor of 12 hp, 17 meters long, 5 meters wide, depth 2 meters, 28 GNT (37 BNP). She was made of oak and had a Swedish engine. She was one of the bigger cutters.
The first owner was C. Ambjørn, who sold the boat in 1916 to J. Carlsen. From 1917 she was registered in Esjberg, under registration E 365. The new owner was L.G. Jensen. S. Enevoldsen was the new owner from 1929 and he renamed her to ‘Rebekka’. In 1933 the new owner was A.C. Nielsen, who renamed her again, to ‘Karen’. In 1961 the new owner was K. Piet, who gave the present name ‘Rexona’, registered in Lemvig under registration number L 386. Other owners were V. Poulsen and from 1975-1977 N. Bech Larsen. The summer harbour was in Thyborøn. The Rexona was used as a fishing vessel until 1977 when she stopped fishing.
In 1977 she was sold to Sam (Piet) Kaptein, a Dutchman. He sailed to the Netherlands by motor power ( the Rexona had a 2 cilinder Hundested motor (96
Fragment from a policereport from 1961. The Rexona had a collision with the vessel Monica. hp) and dragged also the cutter ‘Nordstøm’ to the Netherlands. The Rexona had a Source: Handelsministeriet København. wheelhouse, but no longer a mast.
From 1980 the new owner was Victor van Dalen, who renovated and repaired the Rexona. He put on a new mast and sails, removed the wheelhouse and did many other reparations. In 1984 he sailed back to Esbjerg and in 1985 he made a tour to Norway, Sweden and Denmark. At this occasion he visited Lemvig, where he met the last owner and some former crew members.
In 1997 the Association Rexona was established. The present homeport is Den Helder, the main Marine harbour in The Netherlands. The Rexona has been recognized as a sailing monument by the Dutch authorities (National Register Sailing Monuments, Nr. 753).
Certificate of registration as a sailing monument.
History Rexona
The Rexona in the fifties in the harbour of Esbjerg sailing with registration number E 365. Source: Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet i Esbjerg. Water colour painting of Lemvig by Hans Brygge. Source: E. Damgaard, ‘Byvandringer i Lemvig, Lemvig 2002.
The Rexona in the fifties in the harbour of Esbjerg sailing with registration number E 365. The Rexona with registration number L 386 in the harbour of Lemvig around 1970. Source: Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet i Esbjerg. Source: Cultural-historic Museum Lemvig.
10 11 History Rexona
The Olsen shipyard in Frederikshaven around 1900. The Frederikshavencutter FN 54 is being pulled up the dockyard. Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven.
Fishing cutters in the harbour of Esbjerg. Oil painting on canvas, signed ‘F.06’. Source: Morten Hahn-Pedersen, ‘Fra Viking til borebis, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet i Esbjerg, 2001.
Announcement ‘new cutters’ explaning characteristics of the Nevada and the sistership Frem. Source: Fiskeriforenings Medlemsblad, 20 february1899.
12 13 Offshore Fishery 1850-1920
The Danish Seine fishing (Snurrevodfiskeriet in Danish) was invented in 1848 by Jens Laursen Vaever (1822-1914), who lived in Krejbjerg in Jutland, Denmark.
In this method a large part of the bottom of the sea is surrounded by ropes and a fishing net, cast by the fishing vessel. The vessel hauls the nets and the fish are caught in the net. In 1880 Frederikshavn was the first harbor where Danish Seine fishing was introduced on a large scale. Before that time fishing took place close to the coast in small boats or even from the beach. Mainly white fish (codfish and haddock) were caught.
With this new fishing method large quantities of flatfish were caught. Danish Seine fishing became the most common fishing method in Jutland and it was introduced soon afterwards in England, Scotland, Sweden, Norway, Island and Ireland. In the Netherlands it took longer and Danish Seine fishing was introduced only after the First World War.
Danish Seine fishing came at a moment of industrialization, urbanization and a fast Schematic visualisation of the Danish Seine fishing method. growing population and there was a growing demand for food and fish in particular. Source: E. Skelmose, Snurrovodfiskeri i tekst og billeder, Esbjerg 1968. From an economic perspective flatfish were much more profitable than white fish. Seine fishing caused a revolution in the ship building industry. There was a growing demand for larger ships, which could fish further offshore and could reach new fishing grounds.
From 1898 the Danish government, acknowledging the economic possibilities, granted loans to build fishing vessels. The fishing industry became an important sector and towns along side the West-coast of Jutland rapidly developed. Within a few decades the small town of Esbjerg became the most important harbor of Jutland. After 1900 the development went even faster by the mechanization of the fleet and introduction of new means of transport to distribute fish. It was the Golden Age of the Danish fishing industry, which would last until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
Danish cutter in the fifties hauling nets onboard. Source: Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet i Esbjerg.
Andriaen Coenenz, map of fishing grounds around 1570. Source: Morten Hahn-Pedersen, ‘Fra Viking til borebis, Fiskeri- og Søfartsmuseet i Esbjerg, 2001.
14 15 Danish Fishing vessels in Jutland about 1900
Until the appearance of Danish Seine fishing the most common fishing vessel was the ‘Bohuslenske’ model. This was a small boat, appropriate to fish close to the coast. The net was cast in the sea by a small boat, the kutterjol.
Danish Seine fishing led to a revolution in the construction of fishing vessels from 1880 onwards. The vessels became much larger, fit for sailing on high see (North sea ) and with a storage for fish and a special fish barrel for living flatfish (up to 4,000 fish), which were kept alive.
The architect E.C. Benzon from Frederikshavn started with designing (big) vessels for Danish Seine fishing in 1885. These cutters belonged to the ‘Frederikshavn’ model. This was the beginning of a new generation of cutters, with an average of 25- Drawing of a Bohuslenske type fishing boat. Source: A. Hjorth Rasmussen, ‘Vejen til Nordøen’, Nordmuseet Hirtshals 1984. 30 GNT, about 50 feet long, 6-7 feet deep. The largest vessels had even 35-50 GNT. The vessels remained weeks on sea before returning to the harbor. Around 1900 there were about 200 cutters with more than 10 GNT (from which less than 100 with more than 20 GNT). The number of crew was five or six.
The bigger vessels had a main gaff sail, small gaff sail, topsail, jib, fore sail and a small mast on the afterdeck. The mechanization of fishing vessels started from 1885 with a small steam motor (3-5 hp), which was used during maneuvering or windless periods. Sailing remained dominant. Around 1900 the 200 bigger cutters were equipped with semi-diesel engines. In 1920 almost all 4,600 Danish fishing vessels had a motor and the sailing vessel belonged to the past.
The Frederikshaven cutter Johanna Olsen registration number FN 133 manoeuvring in the harbour. Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven. The fishing harbour of Lemvig in the sixties. Source: Cultural-Historic Museum Lemvig.
16 17 Danish Fishing vessels in Jutland about 1900
Scan of an original drawing of the Frederikshaven fishing cutter Jakob Anderson around 1898 Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven.
18 19 Den Helder Lustrum Activities 2010 Esbjerg Organization of events at location in cooperation with museums, (local) Lemvig government and professional organizations. Limfjord Frederikshaven Sailing on Wadden Sea and IJsselmeer. Dragør Copenhagen Sailing to Sail Amsterdam 2010. Kiel-canal Den Helder Sailing to Oerol Festival at Terschelling. Enkhuizen Amsterdam Participation Kutterrace Enkhuizen. IJmuiden Den Helder Lustrum Activities 2011 Sailing to Esjberg, Lemvig, Frederikshaven, Dragør and Copenhagen.
Organisation of events in cooperation with museums, (local) government and professional organisations.
Preparations for documentary about sea fisheries in North-West Europe 1850- 1920.
Preparations for book about the history of the last generation of wooden sailing cutters through the eyes of The Rexona.
Aims of the lustrum
Sailing the Rexona, restoring and conserving the ship as monument.
Maintenance of the maritime, cultural and economic heritage of North Sea fishery 1850-1920.
Institutionalization of Dutch-Danish cooperation and with other North Sea countries.
Target groups
Danish and Dutch public.
Lustrum sailing trip of the Rexona in 2011. Other North Sea countries.
20 21 renovation to original state
long term vision
The Association would like to establish long term cooperation with Dutch, Danish and other European partners and sail annually to Denmark and other North Sea countries. Accompanying events will raise the awareness of the public with regard
Andreas Olsen in 1906, owner of the J.N. Olsen Shipyard in Frederikshavn. to the relevance and role of sea fishery. Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven. Time Schedule
October 2009 – October 2010: Fund raising for renovation and trip in 2011 November 2009 – May 2010: Preparations and fund raising for events at location in 2010 June – September 2010: Sailing and events at location August 2010: Sail Amsterdam 2010 November 2010 – May 2011: Renovation, Seaworthiness and preparations trip Denmark July – August 2011: trip to Denmark After September 2011: Preparations Documentary and book.
danish partners Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg Bangsbomuseum, Frederikshaven Cultural-historic Museum Lemvig Cutter Association Traeskiblaug, Lemvig Amager museum,Dragør
dutch partners Zuiderzee Museum, Enkhuizen Museum Port Foundation Willemsoord, Den Helder
The Rexona in Frederikshaven with registration number FN. 57. Nautical Monuments Foundation, Den Helder Einar Sigurd Olsen, 1915, oilpainting on canvas. Source: Bangsbo Museum Frederikshaven. Gaff Cutters Association, Haarlem
22 23 Members of the association Rexona during maintanance in Urk. February 2000. Rexona being launched after winter maintanance on the Huisman Itrec wharf in Rotterdam. March 2005. Source: archive association Rexona. Source: archive association Rexona.
Restoration bow in Lelystad. April 2007. Source: archive association Rexona.
24 25 renovation to original state
Budget
Renovation Rexona to authentic state. (painting of 1915 and original drawings) Sea worthy equipping of the Rexona. Documentation, authentic equipment and other material for museum ship. Events at location.
Lustrum Commission: Maarten Koning [email protected] Arno Pronk [email protected] Joost Woertman [email protected] Victor van Dalen [email protected] Steven Gerritsen [email protected]
Phone Numbers: Maarten Koning Tel: + 31 6 11562200
Joost Woertman Tel: + 31 6 42151900
Correspondence address: Lustrum commission REXONA 111 c/o Maarten Koning Jan Luijkenstraat 20 III 1071 CN Amsterdam
Office Address: Association Rexona c/o Leopold van den Assum Hollandiahof 39
Maiden trip Rexona. Summer 1997. 3119 ZD Schiedam Source: archive association Rexona.
26 27 The harbour of Lemvig. Source: culture-historic Museum Lemvig.
28 29 r e x o n a 1 1 1 - back to the roots - - The European Story of a Danish Cutter -
A witness of centuries old trade and fisheries relations between The Netherlands and Denmark. Delfts Tile from the 17th century from a Dutch shipwreck. Source: M. Hahn-Pedersen, Fra Viking til borebisse (Esbjerg 2001).
- www.rexona111.eu - - lustrum @ rexona111.eu -
V. 23 03 2010