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A Cleveland Clinic, 8 Advanced Medical Research Institute Coefficient of Medical Tourism Queries (AMRI), 53 (CMTQ), 209 Advatech Consultancy, 95 Commercial transplant, 174 Ad words Tool, 208 Communication, 213 Amazon Health and Medical Tourism Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), 57 (AHMT), 93 Consistency Index (CI), 192 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 106, 141 Consistency Ratio (CR), 192 Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), 191–193, Cultural assets, 7, 8, 10 198, 200 Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals Kolkata (AGH), 53 D Association of Hospitals of Eastern India Department of Commerce and Service Export (AHEI), 62, 215 Promotion Council, 21 Autoregressive integrated moving average Department of Tourism, 212

(ARIMA) method, 206 Desirability Index (Di), 200 Ayurvedic medicine, 8 Destinations profile mapping accreditations, 73, 74 featured services, 72, 73 B Indian cities, 67–68 Bengal Tourism, 214 infrastructure, 68, 70, 71 Bhagirathi Neotia Woman and Child Care micro-scale analysis, 68 Centre (BNWCCC), 53–54, 62 resource development, 67 BM Birla Heart Research Centre Desun Hospital and Heart Institute (DHHI), 53 (BMBHRC), 53 Development vs. risk Burmese Charity Organisation, 152 accommodation capacity and facilities available, 161 accommodation facilities, 162 C economic contribution, local scale Calcutta Medical Research Institute detailed survey and face-to-face (CMRI), 52 interview, 158 Calcutta Stock Exchange, 46 door-to-door survey, 158 Central Limit Theorem of Statistics, 100 job and entrepreneurial opportunity, Chi-square test of independence, 135 159, 164

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 241 A. Rai, Medical Tourism in Kolkata, Eastern India, Global Perspectives on Health Geography, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73272-5 242 Index

Development vs. risk (cont.) Gross domestic product (GDP), 47 local market community/retailers, 158 Guest’s satisfaction, 215 medical tourism, 157 Guest–host relationship national economy, 158 attribute level conceptualisation, 133 revenue generation, 164 behavioural attributes, 134 role of, 158 behavioural intentions semi-structured questionnaire, 158 chi–square test, 152 infrastructure development demographic heterogeneity, 150 contribution to tourism economy, 169 doctors and clinical infrastructure, 152 growth of public facilities, 166 evaluation of challenges, 152 healthcare infrastructure, 167, 168 heterogeneity, 151 local patients’ community, 177, 178 local community, 149 major healthcare investments, Kolkata, 168 medical tourism, 132, 150 market characteristics, 163 nationality, 143–145 medical tourism business, 163 nationality-wise intention, 151 organ transplantation, 175 null hypothesis, 150 outbound medical tourism, Kolkata, 179 recommend nationality-wise, 151 perceived responses of local community, 180 regression model, 140 retailers and market community, 166 reliability statistics test, 136 revenue generation, 165 chi-square test of independence, 135 risk mapping components and subcomponents, 141 growing issues, transplant tourism, 174 customer heterogeneity, 135 health inequity, 170 dependent variable, 134 local community, 175, 176, 179 doctors and healthcare facilities, 132 perceived risks, 170, 172, 173 experience with public institution, 147 post-treatment issues, 170 healthcare industry, 133 sample characteristics, 160 heterogeneity, 141, 142, 147 social media, 171 linear regression method, 135 traditional tourism activities, 169 long-term business model, 131 Dubai Healthcare City (DHCC), 22 medical tourism, 131 medical treatments and associated hospital services, 132, 133 E multiple linear regression, 134 Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, 159 nationality-wise variation, 150 Electronic medical record (EMR) system, 73 perceived attitude, 136–138 Ethical service environment, 16 quality and quantity, 131 European Society for Quality in Healthcare role of public institutions, 134 (ESQH), 16 service quality, 132 Exponential smoothing (ES) methods, 206 significant components, 138, 139 tourism and recreational services, 148 tourism attributes and satisfaction F level, 134 Facebook review, 173 tourism industry, 133 Forecast model summary, 217–219 tourists’ survey, 134 Foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs), 24, 48 travel and logistic services, 134, 146 Fortis Hospital & Kidney Institute, 54

H G Health infrastructure, 51 Geographical barriers, 16 Health tourism, 9 Global Entrepreneur Program (GEP), 93 Healthcare sectors, 15, 28 Google Ad Words Tool, 208 Healthcare systems, 11 Google keywords content analysis, 208 Health-care tourism, 9 Google review, 172 Hermopolis, 5 Index 243

Heterogeneity, 141, 142, 147 McKinsey and Company, 18 Human resources, 131 Medica Superspecialty Hospital (MSH), 54 Medical care, 11 Medical infrastructure I cancer treatment centre, 55 India, 24–26 environmental protection, 53 Indian Chamber of Commerce 2012, 15 health and family welfare, 52 Indian medical system, 8 healthcare delivery sector, 52 Indian medical tourism demand, 43, 212 healthcare provider, 54 Industry–academic linkages, 34 history, 50 Industry approach, 9 occupational safety, 53 International help desk, 76 organ transplantation, 53 International hospital, 78 public sectors, 52 International Organization for Standardization Medical oncology treatment, 11 (ISO), 16 Medical Society of London, 8 International Promotion of Costa Rican Medical tourism, 212 Medicine, 22 choice and evaluation, 31, 32 International Society for Quality in Health comparative costs, 13 Care (ISQua), 16 contemporary context, 2 International Union of Travel Officials, 28 cultural assets, 7, 9, 10 Investments, 167, 169, 170, 179 economic activity, 28, 29 Islamic cultures, 8 emergence of, 15, 16, 18 exploiting natural resources, 6, 7 global healthcare disparity, 2 J Health and Wellness Tourism, 9 Johns Hopkins Hospital, 8 health care indices, 14 Joint Commission certification (JCI), 74 healthcare travel/health tourism, 4 Joint Commission International, 16 healthcare travellers, 3 in-depth analysis, 2 industry K demand and supply, 18 Kolkata Medical Tourism, 199, 214 estimation, 19 Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), 44 India, 24–26 Korea Health Industry Development Institute market size and estimation, 21, 22 (MoHW–Korea 2014), 18 McKinsey and Company, 18 Kothari Medical Centre & Research Institute products, 20 (KMCRI), 54 jurisdictional territory, 1 Kuala Lumpur International Airport, 22 lower and middle-income countries, 2 medical tourist, 29–31 nationality-wise variation, 27 L natural and cultural resource, 4 Linear regression method, 135 number and revenue generated Local community, 158, 166, 175, 176, 179 worldwide, 23 Local economy, 158, 159, 179, 180 opportunities, 11, 12 Low-income countries, 13 patient’s guide, 28 primary and secondary database, 4 regional imbalances, 11, 12 M risks and debates, 33 Malaysia Healthcare Tourism Council 2014, 18 size and distribution, 34 Market-driven economy, 28 social process, 4 Marketing, 212–213 spatial process, 32 Marketing Development Assistance (MDA), 62 spiritual healing culture, 5, 6 Market mapping, 78 survey of, 4 Mayo Clinic, 8 travel practice, 1 244 Index

Medical tourism business promotional strategy cumulative inclusion, 87 collaboration, 81 intermediate service providers, 85 conventional information-seeking medical referrals, 88 processes, 79 online service facilitators, 88 effective online presence, 79, 80 organisational capabilities, 87 international tie-ups, 81 phrases, 86 national health programmes, 81 post-treatment follow-up care, 85 pre-operative and post-operative care, 82 scheduling appointment, 86 tele-consulting, 81 Medical tourism destination Medical Tourism Influence Zone Surrounding lower and middle-income countries, 43 Mukundapur, 167 Medical tourism destination regions Medical tourism products (MTDRs), 131 core healthcare services, 75 Medical tourism destinations, 80 definition, 74 Medical tourism experience, 133, 136, functional extension, 76, 77 139, 152 surveyed hospitals, 75 Medical tourism facilitators Medical tourism queries, 220–222 business types, 88 Medical tourism service providers (MTSPs), 62 collaborative efforts, 93 Medical Tourism, Kolkata core healthcare procedures, 90 environment–qualitative approach destination, 89, 90 business model, 186 destination mapping, 92 comprehensive strategic planning, 186 extended healthcare assistance, cost-effective quality care, 185 91, 92 limited resources, 186 healthcare assistance, 92 local economies, 185 marketisation and promotion, 93, 96 medical care, 186 medical specialties, 90 methodological orientation, 186 online presence, 94–95 opportunities, 190 professionalisation, 92 Random Index, 193 tour and travel services, 90 Saaty’s scale of relative importance, 192 Medical tourism generating regions sector, 186 (MTGRs), 131 strategic planning, 186 Medical tourism in Kolkata strengths, 189 demographic characteristics, 47 sustainable approach, 186 demography, 46 SWOT analysis, 187, 188, 197 economy, 46, 47 threats, 190, 191 genesis, 56 weakness, 189, 190 global market, 43 intensities, rating scale, 200 healthcare services, 55 pair–wise comparison matrices, history, 44, 45 194–195 international patient market, 56 priority scores, SWOT factors, 195–196 market size and estimates, 59, 62 strategy evaluation, 198, 200, 202, 203 multifunctional approach, 56 strategy formulation, 197, 198 profit business strategy, 56 SWOT factors, 191–193 quality of care, 56 TOWS Matrix, 199 state and key players, 63, 64 Medical tourist arrivals (MTAs), 26 super specialty and multispecialty Medical tourist destination region (MTDRs), healthcare centres, 43 10, 11 tourism, 48 Medical tourists value added services, 56 ANOVA test, 110 Medical tourism industry, 205 biomedical resources, 99 core product provider, 77 cultural and migration links, 129 potential target market mapping, 78 demographic characteristics, 102 Index 245

demographic profile, 100, 102 Public health issues, 28 descriptive statistics, 109 Public sector, 33 diversifications, 100 Public-private-partnership scheme, 63 ethnographic survey, 99 Purchasing power parity (PPP), 47 expenditure, 107–108 financial support, 105, 106 geographical proximity, 104 Q information sources, 111, 112 Quality Council of India (QCI), 68 medical trip facilitators, 111 motivations ANOVA test, 126–129 R factors, 113, 124 Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of heterogeneity, 125, 129 Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS), 53 unique segment, 113 Random Index, 192, 193 visiting Kolkata, 115–123 Regional disparity in healthcare, 11, 34 nationality-wise variation, 114 Regional imbalances, 11, 12 organ transplantation, 104 Regression analysis, 139 percentage distribution, 105 Regression model, 140 recreational activities, 99 RN Tagore International Institute of Cardiac trip characteristics, 102–104 Science (RNTIICS), 78 unique segments, 113 Royal Society of Medicine, 8 Medical Tourists Visited Kolkata, 173 Ruby General Hospital (RGH), 53 Micro-scale study, 34 Middle East and North African (MENA), 22 S Moving Average (MA), 206 Saratoga Springs in New York, 7 Multi-criteria decision-making Singapore Tourism Board 2018, 18, 22 technique, 191 Situational assessment, 187 Multiple linear regression, 134, 139 Social justice, 33 Socio-economic status, 12 Spatial process, 32 N Standardized Beta Coefficients, 139 Nalanda Ayurvedic Centre at Patna, 8 Strategies formulation, 187, 197, 198 National Board for Hospitals and Healthcare Strengths–opportunities (SO) strategic providers (NABH), 21 group, 198 National Committee for Quality Assurance Strengths–threats (ST) strategy (NCQA), 16 group, 198 National Health Statistics 2011, 17 Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat National law, 11 (SWOT) Neo-liberal economic policies, 9–10 effective situational assessments, 187 factors, 187, 197 matrix, 188 O medical tourism industry, 187 Onsen, 7 pair–wise comparison matrix, 195 Orthopedic surgery, 11 priority scores, 195–196 quantitative assessment, 191–193 Support services, 215–216 P Surveyed hospitals Patient Beyond Borders, 18 clinical services, 71 Patients’ Rights and Responsibility websites, 69 Act, 158 Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Post-modern researchers, 27 Regions (SALAR), 11 Press Information Bureau 2018, 21 Systematic approach, 186, 187, 200 246 Index

T W Target market, 205–208 Weaknesses–Opportunities (WO) strategy Time series modelling, 206 group, 198 Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), 21 Weaknesses–Threats (WT) strategy, 198 Tourism Research and Marketing (TRAM), 18 West Bengal Tourism Board, 187 TOWS matrix, 198, 199 West Bengal Tourism Policy, 63 Transplant tourism, 170, 174 World Health Organization (WHO), 13

U Y Unani medical care system, 8 Young Buddhist Student Literacy Mission, 86