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1488 Bony Fishes

Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes, 1828) EEO Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Queen snapper; Fr - Vivaneau royal; Sp - Pargo cachucho.

Diagnostic characters:Usually 1 or 2 canine or canine-like teeth on each side of upper jaw (and frequently on each side of lower jaw) anteriorly, followed on both upper and lower jaws by a series of conical teeth;vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in a chevron-shaped patch (patch rarely almost triangular); no teeth on ectopterygoids. Maxilla with scales. Interorbital region flattened. Gill rakers on first arch 7 to 11 on upper limb and 14 to 18 on lower limb, total 23 to 28. single, but spinous portion of fin deeply incised at its junction with soft portion. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins produced, longer than next to last ray. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes moderately short to relatively long; upper lobe of caudal fin well produced in some individuals (in specimens more than about 160 mm standard length, upper lobe of caudal fin 27 to 46% standard length). Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 11, rarely 10, soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 15 or 16 rays. Membranes of dorsal and anal fins without scales. Tubed lateral-line scales 47 to 50. Colour: back and upper sides deep pink to red; lower sides and belly pale pink to silvery; iris of eye red; spinous portion of dorsal fin and entire caudal fin brilliant red, other fins pink to pale. Size: Maximum standard length to about 70 cm, commonly to 50 cm standard length. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Occurs over rocky bottoms at depths between about 135 and 450 m.Feeds on small fishes, squids, and crusta- ceans. Caught mainly with handlines and bottom longlines. Marketed fresh or frozen. Distribution: Bermuda and North Carolina southward to Brazil (collected as far south as the market in São Paulo), including the West Indies, , and Caribbean Sea. : Percoidei: 1489

Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) LJN Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - ; Fr - Vivaneau sorbe; Sp - Pargo criollo.

Diagnostic characters: Vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in chevron-shaped patch without a median posterior extension;no teeth on ectopterygoids.Maxilla without scales.Gill rakers on first arch 6 to 8 on upper limb and 12 or 13 on lower limb, total 18 to 21. Dorsal fin single, spinous portion of fin not deeply in- cised at its junction with soft portion. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins not elongated. Anal fin angulated posteriorly in specimens more than about 4 cm standard length. Caudal fin lunate to moder- ately forked.Dorsal fin with 10, rarely 11, spines and 14, occasionally 13, soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8, rarely 7, soft rays.Pectoral fin with 15 to 17, usually 16, rays.Membranes of soft dorsal and anal fins with scales. Tubed scales in 47 to 51, usually 48 or 49. Colour: both plain and barred colour phases occur, usually barred when at rest, becoming almost uniformly coloured when swimming;back and up- per sides olive, lower sides and belly whitish with red tinge; iris of eye red; dark spot present below anterior part of soft dorsal fin (this spot large in young, becoming relatively smaller with growth); blue lines and spots before, below, and behind eye; fins mostly red, particularly anal, lower part of caudal, and pelvic fins; posterior margin of caudal fin finely edged with black. Size: Maximum total length about 80 cm, commonly to 50 cm. Habitat, biology,and fisheries: Found most commonly over vegetated sand bottoms and in bays and estuar- ies along mangrove coasts; also occurs around coral reefs. Feeds mainly on fishes, , and molluscs. A solitary species, rarely seen in groups outside the spawning season at which time impressive ag- gregations form that may last for several weeks. Estimated maximum age: 14 years. Caught mainly with boat seines, gill nets, and bottom longlines; also captured with handlines and traps and speared by divers. Mar- keted fresh and frozen. Distribution: New England (occasionally) to southeastern Brazil, including the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Said to have been introduced into Bermuda waters in the 1920s, and reported to have been captured on several occasions in the 1960s;only documented record from Bermuda is a photograph of a speci- men caught in 1985; it is unknown whether these reports indicate a waif occurrence or if the spe- cies is established but rare at Bermuda. 1490 Bony Fishes

Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum, 1792) LJP Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names:En - Schoolmaster snapper (AFS:Schoolmaster);Fr - Vivaneau dentchien;Sp - Pargo amarillo.

Diagnostic characters: Body comparatively deep, greatest depth 2.3 to 2.8, usually 2.4 to 2.7, times in standard length. Canines at anterior end of upper jaw distinctly larger than anterior teeth in lower jaw; vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch with a median posterior ex- tension; no teeth on ectopterygoids.Maxilla without scales.Gill rakers on first arch 5 to 7 on upper limb and 11 to 15 on lower limb, total 17 to 22. Dorsal fin single, spinous portion of fin not deeply incised at its junction with soft portion. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins not elongated. Anal fin rounded posteriorly. Pectoral fin longer than distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of preopercle, 3.0 to 3.5 times in standard length (in specimens 7 to 10 cm standard length pectoral fin about equal to that of specimens of Lutjanus griseus of similar size). Caudal fin emarginate. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 14 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8 soft rays. Pectoral fin with 16 or 17, usually 17, rays. Membranes of soft dorsal and anal fins with scales. Tubed scales in lateral line 40 to 45, usually 42 to 44. Colour: back and upper sides olive grey with yellow tinge; lower sides and belly lighter; no dark lateral spot below anterior part of soft dorsal fin, but with series of narrow pale bars on body (bars may be faint or absent in large adults);usually a blue line on head beneath eye, from upper jaw nearly to tip of fleshy opercle, line frequently broken into dashes and spots; fins bright yellow, yellow green, or pale orange. Size: Maximum total length to about 62 cm, commonly to 35 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Inhabits shallow coastal waters over a variety of bottom types (coral reefs, vegetated sand, and mud in mangrove areas). The young occur mostly in littoral areas and sometimes enter brackish waters. May be seen in aggregations during the day. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, gastropods, cephalopods, and worms. Appar- ently spawns over most of the year. Caught mainly with beach seines, gill nets, traps, and handlines. Marketed fresh and frozen. Distribution: New England (occasional juvenile strays) and Bermuda to northeastern Brazil, in- cluding the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Ca- ribbean Sea; also reported off Brazil south of the Amazon. Very common in the West Indies and Caribbean; rare north of . Perciformes: Percoidei: Lutjanidae 1491

Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828) LJU Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / None. FAO names: En - Blackfin snapper; Fr - Vivaneau oreille noire; Sp - Pargo sesí.

Diagnostic characters: Vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in anchor-shaped patch with posterior extension on median line; no teeth on ectopterygoids. Maxilla without scales. Gill rakers on first arch 7 to 9 on upper limb and 17 to 19 on lower limb, total 25 to 27. Dorsal fin single, spinous portion of fin not deeply incised at its junction with soft portion. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins not elongated. Anal fin rounded. Caudal fin emarginate. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 14 soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 8, rarely 9, soft rays. Pectoral fin with 16 to 18, usually 17, rays. Membranes of soft dorsal and anal fins with scales. Tubed scales in lateral line 47 to 50, usually 48 or 49. Colour: back and upper sides scarlet to orange; lower sides and belly silvery to reddish; iris of eye yellow to golden yellow to orange; large, pro- nounced dark spot at base and in axil of pectoral fin; no dark spot below anterior part of soft dorsal fin; dark area on scales at base of soft dorsal fin (not always obvious on preserved specimens); in specimens up to about 16 cm standard length, upper part of caudal peduncle, much of soft dorsal fin, most of anal fin, and entire caudal fin yellow or greenish yellow. Size: Maximum total length to at least 66 cm, commonly to 50 cm. Habitat, biology,and fisheries: Adults inhabit deeper waters over sandy or rocky bottoms and near drop-offs and ledges; young occur in shallower waters; recorded from the Bahamas in depths of about 60 to 230 m. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, and tunicates. At Jamaica spawns over most of the year with peak activity in April and September. Caught mainly with handlines and traps. Mar- keted mostly fresh. Occasionally implicated in ciguatera poisoning. Distribution: Bermuda and North Carolina to northeastern Brazil, including the West Indies, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea; also re- ported off Brazil south of the Amazon. 1492 Bony Fishes

Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860) SNR Frequent synonyms / misidentifications: None / (Poey, 1866), Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828). FAO names:En - Northern red snapper (AFS:Red snapper);Fr - Vivaneau campèche;Sp - Pargo del Golfo.

Diagnostic characters: Vomer and palatines with teeth, those on vomer in anchor-shaped patch with posterior extension on median line; no teeth on ectopterygoids. Maxilla without scales. Gill rakers on first arch 6 to 8 on upper limb and 14 to 16 on lower limb, total 21 to 24. Dorsal fin single, spinous portion of fin not deeply incised at its junction with soft portion. Last soft ray of both dorsal and anal fins not elongated. Anal fin angulated in specimens more than about 5 cm standard length. Caudal fin truncate to lunate. Dorsal fin with 10 spines and 14, rarely 13 or 15, soft rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 9, sometimes 8, soft rays. Pectoral fin with 15 to 18, usually 17, rays. Membranes of soft dorsal and anal fins with scales. Tubed scales in lateral line 46 to 51, usually 47 or 48.Rows of lateral scales 46 to 50;scales above lateral line 7 to 10;scales be- low lateral line 15 to 19; sum of rows of lateral scales and scales above and below lateral line 69 to 75. Colour: back and upper sides scarlet to brick red; lower sides and belly rosy; iris of eye red; dark spot be- low anterior part of soft dorsal fin (persisting to about 25 to 30 cm standard length); fins mostly red; cau- dal fin with dark distal border. Size: Maximum total length to more than 100 cm, commonly to 60 cm. Habitat, biology, and fisheries: Adults occur over rocky bottoms in depths of 10 to 190 m, most commonly between 30 and 130 m; juveniles inhabit shallow waters, most abundantly over sand or mud bottoms. Labora- tory experiments revealed that age-0 individuals prefer oyster-shell substrate over sand subtrate. Shows con- siderable site fidelity to both natural and artificial reefs. Feeds on fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, miscellaneous benthic invertebrates, and planktonic organisms. Spawning has been noted from May through September off the southeastern USA (North Carolina through east Florida) and in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, from May to December (peaking from June through August) in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, and from July through October off south- western Florida and over Campeche Bank. Esti- mated maximum age: 53 years. Caught with handlines, bottom longlines, and bottom trawls. Marketed fresh and frozen. Distribution: Massachusetts to the Florida Keys and the Gulf of Mexico (rare north of the Caroli- nas).

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