Cross River State Water Board Limited Itigidi

E1138 v. 7

Cross River State Water Board Limited

Public Disclosure Authorized

Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply

Schemes Project

Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report

Public Disclosure Authorized January 2012

Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

PREPARED BY:

EARTHGUARDS LIMITED: Sustainable Development Consultants

SUITE 45 GOD’S OWN PLAZA 4 TAKUM CLOSE (BEHIND UNITY HOUSE) AREA 11, GARKI ABUJA [email protected] +234-9-8707469; +234-803-3740948

Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

LIST OF ACRONYMS

EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan EPAD Environmental Protection and Assessment Department CRSWBL Cross River State Water Board Limited EMP Environmental Management Plan FCT Federal Capital Territory FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGDs Focus Group Discussions FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FM Frequency Modulation FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FMAWR Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources FPIU Federal Project Implementation Unit HSE Health, Safety and Environment IDA International Development Association LGA Local Government Authority M & E Monitoring and Evaluation NUWSRP National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NUWSRP1 First National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NUWSRP2 Second National Urban Water Sector Reform Project NWRP National Water Rehabilitation Project OP/BP Operation Policy/Bank Policy PAD Project Appraisal Document PCU Project Coordination Unit PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PPP PublicPrivate Partnership PSP Private Sector Partner or Private Sector Participation RAP Resettlement Action Plan ROW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SMWR State Ministry of Water Resources SPIU State Project Implementation Unit SSI Semi Structured Interviewed SWAs State Water Agencies TOR Terms of Reference WHO World Health Organization WTP Willingness to Pay

Earthguards Limited: ii Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand Ca Calcium Cd Cadmium CO Carbon Monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Cr Chromium Cu Copper dBA Decibel DO Dissolved Oxygen ESP Exchange Sodium Percentage Fe Iron HC Hydrocarbon Hg Mercury HB Heterotrophic Bacteria HF Heterotrophic Fungi HUB Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria K Potassium Mg Magnesium N Nitrogen Ni Nickel NO 2 Nitrogen Dioxide NO 3 Nitrate NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units P Phosphate Pb Lead pH Hydrogen ion concentration PO 4 Phosphate SO 2 Sulphur Dioxide SPM Suspended Particulate Matter TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOM Total Organic Matter TSS Total Suspended Solids V Vanadium Zn Zinc

Earthguards Limited: iii Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS

% Percentage uS/cm MicroSiemens per centimetre atm Atmosphere cfu/ml Colony forming unit per millimetre cm centimeter dBA Measures sound or noise level ft Feet g grammes g/l Grammes per litre g/kg Grammes per kilogramme meq/100g Milliequivalent per 100 gramme in inches km Kilometre m Metre m/s metre per second m2 metre square m3 metre cube mg/kg milligram per kilogramme mg/l milligram per litre mV millivolt mg/m 3 milligram per metre cubic ml millilitre mm millimetre mm/hr millimetre per hour mS/cm milliSiemens per centimetre NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units oC Degrees Celcius ppm parts per million ppt parts per thousand s second ton tonne

Earthguards Limited: iv Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS...... II

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... III

UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS ...... IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS...... V

LIST OF FIGURES...... VII

LIST OF TABLES...... VIII

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... X

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA...... 1 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK ...... 2 1.4 ESIA P ROCESS ...... 3 1.5 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 4 1.5.1 Organization and Planning ...... 4 1.5.2 Environmental Study ...... 5 1.5.3 Social, Economic and Health Study ...... 6 1.6 PROJECT CLASSIFICATION ...... 6 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 8

2.1 PROJECT RATIONALE ...... 8 2.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ...... 8 2.3 PROJECT ENVIRONMENT ...... 8 2.4 PROJECT LOCATIONS ...... 16 2.4.1 Itigidi Town Water Scheme (Abi LGA Project Locations) ...... 17 2.4.2 Obubra Town Water Scheme ( Obubra LGA Project Locations) ...... 19 2.4.3 Okpoma Town Water Scheme ( Yala LGA Project Locations) ...... 22 2.5 PROJECT ACTIVITY ...... 25 3 BASELINE INFORMATION...... 31

3.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ...... 31 3.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 33 3.3 BASELINE DATA ANALYSIS ...... 36 3.3.1 Analysis of Surface and Underground Water Samples...... 37 3.3.2 Soil Sample Analysis ...... 42 3.3.3 Air Quality/Meteorological and Noise Measurement ...... 48 3.3.4 Environmental Impacts from the Water Treatment Process ...... 55 3.4 SOCIO -ECONOMICS ...... 57 3.4.1 Socio-Demographic Attributes of Respondents ...... 57 3.5 HEALTH IMPART ASSESSMENT ...... 62 3.5.1 Obubra LGA Project areas ...... 62 3.5.2 Abi LGA Project areas ...... 62 3.5.3 Yala LGA Project areas ...... 62

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4 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 64

4.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 64 4.2 NIGERIA ’ R EGULATORY FRAMEWORK ...... 64 4.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment. (FMEnv) ...... 64 4.2.2 International Guidelines and Conventions on Environment which Nigeria is signatory ...... 65 5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS...... 67

5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 67 5.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 67 5.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN THE LOCATIONS ...... 81 Construction Phase ...... 81 Operation and Maintenance Phase ...... 81 5.6 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 81 5.7 WASTE WATER AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL ...... 81 5.7.1 Estimation of the quantities of sludge ...... 83 5.7.3 Sludge Treatment ...... 85 5.8 POTENTIAL IMPACTS RELATED TO THE WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SUPPLY SCHEME IN ABI , O BUBRA AND YALA LGA S...... 86 6 MITIGATION PLAN ...... 105

6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 105 7 MONITORING PLAN...... 109

7.1 MONITORING PLAN ...... 109 7.2 MONITORING PROCEDURE :...... 109 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 110

8.1 DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION ...... 110 8.2 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 111 8.2.1. World Bank ...... 112 8.2.2. Cross River State Water Board Limited (CRSWBL) ...... 112 8.2.3. Environmental Officer ...... 112 8.2.4. Contractor ...... 112 8.3 RECOMMENDED CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING ...... 113 8.3.1 Training Needs ...... 113 8.3.2 Training of Contractors Personnel: ...... 114 8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN BUDGET ...... 114 9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 127

9.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 127 REFERENCES ...... 129

APPENDICIES...... 130

APPENDIX 1: L IST OF ESIA P REPARERS ...... 130 APPENDIX 2: S UMMARY OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 131 APPENDIX 3:- S OCIO -ECONOMIC DATA QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 133 APPENDIX 4: C ONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS ...... 137 APPENDIX 5: E XAMPLE FORMAT : HSE R EPORT ...... 143 APPENDIX 6: A TTENDANCE AT PUBLIC CONSULTATIVE MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS ...... 144 APPENDIX 7: P ROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS ...... 149 APPENDIX 8: D EVELOPMENT OF A WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 155

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2.1: O BUBRA WATER TREATMENT PLANT LAYOUT ...... 11

FIGURE 2.2: I TIGIDI WATER TREATMENT PLANT LAYOUT PLAN ...... 13

FIGURE 2.3 O KPOMA WATER TREATMENT PLAN LAYOUT PLAN DRAWINGS ...... 15

FIGURE 2.4: M AP OF NIGERIA SHOWING PROJECT LOCATIONS IN CROSS RIVER STATE ...... 16

FIGURE 2.5: C OMMUNITIES AND PROPOSED WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN ABI LGA ...... 17

FIGURE 2.7: C OMMUNITIES AND WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN YALA LGA ...... 23

FIGURE 2.8 S CHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A GENERAL TREATMENT PLANT ...... 27

FIGURE 3.1: M AP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE VEGETATION OF CROSS RIVER STATE ...... 32

FIGURE 3.2: M EAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN THE STUDY AREA ...... 49

FIGURE 3.3: M EAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ...... 49

FIGURE 5.1: I MPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH ...... 67

FIGURE 5.2: R ISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX ...... 74

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1: P ROJECT COMPONENTS AND LOCATIONS IN ABI LGA ...... 17

TABLE 2.3 P ROJECT COMPONENTS AND LOCATIONS IN YALA LGA...... 24

TABLE 2.4: W ATER DEMAND AND TREATMENT PLANT LAND TAKE ...... 29

TABLE 2.5: E STIMATION OF TOTAL SLUDGE GENERATED DURING THE PROJECT PERIOD ...... 30

TABLE 3.1: P OPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF CROSS RIVER STATE ...... 35

TABLE 3.2: O BUBRA LGA P ROJECT AREA : W ATER QUALITY RESULT ...... 37

TABLE 3.3. A BI LGA P ROJECT AREA : W ATER QUALITY RESULT ...... 38

TABLE 3.4 Y ALA LGA P ROJECT AREA : W ATER QUALITY RESULT ...... 40

TABLE 3.5: Y ALA LGA P ROJECT AREA : P HYSIO -CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SOIL ...... 42

TABLE 3.6: O BUBRA PROJECT AREA : S OIL QUALITY RESULT ...... 44

TABLE 3.7: A BI PROJECT AREA : S OIL QUALITY RESULT ...... 46

TABLE 3.8: M ETEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENT FOR CRSWBL PROPOSED WATER PROJECT IN SEPT /O CT 2009...... 51

TABLE 3.9: A MBIENT AIR QUALITY AND NOISE CHARACTERISTICS IN THE STUDY AREA ...... 52

TABLE 3.10: E NVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 55

TABLE 3.11: P ROJECT AREAS , THEIR LGA S AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION ...... 57

TABLE 3.12: S OCIO -ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES OF RESPONDENT ...... 58

TABLE 3.13: P ATTERN OF HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 63

TABLE 5.1: I MPACT CHARACTERIZATION ...... 69

TABLE 5.2: C HECKLIST FOR RANKING OF ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 76

TABLE 5.3: I MPACT PROJECTION ...... 77

TABLE 5.4: CON ’TD : M ITIGATION MEASURE ...... 78

TABLE 5.5: S LUDGE TREATMENT PROCESS ...... 82

TABLE 5.6: D AILY WATER PRODUCTION RATE ...... 83

TABLE 5.7: E STIMATION OF TOTAL QUANTITY OF SLUDGE ...... 84

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TABLE 6.1 M ITIGATION HIERARCHY FOR PLANNED PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 105

TABLE 6.2: M ITIGATION MEASURES OF IMPACTS DURING PRE -CONSTRUCTION , C ONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE ...... 106

TABLE 8.1: T RAINING COURSE OUTLINE ...... 113

TABLE 8.2: B UDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 114

TABLE 8.3: EMP T ABLE PORTRAYING IMPACT , M ITIGATION MEASURES , I MPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION AND MONITORING ...... 115

TABLE 9.1: S UMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS IN ABI , O BUBRA AND YALA ...... 128

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction

The original Project, (NUWSRPII) with an IDA credit of US$ 200 million (IDA Credit No. 4086 UNI), was approved on July 15, 2005 in order to address some of the above deficiencies in water supply services. The Project's Development Objectives were to (i) improve reliability of water supply produced by the water treatment works in Lagos State; (ii) increase access to piped water networks in four cities in Cross River State; and (iii) improve commercial viability of the urban water utilities in Participating States. The project was made up of four components: (a) rehabilitation and systems expansion, (b) public private partnership development, (c) service sustainability and project management, (iv) institutional development and policy reform.

As a result of the successful implementation of NUWSRP 2 in the 2 states, the FGN is requesting an additional financing of US$150 million from the International Development Association (IDA) for Cross River state. The proposed additional credit will help finance the scaling up of the project activities in Cross River state by supporting the construction of 3 additional water supply systems in Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma towns in the northern part of the state. A project extension of 3 years is proposed to cover the above activities.

The proposed civil works of the Water Supply Scheme include: • Construction of Intake and Weir; • Construction of Low and High Lift Pumping Stations; • Construction of Water Treatment Plants; • Construction of Ground Level Reservoirs; • Construction of Elevated Water Tanks; • Constructions of Kiosk and house connections; • Supply and lying of water supply pipes to cover approximately over 100km of sizes ranging from OD 75mm – OD 500mm including accessories etc; and • Construction of water kiosks and supply and installation of house connection, including pipes, accessories, conventional credit water meters with automatic meter reading (AMR) capabilities.

Purpose and Scope of the ESIA

The purpose of the ESIA is to identify the major issues and impacts associated with the project and to identify mitigation measures required to limit any such impacts to acceptable levels. The scope of the ESIA may be summarized as follows: • Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub, whether positive or negative and propose effective mitigation measures for the negative impacts; • Inform the project team Cross River State Water Board Limited Project Implementation Unit (CRSWBPIU) and the CRSG of the potential impacts of different projects activities and relevant mitigation measures and strategies to be undertaken; • Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to ensure successful mitigation of all negative adverse impacts, a tangible monitoring indicator and plan, Estimate mitigation cost and institutional arrangements to execute this plan; and to provide clear instructions to works supervisors and contractors with regard to any measures that need to be implemented in order to limit any potential negative impacts to acceptable levels. • Identify environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project. • Access the existing institutional capacity to implement the ESMP and suggest measures for capacity gap development.

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Potential Environmental and Social Impacts

Water Supply projects are executed with the aim to improve water distribution services to the population by expanding water distribution points and increasing the quantities of water distributed. In general, therefore the proposed CRSG Water Supply Scheme would have substantial positive social impacts that will improve the public health and subsequently conditions of living in the LGAs.

However, there are a number of aspects of the project which have potential negative impacts.

Table ES1 shows some of the identified potential impacts and their impact ratings.

ES1: Identified Potential impacts and their impact ratings Impacts Pre-construction Phase Construction Phase Operation & maintenance Phase

Intake/ Treatment Pump/ Reservoirs/ Intake/ Treatment Pump/ Reservoirs/ Intake/ Treatment Pump/ Reservoirs/ Weir plant Pipeline Tanks Weir Plant Pipeline Tanks Weir Plant Pipeline Tanks POLLUTION Air pollution M M M M M M M M L L Water pollution L L L M M L L L M M L L Noise pollution L M M M M M M M L L L Soil Pollution M M M M M M M M L M L ENVIRONMENT Soil Erosion M L M L M L M L L L Ecosystem M M M M M L M L L L depletion WASTE GENERATION Increased sludge M production Increased waste M water Solid waste M M M M M M M M L L L generation HEALTH Safety of the public M M L M M M M M L L L L Public health risks L M L M M M M M L L L L Risk of STDs M L L L L L L L L L L L SOCIAL Land take L M M L L L L L L Social Conflict for M M L M L L L L L L water use Disruption of M M M M M M M M L L L commercial activities Key for impact rating:

High= H Medium=M Low=L Not applicable =

Table ES2 the potential impacts of the project and the proposed mitigation measures

Potential Impact Mitigation measures

Soil Erosion and Contamination Appropriate erosion protection measures such as construction of embankment or/and an alternate drainage route should be provided.

Land take Necessary resettlement action plan shall commence where land displacement is for permanent duration.

Water Pollution Disposal of sludge into the river or forest should be avoided

Noise Pollution Contractors/CRSWBL shall stick to the industry noise level limit of between 45dB and 55dB. Worker operating equipments exceeding permissible noise limit must not work longer than 8 hours per day, in addition to wearing necessary noise proof equipment

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Public Health Proper maintenance site and removal of water from ditches especially after rainfall or ground water infiltration. This should be done by the use of water pumps

Disturbance of Activities Establishment of traffic plans at locations of blockage; civil work activities should be reduced to areas of work site and impact on private property should be avoided as much as possible.

Air Pollution Sprinkling of water during dry periods to prevent dust and burning of waste should be avoided and waste collected should be directed to Cross River State Environmental Protection and Assessment Department (EPAD).

Sludge Disposal Sludge must be dewatered and stabilized and dry treated sludge can be economically used as manure for agricultural purposes

Solid waste Solid wastes to be generated during construction works shall be collected and disposed in the EPAD designated site. Further guidelines can be seen in the waste management plan.

Aesthetics During construction works, sites shall be delimited from the public with appropriate equipments. Maintenance /rehabilitation works shall be prompt in areas where there is leakage or any project induced factor that may lead to poor aesthetics of the environment

Flora Tree planting and revegetation shall be embarked upon to restore the natural condition of the environment.

Disruption of Economic All civic works along the access roads shall be carried out in a manner that activities will not close the road; and where roads need to be temporarily blocked due to pipeline networking, a diversion route shall be created before blocking the existing road

` Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma water production and distribution systems contains the following elements: • Description of Mitigation Measures: The EMP identified feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels. • Description of Monitoring Program: Environmental performance monitoring is designed to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented. It is in compliance with national standards, International Finance Corporation Performance Standards and World Bank Safeguard Policies. • Institutional Arrangements: Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring are clearly defined amongst the various stakeholders. • Implementation Schedule and Reporting Procedures: The timing, frequency, and duration of mitigation measures are specified in an implementation schedule, showing links with the overall Project Implementation Plans (PIP).

Cost Estimate and Responsibility for the Environmental Management Plan

ITEM RESPONSIBILITY COST BREAKDOWN COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATE IN IN NIGERIAN NAIRA US DOLLARS (N) (US$)

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Mitigation CRSWBL /EPAD 1,572,000 10,480 Management CRSWBL 5% of Mitigation Cost 78,600 524 Monitoring CRSWBL / EPAD 25% of Mitigation Cost 393,000 2620 Training/ CRSWBL/Consultant 1,886,800 12,579 Capacity Building Resettlement Cost 2,343,000 15,620 Sub Total 6,273,400 41,823 Contingency 10% of Sub Total 1,707,340. 11,382 Total per LGA 7,980,740 53,205 Total for three 3 * Total per Town 23,942,220 159,615 (3) LGAs

The total cost for the EMP in the three (3) LGAs is estimated at Twenty Three Million Nine Hundred and Forty Two Thousand, Two Hundred and Twenty only (N23, 942,220).

Earthguards Limited: xiii Sustainable Development Consultants Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The water supply scheme is aimed at providing access to portable pipe borne water to some selected semiurban and rural communities of the state. The water supply Scheme includes the rehabilitation/construction of water production and distribution systems in the selected communities.

1.2 Objectives of the ESIA This report presents the results of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the civil works of the proposed project. The major objective of the ESIA is to identify potential environmental and social impacts associated with the project and to identify any measures required to limit such impacts to acceptable levels.

More specifically, the objectives of the ESIA are to: • Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the project’s activities (rehabilitation, extension, or new constructions), and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these potential impacts;

1 Earthguards Limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes

• Inform the project team Cross River State Water Board Limited Project Implementation Unit (CRSWBPIU) and the CRSG of the potential negative impacts and propose relevant mitigation measures and strategies to be undertaken;

• Develop an environmental and social management process to ensure successful mitigation of all adverse impacts; develop a monitoring plan and institutional arrangements to execute this plan; and to provide clear instructions to works supervisors and contractors with regard to any measures that need to be implemented in order to limit any potential negative impacts to acceptable levels

• Identify international and national environmental policies, legal and institutional frameworks pertaining to the proposed project.

1.3 Scope of Work The Consultant shall:

• Study and familiarize himself with the provisions of ESMF and RPF prepared by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources for the implementation of project activities in the participating states.

• Undertake field visits to each of the three towns and possible project sites Prepare an ESIA report.

• Ensure that each report mentioned in (b) above covers the entire project schemes of Itigidi,Obubra and Okpoma.

• Study and review Engineering and Technical Designs for planned investments to identify assess and quantify to the extent possible, all environmental and social impacts and risks in the project schemes.

• Provide detailed and tangible mitigation measures to reverse these adverse impacts or manage them within acceptable limits according to existing law in Nigeria and World Bank Safeguard Policies.

• Develop an Environmental and Social Management Process to ensure successful mitigation of all adverse impacts, a tangible monitoring plan and institutional arrangements to execute this plan.

• Assess further the State Water Board’s capacity to manage the subproject’s Environmental and Social issues and propose measures on how to reinforce their capacity, for example, by establishing an Environmental Unit, and providing technical training.

• Suggest Capacity Building and Technical Assistance requirements in relation to safeguard and awareness needs in the public and private sectors to be implemented under the proposed subproject.

• Develop a suitable maintenance plan with estimates of costs to ensure sustainability of mitigation measures.

• Prepare outline reports that are concise but detailed and thorough to include all significant Environmental and Social Impacts. The reports should focus on identifying impacts, mitigating them in the Technical Designs, during construction, operation and sustainable through an effective maintenance plan.

• Submit six (6) separate Reports to the Cross River State Water Board Limited (CRSWBL).

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1.4 ESIA Process

The ESIA process details the methodology for the assessment and management of environmental issues in any development project. This includes screening, scoping, baseline/ data collection, identification of potential environmental impacts and required management action steps to be taken.

The applied ESIA process is presented below, while further site details are shown in chapter 5 of this report.

• Stage 1: Screening: This includes an analysis of the proposed project’s terms of activities to be undertaken, and facility to be established in order to determine the suitability or otherwise of project and whether EA was needed and the scale of impact. This was done using the World Bank safeguards policies, ISO 14001 checklist criteria and best professional judgment. The outcome of this is that the proposed project requires environmental assessment, and is a category B project.

• Stage 2: Scoping: Determines any project activities and facilities that might potentially cause interferences with the environment and society. Furthermore, determines any particular environmental sensitivities and conditions that are of relevance to the proposed project. This includes a reconnaissance level visit and full field visit to the various project locations.

• Stage 3: On the basis of the analysis in stages 1 and 2, identify any potential impacts of the project on the environment. Depending on the nature of the project activities and facility, as well as specific environmental conditions, the potential significance of such impacts is determined.

• Stage 4: Identifies and reviews relevant measures to be taken in order to prevent or reduce any potential adverse impacts to acceptable levels. Furthermore, measures for monitoring and control impacts, including verification of the proposed mitigations measures are determined.

• Stage 5: Where impacts may not be successfully prevented or reduced to acceptable levels, measures are defined to either recover environmental conditions, or compensate for unavoidable damage.

• Stage 6: Summary of impacts The predicted adverse environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required should be identified and summarized.

• Stage 7: Description of mitigation measures The ESMP identifies feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels.

• Stage 8: Description of monitoring program environmental performance monitoring should be designed to ensure that mitigation measures are implemented, have the intended result, and remedial measures are undertaken if mitigation measures are inadequate or impacts have been underestimated within the ESIA report. It should also assess compliance with national guidelines and World Bank s OP 4.01 (Environmental Assessment).

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Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

• Stage 9: Institutional arrangements: Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring should be clearly defined. The EMP will identify arrangements for coordination between the various actors responsible for mitigation.

• Stage 10: Cost estimates: These should both the initial investment and recurring expenses for implementing all measures contained in the ESMP and then integrated into the total project costs.

1.5 Study Approach and Methodology

The ESIA will be prepared in accordance with:

• World Bank Safeguard Policy Operational Policy (OP/BP 4.01): Environmental Assessment, and • Nigerian Government Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992

A multimethodological approach was used for the ESIA study to cover the following principal areas: • Project organization and planning, • Environmental Assessment, and • Socioeconomic Assessment

Details of the assessment methodologies are as follows:

1.5.1 Organization and Planning

Project organization and planning was undertaken by collecting relevant materials and information about the project; and a desk review of the literatures.

The materials collected and reviewed include: • The gazette of the Nigerian regulatory framework, • Project Appraisal Document (PAD) of the NUWSRP2,

• World Bank Safeguard Policies especially Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy (OP 4.01), • the general environmental management conditions for construction contracts, engineering and technical designs, work requirements of the treatment plants and other extension/densification of Cross River water distribution system, • baseline information relating to the physical, biological and sociocultural environment of Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja, and the entire Cross River State (including the climatic conditions), • the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, numerous relevant Federal, State, and local laws, regulations, decrees, acts, and guidelines, • The harmonized Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) of the National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP), • Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) of NUWSRP, and • Baseline information relating to the physical, biological and sociocultural environment of Cross River State (including the climatic conditions),

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Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

1.5.2 Environmental Study

Environmental study was based on:

Reconnaissance level survey

This was the first level visit to the project area to familiarize with the proposed facility sites and the geophysical conditions of the project area. It also included visits to institutions and authorities who would partner in the implementation process as well as the various communities that this project would be impacting; being the first stage of public consultation. This occurred along side the socio economic survey

Water quality study

Water samples for analysis were collected daily from various sources of water used by the communities; including the proposed water extraction sources for the project. Water was collected as a composite sample at each sample station. At each time of water collection, two separated set of samples were collected, one for the determination of heavy metals and the other for the determination of physicochemical parameters. Water samples were collected in plastic containers after being rinsed with ambient water from each station and labeled accordingly. Analysis of pyhsico chemical parameters was determined in the laboratory, while heavy metals were determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Water quality analysis in relation to the study is to determine the bacteria loads, level of metal composition and chemicals, and subject them to the WHO/Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment standards for drinking water. Quality control of water collection was ensured by: • Ensuring that professionals only collect water samples • Wearing hand gloves • Immersing the container inside the water and stoppering below surface water

• Transporting samples to laboratory for analysis within 24 hours of collection. Soil Quality study

Soil samples were collected from locations of various proposed constructions and installations. This was also collected from the water resources sites being used or proposed for this water scheme project for the purpose of determining the existing physicochemical soil conditions.

Quality control of soil collection entailed; o removing the topsoil, and collecting soil below 2cm from the surface soillevel, o Air drying soil samples o Labeling of each soil sample, o Transporting samples to laboratory for analysis within 24 hours of collection.

This involved visits to all the communities of project influence in the 3 project areas. All the proposed locations for facility constructions including the intake and weirs were visited to observe the nature of the environmental conditions.

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Air and Noise Quality

Using air and noise quality equipment, the experts tested surveyed proposed sites in all the project areas. The analysis was subjected to the standards given by the Federal Ministry of Environment in Nigeria. This will help during implementation for pollution control and compliance monitoring.

1.5.3 Social, Economic and Health Study

The first step adopted was to visit authorities and communities that this project would be impacting. The community consultation as a tool of social study would not only community participation and sustainable development, but was used to create awareness of the questionnaire to be administered to the households in the project areas; and at the same time was useful for eliciting the communicable health concerns of the project communities.

Semi Structured Interview (SSI) questionnaire, a tool of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used for data collection from the respondents.

A sample of the SSI Questionnaire used for the field study is presented in Appendix 5.

To ensure quality control of the field work, the following steps were taken:

Field Interviewers/Enumerators

The instrument was administered by welltrained and tested research assistants and enumerators, under close supervision. Field enumerators were recruited based on the following: Graduate from a higher institution; Ability to speak the local language; Familiarity with the project area.

Training was held for all field enumerators and supervisors by the experts in the consulting firm. The training included: Detailed explanation of the entire project; The importance, and how to administer the questionnaires; Field practices/ reconnaissance survey using the SSI; Cross Checking of questionnaire filled by the research assistants enumerators during the field practice to ascertain their ability to use the SSI.

1.6 Project Classification

The classification phase involves a preliminary screening that categorizes the proposed project, so as to determine the nature and extent of the environmental assessment needed. Projects are classified as category A, B or C (high, medium and low social or environmental risks) depending on the type, location (nearness to ecologically vulnerable areas), sensitivity and scale of the project, as well as the nature and magnitude of its possible impacts. • Category A: A proposed project is classified in this category if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive (and may be irreversible), diverse or unprecedented. These projects may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical work. Earthguards Limited: 6 Sustainable Development Consultants

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• Category B: A proposed project receives this classification if it has potential environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas –including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats –that are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific ; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects.

• Category C: A proposed project is classified as a Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts.

This project is classified as a Category B project because: o Its impacts are site specific o Its impacts are reversible, or in most cases have practical mitigation measures o Most of its impacts fall within medium and low ratings.

As a result of the above justification and classification, this project is classified as a Category B (medium impacts) project. It is therefore required that an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) be prepared.

This ESIA report is prepared as a stand alone document for ease of implementation by the CRSWBL.

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Rationale

The Cross River State Government considers the provision of potable water as a critical element in its policy for sustainable economic development and poverty reduction. The project’s principal development outcomes are: • Increased reliability and financial viability of selected urban water utilities; • Increased access to piped water networks in selected urban areas; and • Improve financial viability of the urban water utilities in the selected urban areas of Cross River State.

Progress toward these principal development outcomes will be measured through: • The increase in water delivered through existing and extended networks; • Improvements in cost recovery, especially the degree to which operating costs are recovered from water sales revenues in Cross River State; and • Increase in the number of households having access to the piped water network.

2.2 Project Components

The proposed civil works of the Water Supply Scheme include: • Construction of Intake and Weir; • Construction of Low and High Lift Pumping Stations; • Construction of Water Treatment Plants; • Construction of Ground Level Reservoirs; • Construction of Elevated Water Tanks; • Supply and lying of water supply pipes to cover approximately over 100km of sizes ranging from OD 75mm – OD 500mm including accessories etc. • Construction of about 130 water kiosk and supply and installation of house connection, including pipes, accessories, conventional credit water meters with automatic meter reading (AMR) capabilities for approximately 1,500 house connection. The CRSWBL commissioned detailed engineering design for these civil works for these civil works to result in construction specifications and drawings for inclusion in the tender documents; this work has been carried by SGI Consulting Engineers Limited.

2.3 Project Environment

From field survey and expert review of the feasibility report of the proposed sites the site information of the various facilities across the three (3) project areas are presented as follows:

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Fig 2.1(a): A section of River Cross, source of intake for Itigidi and Obubra project areas Fig 2.1(b): A section of Onwan river source of Intake for Okpoma project area

Fig 2.1(d): Proposed Treatment Plant site at Obubra showing uncompleted building and Fig 2.1(c): Proposed New Treatment Farm land to be affected Plant site at Itigidi old market

Fig 2.1(e): Proposed New Treatment Plant site at Okpoma Fig 2.1(f): Affected buildings in the right of way of water pipeline in Itigidi

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Obubra site information:

Intake and Weir Site The intake and weir plant is located by the river bank of River Cross at Adun Beach. The land take is about 50m x 100m. Activities around the river bank include crop cultivation, while fishing is said to take place at a distance as a result of constant human activities by the community which have drove aquatic habitats afar–off. There are no buildings and/or habitations within the area. Access to the treatment plant is through motorbike.

Raw water extraction is from River Cross which bisects Itigidi, Obubra, Ikom and flows through to Republic of Cameroun. The River is massive, and has a historical record of large water resources at both dry and rainy seasons (SGI Ingenierie SA of Geneva, 2009).

Treatment Plant Site: The proposed treatment plant site is located at the left bank side of Adun Beach village about 500m away from the intake site. It is a communal land given to individuals for agricultural purposes. The total land space measures 350m x 250m. There is an uncompleted building project about 70m west of the proposed site. The site is located about 250m away from the regular settlements. Figure 2.1 shows the Obubra water treatment plant layout.

Pipeline network route The water pipeline work is expected to follow along existing road path. The communities where the pipeline will pass through are mostly rural. Their major occupation is farming, with few people into petty trading. There are no private or community assets or means of livelihood to be affected by the pipeline work. However, intermittent obstruction to movement is expected. As a result of this, basic safety cautions for construction works will apply.

Kiosk Construction sites The construction of kiosks will be done at various points within the settlements. It is expected to be situated on the Neighborhood on certification of feasibility study of proposed site. However, necessary sanitation plan and training is being proposed as an integral of the management plan.

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1. COAGULATION From River Cross +FLOCCULATION TNAK F 2. SETTLING TANK 1 D B 3. SAND FILTER C 11 4. CHLORINATION TANK 2 2 9 2 2 22 5. CLEAR WATER TANK

6. PUMPING STATION 10 A 8 (CONVEYANCE)

7. BACK WASH PUMPING 3 E

STATION 8

8. SLUDGE PUMPING STATION 1 1 7 9. SLUDGE THICKENER G 5 6

10. DRYING BEDS 4 Water supply 11. RETURN WATER PUMPING conveyance STATION 5 system FIRST STAGE A HEADQUARTER BUILDING

B ELECTRICALLONG TERMBUILDING

C TECHNICAL BUILDING ACCESS ROAD D REAGENT BUILDING

Figure 2.1: Obubra Water Treatment Plant Layout

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Itigidi site information:

Intake and Weir site The facility is using the existing intake site at Itigidi town, which lies about 200m away from the Itigidi town hall, and about 150m away from the existing water treatment plant. Raw water extraction is from River Cross which bisects Itigidi, Obubra, Ikom and flows through Republic of Cameroun. The River is massive, and has a historical record of large water resources at both dry and rainy seasons (SGI Ingenierie SA of Geneva, 2009))

Treatment Plant Site: The existing plant operating from that site is virtually redundant and will be replaced by the proposed new plant because the existing plant site is not large enough to accommodate the new plant. The new plant is about 300m away from the old site. It is on the side of the old market. The local authority has built a new market, and has offered the old market for the new water treatment plant.

There is neither human habitation nor agricultural activities in the proposed site. Figure 2.2 shows the Itigidi water treatment plant layout.

Pipeline network route The water pipeline work is expected to follow along existing road path for the most of the rural developing adjoining communities. In this area the settlement pattern is typically traditional with scattered and nucleated structures of houses made of mostly mud walls. However, pipeline in Itigidi town will follow the existing right of way. This will entail the rehabilitation of the existing pipeline network. This will obviously disrupt movement and affect private assets.

Kiosk Construction sites The construction of kiosks will be done at various points within the settlements. It is expected to be situated on the Neighbourhood on certification of feasibility study of proposed site. However, necessary sanitation plan and training is being proposed as an integral of the management plan.

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1. COAGULATION +FLOCCULATION G 4 TNAK 5

2. SETTLING TANK 6 3. SAND FILTER 7 10 B 5 4. CHLORINATION TANK E 3 5. CLEAR WATER TANK

Water supply conveyance system 6. PUMPING STATION (CONVEYANCE) 10 9 8 F 7. BAC K WASH PUMPING STATION

ITIGIDI C 8. SLUDGE PUMPING STATION

9. SLUDGE THICKENER 2 2 2 10. DRYING BEDS

11. RETURN WATER PUMPING STATION

A HEADQUARTER BUILDING ACCESS ROAD A B ELECTRICAL BUILDING 1 FIRST STAGE D C TECHNICALINVESTMENT BUILDING LONG TERM 11

From River Cross Figure 2.2: Itigidi Water Treatment Plant Layout Plan

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Okpoma site information

Intake site The proposed intake site is situated on the Onwe River. The land is owned by the community and is located 4km away from settlement. The land was previously used for crop cultivation purpose until it was offered for use of the water scheme.

Feasibility study carried out by SGI Ingenierie SA of Geneva (2009) on behalf Cross River State Water Board shows that Onwe River is large and feasible to serve the purpose of the scheme along with other competing local uses in both dry and rainy seasons.

Treatment Plant Site: The treatment plant is located in IdigboOkpoma, about 3 km distance away from settlement, and the land take is about 275M x 200M. The land is owned by the community, who has offered same for the facility. The site is located in a grass land space with no habitation. Surrounding land around the proposed site is used for farming by members of the community. The plan layout of the Okpoma water treatment plant is shown in figure 2.3.

There is a road from Okpoma to the Onwe River that at present is motorable only in the dry season but which, as part of the project, will be converted to an allseason laterite road. This will be of assistance to the farmers who till land in areas bordering this road and provide them an opportunity to move their produce to the market .

Pipeline network route The water pipeline work is expected to follow along existing road path. The communities where the pipeline will pass through are mostly rural. The settlement pattern is typically traditional with scattered and nucleated structures of houses made of mostly mud walls.

Their major occupation is farming. There are no private or community assets or means of livelihood to be affected by the pipeline work. However, intermittent obstruction to movement is expected. As a result of this, basic safety cautions for construction works will apply.

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OKPOM A

FROM ONWE RIVER

1. COAGULATION +FLOCCULATION TNAK

2. SETTLING TANK F

3. SAND FILTER 1 Water supply 4. CHLORINATION TANK conveyance system 5. CLEAR WATER TANK 10 6. PUMPING STATION (CONVEYANCE) 9 6 7. BACK WASH PUMPING STATION 1 D B A 8. SLUDGE PUMPING STATION

9. SLUDGE THICKENER 10. DRYING BEDS 22 22 2 2 C 11. RETURN WATER PUMPING STATION 8 5

A HEADQUARTER BUILDING

B ELECTRICALACCESS BUILDING ROAD 4 E 5 C TECHNICALFIRST BUILDING STAGE E 3 INVESTMENT D REAGENT LONGBUILDING TERM 7 Figure 2.3 Okpoma Water Treatment Plan Layout Plan Drawings

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2.4 Project Locations

The proposed project will be carried out in Abi, Obubra and Yala LGAs as seen in figure 2.4 and exact description of the project components in the three (3) LGAs can be seen in the sections that follow.

Figure 2.4: Map of Nigeria showing project locations in Cross River State

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2.4.1 Itigidi Town Water Scheme (Abi LGA Project Locations)

The Abi LGA project area comprises of Itigidi town and 12 communities namely Adadama, Egboronyi, Emin Ekpon, Anong, Likpoma, Akaefor Esegeh, Akarefor, Ekureku, Agbara, Ngarebe, Akpoha, Itgeve and Isong Inyang. Figure 2.5 indicates the water facilities, pipeline routes and the communities to be connected to the proposed Water Supply Scheme.

Figure 2.5: Communities and proposed water distribution network in Abi LGA

Table 2.1: Project Components and Locations in Abi LGA Location Project Components

Itigidi Town • Raw Water Intake Station is via a LLPS through (0.05km/500mm diameter) Ductile pipes to a Water Treatment Plant • Water Treatment Plant

• Water Treatment Plant pipes (DI) of (1km/450mm diameter) to school rd GLR

• Primary Pipes (DI) of (1km400mm diameter) from School rd GLR via a HLPS to LGA Hq GLR

• Primary Pipes of (0.8km/300mm diameter) from School rd GLR pipes to Central Itigidi

• Primary pipes of 0.8km/180mm diameter from LGA Hq to Northern Itigidi

• Distribution within Northern and Central Itigidi town via secondary PVC pipes (8.5km)

• Construction of 16 kiosks in Itigidi town

• LGA Hq primary pipes (DI) of 2.5km/400mm diameter) to Tjunction

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Location Project Components

Location • T junction pipes(DI) of 5.8km/300mm diameter to Adadama GLR

• Primary pipes of (1km/300m diameter) from Adadama GLR to Adadama community

• Distribution within Adadama community via secondary PVC pipes (7.7km)

• Construction of 14 kiosks Adadama community

Adadama/Imina • Primary pipes(HDPE) of (0.7km/110mm diameter) from Adadama GLR to Imina EWT

• Primary pipes of (0.1km/110mm diameter) from Imina EWT to Imina community

• Primary pipes of (2km/110mm diameter) from Imina EWT to Itigieve community

Itigieve • Primary pipes of (0.7km/75mm diameter from Itigieve community to Isong Inyang community

• Distribution within Itigieve and Isong Inyang communities via secondary PVC pipes (1.2 km)

• Construction of 3 kiosks in Itigieve and Isong Inyang communities

Akerofor • Distribution with Akerofor community via secondary PVC pipes (3.2 km) • Construction of 8 kiosks in Akerofor community • Distribution with Akerofor Esegeh commuinty via secondary PVC pipes (0.6km) • Construction of 2 kiosks in Akerofor Esegeh community • Primary pipes of (0.9km/100mm diameter) from Akerofor community to Likpoma community

Likpoma • Distribution within Likpoma communty via secondary PVC pipes (0.9km) • Construction of 2 kiosks in Likpoma community

Ekureku • Primary pipes of (0.5km/250mm diameter) from Anong EWT to Ekureku community • Distribution within Ekureku community via secondary PVC pipes (3km) • Construction of 7 kiosks in Ekureku community • Primary pipes of (1.4km/160mm diameter) from Ekureku community to Akpoha community

Akpoha • Distribution within Akpoha community via secondary PVC pipes (2.4km) • Construction of 6 kiosks in Akpoha community • Primary pipes of (1.4km/200mm diameter) from Ekureku community to Ngarebe community

Ngarebe • Distribution within Ngarebe community via secondary PVC pipes (2.6km) • Construction of 7 kiosks in Ngarebe community • Primary pipes of (0.8km/200mm diameter) from Ngarebe community to Agbara

Agbara • Distribution within Agbara community via secondary PVC pipes (7 km) • Construction of 18 kiosks in Agbara community

The Water Supply Scheme for Abi LGA and surrounding communities is as follows:

• Surface water abstraction from river cross by means of intake raw Water Pumping Station located at Itigidi close to River Cross. • Treatment plant located at Itigidi receive the raw water for processing • High Lift Pumping Station (HLPS) at Local Government Authority conveys the total water demand from the treatment plant to the planned Local Government Authority Ground Level Reservoir (LGA GLR). Earthguards Limited: 18 Sustainable Development Consultants

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• From this GLR, treated water is supplied to central Itigidi center will be secure through two newly built reservoirs such as a GLR installed close to School Road and design to supply the lowest part of the city, called central Itigidi and EWT sited on the LGA GLR location which will be built to supply Northern Itigidi. • A gravity main will be linked to the outlet of the LGA GLR and go on to the NorthEast to AdadamaEgboronyi junction where a T will be installed • From the T junction, the proposed pipe goes straight to Adadama GLR through the main road. • A proposed Elevated Water Tank (EWT) will be constructed at Imina to supply water to the communities of Itigeve and Isong Inyang. • Also from the junction, a 350mm ductile iron pipe will be connected to the T and will carry on to the Egboronyi Emin Ekpon junction. • On the junction quoted above, a double socket tee will be installed to supply three proposed overhead reservoir in EminEkpon and Egboronyi, distributing water to the respective communities and Anong, distributing water to Anong, Agbara, Akpoha, Ekureku, Akarefor, Ngarebe and Likpoma.

2.4.2 Obubra Town Water Scheme ( Obubra LGA Project Locations) The Obubra LGA project area comprises of Obubra town and 18 communities namely Owakande I, Owakande II, Ogada I, Ogada II, Apipum, Ofatura, Ovonum, Ofodua, Iyamoyong, Ohana, Ofukpa, Ofat, Ababene, Obubra station/ Mile I, Onyedama, Adun Beach, Ofonbongha, Ochon and Oderigha. Figure 2.6 indicates the water facilities, pipeline routes and the communities to be connected to the proposed Water Supply Scheme.

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Table 2.2: Project Components and Locations in Obubra LGA

Location Project Components • Raw Water Intake Station through Ductile pipes of (0.5 Km/600mm diameter)to a Water Adun Beach Treatment Plant at Adun Beach • Primary pipes (HDPE) of (1km/75mm diameter) from Water Treatment Plant to Adun Beach EWT • Pipes of (0.1km/110mm diameter) from Adun EWT to Adun Beach

• Distribution within Adun Beach community via secondary PVC pipes (1.3km) • Construction of 3 kiosks in Adun Beach community • Primary pipes (DI) of (5.1km/400mm diameter) from Water Treatment Plant to Ofat Ofat EWT • Pipes of (0.2km/500mm diameter) from Ofat EWT to Ofat junction • Pipes of (0.2km/300mm diameter) from Ofat junction to Ofat community • Distribution within Ofat commuinty via secondary PVC pipes (5.1km) • Construction of 10 kiosks in Ofat community

Ofatura • Pipes of (1.9km/400mm diameter) from Ofat junction to Ofatura • Distribution within Ofatura community via secondary PVC pipes (2.9km) • Construction of 6 kiosks in Ofatura community Ofodua • Pipes of (0.3km/350mm diameter) from Ofatura to Ofodua

• Distribution within Ofodua community via secondary PVC pipes (8.3km) • Construction of 16 kiosks in Ofodua community Abebene • Pipes of (1km/300mm diameter) from Ofat junction to Abebene

• Distribution within Ababene community via secondary PVC pipes (7.6km) • Construction of 19 kiosks in Ababene community • Pipe of (1.3km/250mm diameter) from Ofat junction to Oderigha Oderigha • Distribution within Oderigha community via secondary PVC pipes (2.1km) • Construction of 4 kiosks in Oderigha community

Onyedama • Pipes of (2.6km/180mm diameter) from Oderigha to Onyeadema • Distribution within Onyedama community via secondary PVC pipes (4.1km) • Construction of 10 kiosks in Onyedama community • Primary pipes (DI) of (4.1km450mm diameter)from Water Treatment Plant to Apapium Apapium GLR • Pipes (DI) of (0.03km/350mm diameter) from Apapium GLR to Apapium EWT • Pipes of (1.7km/450mm diameter) from Apapium EWT to Apapium community • Distrbution within Apapium community via secondary PVC pipes (7.9km) • Construction of 15 kiosks in Apapium community Ovonum • Pipes of (1.3km/300mm diameter) from Apapium community to Ovonum community • Distribution within Ovonum community via secondary PVC pipes (5.6km) • Construction of 10 kiosks in Ovonum community Ofukpa • Pipes of (1.9km/60mm diameter) from Apapium EWT to Ofukpa community • Distribution within Ofukpa community via secondary PVC pipe • Construction of 1 kiosks in Ofukpa community

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Location Project Components Mile 1 • Pipe (DI) of (12.1km/350mm diameter) from Apapium GLR to Mile 1 EWT • Pipe of (0.04km/300mm diameter) from Mile I EWT to Mile I community • Distribution within Mile I community via secondary PVC pipe (3.8km) • Construction of 7 Kiosks in Mile I/ Obubra Town Ogada I • Pipe of (2.1km/250mm diameter) from Mile I community to Ogada junction • Pipe of (5km/160mm diameter) from Ogada junction to Ogada I community • Distribution within Ogada I community via PVC pipe (3.6km) • Construction of 9 Kiosks in Ogada I community Ogada II • Pipes of (1.1km/200mm diameter) from Ogada junction to Ogada II community • Distribution within Ogada II community via PVC pipe (5.2km) • Construction of 13 Kiosks in Ogada II community Owakande II • Pipes of (0.09km/125mm diameter) from Ogada II community to Owakande II community • Distribution within Owakande I community via PVC pipe (1.6km) • Construction of 4 Kiosks in Owakande I community Obubra junction • Pipe of (1.2km/300mm diameter) from Mile I EWT to Obubra junction • Distribution within Obubra junction community via PVC pipe (3.8km) • Construction of 7 Kiosks in Obubra junction community Obubra I • Pipe of (0.8km/200mm diameter) from Obubra junction to Obubra station • Pipe of (1.8km/200mm diameter) from Obubra junction to Obubra I community • Distribution within Obubra I community via PVC pipe (2.2km) • Construction of 4 Kiosks in Obubra I Owakande I • Pipe of (2.5km/250m diameter) from Obubra junction to Owakande community • Distribution within Owakande I community via PVC pipe (2.3km) • Construction of 6 Kiosks in Owakande I community Ofonbongha • Pipe of (0.4km/225mm diameter) from Owakande to Ofonbongha I community • Pipe of (0.9km/200mm diameter) from Ofonbongha I community to Ofonbongha II community • Pipe of (0.3km/200mm diameter) from Ofonbongha II community to Ofonbongha III community • Pipe of (1km/180mm diameter) from Ofonbongha III community to Ofonbongha IV community • Distribution within Ofongbongha communities via PVC pipe (7.3km) • Construction of 18 Kiosks in Ofongbonga communities • Pipe (HDPE) of 8.3km/180mm diameter) fromApiapum GLR to Ohana EWT Ohana • Pipe of (1.7km/160mm diameter) from Ohana EWT to Ohana community • Distribution wthin Ohana community via PVC pipe (3.5km) • Construction of 9 Kiosks in Ohana community Iyamoyong Pipe of (1.3km/200mm diameter) from Ohana EWT to Iyamoyong community Distribution wthin Iyamoyong community via PVC pipe (5.6km) Construction of 14 Kiosks in Iyamoyong community

The water supply system for Obubra and its surrounding communities is as follows: • Surface water abstraction from River Cross by means of raw water intake pumping station located at Adun beach; • The raw water will be pumped to a new treatment plant situated at 500m away from the intake. • On the treatment plant site, a new pumping station will be erected, housing three outlets to convey the clear water from the clear water tank (CWT) to the reservoirs of the scheme.

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o A low lift pumping station will provide water to a newly built elevated water tank (EWT) at Adun Beach. This concrete tank will provide water to the small community living in Adun Beach area. o A High Lift Pumping Station (HLPS) will supply water to a new EWT in Ofat, and in turn provide water to Ofodua, Ofotura, Ofat, Abebene, and Onyedama. o Another HLPS will allow conveying water to a Ground Level Reservoir (GLR) on the Apapium high point. • The GLR will be used as a transfer and storage reservoir and a LLPS will be constructed on the same site to allow the filling of the newly Elevated Water Tank (EWT) erected near by and supplying water to Apiapium, Ovonum and Ofukpa. • Two High Lift Pumping Station (HLPS) will be built on the Apapium Reservoir site those set will convey water coming from the Apiapum GLR to remote communities like Ohana and Mile I. • The Mile I EWT is designed to provide water to Obubra and its surrounding communities.

2.4.3 Okpoma Town Water Scheme ( Yala LGA Project Locations) The Yala LGA project area comprises of Okpoma town and 13 communities namely Abachor, Okpinya, Idigbo, Olachor, Adiero, Woleche, Utukpo, Utukpo Iponle, Iboko, Itega Udenyina, Okpodu and Igbekurekor. Figure 2.7 shows the locations of the proposed Water Supply Scheme facilities and the communities in which they would be located.

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Figure 2.7: Communities and water distribution network in Yala LGA

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Table 2.3 Project Components and Locations in Yala LGA

Location Project Components • Raw water intake station via Ductile pipes of (1.7km/450mm diameter) to a new Water Treatment Plant at • Supply of water via HDPE pipes of (0.05km/50mm diameter) from Water Treatment Plant (TP) to Udenyina Udenyina Elevasted Water Tank (EWT) • Distribution within Udenyina community via secondary pipes of (0.2km) • Construction of 1 kiosk in Udenyina community T Junction • Supply of water via DI pipes of (2.8km/450mm diameter) from TP to T Junction Woleche • HDPE pipes of (2.8km /110mm diameter) from T junction to Woleche EWT • Pipes of (1km/110mm diameter) from Woleche EWT to Woleche • Distribution within Woleche community via secondary PVC pipes (0.6km) • Construction of 2 kiosks in Woleche community Iboko • Pipes of (1.7km/75mm diameter) from Woleche community to Iboko community • Distribution within Iboko community via secondary PVC pipes (0.3km) • Construction of 1 kiosk in Iboko community Utukpo • Pipes of (0.6km /160mm diameter) from Woleche EWT to Utukpo • Distribution within Utukpo community via secondary PVC pipes (0.7km) • Construction of 2 kiosks in Utukpo community Utukpo Iponle • Distribution within Utukpo Iponle community via secondary PVC pipes (0.6km) • Construction of 1 kiosk in Utukpo Iponle Itega • Pipes of (3.2km/160mm diameter) from Utukpo community to Itega community • Distribution within Itega community via secondary PVC pipes (2.2km) • Construction of 5 kiosks in Itega community Okpoma • DI pipes of (4.6km 450mm diameter) from T junction to Okpoma EWT • Pipes of (0.5km/500mm diameter) from Okpoma EWT to Okpoma • Distribution within Okpoma community via secondary PVC pipes (19.4km) • Construction of 36 Kiosks in Okpoma community • HDPE pipes of (3.9km/160mm diameter) from Okpoma EWT to Local Government EWT Olachor • Pipes of (0.4km/250mm diameter) from Okpoma EWT to Olachor • Distribution within Olachor community via secondary PVC pipes (6km) • Construction of 15 kiosks in Olachor community Adiero • Pipes of (0.9km/180mm diameter) from Olachor to Adiero • Distrbution within Adiero community via secondary PVC pipes (0.5km) • Construction of 1 kiosk at Adiero community Idigbo • Pipes of (0.6km/180mm diameter) from Adiero community to Idigbo community • Distribution within Idigbo community via secondary PVC pipes (1.7km) • Construction of 4 kiosks in Idigbo community • Pipes of (1km/140mm diameter) from Idigbo commuity to Okpinya community • Construction of 1 kiosk at Okpinya community Abachor • Pipes of (0.1km/140mm diameter) from Okpinya community to Abachor community • Distribution within Abachor community via secondary PVC pipes (1.8km) • Construction of 4 kiosks in Abachor community • Pipes of (2km/200mm diameter) from LG EWT to Okpodu community • Distribution within Okpodu community via secondary PVC pipes (3.8km) • Construction of 9 kiosks in Okpodu community Igbekurekor • Distribution within Igbekurekor community via secondary PVC pipes (2.1km) • Construction of 5 kiosks in Igbekurekor community

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The water supply system for Yala LGA and its surrounding communities is as follows:

• Surface water abstraction from Onwe River close to Udenyina by means of raw water intake pumping station; • A new water treatment plant will be built 1,700m inland from the water intake pumping station ; • From the new water treatment plant, a High Level Pumping Station (HLPS) will be designed to supply water to 3 new Elevated Water Tanks (EWT) in Woleche community (on the South West), Okpoma community (in the center) and close to the LGA. In the height of Okpoma through a main pipe along the road to Okpinya to a T junction about 2km to these communities. From this junction, two pipes will be laid down: o The first will carry water to Woleche EWT straight south. o The second pipe will convey water to Okpoma EWT through a HDPE pipe of Ǿ450 and also convey water to EWT in the height of Okpoma close to LGA. • At proposed treatment plant site, a small submersible pump will be installed in the clear water tank to allow the filling of a small overhead reservoir to supply water to Udenyina community.

2.5 Project Activity

2.5.1 Intake and Low Lift Pumping Station

There will be an intake structure for water admission into the low lift pumping station through a vertical opening of 1.0 m width and with height from 17.5 masl to the top of the intake structure, about 12.5m. The construction work shall include wooden stop logs of total width adequate to isolate the opening to the suction chamber, and a total height of 12,500 mm, in separate and exchangeable sections. There shall be the construction of Steel track rack, constructed of separate and exchangeable sections of a total width of 1200 mm with clearance openings of 30 mm. Each section shall have a seating and a top plates, with individual hooking arrangement for lifting/lowering. The supply and installation/fixing shall include metal guides slots to be embedded in concrete including anchoring pieces.

There shall be a steel beam for lifting and lowering of any section of either stop log or trash rack. Also to be installed is a three vertical turbine pumps (2 in operations and 1 stand by) for outdoor installation.

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2.5.2 Raw Water Main The raw water main is to convey raw water from the LLPS to the aerator in the treatment plant. The pipeline shall be of Ductile Iron according to ISO std. 2531, pressure rating K9, with bell and spigot connections and will have a total length of about 1,475m.

• Internal lining: Cement mortar (ISO 4179)

• External coating: Zinc metal + Bitumen (ISO 8179)

The pipeline shall be provided with all necessary DI elbows, tees and other accessories for the installation of air valves and wash out valves. Each one of the the air valves and wash out valves shall be installed in a reinforced concrete covered 1.2 x 1.5 m chamber. Anchor blocks will be constructed against movements of line accessories (tees, elbows, reducers, etc.), at highest test pressure applied.

2.5.3 Access Road from Existing Roads to Intake and Treatment Plants

There will be road construction in Okpoma and Obubra project areas to enhance easy access to the intake and treatment plant sites. This shall entail earthwork activities including land clearing and stripping of top soils. Earthwork: Fill: The fill shall be compacted in layers of a compacted thickness of 150 mm or such other thickness as may be found necessary to achieve the required density. Cut: The top 150 mm shall be watered and compacted to 100% B.S standard compaction at optimum moisture content (OMC) 2.5.4 Treatment Plant The schematic drawing of the proposed treatment plants is presented in figure 2.8, while description of the work process follows.

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3. Flocculation 1. Pre-oxidation 6. Disinfection by

chlorine Anionic polymer Chlorination Tank

Chlorine gas Water supply 2. Lime Alum sulphate 5. Sand Filtration Conveyance system 4. Sedimentation Low lift pumping station

Slow mixing tank Settling Tank Sand Filter Fast mixing tank Chlorination

7. Clear water Tank Alum sulphate storage tank River Backwash

Extracted sludge

8. Sludge pumping station

11. Sludge disposal 9. Sludge thickening 10. Dewatering drying bed

Sludge disposal

Return water pumping Filtration water station Figure 2.8 Schematic Diagram of a General Treatment Plant

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Description of the proposed treatment work process

The water treatment works will be a conventional process made up of preoxidation, flocculation/coagulation, settling tank/sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.

Stage 1: Pre-oxidation and pH adjustment

• Preoxidation

The removal of metallic species in raw waters is possible by a physiochemical process: coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation. However, a preoxidation by chlorine gas improves this phenomenon: this reagent, effective over a wide pH range, is useful to oxidize metals, especially Iron, and Manganese.

• pH adjustment

Lime shall be added to get the optimal coagulation –flocculation pH (around 8.5).

Stage 2: Coagulation The coagulation and flocculation processes facilitate the removal of total suspended solids (TSS), colloids and possibly precipitates of Iron and Manganese, which occurs in a final stage of solidsliquid separation (or sedimentation).

Coagulation corresponds to the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent (a coagulant). Alum Sulphate will be dosed for this coagulation purpose.

Stage 3: Flocculation Flocculation process corresponds to the agglomeration of destabilized particles into microfloc, and later into bulky floccules which can be settled, called floc. The introduction of flocculants aid may promote the formation of flocs. The chosen and commonly used reagent is an anionic polymer (sold in powder form). This step requires a slow mixing tank (50 to 200 rmp).

Stage 4: Sedimentation The main purpose of settling is the separation technique most often used for TSS colloid, collected in the form of flocs after the coagulation and flocculation processes Sludge is composed of all the flocs settle on the bottom of the sedimentation tank. Sludge is extracted from this tank: 18h/day, and 7d/week; and will be sent to a special treatment for sludge, generated from water treatment.

Stage 5: Sand filtration The use of rapid sand filter is a technique widely used in drinking water The purpose of sand filtration is to clear water by a physical removal of suspended solids (sludge) by passing through a medium (or more). A two layers filter, using two different media characteristics, is preferred to avoid the screening effect of a heterogeneous layer and to promote the penetration of impurities throughout the entire dept of the filter.

The filter materials used have two layer and this are: anthracite and sand layer. The water flow is directed downwards, passing through the anthracite layer then the sand layer. The coarse particles are retained in the sand layer. A cleaning of the filter should be performed regularly to avoid clogging and bacteria growth. Backwashing is carried out with air and chlorinated waters. Earthguards Limited: 28 Sustainable Development Consultants

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Stage 6: Disinfection by chlorination In this stage, water flows from the sand filter to the chlorination tank. In this tank; chlorine is added to the water and allowed to settle for some time. Chlorine is usually used in this stage because it is commonly applied to water for activation for most harmful microorganisms.

Water Demand and Sludge treatment

Water demand in the project area is estimated based on year 2025 estimate. The present population (based on 2006 Population Census figures) and nature of agricultural water demand was major considerations. Table 2.4 presents the water demand estimate and actual land proposed for treatment plant in each of the three (3) project areas.

Table 2.4: Water Demand and Treatment Plant Land Take

ITEM DESCRIPTION PROJECT AREA ITIGIDI OBUBRA OKPOMA

Water Demand CuM/Day 4,893 5,102 10,280

Treatment Plant Land Area 275M x 200M 350M x 250M 275m x 200M

Sludge treatment must serve for the most to reduce these byproducts in volume. The low organic load of raw waters induces a low fermenting capacity: a digestion process or a conditioning process is not required.

The chosen sludge treatment consists of: • A thickening by settling : sedimentation and homogenization of raw sludge which produces a sludge that is still fluid;

• A dewatering on drying beds : natural drainage.

o Thickening

The thickening process corresponds to an increase in the concentration of total solids (sludge) collected in the settling tanks. The sludge laden suspension is fed into a tank, where it remains for a lengthy retention time so that the sludge is compacted. The more concentrated sludge is extracted from the bottom, while the supernatant liquid is drawn off the top.

o Dewatering on drying beds

The use of drying beds requires no energy input and does not require much attention (maintenance). Only the natural phenomena of evaporation, drainage, perspiration can increase the dryness of the sludge. • Sludge should be made toxic free for plant growth, and used as fertilizer for agricultural purposes.

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Outbuildings

Within each plant area the following ancillary structures/equipments shall also be considered as part of the project.

• A security post • A headquarter building for offices and workshop. • A chemical storage buildings (reagent building and chlorine building), • An electrical building. • A technical building. • The necessary ancillary works as internal roads, fence, drainage, telemetry, lighting et c

Table 2.5 describes the proposed treatment process, with particular emphasis on the activities on waste/sludge generation. The table indicates the daily water intake and sludge production for each of the three (3) LGAs of project influence. Water intake for the facility is approximated by the daily water production quantity. Similarly, quantities of reagents used for water treatment which generate waste are also given.

As seen table 2.5, when the proposed treatment plants are fully operational in 2035, Obubra LGA would generate the highest amount of sludge (1,291kg per day), then Abi LGA , with (637kg per day) and finally Yala LGA (573 kg / day).

Table 2.5: Estimation of total Sludge generated during the project period

Abi Obubra Yala Water Treatment Process Reagents Year 2025 2035 2025 2035 2025 2035

Water 5102 11887 10280 24517 4893 11815 Intake Lime 1.7 3.9 3.4 8.1 1.5 3.5 Preoxidation (m 3/ /day) Chlorine 67 157 136 324 59 139 (Kg/day) Primary Coagulation Alum 23.4 54.5 47.1 114.4 20.4 48.3 Treatment Sulphate Plant (kg/hr) Flocculation Aniomic 0.7 1.1 1.5 2.2 0.6 1 Polymer (Kg/hr) Sedinmentation Rising 0.6 1.4 0.6 1.5 0.6 1.4 Velocity (m/hr) Sand Filteration Back Wash 376 752 342 Water (m 3) Disinfection Chlorine 25 59 51 121 22 52 (kg/day) Sludge Thickening (Kg/day) 1004 1340 2,012 2717 904 1205 Treatment Dewatering on bed 36 74 33 Total Dry Sludge (Kg/day) 637 1,291 573

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3 BASELINE INFORMATION

This chapter gives an overview of the total project area of intervention and a visual imagery of the three (3) project sites in Cross River State. This imagery shows the various communities to be impacted by the project and various infrastructures of the proposed water scheme.

3.1 General overview

Nigeria is situated in West Africa and bordered to the north by Niger republic; north east by Chad; west by Benin; east by Cameroon and south by the Atlantic Ocean. The land mass of Nigeria is 923,768 sq km, and lies between latitudes 4 0 00’ N and 14 0 00’ N, and longitudes 2 0 50’ E and 14 0 45’ E.

Cross River state is a coastal in nature and located in the South Eastern Nigeria. This state was created in May 1967 from the former Eastern Region. It occupies 20,156m 2 and shares boundaries with Benue state to the north, Enugu and Abia states to the west, Cameroon Republic to the east and AkwaIbom state and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

Abi LGA

This project area comprises of Itigidi town and 12 communities (Table 2.1). Itigidi town serves as the headquarters of Abi L.G.A of Cross Rivers State. Itigidi town is located between latitude 05 0 53.083'N and longitude 8 0 8.25'E. The town is situated at upper course bank of the Cross River. Abi L.G.A had a population of 78,117 people (NPC, 2006). It has a clustered settlements pattern with scattering adjourning villages. The town accommodates a water pump station and treatment plant for the CRSWBL along the Old Park area and a reservoir along Hospital road.

Access to Itigidi town is through the UgepEdibaItigidi road that branches off the CalabarIkom highway at Ugep. Until recently, this road stopped at Ediba town, and Itigidi town could only be reached by ferry or speed boat: however the recentlycommissioned bridge across the Cross River has made it possible to access Itigidi town by road.

Obubra LGA

Obubra town is about 175km north of Calabar with access through the Calabar – Ikom road from Apiapum. Obubra LGA has a population of 102, 294 people (NPC, 2006). Obubra Town, the headquarters of the Obubra L.G.A, is located about 175km North of Calabar, the State capital. Access to Obubra is through a branch off from the main CalabarIkom highway, at Apiapum.

Obubra people are predominantly farmers and produce food crops such as garri, yam, groundnut and maize.

Obubra can be classified as a semiurban town and has a linear settlement pattern; with houses aligning along the main road. Obubra town has a record of being previously connected to the water board mains.

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Yala LGA

The project area in Yala LGA comprises of Okpoma town (LGA headquarters) and 11 other communities (see table 2.1). Okpoma town is situated along the major road from Ogoja to Abakaliki (capital of Eboinyi state), with a long stretch out of linear settlement along the road.

Yala Local Government Area is carved out of Ogoja province and is situated approximately 300km North of Calabar and 20km from Ogoja. It has a population of 79, 400 people.

Yala people are predominantly farmers and a little of small scale salt mining. It has many salt ponds which are of historic importance to the Yala people. The surrounding villages include Olachor, Itega, Okpodu, Alachor, Woleche etc.

Figure 3.1: Map of Nigeria showing the vegetation of Cross River State

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3.2 Physical Environment

Geology The Coastal Plain of Cross River state is generally characterized by sandstones with lenses of clay and gravel. The major aquifers are mainly sandstone.

Cross River state is blessed with abundant surface water (natural lakes, artificial reservoirs ponds, small perennial streams, springs and rivers) and ground water. The vast majority of the rural people obtain water for domestic use from the rivers, streams and wells. Ground water resources may vary depending on the location. On the coastal plain, in Akpabuyo, Calabar Municipality and part of Odukpani, there are excellent aquifers.

Calabar and other major towns of Ogoja, Obudu, Ikom and Obubra are served by piped borne water from rivers and boreholes manned by the CRSWBL. Apparently, Cross River State occupies the catchments of River Cross which crosses down the Cameroon Mountain, across the flatlying Cross River Basin, into vast estuary located along the Southern Nigeria Cameroon boarder.

Climate The state is situated in the tropical rain forest belt, characterized by monsoon rains, with dry periods in the part and a periodically dry savannah climate in the northern part. The mean annual rainfall in Cross River is 3,300 mm, of which about 70% occur during the months of June to October.

The mean daily maximum and minimum temperature varies between 21. oC to 32 oC in January and 25.05 oC and 27.4 oC in July and August respectively; the relative humidity ranges between a maximum of 98% throughout the year and a minimum of 60% in February; the average monthly evaporation ranges between 4.3 mm/day in February and 2.3 mm/day in July.

Vegetation The vegetation of Cross River State is made up of tropical forest and the mosaic forest vegetation for most part of the southern areas which also extends to Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma, while Ogoja has a combination of savannah and forest vegetations.

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Agriculture The state has one of the most richly endowed agricultural lands in Nigeria. Natural rubber, pineapple and palm oil are already established plantation products and the main raw materials export in the state. Cocoa, soya beans, food crops such as cassava, yam, rice, plantain, banana and maize are produced in abundant quantities.

Transport Cross River State enjoys excellent road network with the rest of Nigeria. It has a direct road link with the middle belt and the northeastern part of the country. Its location on the south eastern extremity of the country, almost entirely isolated by rivers, warrants the maintenance of good road networks.

The two major road transportation arteries are the eastwest IkangCalabarItu road and the northsouth CalabarIkomYola road which are both currently in a state of disrepair. Cross river towns have good intracity transportation, in addition to a good system of intercity and interlocal government transportation. Sometimes canoes, tree trunks and ropes are the only means used by the local people to cross large rivers in remote settlement.

On the coastal plain, in Akpabuyo, Calabar Municipality and part of Odukpani, there are excellent aquifers. Calabar and the other towns of Ogoja, Obudu, Ikom and Obubra are served by piped water from rivers and boreholes manned by the Cross River State Water Board Limited.

Population Structure and Distribution Cross River State has a total population of 2,888,966 people with 1,492,565 Males and 1,396,501 Females spread across the 18 LGAs of the state.

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Table 3.1: Population distribution of Cross River State

S/n Local Government Area Population Male Female 1 Yala 210,843 107,310 103,533

2 Bakwara 105822 54585 51237

3 Ogoja 171901 89805 82096

4 Obanliku 110,324 53,710 56,614

5 Obudu 160106 83479 76,627

6 Boki 186141 97926 88215

7 Etung 80196 42636 37560

8 Ikom 162,383 83,009 79,374 9 Obubra 172444 89375 83069

10 Yakurr 196450 100399 96051 11 Abi 144802 73976 70926

12 Biase 169183 89737 79446 S 13 Akamkpa 151125 79443 71682 14 Odukpani 192444 103526 88918

15 Calabar South 191630 95399 96231 16 Calabar Municipal 179392 91208 88184

17 Akpabuyo 271395 140329 131066

18 Bakassi 32385 16713 15672

Source: National population Census, 2006

Economy The Cross River State economy is predominantly agricultural based and is subdivided into two sectors: • The public sector: run by the Cross River State Government and features large plantations and demonstration farms. • The private sector: dominated by local subsistence farmers

The main crops are cassava, rice, plantain, banana, yam maize and palm produce.. Major livestock in the state are goats and sheep while organized cattle ranching takes place at the Obanliku at the Obudu Cattle Ranch.

Tourism The outstanding tourist events and places in Cross River include: • the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obudu; • the rainforest of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim; • the spiraling oxbow Calabar River; • the Tinapa Business Resort; • Calabar Marina; • the Ikom Monoliths;

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• the Mary Slessor tomb; • the Calabar drill Monkey Sanctuary, and • the Kwa and Agbokim Waterfalls.

Environmental Issues in Cross River State As in most part of Southern Nigeria, the major environmental problems are soil degradation, urban air and water pollution, and rapid urbanization.

3.3 Baseline Data Analysis

In order to prepare the Environmental Social Impact Assessment of this project, baseline data of the project areas was collected. This was with a view to determining the ambient environmental and social conditions of the project communities. This serves the following purposes: • Necessary for identifying critical environmental aspects that may impair project sustainability • Helps to measure/evaluate/compare the performance of the project during project operation stage. • It helps to determine the suitable mitigation measures that will be applied to the environmental impacts of the project.

Therefore, the following baseline data aspects were collected: • Air quality • Physiochemical quality of surface and underground water • Noise level • Climatic data • Socioeconomic data • Vegetation and endangered species.

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3.3.1 Analysis of Surface and Underground Water Samples.

Table 3.2: Obubra LGA Project Area: Water Quality Result

Parameters FEPA /WHO FEPA/WHO Ofodua Obubra Owakande Adun Ogada Ofodua Permissible limit Permissible waterside maintown obubra Beach obubra obubra for boreholes limit for borehole tream bore hole stream borehole streams Temperature < 40 < 40 28.2 30.5 29.2 30.8 28.4 28.2 PH 6.58.5 6.09.0 6 6.5 5.5 6 5.5 6 Colour 15 TCU NA CLEAR CLEAR NA CLEAR NA CLEAR Odour (NT) ABSENT NA Absent Absent NA Absent NA Absent Conductivity 50125 50125 511 122 58.2 745 35.8 511 Salanity % 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0 0.4 0 0.2 Filtreable 30 30 0.0079 0.0067 0.0114 0.0069 0.0078 0.0079 solid Dissolved 7.5 6.8 3.6 4.5 4.3 2.1 5.3 3.6 oxygen Total 1 2000 244 58 27 358 17 244 dissolved solid Sulphate 500 500 0.015 400 51 0.022 14 0.015 Chloride 250 600 0.001 0.255 3.24 0.017 8.65 0.001 Nitrate 10 20 3.11 5.8 8.95 4.6 13.58 3.11 Total 200 200 64.2 65.8 60 40.15 17.12 64.2 Hardness Phosphate < 1.0 5 0.019 0 0 0.012 0.1 0.019 Phosphorus 0.1 1 0.006 0 0 0.009 0.03 0.006 Aluminum 0.2 0 0.001 0.012 0.041 0.029 0 0.001 Mn 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.044 0.013 0.033 0.036 0.06 Pb 0.01 0.003 0.027 0.049 0.051 0.004 0.003 Source: Fieldwork 2009

Temperature: Temperatures were generally permissible across the sampled stations in Obubra LGA.

pH: The water samples were generally slightly acidic and not permissible for drinking :

Colour: The result shows that the sampled waters were clear.

Conductivity: All the stations except Ababene stream had permissible values for conductivity.

Salinity: Samples from Ababane stream, Obubra maintown borehole, Adun beach borehole and Ofodua borehole were above the permissible limit, while those within permissible limit are Ofodua water side borehole, Owakande stream and Ogada stream.

Dissolved oxygen (DO): All the samples from this area were not permissible.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): All the samples, except Adunbeach borehole were permissible.

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Hardness: All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of hardness.

Phosphate: All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of phosphate content.

Ammonia: Ammonium was not detected in the samples.

Metals: All the heavy metals were within the permissible limits across the sampled locations, except cadmium, which values were not permissible in AdunBeach borehole.

Coliforms: Salmonella was present in the water samples from Ababene stream, AdunBeach borehole and Ofodua borehole, bur absent in the rest of the samples. Shigella sp was absent in all the samples, while E.Coli was absent in all but Ofodua stream.

Table 3.3. Abi LGA Project Area: Water Quality Result

Source: Fieldwork 2009

Parameters FEPA FEPA Ekureku Adadama Ebgoronyi Egboronyi Imina Abi Itigidi Ababene /WHO /WHO Bore Bore Ekureku Ekureku Spring Boreho Plant Obubra Permissi Permissi hole hole Bore hole pond water le treated stream ble limit ble limit water for for boreholes streams Temperature < 40 < 40 36 29.1 23 29 28.8 28.7 28.6 31 PH 6.58.5 6.09.0 6.5 5.5 5.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 5 7.5 Colour 15 TCU NA CLEAR CLEAR NA NA CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR NA Odour (NT) ABSENT NA Absent Absent NA NA Absent Absent Absent NA Conductivity 50125 50125 510 826 30 10 9.3 530 48.9 500 Salinity % 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 CLEAR 0 0 0.3 0 0.4 Filterable 30 30 0.007 0.0197 0.035 0.0335 0.0023 0.0089 0.0091 0.0243 solid Dissolved 7.5 6.8 3.6 3.6 4.5 4.2 5.3 4.5 6.7 4 oxygen Total 1 2000 244 397 4 5 4 253 23 383 dissolved solid Sulphate 500 500 0.015 0.005 0.052 0.056 0.004 0.003 0.007 47 Chloride 250 600 0.001 0 0.041 0.043 0.001 0.008 0.009 11.42 Nitrate 10 20 3.1 5.11 5.15 8.19 0.058 2.98 3.05 10.52 Total 200 200 64.2 34.24 15 20.45 17.12 56.36 36.12 56.36 Hardness Phosphate < 1.0 5 0.01 0.008 0.029 0.023 0.042 0.05 0.034 0.017 Phosphorus 0.1 1 0.006 0.003 0.018 0 0.014 0.02 0.014 0.006 Aluminum 0.2 0 0.001 0 0.032 0.031 0 0.001 0.004 0 Mn 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.012 0 0 0.02 0.057 0.048 0.044 Pb 0.01 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.016 0.026 0.03 Temperature: Temperature was generally permissible across the sampled stations.

pH: pH were acidic for Adadama borehole, Egboronyi borehole, Egboronyi pond, Imina stream, Abi borehole and Ekureku borehole are normal/permissible for Itigidi treatment plant water.

Colour: The result shows that the sampled waters were clear.

Conductivity: Samples from Egboronyi, Imina and Itigidi Water Treatment plant are not permissible. Those permissible include: Ekureku borehole, Adadama borehole and Egboronyi borehole Earthguards Limited: 38 Sustainable Development Consultants

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Salinity: Samples from Ekureku borehole and Adadama borehole are above the permissible limits. Those within permissible limit include: Egboronyi pond, Imina stream and Itigidi treated water plant

Dissolved oxygen (DO): The DO values were high, hence permissible for aquatic life for samples from Imina spring and Itigidi treatment plant. All other samples were low, and not permissible.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): All the samples, except Abi borehole and Itigidi treatment were within permissible limits.

Hardness: All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of hardness.

Phosphate: All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of phosphate content.

Ammonia: Ammonium was generally permissible for all the samples.

Metals: All the heavy metals were permissible across the sampled locations.

Coliforms: Salmonella sp. was present in the water sample from Egboronyi pond and absent in all other samples. Shigella sp . was absent across the samples, while E.Coli sp was only present in Adadama borehole water.

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Table 3.4 Yala LGA Project Area: Water Quality Result

Parametes FEPA FEPA/ Idigbo Itet Ipuole Iyamoyo Ochoh Ochoc Enimi /WHO WHO Borehole a stream ng Itega i hi ri Permissible Permissibe pon stream stream boreho stream limit for limit for d le boreholes streams Temperature < 40 < 40 28.7 28.5 28.2 27.5 28.7 20.5 28.1 PH 6.58.5 6.09.0 5.5 4 7.5 4.5 5.5 6 5 Colour 15 TCU NA CLEAR NA NA NA NA CLEAR NA Odour (NT) ABSENT NA Absent NA NA NA NA Absent NA Conductivity 50125 50125 1104 21.2 797 21.5 38 33 38.4 Salanity % 0 0.1 0.5 0 0.4 0.003 0.0022 0.45 0 Filtreable 30 30 0.0096 0.024 0.0248 0.108 0.0022 0.006 0.0096 solid 8 Dissolved 7.5 6.8 4 4.1 4 4.1 5.1 2.7 5 oxygen Total 1 2000 535 10 383 100 17 58 18 dissolved solid Sulphate 500 500 0 0.036 47 0.75 65 0.025 49 Chloride 250 600 0.001 0.034 11.42 0.45 5 0.517 5.003 Nitrate 10 20 3.2 12.16 10.52 14.21 10 4 10.22 Total 200 200 40.2 40 56.36 50 4.5 140.11 40 Hardness Phosphate < 1.0 5 0 0.01 0.017 0.03 1.05 0.015 0.45 Phosphorus 0.1 1 0 0.003 0.006 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.15 Aluminum 0.2 0 0.015 0.029 0 0.2 0.04 0.02 0.041 Mn 0.05 0.05 0.032 0.025 0.044 0.025 0.003 0.035 0.033 pb 0.01 0.029 0.01 0.03 0.002 0.175 0.055 0.174 Source: Fieldwork 2009

Temperature: The Temperature was relatively lower which is attributed to the wet and rainy season. The minimum and maximum temperature of 20.5 0 C and 36 0 C across the project areas are normal for tropical waters and falls within WHO permissible limits of 40 0C.

pH: The pH values along sampling stations in Idigbo borehole, Itega pond, Ochochi stream and Enimiri River are below WHO/FMEnv permissible limit of 69. These water samples are acidic while the water samples from Ipuole stream and Ochochi borehole are within permissible limit for drinking water.

Colour: Colour of water from the boreholes in this area are generally clear (less than 16 TCU^ WHO/Canadian permissible limit) while those from streams and river are not clear. This can be attributed to the human activities around the water bodies.

Conductivity: The permissible limit for conductivity by FMEnv/WHO is 50 125. Values recorded from the field in Yala showed high values for Idigbo borehole sample while the rest of the sampling stations where within permissible limits.

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Salinity: Idigbo borehole is slightly above limit (not permissible). Similarly, samples from Ipuole stream and Ochochi borehole are above permissible limit. However, those within permissible limit are Itega pond, Itega stream, Ochochi stream and Enimiri River. This explains why the villagers have abandoned the use of water from those boreholes.

Dissolved oxygen (DO): The maximum limit for DO (WHO/FMEnv) is 7.5. Samples from Ochochi stream and Enimiri River are permissible, while the rest of the sample water bodies fall below permissible limit, hence not permissible.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): WHO maximum permissible limit for COD in fresh/surface water is 250. COD is not permissible for Idigbo borehole and Ochochi borehole, while the rest of the sampling points are permissible for drinking.

Hardness: Permissible limit for Total Hardness is 75150mg/L. All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of hardness.

Phosphate: All the sampled water bodies in this area are permissible in terms of phosphate content..

Ammonia: Ammonium is generally within permissible limit across sampled water bodies in Yala LGA, but absent in Itega stream.

Metals: All the heavy metals were permissible across the sampled locations, except cadmium, which values were not permissible in Idigbo borehole and Enimiri River.

Coliforms: Under this compound are Salmonella sp , Shigelle sp and E.Coli. These bacteria are not permissible in domestic used water.

All the 3 bacteria species are absent in Idigbo borehole sample, Enimiri River, and Ipuole stream. Salmonella sp. was present in Itega pond, Itega stream, Ochochi stream and Ochochi borehole. Shigella sp was confirmed present in Itega stream.

The outcome of the water analysis in the three project areas indicate that the water sources being depended at present for drinking are harmful. The results are summarized as follows:

• For Okpoma project area, the waters are characterized by low inorganic/organic dissolved substances, considering chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, salinity acidity and presence of microbial coli forms,

• Itigidi project area shows significant presence of microbial flora and acidity; as well as high concentrations in conductivity, salinity and dissolved oxygen,

• Obubra project area shows significant presence of microbial flora and acidity; as well as high concentrations in salinity and dissolved oxygen.

As a conclusion of water analysis, a required treatment plant would be composed of the steps listed in section 2.5.

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Analysis of Soil Samples

Table 3.5: Yala LGA Project Area: Physio-Chemical Quality of Soil Parameters FEPA Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from permissi Ochochi Ochochi Enimiri river Olugbuni Ipuole- Oregrigri- ble limit borehole Okpoma Iega Utukpo Idigbo stream Temperatue ≤ 40 34.5 27.2 34.2 32 35.4 34.4 (0C) PH 6.0-9.0 4.5 6 4 10 5.5 10 Salanity 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 (%) Conductiviy 50-125 12.9 2.7 2.7 13 19 3 (S/cm) TDS 500-3500 6 1 1 5 9 1 Organic 5.21 5.6 5.6 5.5 10.12 9.3 Matter Colour dark Brown (4/4) Brown (4/4) Dark red (3/6) Reddish Reddish (Munsell) reddish Brown (2.5/1) Brown brown (4/4) (3/3) Hue Hue 7.5 YR Hue 7.5 YR Hue 10 YR Hue 10 YR Hue 5YR 7.5 YR Sulphate 500 0.21 0.18 0.18 131 107.1 0.19 Phosphate 5 5.2 4.9 4.9 8.3 6.8 0.06 Phosphorus 1 1.73 1.55 1.56 2.8 2.26 0.02 Chloride 200 3.46 2.62 2.62 12 10.4 2.95 Nitrate 54 39.2 29.9 29.2 114 106.5 33.4 Nitrite 1 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.6 0.52 0.21 Calcium 1.96 2.36 2.36 4.2 1.01 3.3 Magnesium 5 0.49 0.55 0.59 1.4 0.25 0.83 Manganese 5 1.06 0.75 0.85 2.7 2.56 0.91 Ammonia 0.079 0.02 0.07 0.1 0.1 0.07 Aluminum 0.2 0.029 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.02 Cadmium 0.01 0.329 0.13 0.13 1.9 1.74 0.2 Potassium 5.2 4.4 4.4 12 9.9 0.45 Silver < 0.1 0.53 0.45 0.45 1.2 0.97 0.45 Lead < 0.1 1.16 0.93 0.93 2.5 2.27 1.02 Iron 3 0.33 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.57 0.3 Copper 0.05 0.42 0.39 0.39 1 0.74 0.33 Zinc < 0.1 0.123 0.02 0.08 0.4 0.42 0.09 Sulphide 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.18 0.4 0.34 0.17 Source: Field Work 2009

3.3.2 Soil Sample Analysis

Yala LGA Project Areas

Temperature: The ambient temperature in this area is within the permissible limit for a tropical environment.

Hydrogen ion Concentration (pH): The result shows varying pH values, and can be attributed to certain human uses and chemical applications on the soils. The FEPA permissible limit is 69.

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Only the sample from Ochochi stream area fall within the permissible limit. Acidic soils included those of Ochochi borehole area, Enimiri River farm site and Ipuole site. The soils that have concentrations of alkalinity are from OlugbuniItega and OregrigriIdigbo village.

Phosphate: This is one of the major components of fertilizer and exceeds permissible limit of 1 for soils from Ochochi, Itega and Ipuole in Yala project areas.

Phosphorous: Soils from Ochochi borehole site, Ochochi stream site, Enimiri, OlugbuniItega stream site and Ipuole stream sites where above the permissible limit.

Sulphate: All the tested soil samples fall within permissible limit.

Nitrate: Higher nitrate concentration (above standard limit) was recorded for the samples OlugbuniItega and Ipuole. All other samples in Yala project area were within standard limit for nitrate.

Potassium: Highest potassium value of 11.7 was recorded from OlugbuniItega, and the lowest value of 4.4 was recorded for samples from Ochochi and Enimiri River sites. There was no limit available for this parameter from WHO/FMEnv.

Cadmium: Cadmium is a harmful metal, and FEPA sets the limit at 0.01. The entire soil samples except Ochochi borehole site and Ochochi stream site were within permissible limit.

Lead: The standard limit for this metal in soil is <0.1. However, all the soil samples exceeded the limit.

Copper: Copper content were high in all the sample sites.

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Table 3.6: Obubra Project Area: Soil Quality Result

Parameters FEPA Obubra Soil from Soil from Soil Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from permissi- main Egboronyi Adun from Owakande a farm Ofodua Iyamoyong ble limit town Ekureku 2 beach stream near borehole borehole Ogada Ababane stream Temperature ( 0C) ≤ 40 34.4 34 34.9 32 35 31.4 35 30

PH 6.0-9.0 6 10 4 6.5 5.5 6.5 4 7.5

Salanity ( %) 0.1 0 0 2.8 0 0 0 0 0

Conductivity 50-125 56.9 8 0 56 8.7 42 2.8 8.7 (μS/cm) TDS 500-3500 27 4 1 104 4 12 1 54

Organic Matter 4.62 7.3 3.27 0 8.4 4 3.2 3.4

Colour (Munsell) Block Very dark Dark yellow Black Dark brown Reddish Dark Dark Brown (2.5/1) grey (3/1) Brown (2.5/1) (3/4) Brown yellow (3/4) (2.5/1) brown Hue 5 YR Hue 5 YR 93/6) Hue Hue 5 YR Hue 7.5 YR Hue 10YR 993/6 Hue 7.5 YR 10YR )Hue 10 YR Sulphate 500 0.21 0.1 0.98 0.2 1.5 12.1 6 1.5

Phosphate 5 5.1 0 20.7 5.1 33 5.8 2.8 32.8

Phosphorus 1 1.7 0 6.9 1.7 11 2.2 2.9 1.75

Chloride 200 3.36 0.1 31 1.1 2.2 0.4 30 2.18

Nitrate 54 37.1 0.1 1.59 18 2.7 16.5 2.5 2.65

Nitrite 1 0.25 0.1 1.25 1.5 2 0.59 1 1.95 Calcium 1.22 2.4 1.68 0.8 1.6 1.05 1.7 0.83 Magnesium 5 0.31 0.6 0.42 0.3 0.4 0.85 0.4 2.4

Manganese 5 1.06 0.4 1.38 1 2.2 2.06 1.4 2.19

Ammonia 0.08 0.1 0.39 0.1 0.7 0.01 0.4 0.66

Aluminum 0.2 0.03 0 0.36 0.4 1.2 0.1 0.4 1.2

Cadmium 0.01 0.31 0.1 1.38 0 2.2 1.73 1.4 2.19

Potassium 5.4 1.7 25.4 0 46 9 0.4 5.5

Lead < 0.1 1.1 3 1.09 0.5 1.7 0.23 1.1 1.6

Iron 3 0.33 1.3 1.28 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.3 1.85

Copper 0.05 0.45 2.3 2.16 0.4 3.2 0.74 1.8 3.15

Zinc < 0.1 0.12 1.3 0.97 0.1 1.5 0.22 1 1.9

Sulphide 0.2 0.21 0.1 1.07 0.2 2 0.07 0.1 0.86

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Obubra LGA Project Areas

Temperature: The ambient temperature in this area is within the permissible limit for a tropical environment.

Hydrogen ion Concentration (pH): The result shows varying pH values, and can be attributed to certain human uses and chemical applications on the soils. The FEPA permissible limit is 69.

The samples from Obubra main town area, Ogada stream site, Farm land near Ababene stream and Iyamoyong site fall within the permissible limit. Acidic soils included those of Adun Beach Borehole site, Owakande site and Ofodua borehole site. The soils that have concentrations of alkalinity are from a farm land in Egboronyi Ekureku and Adadama stream site.

Phosphate: This is one of the major components of fertilizer and exceeds permissible limit of 1 for the soil sample from a farm near Ababane stream. Samples from Obubra main town and Ogaga stream sites were slightly above the standard limit.

Phosphorous: Soils from Obubra main town, Adun Beach site, Ogada farm site, Owakande Borehole site, Ababane stream site, Ofodua borehole site and Iyamoyong junction farm site are above standard limit.

Sulphate: All the tested soil samples fall within permissible limit.

Nitrate: All the tested soil samples fall within permissible limit.

Potassium: Highest potassium value of 45 was recorded from Owakande farm site while the lowest value of 0.002 was recorded from Ogada stream site.

Cadmium: All the soil samples except Ogada stream site were above standard limit for cadmium.

Lead: The standard limit for this metal in soil is <0.1. However, all the soil samples exceeded the limit.

Copper: Copper content were high in all the sample sites.

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Table 3.7: Abi Project Area: Soil Quality Result

Parameters FEPA ITIGIDI permissible limit Soil from Adadama Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil from Eteni spring Akarafor treatment plant Egboronye Imina hill top Temperature ≤ 40 (0C) PH 6.09.0 34 34.3 34 34 28.9 Salanity ( %) 0.1 10 4.5 5.5 6 7.8 Conductivity 50125 0 0 0 0 0.01 (S/cm) TDS 5003500 6.8 12.9 7.5 8 18.6 Organic 3 6 3 3 60 Matter Colour 23 5.21 1.1 1 23 (Munsell) Yellowish Brown Dark Reddish Black (2.5/1) Black Dark reddish (5/6) BROWN (2.5/1) brown Sulphate 500 Hue 10 YR (3/3) Hue Hue 7.5 YR Hue 7.5 YR (3/3) Hue 7.5 7.5YR YR Phosphate 5 0.9 0.21 79 79 200 Phosphorus 1 17 5.2 6.8 7 5.5

Chloride 200 5.7 1.73 2.3 2 3.4 Nitrate 54 27 3.46 6.4 6 6.2 Nitrite 1 1.6 39.2 69 69 40.1 Calcium 1.1 0.24 0.4 0 0.54 Magnesium 5 1.2 1.96 1.8 2 1 Manganese 5 0.1 0.49 0.5 0 0.78

Ammonia 4.9 1.06 1.8 2 2

Aluminum 0.2 0.4 0.08 0.1 0 0.28 Cadmium 0.01 0.3 0.03 0 0 0.07 Potassium 1.2 0.33 1 1 0.01 Silver < 0.1 23 5.2 8.3 8 2.2 Lead < 0.1 0.2 0.53 0.8 1 0.12 Iron 3 4.7 1.16 1.8 2 0

Copper 0.05 1.2 0.33 0.5 0 0.12

Zinc < 0.1 2 0.42 0.7 1 0.01 Sulphide 0.2 0.9 0.12 0.3 1 0

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Abi LGA Project Areas

Temperature: The ambient temperature in this area is within the permissible limit for a tropical environment.

Hydrogen ion Concentration (pH): Only the sample from Imina hill top fall within the permissible limit. Acidic soils included those of Akarafor borehole site, Itigidi treatment plant area and Egboronye site. Only the soil from Adadama spring area was biased towards alkalinity.

Sulphate: All the tested soil samples fall within permissible limit.

Nitrate: All the tested soil samples fall within permissible limit.

Potassium: Highest potassium value of .3 was recorded from Itigidi treatment plant and Egboronye site samples, and the lowest limit (2.2) came from Imina hill top sample.

Cadmium: All the soils samples except that from Imina hilltop were above standard limit for cadmium.

Lead: The standard limit for this metal in soil is <0.1. However, all the soil samples except that of Imina hilltop (Adadama Community) exceeded the limit.

Copper: The concentration of copper was permissible for Imina hill soil sample and high in all other samples.

The fact that that many parameters were within standard limit in Imina hilltop site (Adadama community) relative to other sites of soil collection, may be attributed to low human activities within the area due to its altitude.

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3.3.3 Air Quality/Meteorological and Noise Measurement

General Background This is the report of air quality/Meteorological and Noise measurement for ESIA for CRSWBL proposed water project covering Yala, Obubra and Abi LGAs.

This exercise was conducted between September 29 th to October 1 st 2009 in accordance with FMEnv requirements using scientific and standard methods following regulatory requirements. A detail assessment is shown in Table 3.9

Regional Climatic / Meteorological Characteristics The overview of climatic/meteorological features (rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction/speed and sunshine) of the study area presented herein is based primarily on information from literature research and field study.

Climatic Condition The weather and climate of the entire Niger Delta area is closely tied to the general mesoscale trend in Nigeria. It follows that the weather regime experienced at any given location in Nigeria during the year is determined primarily by geographical location in relation to the fluctuating position of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) (Ayoade, 1983). In this regard the predominant weather regime in the study area is warm and humid.

The project area is within the humid tropical zone with defined dry (December – March) and wet (April – November) seasons. The wet season is brought about by the South – West (SW) trade wind blowing across the Atlantic Ocean. The dry, dusty and often cold North – East (NE) trade wind blowing across the Sahara desert dominates the dry season and brings a short spell of harmattan. Data on the climatic characteristics (rainfall, air temperature and relative humidity) of the area, collected over a 15 year period (1990 – 2005) from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) synoptic centre Calabar is presented below.

Relative Humidity The mean monthly relative humidity of the study area is generally high and range between 71% and 88% (Figure 3.2 ) with a mean of 87.6%. Higher humidity values are recorded in July / August corresponding to the peak of the rainy season while lower values occur from December through February. The generally high mean relative humidity recorded within the study area could be attributed to the: nearness of the area to the coast; occurrence of cloud cover; influence of the moisture laden tropical maritime air mass; and influence of the southwest trade winds which dominate the area.

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Relative Humidity (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Relative Humidity (%) Humidity Relative 10 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month

Figure 3.2: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity in the Study Area Temperature The mean monthly temperature recorded across the study area for a period of 15 years was between 28.5 0C and 33.3 0C. Daily air temperature does not vary significantly throughout the Niger Delta region and is moderately high all through the year. The highest values are usually recorded at the onset of the rainy season (late February and March) Figure 3.3 .

Temperature (0C) 34 33

C) 32 0 31 30 29 28 Temperature ( Temperature 27 26 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month

Figure 3.3: Mean Monthly Temperature Variations within the Study Area Rainy season commences in the study area around March and extends to November with July/August as the peak months, while the dry season occurs between December and February, reaching its peak in January when the harmattan wind sweeps across the entire area. More than 80% of the total annual rainfall is received between the months of May and October. A short dry period (August break) occurs between the last week of July and early August. The mean monthly rainfall over a 15 year period (1991–2005) ranged between 9.9mm in December and 377.9mm in July as shown in Figure 3.4 . The total annual rainfall of the study area is in excess of 2,800mm. Earthguards Limited: 49 Sustainable Development Consultants

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D ec . N o v. O c t. S ep. A ug. J u l Ju n. Month M a y A pr. M ar. F eb. Ja n.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

M ean M onthly Rainfall (m m )

Figure 3.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in the Study Area

Winds The predominant wind direction in the area is southwest (SW) (210 o 240 o) and this prevails for 8 months. Generally, wind speeds are between 1.5m/s and 2.0m/s and rarely exceed 2.5m/s. Wind speeds were observed to be lower at nights compared to values recorded during daytime hours. The highest wind speeds in the project area are recorded at the beginning of the rainy season late March to early April.

Visibility The weather in the project area on most days is cloudy owing to high relative humidity values recorded. Fogs are formed in the morning hours impairing visibility to less than 1000m. In June through September, being the most humid months, morning mist is usually prominent with visibility as low as 200m and remaining below 2000m for a number of days thus constituting a serious hazard to transportation. Generally, visibility, especially in the dry season is foggy in the early hours of the day and improves as the day progresses.

Sunshine The mean daily sunshine in the area is between 5 and 6 hours in the dry season and 3 to 5 hours in the wet season. The area experiences a mean annual sunshine of 1,406 hours, which represents 31% of maximum possible amount of sunshine in the environment. The lowest values of sunshine are recorded between July and September with about 2 hours of sunshine per day due to greater amount of cloudiness in the sky.

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Ambient Air Quality and Noise Level

Air Quality The air quality assessment for the EBS of Cross River State Water Board (CRSWBL) proposed water project in Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma is presented hereunder. The study areas are developed urban settlement with heavy transportation and industrial activities. Emissions from automobile and motor bike exhaust are the major sources of air pollution in the area.

Air quality measurement was carried out in ten stations (PT1 – PT10) within the study area and data presented in Table 3.8. The FMENV limits for air emissions have been included for reference purpose.

Table 3.8: Meteorological Measurement for CRSWBL proposed water Project in Sept/Oct 2009 Sampling points Ambient Rel. Wind Wind Atmospheric Temp. Humidity% Direction Speed Pressure(Pa) oC m/s ITIGIDI(Old Treatment 32.10 67.70 SW 0.40 1014.00 Plant) ITIGIDI Market 32.50 67.50 SW 0.50 1014.00

ITIGIDI Market( Entrance) 31.80 68.2 SW 0.50 1014.00

Adadama Reservoir Site 30.80 69.2 SW 0.90 1014.00

Proposed Treatment Plant 30.40 70.80 SW 0.40 1014.00 Site(Adun) Adun Waterside(Village) 28.70 79.90 SW 0.60 1014.00

Apiapum Village 29.80 80.40 SW 0.50 1014.00

Old Reservoir(okpoma) 26.50 87.10 SW 2.50 1014.00

Ochochi Village(Okpoma) 30.00 64.90 SW 0.60 1014.00

Enimiri River (Idigbo) 29.60 68.90 SW 1.10 1014.00

Source: Field Survey, 2009

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Table 3.9: Ambient Air Quality and Noise Characteristics in the Study Area

Parameters Coordinate SPM CO SO x NO x H2S CxHx Noise s (µµµg/m 3) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%) Level (dBA) Sample Station Itigidi, Old Tm Plt 05 053.083’ 33.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 79.9 008 001.356’ Itigidi Mkt 05 053.232’ 11.7 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 53.9 008 001.405’ Pt3 05 053.317’ 17.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 55.9 Itigidi Mkt Entrance 008 001.342’ Adadama Reservoir Site 05 055.122’ 11.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 55.6 008 004.993’ Proposed Treatment Site 05 059.822’ 11.5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 60.9 (Adun) 008 015.357’ Adun Wtrside. 05 059.694’ 10.3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 65.7 (Village) 008 015.564’ Apiapum Village 05 059.796’ 11.7 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 74.7 008 016.826’ Old Reservoir 06 041.650’ 36.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 95.8 008 045.236’ Ochochi Village 06 037.393’ 11.2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 62.1 008 040.452’ Enimiri River Idigbo 06 039.533’ 11.5 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 57.0 008 035.802’ FMENV 150 230 10 0.04 – 0.1 90 Guideline Concentration 0.06 (Daily mean of hourly values)

Suspended Particulate Matter Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is finely divided particles which can originate naturally or be anthropogenic. It is present in ambient air in the form of dust, smoke and other aerosols. The most significant of these are less than 10m in diameter and thus in the respirable size range (Canter and Hill 1977, SIEP 1995). High concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) are known to irritate the mucous membranes and may initiate a variety of respiratory diseases. Fine particulates may cause cancer and aggravate morbidity and mortality from respiratory dysfunctions (CCDI, 2001).

Also, it is known that dust coatings on leaf of plants reduces rate of photosynthesis and thereby reduces plants growth. It is also known that animals or humans that eat plants coated with SPM containing fluorides, arsenic, or lead may suffer some ill effects. SPM can also cause damage to materials by soiling clothing and textiles, corroding metals (at relative humidity above 75%), eroding building surfaces, and discoloring/destroying painted surfaces.

The SPM levels recorded within the project area ranged from 10.3g/m 3 to 36.2g/m 3. The low SPM recorded in the area might be attributed to the time of sampling, low dust hays is usually recorded during the wet season due to wash down. The recorded levels are well below the FMENV recommended limit and thus do not pose any significant health effect.

However, the proposed project implementation would result in dust generation and air emissions from the construction and operational phase of the water treatment plant. These may further lead to increases in SPM level of the areas.

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Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless odorless and tasteless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials or fossil fuels – gas, oil, coal and wood. Adverse health effect has been observed with carbon monoxide concentrations of 12 – 17ppm for 8 hours while prolonged (45 minutes to 3 hours) exposure to concentrations of CO between 200ppm and 800ppm often results in severe headache, dizziness, nausea and convulsions. However, the levels of CO recorded in the sampled areas were below equipment detection limit (0.1ppm), indicating an area free from CO pollution.

Sulphur Oxides Sulphur dioxide (SO x) is a colourless gas produced from biological decay and forest fire releases. It is also produced from the combustion of sulphurcontaining fuels, smelting, manufacture of sulphuric acid, incineration of refuse and production of elemental sulphur. The gas is known to be a causative agent of acid rain, it is harsh irritant and also capable of aggravating asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. It can also cause coughing and promote impaired functions in the human system (CCDI, 2001). Also, sulphuric acid aerosols (formed from dissolved sulphur dioxide) will readily attack building materials, especially those containing carbonates such as marble, limestone, and mortar. Sulphuric acid mists can also damage cotton, linen, rayon and nylon fabrics as well as paper. Excess exposure to sulphur dioxide accelerate corrosion rates for many metals such as iron, steel, zinc, and copper, especially at relative humidity over 70% (Peavy, et al, 1985). The colourless gas was not detected by the air pollutant equipment (detection limit 0.1ppm) during the field sampling exercise.

Nitrogen oxides NO x are reactive gases called nitrogen oxides or oxides of nitrogen, which are formed during combustion processes. NO x results when fuel is combusted at high temperatures and occurs mainly from motor exhaust and stationary sources such as electric utilities and industrial boilers (Canter and Hill 1977). Nitrogen oxide is the only oxide of nitrogen that has been shown to have significant human health effects. Exposure to concentrations higher than 0.5ppm (1mg/m 3) can trigger changes in pulmonary function in healthy people.

At the time of survey, the NOx levels in the ambient air of the study area were below the equipment detection limit of 1.0ppm.

Hydrogen Sulphide Hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) is a toxic, odorous and corrosive gas, which is rapidly oxidized to SO 2 in the atmospheres. Its presence in the atmosphere could result from storage tank and process vents. Exposure to concentrations in excess of 500ppm can be fatal (SIEP, 1995). H 2S nondetection by the instrument used suggests that no activity leading to significant emission of the gas was going on in the vicinity of the study area at the time of survey. H 2S level was below the equipment detection limit at the time of sampling.

Hydrocarbons These include methane (CH 4), ethane (C 2H6), propane (C 3H8) and other derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds and are emitted from both man made and natural sources. Hydrocarbon vapour in the atmosphere arise from fugitive emissions, vents and incomplete combustion of fuels, particularly where fuel to air ratios are too high. Most members of this group are significantly toxic and exposure to high concentrations in the atmosphere (about 1000ppm or more) could result in interference with oxygen intake and acute leukemia.

Members of the hydrocarbon family were not detected by the instrument used, indicating that no activity leading to significant hydrocarbon emission was taking place in the vicinity of the study area at the time of Earthguards Limited: 53 Sustainable Development Consultants

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this survey. The proposed project implementation will in no foreseeable way alter the ambient level of this gas in the area.

Noise Level Noise is a periodic fluctuation of air pressure and noise pollution is defined as “unwanted sound”. The rate at which these fluctuations occur is the frequency, expressed in hertz (cycles per second). The range of sound pressures encountered is very large and to keep numbers in manageable proportions, noise levels are measured in decibels (dB) A, which have a logarithmic scale. In addition to causing a disturbance, excessive noise can damage health and have physiological effects.

Environmental noise concerns focus on local communities and wildlife. Effects on local residents generally relate to the annoyance / nuisance caused by both shortand longterm high sound levels. Also, disturbance of wildlife is of significance particularly during breeding seasons.

Noise measurement was carried out in ten (10) locations. These include all the air quality sample locations within the study area. The result of measurements is also presented in Table 3.9 .

The results of measurements showed that noise within the study area ranged from 53.9(dB) A to 95.8(dB) A. This result revealed that the noise levels were within the FMENV recommended limit all the sampled locations except at PT8 (old reservoir along Okpoma road) due to vehicular traffic and followed by PT1 (Itigidi Treatment Plant). The use of ear protective equipment is recommended for people working within this area as well as optimal maintenance of machines used in the area.

However, the level of noise in the project area will be amplified during construction activities of the proposed project. This increase will however be short term and localized except around the treatment plant area during the operational period.

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3.3.4 Environmental Impacts from the Water Treatment Process

Table 3.10: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Environmental Issues/Impact Compositions/types Treatment Process Mitigation Measures resulting in Impact Solid Waste/sludge: This varies with the composition • Raw /surface water • CRSWBL will minimize the quantity of solids generated through • Settled suspended solids of water source and treatment extraction optimizing coagulation processes; • Used filtration membrane process and may include: • Sedimentation/ • Sludge should be reused/recycled if possible. • Spent media • Radio nuclides, • flocculation • Where reuse/recycle cannot be applicable, sludge should be treated and • Lime • Filtration & Disposal disposed by land application. • Polymers, • microorganisms

Waste water: • Suspended solids and • Raw /surface water • Recycle filter backwash into the process, if possible • Filter backwash organics extraction • Treat and dispose of reject stream, including brine in line with national • Reject streams from membrane • High levels of dissolved and local laws. filtration processes solids • Sedimentation/ • CRSWBL will not discharge waste to surface water subjects • Brine streams from ion • High or low pH flocculation exchange or demineralization • Heavy metals

Hazardous chemicals • Risk of explosion • Chlorination, • Store chlorine away from all sources of organic chemicals, and protect • Risk of fire • Sedimentation from sunlight, moisture and high temperatures • Single acute exposure to • Flocculation • Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site while toxic, corrosive or oxidative • Storage of chemicals maintaining a sufficient inventory to cover intermittent disruptions in substances supply • Develop and implement a plan for responding to accidental releases • Install alarm and safety systems, including automatic shutoff valves, that are automatically activated when a chlorine release is directed • Install containment and scrubber systems to capture and neutralize chlorine should a leak occur.

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Environmental Issues/Impact Compositions/types Treatment Process Mitigation Measures resulting in Impact Air emissions Ozone and gaseous or volatile • Chlorination, • Risk of chlorine and ammonia releases can be mitigated chemicals used for disinfection • Sedimentation via the measures under hazardous chemicals processes such as chlorine and • Flocculation • Install ozone destroying device (such as catalytic ammonia oxidation, thermal oxidation) at the exhaust o of the ozone reactor Ecological impacts Land/Soil pollution • Waste/Sludge • Sludge should be disposed only on the appropriate place disposal provided by the regulatory authority • Storage and operation • Sludge must be treated before disposal to land of machines • Equipment/generator must be properly maintained to /generator (causing avoid leakage. Chemical or diesel • 3). Expired and left over chemicals should be carefully leakage) handled/ disposed. Water Pollution causing extinct of • Raw /surface Sludge should not be disposed into the river aquatic lives water extraction • Sludge disposal into the river

Table 3.10 describes the activities and various environmental impacts associated with a water treatment plant and their mitigation measures.

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3.4 Socio-Economics

3.4.1 Socio-Demographic Attributes of Respondents A random sampling survey was carried out in the communities within the three (3) project local government areas. Semi Structured Instrument (SSI) was administered to a total of 578 respondents. This comprised of 195 for Abi, 201 for Obubra and 182 for Yala. Details of the analysis are contained in Table 3.12.

Table 3.11: Project Areas, their LGAs and Demographic Distribution So LOCATION POPULATION LOCATION POPULATION LOCATION POPULATION urce: National OBUBRA LGA YALA LGA ABI LGA Population 1 Ogada 6,574 Okpoma 64779 Itigidi 12397 Census, 2006 2 Apiapum 1,461 Abachor 1522 Adadama 28924 3 Ofatura 5,549 Okpina 411 Agbara 9055 4 Ovonum 8,039 Idigbo 1448 Emin 1392 5 Ofodua 16,482 Adiero 1138 Egboroni 1752 6 Ogada 1 9,124 Woleche 706 Ekpon 1892 7 Iyamoyong 6,701 Udeyina 2722 Ekureku 8340 8 Ohana 5,163 Itega 2522 Anong 3259 9 Ofukapa 291 Iboko 232 Akarefor 3691 10 Ofat 7,619 Okpodu 1729 Akpoha 2755 11 Ababene 8,810 Utukpo Gabu 1730 Ngarebe 2973 12 Obubra 5,490 Ipole 461 Akarefor 693 Station Esegeh 13 Oyedama 4,696 Likpoma 994 14 Adum 1,461 Beach 15 Ofunbonga 1,041 1 16 Ofunbonga 292 2 17 Ofunbonga 1,162 3 18 Ofunbonga 6,360 4 19 Obubra 5,979 Total 102,294 79,400 78,117

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Table 3.12: Socio-Economic Attributes of Respondent Source: Field work 2009

Percentage (%) Percentage (%)

Item Category Item Category

Abi Abi Overall mean Abi Overall mean Yala Yala Yala Obubra Obubra Obubra

Sample population 33.7 34.8 31.5 33.3 Farming 67.7 66.7 86.3 73.6 Male 86.7 88 85.7 86.8 Trading 7.5 15.4 7.2 10 Sex Main Occupation Female 13.3 12 14.3 13.2 Civil Service 12.8 17.9 9.3 13.3 Christianity 92.8 93.5 100 95.4 Self Employed 6.2 5.6 9.3 7 Islam 0.5 0.5 0 0.3 0-50,000 51.8 48.8 79.3 60 Religion Traditional 4.1 6 0 3.4 51,000-100,000 10.8 20.4 10 13.7 Annual Income Others 3.05 0 0 1 101,000-500,000 14.4 16.9 8 13.1 Single 10.8 13.9 14.3 13 above 500,000 2 3 1.7 2.2 Married 80.5 79.6 77.5 79.2 PHCN 20.5 37.3 10 22.6 Marital Status Divorced 1 0.09 3.3 1.46 Source of energy Private generator 3.1 14 12 9.7 Widow 4.6 4 3.3 3.97 Hurricane lamp 76.4 48.7 78 67.7 1 68 65 60 64.3 Kerosene 20 28 14 20.7 Av. No of wives Cooking fuel 2 or more 32 35 40 35.7 Firewood 80 70 86 78.7 3 and below 7 15 8 10 pit 25 68 12 35 Size of household 4 to 6 42.6 37 45 41.5 Type of toilet Bush 65 20 80 55 7 and above 50.4 47 48 48.5 Water closet 10 12 8 10 None 20.5 25.3 28.6 24.8 Bush 78 30 92 66.7 FSLC 28.7 28.4 25.3 28.4 Organized collection 0 0 0 0 Waste disposal Highest education WASC 16.4 20.4 24.1 20.3 Open dump 12 40 8 20 TCH/OND 8.2 12.9 7.1 9.4 Burning 10 30 0 13.3 HND/Degree 5.6 5 3.8 4.8 Yes 98 95 100 97.7 Willingness to pay Road Poor Fair Poor No 2 5 0 2.3 School Fair Fair Poor N300 22 25 56 34.3 Public Health Fair Fair Poor Maximum amount N500 68 72 44 61.3 Portable water Poor Poor Poor N1000 10 3 0 4.3 Amenities rating Malaria High High High Communication Fair Poor Poor Typhoid High High High Common Water River blindness Low Low Absent Public recreation Poor Poor Poor borne diseases Guinea worm Absent Low Absent River 22.6 78.1 50 50.2 Diarrhoea Low Low Low Borehole (commercial 21.5 7.5 13 14 Cholera Low Low Low Source of water Pond/Stream 45.6 9 10.4 21.6 Borehole (private) 0 1 2.1 1

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Sex Table 3.12 shows that about 86.8% of the respondents in the 3 LGAs of project influence are males while 13.2% are females. About 86.7% of respondents in Abi are males as against 13.3% for females. About 88% of the respondents in Obubra are males as against 12% for females. In Yala, 85.7% of the respondents are males while 14.3% are females.

The general disproportionate in female representation is traced to: • The survey technique in which head of household receives priority, while any other member of household responds if the household head is absent. • Cultural practices in which females especially married women are not permitted to grant interview. Age The field survey was administered to mostly household heads or to their adult relations, for those not present at the time of the survey. This informs that the field survey was biased towards adults from 30 years and above and this implies that the respondents come from an age category responsive enough to give detailed and valid data of their households and community.

Religion The overall mean result shows that Christianity is the dominant religion in the 3 LGAs. The practices of other religions are done by a few, and the overall mean representation is as follows: • Christianity 95.4% • Traditional worshipping: 3.4%, • Islam: 0.3% • Others (not identified): 1%

Table 3.12 gives other religious statistics of the three project areas as follows: • Christians are dominant across board, but 100% of Christian worshippers is found in Yala • Obubra has more percentage (6%) of traditional worshippers, while • Other private religions are prevailant in Abi (3%).

Marital Status Table 3.12 shows that the married persons are predominant among the respondents in all the project communities (79.2%). The percentages of divorce persons and widows are low ((1.46 and 3.97 respectively). The statistic is approximately even in the 3 LGAs of project areas.

Years Lived in the Community The field survey was administered to adults from 18 years and above. All the respondents are indigenes of their respective communities. This shows that the respondents are well acquainted with the socioeconomic condition of the project areas, hence capable of given valid data.

Household Size Table 3.12 shows a homogenous pattern of household sizes in the 3 project areas. The statistics shows that: • There are predominantly large household size (7 and above) across the project communities. • Households with 13 persons are highest in Obubra (15%) and lowest in Abi (7%) • Large household size is highest in Abi (50.4%) and lowest in Obubra (47%).

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The above implies high consumption of goods, and particularly, high need for water consumption in the project towns. It can also explain the reason for poverty in the area.

Highest Educational Qualification The survey (Table 3.12) shows that: • About 25% of the people of the 3 project areas are illiterates (did not attend primary school); • The percentage of people that attempted/finished primary school is highest in Abi (28.7%); • The percentage of those that attempted/finished secondary school is highest in Yala, while • People that went to tertiary institutions are highest in Abi (5.6%) and lowest in Yala (3.4%)

Occupation Farming is the predominant occupation in the 3 local government areas of project influence. Other occupations practiced in the area are trading, civil/public service and self employment. The survey shows that: • Yala has the highest percentage of people whose primary occupation is farming (86.3), while Obubra is least (66.7%) • Obubra has the highest number of people in trading (15.4%), while Yala has the least number (7.2%). • The population of civil servants is highest in Obubra (17.9%) and lowest in Yala (9.3%). • The percentage of people in self employment is highest in Yala (9.3%) and lowest in Obubra (5.6%).

Annual Income The overall mean outcome of the survey shows that the proportion of people on income of N0 – N50,000 is predominant in the 3 project areas (60%), while those on income of N500,000 and above is lowest (2.2%). This indicates that the project area is dominated by people of low purchasing power.

However, being a rural and agrarian area, the low income has less influence on their ability to feed their households and on their ability to respond to the proposed water utility bills.

Specifically the outcome of annual incomes in the 3 project areas is as follows: • Yala is the most impoverished with 79.3% of the people living on income of N0 N50,000. • People on middle income of between N101,000 and N500,000 are highest in Obubra (16.9%); the total frequency of 13.7% for the 3 project areas shows that the proportion is small. • The result shows that very little proportion (2.2%) of the population in the project area lives on annual income of about N1,000,000 naira and above. In terms of the 3 project areas; Obubra has the highest proportion (3%), while Yala has the least (1.7%).

Source of Energy The survey shows that the entire project area is connected to the national grid, although power supply is sparingly across the project area. As a result of the unreliability of the public electricity, the study shows that: • Hurricane lamp is used by majority, while the highest frequency of this occurs inYala (78.7%), and lowest in Obubra (48.7%) • The use of private generator as main source of energy is highest in Obubra (14%), and lowest in Abi (3.1%).

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In terms of energy used for cooking; • Fire wood is predominant in the 3 project areas; and its use is highest in Yala (86%) and lowest in Obubra (70%) • The use of kerosene occurs mostly in Obubra (28%) and lowest in.Yala (14%).

The predominant use of firewood has no significant effect on the project environment because: • The area is a rainforest zone with tall trees, • The woods in use are from farm sites, and • Shifting cultivation is practiced over the project area, in a 4year rotation basis, which helps for natural revegetation.

Source of Drinking Water The predominant source of water to the people of the project area is River, and serves about 50% of the population. Other available sources are: • Borehole (commercial and private); • Stream; and • Rain water.

The survey gives the following details of sources of water in the 3 project areas: • Dependence on River water is highest in Obubra (78.1%) and lowest in Abi (22.6%); • Commercial borehole service is highest in Abi (21.5%) and lowest in Obubra (7.5%); • Dependence on stream or pond is most in Abi (45.6%) and lowest in Obubra ((9%), and • Private borehole is owned by very few people in Obubra (1%) and Yala (2.1%).

It was found that households spend between N200 and N300 per day on the purchase of water during dry season. The underlying outcome of this section is that the project is feasible in terms of recovery of its investment because water has an effective demand in the project area.

Willingness to Pay The people of the 3 project areas are generally willing to pay for water supply (Table 3.12). The highest amounts proposed to pay by the proposed consumers ranged from N200 to N1000. The average statistic shows that: • 56% of the household consumers from Yala want to pay N300 per month and makes up the highest number in favor of that sum in the 3 project areas. • the highest in favor of N300 and this proportion is from Yala; • 72% of the proposed household consumers from Obubra are willing to pay N500 per month. • The percentage of households willing to pay N1000 and more per month is relatively small occurring highest in Abi (10%) and lowest in Yala (0%).

The underlying outcome of this section is that the project investment outlay will be recovered according to plan.

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Waste Disposal Practice Waste generated in the area is mainly domestic but lacks good waste management practices. Waste is disposed in the bush via open dump. This includes both degradable and nondegradable by products.

Similarly, the predominant method of defecation is in the bush. This is common for the 3 local government areas.

This finding is relevant for tracing the cause of some of the reported communicable disease, and particularly important for identifying the relevance of training and awareness on sanitation and hygiene during project implementation stage.

3.5 Health Impart Assessment

The outcome of the survey on health issues is shown on table 3.13 and shows the following:

3.5.1 Obubra LGA Project areas

• The occurrences of Malaria and typhoid are high in this area and have led to several deaths of people, and have also been a drain on the household’s income. • There are incidences of River blindness in this area, but the occurrence of River blindness is presently reduced following intervention from the .National Onchocerciasis Control Programme (NOCP). • Guinea worm was a common health challenge in this area but the occurrence has been drastically reduced via the federal ministry of health’s intervention. • Vibrio cholera is said to occur in children under 5 years old. This is a form of diarrhoea in which patients experience frequent watery stool.

3.5.2 Abi LGA Project areas

• The occurrences of Malaria and typhoid are high in this area; leading loss of lives and incomes • The incidences of River blindness in this area are low. • Guinea worm was a common health challenge in this area but the occurrence has been drastically reduced via the federal ministry of health’s intervention. • Vibrio- cholera is said to occur in children under 5 years old. • E.Coli sp related Dysentery occurs but with low frequency of incidences.

3.5.3 Yala LGA Project areas

• The occurrences of Malaria and typhoid are high in this area; leading loss of lives and incomes • The incidences of River blindness are absent. • There is no current history of Guinea Worm in this area.

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• Vibrio- cholera is said to occur in children under 5 years old. Poor hygienic condition including drinking of bad water could be a major cause of Vibrio choleric. • E.Coli sp related Dysentery occurs but with low frequency of incidences. Unhygienic human activities and waste disposal within sources of drinking water or edible items could cause E.Coli sp Dysentery.

Table 3.13: Pattern of Health Impact Assessment Abi Obubra Yala

Indicators High Low Absent High Low Absent High Low Absent

Malaria Typhoid Guinea worm Cholera

Dysentery

River blindness

Key: High/ Major occurrence Low/rare Absent

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4 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

The following policy and regulatory frameworks guided the preparation of this ESIA:

4.1 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank has ten (10) Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate the adverse negative effects of development projects, and improve decision making. Details on the World Bank Safeguard Policies are presented in Appendix 1. With respect to this report, the following World Bank safeguard policy applies: • Environmental Assessment (OP/BP4.01) The abovementioned policy is reviewed below with regards to its applicability and implication.

OP/BP4.01: Environmental Assessment

This is a process whose breath, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. It evaluates a project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving projects selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The World Bank favours preventive measures over mitigatory or compensatory measures, whenever feasible.

Environmental Assessment takes into account the following: • natural environment; • human health and safety; • social aspects, and • trans boundary and global environmental aspects.

4.2 Nigeria’ Regulatory Framework

With regards to management of the biophysical environment throughout Nigeria, the overall responsibility was held by the now defunct Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA ), which was absorbed into the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in 1999. The State Environmental Protection Agencies or, as the case may be, State Ministries of Environment performs this function at state and local levels.

4.2.1 The Federal Ministry of Environment. (FMEnv) The FMEnv’s mandate includes the establishment of federal water quality standards and effluent limitations, protection of air and atmospheric quality; protection of the ozone layer; control the discharge of hazardous substances; inter alia and ensures that all major development projects in Nigeria are subject to mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) pursuant to EIA Act. No. 86 (Decree No. 86) of 1992.

In the FMEnv, there is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Division, headed by a Director, to take all responsibility for EIA related issues. Also the EIA division in the FMEnv is the Impact Mitigation

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Monitoring (IMM) branch, with a special responsibility for monitoring the implementation of Environmental Management Plans (EMP) contained in the approved EIAs.

As contained in FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and 59 of 1992. FME has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial waste. The statutory documents currently in place include:

National Policy on the Environment 1999 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitations) Regulations (S.1.8) 1991 ; National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) (S.1.9) 2004; National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations (S.1.15) 1991; Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991; Sectoral Guidelines for EIA 1995 Harmful Wastes (Criminal Provisions) Decree No. 42, 1988; National Policy on the Environment, 1989; Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guidelines 1995; Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. 86 of 1992; and Environmental Impact Assessment (Amendments) Act 1999. National Guidelines and Standards for Water Quality 1999 National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 1999 National Guidelines on Environmental Audit in Nigeria 1999

These statutory documents clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Such responsibilities include provision of antipollution equipment and adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment.

The FMEnv has put in place procedural and Sectoral guidelines detailing the EIA process including a categorization of environmental projects into Categories I, II and III (referred to by the World Bank as categories A, B and C respectively). This project has been categorized as FMEnv Category II or World Bank Category B.

These guidelines require that a complete EIA be performed for Category I projects. Category II projects may not require an EIA depending on the screening criteria, while Category III projects do not require an EIA.

The Sectoral guidelines on infrastructural development apply to this project. This water pipeline rehabilitation and installation project is classified as a category II project.

ESIA’s are then submitted to the EIA Division of the FMEnv for approval and monitoring of the project during implementation and operation based on an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in the ESIA.

4.2.2 International Guidelines and Conventions on Environment which Nigeria is signatory

• The United Nations Environmental Guidance Principles: This was adopted during Stockholm Convention on 16 June 1972. The principal objective of this convention was to provide guidelines (27 in number) for protecting the integrity of the global environment and the developmental system.

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• Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: The protocol was adopted in 1987 as an international treaty to eliminate ozone depleting chemical production and consumption. The protocol also called on industrialized countries to provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries and hence led to the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of Montreal Protocol (MFMP).

• United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity : This convention was signed into law during the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The convention places general obligations on countries to observe sustainable use and equitably share the plants and animals of the earth.

• United Nations Convention on Climate Change: The convention was signed in 1992 during the Rio Earth summit but put into force in 1994. The convention calls on developed countries and economies in transition to limit her emissions of the green house gases which cause global warming, although it does not impose mandatory emissions on developing countries.

• Convention to Regulate International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora: This convention was signed into law in 1973 during the Washington summit and restricts the trade of fauna and flora species termed as endangered organisms.

• Convention on Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals: This convention also known as the Bonn Convention of 1979 stipulates actions for the conversation and management of migratory species including habitat conservation.

• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer : This convention was instituted in 1985 and places general obligation on the countries to make appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting from human activities which tend to modify the ozone layer.

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5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents an analysis of the potential impacts assessment methodology, an analysis of the potential positive and negative impacts and risk prediction associated with the proposed Water Distribution and Supply Schemes Project in Itigidi (Abu LGA), Obubra (Obubra LGA) and Okpoma (Yala.LGA).

5.2 Assessment Methodology

The proposed Construction of Water Distribution and Supply Schemes Project impacts identification / assessment were carried out based on the National, World Bank and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System) framework, knowledge of the project environment, project activities and professional judgments. The approach adopted is schematically articulated in Figure 5.1 while details were given in section 1.5.

Impact Assessment Source References

Baseline data National EIA World Bank ISO 14000 and Project Procedural Environmental EMS Guidelines

Activity Assessment Guidelines Description (FMENV 1995) Sourcebook (1991) Source

Reversible or Impact High Medium Low Irreversible Incidents Legal/ Regulatory Yes/No Past Events Requirements

Risk Yes/No

Frequency Yes/No

Importance Yes/No Direct and Indirect Public Yes/No Impact Assessment Impact Impacts Perception

Prevention Reduction strategy for Control strategy for significant impacts that strategy for significant impact cannot be prevented residual impact Impact Impact / mitigation

Figure 5.1: Impact Assessment Approach

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5.2.1 Impact Identification

This involves characterizing the existing baseline environment and components of the development project which are likely to impact the environment. A checklist of the associated and potential negative impacts from the water distribution project is presented in Table 5.1. The impacts identified have also been characterized as reversible or irreversible, direct or indirect, short or long term, permanent or temporary and cumulative as well as categorized as those under CRSWBL control and those which they have, influence over.

Reversible Impacts : the ability of the environmental components to recover their value after a disturbance.

Irreversible Impact : impacts that permanently impair on the environmental component of the area.

Direct Impacts : these are impacts which follow as a direct causeeffect consequence of a project activity.

Indirect Impacts : Are environmental effects that are at least one step removed from project activity in terms of causeeffect linkages.

Residual Impacts : These are impacts that remain even after mitigation measures have been applied.

Cumulative Impacts : Impacts arising from the interaction of project components or activities with other activities of the past or those occurring simultaneously, or sequentially.

Beneficial Impacts : These are positive impacts.

Adverse Impacts : These are negative impacts.

Long Term : Those predicted adverse impacts which remain after mitigating measures have been applied.

Short Term: Impacts that are removed after mitigating measures have been applied.

Impacts under CRSWBL Control: impacts the organization has sole responsibility for.

Impacts under CRSWBL Influence : Impacts related to items provided by third party (contractor or supplier)

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Table 5.1: Impact Characterization

Group of Activity: Intake and Weir

Project Phase and Environmental Associated & Potential Impact activities Aspect Direct Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Long term term Short Beneficial Residual CRSWB Under Control CRSWB Outside control Adverse Adverse 1. Pre-Construction Social Risks of communal clashes during payment of X X X X X compensation • Land Land depletion Depletion of land available for farming X X X X X Acquisition • Mobilization Social Increased risks of road traffic X X X X X of men and Equipment to site Social Increased heavy duty traffic on, and damage to X X X X X local roads Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere thereby leading to pollution Land degradation Destruction of soil structure from heavy duty X X X X X equipment 2. Construction Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere/water course, thereby leading to pollution Fauna Disturbance of aquatic habitats/wildlife due to X X X X X noise of heavy duty machines at construction site Socioeconomic Temporal obstruction to fish farming within the X X X X X immediate river bank Noise Impairment Noise nuisance to human and wildlife from X X X X X machines and equipment movements Health Workplace accidents X X X X X Socioeconomic Employment of local labour X X X X X X

3. Operation Water Pressure on water resources/quantity due to X X X X X X increased withdrawal Access to treated portable water X X X X X X

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Impact Characterization Group of Activity: Treatment Plant

Project Phase and Environmental Associated & Potential Impact activities Aspect Direct Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Long term term Short Beneficial Residual Under Control CRSWB Outside CRSWB control Adverse Adverse 1. Pre-Construction Social Risks of communal clashes during payment of X X X X X compensation • Land Land depletion Depletion of land available for farming X X X X X Acquisition • Mobilization Social Increased risks of road traffic X X X X X of men and Equipment to site Social Increased heavy duty traffic on, and damage to X X X X X local roads Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere thereby leading to pollution Land degradation Destruction of soil structure from heavy duty X X X X X equipment 2. Construction Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere/water course, thereby leading to pollution Fauna Disturbance of aquatic habitats/wildlife due to X X X X X noise of heavy duty machines at construction site Socioeconomic Temporal obstruction to fish farming within the X X X X X immediate river bank Noise Impairment Noise nuisance to human and wildlife from X X X X X machines and equipment movements Health Workplace accidents X X X X X Socioeconomic Employment of local labour X X X X X X

3. Operation Sludge Risk of Pollution of toxic stock from sludge to the X X X X X X environment Air/water Pollution Risk related to release of COx, NOx, via leakage of X X X X X X oil/diesel from generator and/or from poor storage of diesel.

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Impact Characterization Group of Activity: Water Storage Tank

Project Phase and Environmental Associated & Potential Impact activities Aspect Direct Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Long term term Short Beneficial Residual Under Control CRSWB Outside CRSWB control Adverse Adverse 1. Pre-Construction Social Risks of communal clashes during payment of X X X X X compensation • Land Land depletion Depletion of land available for farming X X X X X Acquisition • Mobilization Social Increased risks of road traffic X X X X X of men and Equipment to site Social Increased heavy duty traffic on, and damage to X X X X X local roads Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere thereby leading to pollution 2. Construction Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere/water course, thereby leading to pollution Fauna Disturbance of aquatic habitats/wildlife due to X X X X X noise of heavy duty machines at construction site Noise Impairment Noise nuisance to human and wildlife from X X X X X machines and equipment movements Health Workplace accidents X X X X X Socioeconomic Employment of local labour X X X X X X

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Impact Characterization Group of Activity: Pipeline Works

Project Phase and Environmental Associated & Potential Impact activities Aspect Direct Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Long term term Short Beneficial Residual Under Control CRSWB Outside CRSWB control Adverse Adverse 1. Pre-Construction Social Risks of communal clashes during payment of X X X X X compensation • Mobilization Social Increased risks of road traffic X X X X X of men and Equipment to site Social Increased heavy duty traffic on, and damage to X X X X X local roads Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere thereby leading to pollution Land degradation Destruction of soil structure from heavy duty X X X X X equipment 2. Construction Pollution Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the X X X X X atmosphere/water course, thereby leading to pollution Fauna Disturbance of aquatic habitats/wildlife due to X X X X X noise of heavy duty machines at construction site Socioeconomic increase income via sale of food and water X X X X X X

Noise Impairment Noise nuisance to human and wildlife from X X X X X machines and equipment movements Health Workplace accidents X X X X X Socioeconomic Employment of local labour X X X X X X

3. Operation Social Increase road traffic during maintenance work X X X X X X Social Possibility of new development such as shops and X X X X X houses along the right of way of pipeline, causing disturbance during rehabilitation work

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5.2.1 Determination of Impact Significance

An impact is said to be significant if it results in a change that is measurable in a statistically sound sampling program and if it persist, or expected to persist, more than several years at the population, community or ecosystem level (Buffington, 1976).

The determination of the significant associated and potential impacts of the proposed project was based on the ISO 140001 (EMS) framework using the criteria below:

5.2.2.1 Legal / Regulatory Requirements (L) – Is there a legal / regulatory requirements or a permit required?

0 = There is no legal/regulatory requirement 3 = There is a legal/regulatory requirement 5 = There is a permit required

The legal/regulatory requirements were identified based on the World Bank Safeguards Policy, IFC performance standards and the Official Gazette of the Federal Ministry of Environment.

5.2.2.2 Risk (R) – What are risk / hazard rating based on risk assessment matrix (RAM)?

1 = Low risk 3 = Medium/intermediate risk 5 = High risk The risks were ranked based on three criteria namely, consequence, probability of occurrence and severity. These were determined using the RAM shown in Figure 5.2.

Probability

A B C D E

Probability Definition i Category A Possibility of Repeated Incidents ii B Possibility of Isolated Incidents iii C Possibility of Occurring Sometime D Not likely to occur iv E Practically Impossible

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Considerations Consequence Category Safety /Health Public Disruption Environmental Aspects Financial Aspects

i Fatalities / Serious Large Major/Extended Duration/Full High Impact on Public Community Scale Response Serious Injury to Small Serious / Significant Resources Medium ii Personnel / Community Commitment Limited Impact on Public Medical Treatment Minor Moderate / Limited Response of Low iii for Short Duration Personnel / No Impact on Public Minor Impact on Minimal to None Minor / Little or No Response None Personnel Needed iv

Figure 5.2: Risk Assessment Matrix

5.2.2.3 Environmental Impact Frequency (F) – What is frequency rating of impact based on historical data and expert judgment?

1 = Low frequency 3 = Medium/Intermediate frequency 5 = High frequency

The frequency of impact occurrence was determined using historical records of accidents/incidents, fatalities, etc, and consultation with experts.

Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) – what is rating of importance based on consensus of opinions?

1 = Low importance 3 = Medium/Intermediate importance 5 = High importance

The importance of target environmental components on the potential impacts was determined through consensus among the project stakeholders.

5.2.2.4 Public Perception (P) – What is the rating of public perception and interest in proposed project and impacts based on consultation with stakeholders?

1 = Low perception and interest 2 = Medium/intermediate perception and interest 5 = High perception and interest

Consensus of opinions among the project stakeholders was used to determine the public perception/opinion on the potential impacts.

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The significant potential impacts of the proposed project (Table 5.2) were identified as those impacts to which the following conditions apply.

(L + R + F +I + P) > 15 Sum of weight of legal requirements, risk factor, frequency of occurrence, importance and public perception greater than or equal to the benchmark (15)

(F + I) is > 6: Sum of weights of frequency of occurrence and importance of affected environmental component exceeds the Benchmark (6).

P = 5: The weight of the public perception/interest in the potential impact exceeds the benchmark (5)

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Table 5.2: Checklist for Ranking of Associated and Potential Impacts Project Activity Associated & Potential Impact L R F I P F+I Total Impact category Land Acquisition Risks of communal clashes during payment of compensation 3 3 3 3 1 4 17 Significant Depletion of land available for farming 3 1 1 1 1 2 9 Insignificant Land Clearing Destruction of the natural vegetation 0 1 1 3 1 4 10 Insignificant Mobilization of men and Increased risks of road traffic 0 3 1 3 3 4 14 Insignificant Equipment to site Increased heavy duty traffic on, and damage to local roads 0 3 3 3 3 6 16 Significant Release of SOx, COx, NOx, SPM into the atmosphere thereby 3 3 3 5 3 8 25 Significant leading to pollution Construction of Intake plant Destruction of soil structure from heavy duty equipment and civil 0 3 1 1 1 2 8 Insignificant construction activities Laying of primary Mains (inlet/outlet Disturbance of aquatic habitats/wildlife due to noise of heavy duty 3 1 1 3 1 4 13 Insignificant pipes) machines at construction site Installation of lift pumping machines Temporal obstruction to fish farming within the immediate river 3 1 1 3 1 4 13 Insignificant bank Risk of water reduction and disturbance to alternative water uses 0 1 3 1 1 4 10 Insignificant Withdrawal of raw water Disturbance to occupational use of water such as fishing 0 1 3 1 1 4 10 Insignificant Disturbance to aquatic habitation 3 1 1 1 1 2 9 Insignificant Installation of generator and other Noise nuisance to human and wildlife from machines and equipment 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 Insignificant equipment movements Risk of Workplace accidents 0 3 3 3 1 6 16 Significant Construction of Water treatment Plant Risk of work place hazards/accidents 0 3 3 3 1 6 16 Significant and storage tanks Risk of safety of the public 0 1 1 1 1 2 6 Insignificant Air pollution resulting from emission of particulate matters, 3 3 3 3 3 6 21 Significant Water pollution resulting from the release of CO2, and from leakages 3 3 3 3 3 6 21 Significant Construction of administration office, of oil and gases into the underground and surface water courses. security post and chemical storage Noise impairment for civil construction workers using heavy duty 3 3 1 3 3 4 17 Significant houses equipment Land/water pollution resulting from poor disposal practices of waste 3 3 3 3 5 6 23 Significant water and sludge during operation Risk of HIV/STD as a result of interaction of civil workers and the 0 5 3 3 1 6 18 Significant community

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5.3 Impact Network The associated and potential impacts of the proposed water distribution and supply schemes project in Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma have been identified and evaluated / assessed in the previous sections. These impacts have also been networked / linked (as articulated in Table 5.3) to determine the magnitude of effects / severity.

Table 5.3: Impact Projection Associated and potential Impact Projection Impact 1st Degree Impact 2nd Degree Impact 3rd Degree Impact 4th Degree Impact

Risks of communal clashes Disruption of project activity Bad public Image during payment of compensation Depletion on land Reduction in Agricultural Risk of increase in available for farming produce price of foodstuff Loss of Asset / financial Injury and death / damage to Increased risks of losses asset road traffic accidents on local roads Increased heavy duty Risks of accidents from Injury /death and Loss of manpower / traffic on, and damage to damaged roads damage to assets financial losses local roads Release of SOx, COx, Increased risk or respiratory Death Increased mortality NOx, SPM into the disorder rate atmosphere thereby Risk of acid rains Destruction of plants Reduction in farm leading to pollution and corrosion of produce structures Destruction of soil Reduction of soil aeration Reduced plant / crop - structure from heavy duty yield equipment Alteration of hydrological Risks of flooding Removal of top Reduced crop yield regimes nutrients Exposure of soil to Washing away ot top soil Reduced plant / crop erosion resulting from de nutrients yield vegetation and soil movement Employment of local Income generation to the Improved standards of - labour people living Contamination of soils Reduction in soil productivity Reduced crop / plant - from accidental fuel spills yield Public and wildlife Risks of public agitation / Disruption of Bad public image disturbance due to noise crisis operation Reduction in wildlife reserves Reduced wildlife catch Low income to the local hunters generation Loss of medicinal herbs Increased rate of illhealth Increased mortality Population decreases and rare / endangered rate plant species Income generation to the Improved standard of living - villagers from sale of food and other consumable items

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5.4 Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures (Table 5.4) for the significant associated and potential impacts of the proposed project in Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma were proffered based on professional judgment and described in the context of the following:

5.4.1 Prevention : avoid the potential impact

5.4.2 Minimization : decrease the spatial / temporal scale of the impact through design, training of physical barriers

5.4.3 Remediation : apply rehabilitation techniques after the impact has occurred

5.4.4 Compensation: accept the impact and compensate (monetarily or in other forms e.g. training, offsite restoration, community development programs for natural resource management etc) as appropriate

Table 5.4: con’td: Mitigation Measure Environmental Associated and Potential Mitigation Measures Aspect Impact

Land Acquisition Risks of communal clashes CRSWBL shall pay adequate compensation to land during payment of owners compensation Restriction on land available for CRSWBL shall limit acquisition of land to the farming minimum specified for project Increased risks of road traffic CRSWBL shall develop and maintain an effective accidents on local roads journey management plan CRSWBL shall limit movement of heavy equipment to night hours CRSWBL shall use competent and well trained drivers CRSWBL shall ensure vehicles are periodically maintained and records kept Mobilization of men and materials to site Increased heavy duty traffic on, CRSWBL shall develop an effective journey and damage to local roads management plan CRSWBL shall use competent and well trained drivers certified in defensive driving CRSWBL shall ensure all vehicles are periodically maintained and records kept

Land Clearing / Ecosystem fragmentation and CRSWBL shall limit acquisition of land to the stripping exposure if wildlife is to minimum required for work increased exploitation Destruction of soil structure CRSWBL shall limit clearing activities to the from heavy duty equipment minimum required for work Reduction in oxygen available CRSWBL shall limit cutting / clearing of trees to the in the atmosphere due to minimum required for work deforestation

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Table 5.4 cont’d: Mitigation Measures Environmental Associated and Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Aspect Land clearing / Release of gaseous pollutants CRSWBL shall maintain all vehicles at optimal Stripping (CO, SOx, NO, SPM, etc) from earth working conditions moving equipment into the atmosphere CRSWBL shall ensure vehicles are periodically maintained and records kept Contamination of soils from accidental fuel CRSWBL shall develop effective fuel storage and spills during vehicle / equipment refueling handling procedures

Public and wildlife disturbance due to noise CRSWBL shall use low noise generating equipment from earthmoving equipment for operation

CRSWBL shall maintain all vehicles at optimal working conditions CRSWBL shall ensure vehicles are periodically maintained and records kept Loss of medicinal herbs and rare / CRSWBL shall limit land clearance to the minimum endangered plant species required for work Littering / pollution of the soil from CRSWBL shall activate waste management plan disposal of overburden / top soil CRSWBL shall store stripped overburden materials to be used for pit reclamation Provision of electricity to the community Electricity supply from the quarry shall be extended through installation of generators to the nearest community where possible Employment of local labour Unskilled local hands shall be retained by CRSWBL where the need arises in order to encourage them in acquiring basic skills on self sustenance on disengagement Inhalation of cement dust and toxic fumes CRSWBL shall ensure that all personnel at such during building and welding of structures work area wear nose mask

CRSWBL shall ensure all personnel wear appropriate PPE Installation of Workplace accidents CRSWBL shall ensure that contractors undertaking equipment and work on its behalf comply with safety and health Structures (offices, plans workshop, etc) CRSWBL shall ensure safety awareness meetings are held prior to work each day CRSWBL shall ensure all incidents are documented and corrective actions taken CRSWBL shall ensure all gang ways are cleared of obstruction during work Risks of personnel falling from heights CRSWBL shall ensure all scaffolds are fit for during installation intended use CRSWBL shall employ the use of competent and well trained workers All gang ways shall be cleared of obstruction Waste water Generation of toxic residuals and pathogens CRSWBL shall ensure that full compliance of the treatment waste management plan. Disposal of sludge in land fill shall be prohibited; and treated sludge shall be useful as manure for agricultural uses Sludge shall be sedimented and dewatered to get rid of pathogens and toxics

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Environmental Associated and Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Aspect Installation of Risks of personnel electrocution CRSWBL shall employ competent and well equipment and during welding operations trained welders Structures (offices, CRSWBL shall ensure all electrical wires are workshop, etc) insulated Atmospheric pollutants emission CRSWBL shall maintain all vehicles and (SOx, COx, NOx, etc) into the internal combustion engines at optimal atmosphere from exhaust of working conditions construction equipment CRSWBL shall ensure vehicles are periodically maintained and records are kept Plant growth deficiency resulting CRSWBL shall adopt the use of water spraying from reduced transpiration / around work area to reduce of dust into the photosynthesis enhanced by coating atmosphere of leaves with dust particles during the dry season Destruction of natural landforms and CRSWBL shall restrict ensure that land form is aesthetic beauty of the area restored/revegetated Storage of chemicals Risks of fire outbreak and explosion CRSWBL shall locate fire extinguishers in and fuel/oil/diesel from accidental ignition of strategic areas and train personal in its use detonators

Soil and groundwater contamination CRSWBL shall ensure fuel storage are enclosed from diesel and oil leaks and spills within a bund wall CRSWBL shall ensure periodic inspections of tanks are carried out

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5.5 Positive Environmental Impacts in the Locations

This sections looks at the main impacts identified, specifying these as much as possible according to the various infrastructural developments anticipated. The positive impacts for each phase are shown below.

Construction Phase

Increase in Business Opportunities and Employment : Local subcontracts from the contractor during the project. Demand for labour for digging the trenches where pipes will be laid, Increased demand for food, drinks, and manufactured consumer products especially telephone card from the construction workers.

Operation and Maintenance Phase

Social and Health Benefits : Water would become available for the people in the areas thus distance to source of water will be shortened It will prevent or minimize time wastage by households in fetching water. Reducing workload of households members, especially women, involved in fetching water. In addition, The incidence of water borne diseases especially diarrhea among children would be reduced. This will help reduce child mortality. General improvement in sanitation will also lead to a healthy environment.

National Development : The project will alleviate poverty, It will enhance revenue generation of CRSG. Improve economic wellbeing and health conditions of the people and will Contribute to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

5.6 Potential Negative Impacts

An identification of potential impacts during the respective project phases is presented in tabular format in Table 5.8. Furthermore a rating of potential impacts is presented. It is noted that this rating is based on information that was gotten from the field survey.

Impact significance has been categorized into three classes; • Low • Medium • High The criteria applied for the three classes are largely based on the expected magnitude of change caused by the project in combination with value/sensitivity of the receptor/resource.

5.7 Waste Water and Sludge Disposal

Sludge is to be treated and dried and be disposed in Local Authority registered landfill site for this purpose.

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Sledges are classified according to the type of water treatment process adopted which may include: • Non-Chemical Sludge: derived from treatment plant using biological method such as micro strainers,, presettlement unaided by chemicals, membrane backwash and sand washings from slow sand filters • Coagulant sludge: arising from treatment plants using coagulation process.

The treatment works for this water schemes project in Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma employ coagulation, flocculation, clarification and filtration. In view of this, the projection of the quantities of dry solids in sludge produced area function of raw water quality and the chemical treatment being used.

Generally, the sludge composition for this project consists of: • Coagulant hydroxide • Suspended solids • Precipitated colour • Algae • Iron • Manganese • Powdered activated carbon • Impurities in lime and polyelectrolyte

Details of the types and sources of waste/sludge and applicable best treatment/disposal recommendations are contained as follows:

Table 5.5: Sludge Treatment Process Source of Waste Type of Waste Treatment/Disposal Operation Stage Clarification sludge Regular batch discharges (0.1 The extracted sludge from the setting tanks will be 3% w/v dry solids thickened and dewatered by spreading on drying beds to reach 50% of dryness and disposed in the EPAD designated landfill and/or can be used as manure for agricultural purpose. Sludge Treatment Plant Chemical wastes Discharge to water course subject EPAD consent • Dross Suspended solids If necessary, dechlorinate and/or discharge to • Flushing neutralize • drainage washings, • Spillages Process tank drainage Settled sludge Dewater and send sludge to sludge treatment plant Main process overflows Could contain low residual Recycle to the system chlorine and/or typically pH in No harm if discharged to water course the range of 57 Membrane plant or Acids Neutralize and send to the sludge treatment plant chemically enhanced Chlorine, and backwash water Alkali Media filter or membrane Dry solids Recycle with/without settlement filter wash water Send settled solids to the sludge treatment plant Workshop waste Oil and grease Collect for off site disposal Chemical tank leakage and Concentrated chemicals Contain in bunds and remove for offsite disposal, spillage on delivery using 3way diversion valves Gas leakage from storage Chlorine, ozone, hydrogen, Apply Scrubbers (Cl 2), Destructors (O 3), dilution or generation plants carbondioxide, sulphate, and venting methane

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Source of Waste Type of Waste Treatment/Disposal Operation Stage Commissioning Stage Hydraulic testing water Free of contaminants Discharge to a water course Treated water Chlorinated and may not be Discharge to water course after compliant with treated water quality dechlorination if necessary. standards Reuse if feasible Water used for disinfecting water High chlorine residual Discharge to water course after retaining structures dechlorination if necessary Reuse if feasible Filter backwash water Media fines Settlement and discharge to a water course. Source: Twort’s Water Supply, 6 th Edition (Don D. Ratnayaka, J. Brandit and Michael Johnson)

5.7.1 Estimation of the quantities of sludge

Estimation of the quantity of sludge for this project was made possible by estimating the quantity of raw water collection which is approximated by the quantity (m3/D) of water production. Water production on the other, is determined by any of the following: a. Treatment plant capacity b. Daily water production (which is a function of water demand and water losses).

Daily water production estimate was applied in this study to approximate the amount of raw water intake, and shown as follows:

Table 5.6: Daily Water Production Rate Year Project Area Water demand Internal losses Total Water (m 3/d) (m 3/d) Production (m 3/d) 2009 Obubra 5,463 1,366 6,829 Abi 2,747 687 3,434 Yala 2,581 645 3,227 2025 Obubra 8,224 2,056 10,280 Abi 4,082 1,020 5,102 Yala 3,914 979 4,893 2035 Obubra 19,613 4,903 24,517 Abi 9,510 2,377 11,887 Yala 9,452 2,363 11,815 Key (m 3/d) = Cubic metric per day Source: The Project Feasibility Report, 2009

5.7.2 Sludge Production Estimation 5.7.3 The quantity of sludge production for the proposed water schemes project in the three (3) Local Government Areas of Obubra, Abi and Yala is as follows:

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Table 5.7: Estimation of Total Quantity of Sludge

Sludge Production ( estimate: 2010-2025) Items Unit Obubra Abi Yala Daily operating h/d 18 18 18 l/s 262 130 114 m3/h 942 468 409 m3/d 16,962 8,418 7,356 Production of sludge per m 3 g/ m 3 30 30 30 Kg/ m 3 0.03 0.03 0.03 Production of sludge per day Kg/d 509 253 221 Concentration of extracted sludge g/l 10 10 10 Flow of extracted sludge m3/d 51 25 22 m3/h 3 1 1 Water flow used for backwashing per litre m3/d/filter 752 376 342 Number of filter backwash per day u/d 2 2 2 Backwash waters m3/d 1,503 752 683 m3/h 84 42 38 Concentration of backwash waters g/l 1 1 1 Quantity of Total solid in backwash waters Kg/d 1,503 752 683 Total sludge Production (Before treatment) Kg/day 2,012 1,004 904 m3/hour 86 43 39 Source: The Project Feasibility Report, 2009

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5.7.3 Sludge Treatment The sludge treatment process design and variables output are quantified as presented below:

STAGE DESIGN CRITERIA UNIT OBUBRA ABI YALA

3/ Thickening Permissible load maximum Kg/ m d 50 50 50 Rising velocity maximum m/h 2 2 2 Retention time maximum h 48 48 48

Injection sludge input d/w 7 7 7 h/d 18 18 18

Extraction of sludge output d/w 7 7 7

h/d 8 8 8 Inlet sludge concentration g/l 1.7 1.7 1.6 Total sludge inlet Kg/d 2,717 1,340 1,205

Volume – Sludge inlet m3/d 1,625 811 736 m3/h 90.3 45 40.9 Dewatering on Volume – sludge inlet m3/d 74 36 33 drying beds Drying time min week 3 3 3 Frequency of filling d/w 7 7 7 h/d 8 8 8 Depth of a drying bed m 0.4 0.4 0.4 Number of weeks before full discharge week 3 3 3 Required area for 1 week m2/week 1,291 637 573

Total area required theoretical m2 3,872 1,910 1,718 Dryness after drying % 50 50 50 Total Sludge output (dry sludge) Kg/day 1,291 637 573 Kg/year 471,049 232,335 209,002

Source: The Project Feasibility Report, 2009

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5.8 Potential impacts related to the Water Distribution and Supply Scheme in Abi, Obubra and Yala LGAs

Project activity group: Intake and Weir Phase: Pre-construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. SOCIAL (a) Land take This will deplete the quantity of land available for other uses in the project affected area. The impact may not be Low much as land required for permanent construction will not be significant as 2. ENVIRONMENTAL (a). Erosion The clearing of the natural vegetation may exposure the surface soil to erosion, and may adversely affect the Moderate aesthetics of the project area. However, the impact is going to be site specific and area requirement small. (b) Ecosystem The ecosystem may be adversely affected by the human activities such as clearing of vegetation, land Moderate compartment and felling of trees. Flora and Fauna Moderate

Solid Waste Moderate

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Project activity group: Intake and Weir Phase: Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dusts Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Burning of demolition and uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to pollution.

(b) Water pollution Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water Moderate pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion. Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result into water pollution. (c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Moderate lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper storage facilities.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Moderate (in the case of burrowing) etc.

2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipment is expected to (a) Safety of the public be limited. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Moderate Furthermore, exposed trenches pose landslide hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is common in the case of clearing works near frequented public buildings such as schools and religious centers. The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Aesthetics constructions in this project will take place in semiurban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. The proposed construction of water intake tanks may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Moderate (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). The impact would be negligible, since most of (c) Land take the pipes will be laid along existing ROWs and all persons that could be affected by the project have been appropriately settled by the Cross River Sate Government.

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Project activity group: Intake and Weir Phase: Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (b) Health problems from In the case of badly managed construction camps and work sites public health problems may occur, although Low construction camps and in this case it is not expected that large construction camps will be established, or that work sites will be large sites, and imported labour enough to cause important hazards to the general populace. Also, in view of the magnitude of works, the number of imported labourers may be quite low.

(c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Moderate and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of the Moderate vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension which Moderate fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

(b) Access due to In certain areas where the pipeline extensions require the creation of new ROW’s through forest land. This Low construction of pipeline might result in improved access to natural sites previously less accessible. ROW’s through bush and forest land

6. SOLID WASTE GENERATION (a) Waste generation Waste will be produced by the removal of structures and vegetation in the right of ways of the pipelines. Moderate

Old, ruptured pipes will be removed from the pipelines for replacement. This will constitute massive solid Moderate waste which will deface the landscape of the areas if not well managed.

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Project activity group: Intake and Weir Phase: Operation and Maintenance TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION Impact Rating 1. SOCIAL (a) Livelihoods Given that water is constantly taken from the river/dams, resulting in reduction in the water M level especially during dry season, fishing and irrigation will be drastically affected. (b) Conflicting demands Since water intake depends on river which reduce during dry seasons, there will be shortage M for water of water for distribution during this period, also water for irrigation and fish farming, etc. may be depleted.

2. FLORA AND FAUNA (c) Ecosystem The indigenous flora and fauna are negatively affected by the reduction in the water level. M

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Project activity group: Water Treatment Plant Phase: Pre-construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in underground Low water pollution.

(c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Moderate lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper handling.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Moderate (in the case of burrowing) etc. 2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and (a) Safety of the public obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. On the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Moderate The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Aesthetics treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semiurban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. © Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Low (residential, agriculture, business etc), which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). Details would be seen in the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) (d) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working Moderate on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks (e) Soil erosion The clearing of vegetation, felling of tree and grading of the soil might expose the soil to erosion. However, L since the land coverage is small,, the impact will not be much.

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Project activity group: Water Treatment Plant Phase: Pre-construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which causes Malaria. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Moderate and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Construction of the treatment plant will entail clearance of the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy Low equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and Construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed treatment plant, which may lead to Moderate fauna habitat destruction of natural existing fauna.

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Project Activity Group: Water Treatment Plant Phase: construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machineries such as generators etc. Moderate

Burning of wastes such as trees, paper, etc. will also contribute to pollution.

(b) Water pollution Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water Low pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion.

(d) Noise pollution Loud noise and vibrations may result from the use of equipment such as generators, vehicles, drilling machines Low (in the case of burrowing) etc. 2. SOCIAL Constructions sites, in particular, excavations as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstruction of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. (a) Safety of the public Furthermore, exposed trenches pose landslide hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is common Moderate in the case of construction works near frequented public buildings such as schools and religious centers.

(b) Aesthetic The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. Low

The proposed Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, Moderate agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. (c) Land take because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures).

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Project Activity Group: Water Treatment Plant Phase: Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes which cause malaria. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; heavy Moderate and safety lifting, storage, handling of wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water Treatment Plant construction will entail clearance of the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy Low equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new treatment plant which Low fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna.

(b) Access due to In certain areas where the Water Treatment Plant require the creation of new ROW’s through forest land, this construction of Water might result in improved access to natural sites previously less accessible. Low Treatment Plants ROW’s through bush and forest land 6. SOLID WASTE GENERATION (a) Waste generation Waste will be generated from the left over concrete and iron rods used during the construction of the water Moderate treatment plants.

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Project Activity Group: Water Treatment Plant Phase: Operation and Maintenance TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Same as in construction phase number (ii) Low

The water treatment plant will lead to increased water consumption and therewith wastewater production. Moderate (b) Water pollution Due to storage and use of diesels and other lubricants, fuels and lubricants can mistakenly spill into the underground

water resulting in water pollution. The chances of soil pollution during this phase are possible with leakages of fuels and lubricants. Moderate

(c) Soil pollution Disposal of waste/sludge into the adjacent forest will result in soil pollution thereby, affecting the use of the land. Moderate

2. HEALTH

(a) Public health risks as a result Disposal of waste/sludge into the river will result in pollution of the soil and water, thereby, resulting in health Moderate problems.

(b) Occupational health safety During this face of the project, maintenance staff may have to run different shifts including night ones. This may result Low in accidents and dangers.

3. WASTE GENERATION (a) Solid waste generation Waste will be produced by human maintenance activities such as retune clearance of grasses, solid waste Low from empty and /or obsolete chemicals containers. The amounts of waste produced will be much more limited than during the construction phase.

(b) Sludge As a result of the extended distribution system, it may be expected that water consumption will increase, Moderate and therewith also the amount of sludge produced by treatment plants. It is not anticipated that the increase in sludge production will be substantial.

(c) Waste water Waste water will be generated at the various stages of water treatment, such as flocculation, aeration and Moderate sedimentation, which use chemicals such as chlorine, alum and limes.

7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (a) Energy consumption The use of energy for the distribution of water will be required. The relative increase in energy consumption Low as a result of the extensions to the pipeline distribution system is, however, not expected to be substantial.

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Project Activity Group: Water Storage Tank Phase: Pre-Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in underground Low water pollution.

(c) Soil pollution Soil pollution may occur as a result of accidental spillage of fuels such as diesel. In addition, there may be fuel, Low lubricants and other chemical leakages from improper handling.

The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. However, Low (b) Aesthetics treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semiurban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal. (c) Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Low (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated ditches Moderate etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working Moderate and safety on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Water Storage Tank Phase: Pre-Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of the Low vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a barest minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension which Moderate and fauna may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Water Storage Tank Phase: Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution may result from EXCAVATION equipments (vessels, pumps) as well as road transportation. It is Moderate expected that such impacts will be limited and transient. Moreover, human receptors in the vicinity of the reservoir are generally distant. (b) Water pollution Underground water pollution may result from the spillage of fuels from heavy automobiles conveying Moderate equipments to the site and machines used for excavation

(c) Soil pollution There will be soil pollution from the spillage of diesels from automobiles conveying equipments to the site and Low generators used on the site

(d) Noise pollution Noise pollution may result from the dredging works. In the surroundings of the storage tanks, human receptors Moderate in the vicinity of the storage tanks are generally distant. The impacts would therefore be mainly on wildlife in the area, since the shore lines of the storage tanks are not habitable.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 2. SOCIAL Construction sites, in particular excavation, as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and obstructions of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipments is expected Moderate (a) Safety of the public to be limited. However, on the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged

safety risks. Furthermore, exposed trenches pose fall hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is particularly important in the case of construction works near frequented public buildings. Construction sites, if mot well managed, have impacts on the aesthetics of the surroundings. In the case of the Low (b) Visual amenities project, all pipelines constructions takes place in the rural and semiurban areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Furthermore, the impact is temporary and locationspecific.

The proposed Treatment Plants may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, Low agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. (c) Land take because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures).

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Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Pre-Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution will result from automobiles, light and heavy machines such as generators , and also from dust Moderate being raised during clearing of bushes and felling of trees Moderate Burning of uprooted trees and grasses will also contribute to air pollution

(b) Water pollution Leaching of the fuels from the machines and automobiles into the underground water will result in Low underground water pollution. Low Accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals may flow into surface waters leading to water pollution. Also project activities may lead to turbidity in surface watercourses due to run off of sediments resulting from increased erosion. Although this will be minimal since most of the project sites are not close to water bodies or water courses

The aesthetics of the surroundings around the construction sites may be affected if not well managed. Low (b) Visual amenities However, treatment plant constructions in this project will take place in secluded areas within semiurban and rural areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Moreover, the impact is location specific and temporal.

(c) Land take The proposed construction of Treatment Plants would result in the occupation of land used for other purposes Moderate (residential, agriculture, business etc), and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be cleared of structures). Details of this would be found in the Abbreviated resettlement Action Plan (ARAP).

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Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Pre-Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING

3. HEALTH (a) Public health Given the tropical climate of Cross River State, stagnant water which may form in pits, holes, excavated Moderate ditches etc, at construction sites may create a habitat for insect disease vectors such as malaria, which poses a health concern to residents. (c) Occupational health Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; Low and safety working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Water pipeline construction for the network extension and rehabilitation of water will entail clearance of Moderate the vegetation from site and the usage of heavy equipment for the work. The compaction of soil and loss of vegetation cover tends to accelerate erosion activity leading to secondary impacts such as soil instability, landslides in undulating landform and also surface water pollution due to runoff. Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along existing roads and not undulating landforms thereby reducing erosion impact to a minimum. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and As the construction will require removal of natural vegetation for the proposed new pipeline extension Moderate fauna which may lead to habitat destruction of natural existing fauna. Although most of the new pipeline extension work will occur along existing roads or ROWs with less bushes and shrubs removal making vegetation impact to be low due to low ecological value. Some economical tree will be affected

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Construction TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Air pollution may result from construction activities, in particular in the form of emissions from vehicles and construction equipment. It is expected that such impacts will be limited, relatively shortterm, transient and relatively low in magnitude (b) Water pollution Water pollution may result from wastewater produced by construction camps and by accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals used in the process. Furthermore, runoff of sediments resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust an sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses. In Moderate cases, excavated trenches may need to be kept dry through pumping out of (ground) water. The ground water will need to be disposed off, but may be contaminated or high in suspended solids. (d) Noise pollution Noise pollution may result from construction activities, in particular from heavy vehicles and construction equipments. In particular in the semiurban and rural environment in which most activities will take place, such noise pollution may constitute a nuisance to the population. It is, however, expected that works will progress relatively fast, and generally not last for too long. 2. SOCIAL Construction sites, in particular excavation, as well as transportation, movement of heavy equipment and Moderate obstructions of roads may cause safety problems to the general public. The use of heavy equipments is expected to (a) Safety of the public be limited. However, on the other hand, manually executed works will last longer, resulting in prolonged safety risks. Furthermore, exposed trenches pose fall hazards to humans and animals alike. The risk of such is particularly important in the case of construction works near frequented public buildings. Construction sites, if not well managed, have impact on the aesthetics of the surroundings. In the case of the Low (b) Aesthetics project, all pipelines construction takes place in rural and semiurban areas with moderate viewpoint sensitivity. Furthermore, the impact is temporary and locationspecific © Land take Although the majority of proposed pipelines will be along existing roads and in existing ROW’s, the proposed Moderate pipelines extension may result in the occupation of land used for other purposes (residential, agriculture, businesses, etc,) and which can possibly not be used as such after implementation of the works (e.g. because the ROW needs to be clear of structures). Details of this would be seen in the Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP)

(d) Social conflict Social conflict may result due to diverse interest and fera of change. It may also arise due to disruption of social and Moderate economic lives during civil works.

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Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Construction TYPE OF DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING IMPACT 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Public health problems may occur in the case of badly managed construction camps and work sites. In the Moderate case of the proposed works, it is not expected that large (c) Occupational Construction works such as: excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working Low health and safety on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks

4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion and The construction of the water distribution network (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites from vegetation, Moderate Contamination as well as the execution of excavation works using heavy equipments. Inappropriate construction practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in hilly areas, with possible water pollution due runoff to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of construction which is related to pipe laying takes place along existing roads, and not on hill slopes. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that the clearing of vegetation in the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until re vegetation has occurred.

Furthermore, contamination may occur as a result of accidental or structural spillage of fuels, lubricants chemicals, sanitary waste water, etc, as well as from leakages from inadequate protected solids waste storage facilities and sites. Good construction practices would however, largely avoid any such risks. Disturbance and Construction activities for the water distribution network may only be temporary, but construction activities Moderate interruption of may be spread over a long period of time. Without adequate planning and communication of activities, commercial and construction activities may cause traffic disruptions and congestion, resulting in temporary disturbance and social activities interruption of commercial and social activities. This is particularly the case in the high density semiurban environments.

Construction activities may furthermore cause damage to other infrastructure (roads, sewerage pipes, drains, buildings etc.), and therewith lead to shortterm disruption of certain public services. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on Certain stretches of the proposed pipeline extensions may require the removal of natural vegetation, leading to Moderate flora and fauna potential habitat loss of its associated fauna. However, the majority of proposed construction works will be along roads and in existing ROWs. Although clearances of bushes and shrubs will therefore not be fully unavoidable, the actual impacts’ on vegetation are expected to be low.

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Operation and Maintenance TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 1. Air Pollution Air pollution Same as construction phase.

Noise Pollution Same as in the construction phase

Water pollution Water pollution may result from the accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and other chemicals used in the process. Furthermore, runoff of sediment resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust and sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses. In cases, excavated trenches may need to be kept dry through pumping out of ground water. The pumped water will need to be disposed off, but may be contaminated or high in suspended solids.

Another issue related to water pollution is related to the fact that the extended distribution system will lead to increased water consumption and therewith wastewater production. This may, in turn, increase water pollution, since wastewater treatment facilities are in most cases absent. The impact is largely restricted to pipeline extensions.

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Operation and Maintenance TYPE OF IMPACT DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING 2. SOCIAL Piped water distribution systems are particularly sensitive to operational failures. Since drinking water is treated Moderate before entering the network and not at the actual distribution point in the houses, anything happening to the water in between will directly pose public health risks. Accidental ruptures of pipelines and structural degradation of pipelines as a result of ageing and poor maintenance, accompanied by low pressure in the pipes will allow the intrusion of potentially polluted groundwater into the drinking water distribution system. Another issue may be the realization of branched connections (e.g. for new areas or to households),if not done in a proper manner. Parts of such connections may be illegal. Particularly sensitive may be the impact in the case of or other areas of high level Nuisance and public health pollution such as landfills and industrial zones. risks as a result of incidental Furthermore, accidents and leaks due to ruptures of pipelines may cause flooding with consequential effects, in and structural (institutional) particular in terms of disturbance of socioeconomic activities. Flooding may also have its impact on insects and operational failures of the waterborne disease vectors, as well as public health risk due to overflowing of drainage systems and open sewers distribution network and is particularly hazardous in the vicinity of concentrated pollution sources such as landfills and industrial zones

A third source of nuisance and public health risk is related to the fact that it may be expected that water consumption will increase as a result of the extended distribution system. Therewith, the production of wastewater will also increase. Since sanitary facilities in most areas are very basic, and centralized collection and treatment facilities do not exist, this may result in increased public health risks. In relative terms the increase in water production is not expected to be substantial, but local effects may be observed. The area of project activities is largely in the rural and semiurban areas, and has consequently been greatly affected Loss of wild lands, forests by human habitation. None of the project areas is of exceptional ecological value. and wildlife habitat. Soil erosion and Inspection and maintenance works for the water distribution network (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites Moderate contamination from vegetation, as well and the excavation works, possibly using heavy equipments. Inappropriate construction practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in hilly areas, with possible water pollution due to runoff to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of the proposed pipelines is along existing roads. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that clearing of vegetation on the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until revegetation has occurred.

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Scheme Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Project Activity Group: Pipeline Phase: Operation and Maintenance TYPE OF DESCRIPTION IMPACT RATING IMPACT 3. HEALTH (a) Public Same as in construction phase but lower scale Moderate health problems from construction camps and sites, and imported labour

(c) Construction works such as excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working on Low Occupational and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, storage, handling and use of dangerous substances and wastes, working health and under noisy conditions will expose the workers to occupational health and safety risks safety Disturbance Maintenance activities for the water distribution network may only be temporary, but without adequate planning of Moderate and activities, construction activities may cause traffic disruptions and congestion, resulting in disturbance and interruption of interruption of commercial and social activities. The impact will be highest in areas of higher population density, and commercial less important in low density areas and social activities Maintenance activities may furthermore cause damage to other infrastructure (roads, sewerage pipes, drains, buildings, etc), and therewith lead to shortterm disruption of certain public services. 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion Inspection and maintenance works for the water distribution (pipelines) requires the clearance of sites from Moderate and vegetation, as well as the execution of excavation works, possibly using heavy equipment. Inappropriate construction Contamination practices and soil protection measures may induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability and landslides in hilly areas, with possible water pollution due to runoff to surface waters. Fortunately, the majority of the proposed pipelines is along existing roads. Nevertheless, it may be anticipated that clearing of vegetation on the ROW will lead to temporary increase in soil erosion, until revegetation has occurred. 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on Inspection and maintenance works may require the removal of the vegetation, leading to potential habitat loss of its Moderate flora and fauna associated fauna. However, the majority of proposed pipelines will be along roads and in existing ROW’s. Although clearance of bushes and shrubs will therefore not be fully unavoidable, the actual impact on the vegetation is expected to be low.

Earthguards Limited: Sustainable Development Consultants Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribut ion & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

6 MITIGATION PLAN

6.1 Introduction

Environmental mitigation consists of measures that can reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with implementation (construction, expansion) of the project. Mitigation measures have been identified that would reduce both existing and potential impacts associated with existing facilities and upgrading/new construction.

For each of the identified impacts specific mitigation measures may be defined. The general rule in designing such measures is:

Avoidance of major impacts: major impacts are generally considered unacceptable, certainly ones that would endure into the longterm or extend over a large area; and

Reduction of major and moderate impacts to as low as reasonably practicable by planning, designing and controlling mitigation measures. This Implies that mitigation measures will be applied up until the limitations of costeffectiveness and practical application are reached. The limitations are established by best international practice.

Implementation of good contractor practices for impacts rated as minor, in order to ensure that impacts are management within good reason.

Table 6.1 Mitigation Hierarchy for Planned Project Activities

Avoid at Source; Reduce at Source Avoiding or reducing at source is essentially ‘designing’ the project so that a feature causing impact is designed out (e.g. pipeline reroute) or altered (e.g. reduced working width). Often called minimization.

Abate on Site This involves adding something to the basic design to abate the impact pollution controls fall within this category. Often called endofpipe.

Abate at Receptor If an impact cannot be abated onsite then measures can be implemented offsite. An example of this would be to instruct authorities in affected schools to increase the level of supervision of their pupils during the period of civil works.

Repair or Remedy Some impacts involve unavoidable damage to a resource, e.g. agricultural land during pipeline construction. Repair essentially involves restoration and reinstatement type measures.

Mitigation measures related to construction of water treatment plants and extension of the distribution network.

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Table 6.2: Mitigation Measures of Impacts during Pre-Construction, Construction and Operation and Maintenance Phase PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE. POTENTIAL DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE IMPACT 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution Periodic maintenance of vehicles and equipment according to repair revision programme. Use of good quality lubricants and fuel. Sprinkling of water during dry periods to prevent dust. Burning of wastes at site should be avoided to reduce air pollution. (b) Water pollution Waste should be stored temporarily in storage containers and disposed off at sites approved by the authority. Sludge can be reused/recycled into the water treatment system. Solid wastes, fuels or oils should not be disposed off into water flows. Fuel storage tanks should be leakproof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage. Parking areas for motor vehicles should be on paved concrete surfaces. Fuelling, maintenance and cleaning of motor vehicles should be done in workshop with necessary leakage preventive methods. Where civil works take place adjacent to a watercourse, preventive methods must be put in place to avoid silt from falling into the Watercourse. (c) Soil pollution The Contractor should ensure implementation of measures to protect soils from both structural and accidental contamination. Hazardous and cleaning waste should be stored temporarily in storage facilities and at sites approved by the authority. Fuel storage tanks should be leakproof and checked daily. The tanks should be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage. Procedures for storage, handling of hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be prepared as part of the Contractors Waste Management Plan. Implementation of such procedures should be adequately enforced and monitored. Oils should be stored in their original drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store room. (d) Noise pollution Minimization of the noise sources in accordance with EPAD standards (with the allowable noise emission limits of less than - 90dBA). - Adequate attention should be given to the control of noise and vibration on site. - Adequate maintenance of equipment and vehicles according to periodical repair/revision programme. - Noise preventive measures, such as mufflers, should be installed on equipment and motor vehicles.

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE. POTENTIAL DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE IMPACT 2. SOCIAL (a) Safety of the Adequate protection and signaling of work sites in particular during the night, with clear marking of the safety border on the works perimeter. public Informing the local communities of the construction programme through for example, local FM radio stations. Prohibition of access to work sites by any person having no work permit in particular where it concerns areas marked as ‘restricted’. The latter should include at least places occupied by operation mechanical and electrical equipment Firefighting equipment should be installed at fuel storage tanks along with collecting trays and absorbent materials. Civil work should be avoided at night except where necessary. (b)Visual amenities Restriction (as much as possible) of the size of construction sites and camps. Conversion of vegetation around work sites in order to serve as visual shields. Adequate organization and maintenance of work site through good housekeeping. Restoration of work sites back to pre construction state upon completion of works. (c) Disturbance and Establishment of traffic plans at locations of blockage roads, and implementation of appropriate traffic control at such locations. interruption of social activities 3. HEALTH (a) Public health Stagnant water on construction sites should be avoided through proper maintenance of the site and through the removal of water from ditches especially after rainfall or groundwater infiltration to avoid the breeding of mosquitoes. (b) Health problems Imported workers if used should have proper housing and sanitary conditions. The number of imported workers should be reduced to the minimum while the use of local workers should be encouraged. HIV and AIDS awareness and lecture should be given to the workers so as to reduce the spread of the disease among the locals. (c) Occupational Labourers should adhere to basic rules. health safety Workers should be provided with safety gadgets Contractor should ensure that worker wear their safety gadget and also observe all safety percussion. Safety signs such as ‘MEN AT WORK’ should be mounted where and when workers are working so as to alert motorist. 4. EROSION (a) Soil erosion When civil works involves working on slopes and human stream beddings, appropriate erosion protection measures should be taken. Excavation works should not be undertaken under aggressive weather conditions such as under heavy rain fall which will accelerate erosion of the excavated earth. Top soils when removed, should be stored until after the trenches have been filled only then should it be re instated.

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PRE-CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATIONAND MAINTENANCE PHASES. POTENTIAL IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION MEASURE 5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts on flora and fauna The Contractor should minimize the work site to the minimum possible size in an attempt to minimize the destruction on flora and fauna found and thus prevent ecological damages. The appropriate authority’s consent should be sought before any tree is fell. Also fees and fines should be paid where necessary to the appropriate institution. Ecological restoration through environmental engineering should be undertaken after any human intervention. This may include restoration of top soils and introduction of new species to restore the local ecology 6. WASTE MANAGEMENT Collection and temporary storage of cleaning and sanitary wastes, as well as garbage, in containers. The Contractor should prepare a Solid Waste Management Plan, which should include:

A detailed list of the types and quantities of waste to be produced, including their hazard classes. An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular, hazardous and undesirable (persistent and nonre usable) types of wastes. The most appropriate waste management plan should be determined for each type of solid waste. This should include details on (temporary) storage, transport and a final destination for the waste. With regards to the latter, the most appropriate way would be reuse, (a) Solid waste generation followed by recycling/ recovery and finally disposal or incineration.

Records of types, quantities, origins, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/ reuse of solid waste must be kept by the Contractor, and He/ She should make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices. Waste disposals should occur at only site approved by the authorities. Recycling companies should be used in transferring and, recycling and disposing of waste except for sludge that need to be recycled into the water treatment systems. Soils and underground waters should be taken into consideration when providing and constructing material storages.

(b) Sludge/ Waste water Sludge should be treated, and disposed off appropriately according to EPAD standards or reused/recycled where feasible. Treated generation sludge/waste can also be economically useful for plant growth. 7. ENERGY CONSUMPTION (c) Energy Consumption Since the increase in energy consumption will not be substantial it is therefore advised that as much as possible the use of electrical power from PHCN be encouraged since it is more sustainable (cheaper and renewable) in place of diesel operated generators.

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7 MONITORING PLAN

7.1 Monitoring Plan

The objective of the monitoring plan is to establish appropriate criteria to verify the predicted impact of the project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The plan will ensure that mitigating measures are implemented during works: Specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:

• check the effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures; • demonstrate that subproject activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing regulatory procedures; and • Provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level.

The oversight for the environmental and social management process of the sub projects will be assured by the supervisory consultants in collaboration with the CRS NUWSRP2 Project Implementation Unit via the Environmental Officer will be conducted during all phases of the project: design, construction, execution, operation and maintenance.

7.2 Monitoring Procedure:

A fundamental approach in monitoring and evaluation segment of this project will avoid the linear conceptual model, in which monitoring and evaluation come in the end of the implementation processes. However, it is recommended that monitoring will be a continuous process throughout the entire phases of the project.

Based on measurable indicators, the progress of the project will be assessed. The Environmental Officer will prepare a long term monitoring strategy that will encompass clear and definitive parameters to be monitored for each subproject. The monitoring plan will take into consideration the scope of development, the environmental and social sensitivity and the financial and technical means available for monitoring. The plan will identify and describe the indicators to be used, the frequency of monitoring and the standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance with the EMP.

A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of the affected environment as follows: • Environmental Indicators: o Loss of vegetation; o Land degradation; o Compliance with Legislations. • Social indicators: o Population, o Income Earthguards Limited: 109 Sustainable Development Consultants

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Definition and Introduction

This involves environmental and social control and mitigation measures, monitoring programs, and responsibilities which must be developed based upon an assessment of environmental and social impacts and risks for the proposed project. This EMP is intended to ensure efficient environmental management of these activities. The EMP includes the following sections: • the potential environmental and social impacts, • the proposed mitigation measures, • arrangement for EMP implementation, • responsibilities for EMP and mitigation measures implementation; • capacity building needs; and • EMP implementation budget.

Summary of Impacts : The predicted adverse environmental and social impacts for which mitigation is required are identified and briefly summarised in tables 5.1 to 5.11.

Mitigation Measures : Feasible and cost effective measures to reduce potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels are defined. Details of the proposed mitigation measures can be found in Chapter 6.

Monitoring Measures: Activities to monitor the effectiveness of the defined mitigation measures are defined. These monitoring activities will allow for any additional remedial measures to be undertaken if mitigation measures are inadequate or the impacts have been underestimated within the EIA report, in particular where the results are not in compliance with the obtained permits, national standards and World Bank Group requirements and guidelines. Details of the proposed monitoring measures can be found in Chapter 7.

Institutional Measures : Responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring will be clearly defined as well as arrangements for coordination between the various factors responsible for mitigation. Furthermore, training and capacity building requirement are presented.

Implementation Schedule : The timing, frequency, and duration of mitigation measures are specified in an implementation schedule.

Cost Estimates and Sources of Funds : For initial investment and recurring expenses for implementing of measures contained in the EMP, cost estimates are presented, in order to allow for integration into the total project costs.

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Design Measures : The quantities, specifications and estimated costs of design measures to avoid or mitigate negative impacts will be assessed by the civil design contractor and incorporated into the bidding documents.

8.2 Implementation Arrangement

The resources required for implementing the EMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders in the EMP implementation are the project engineers, contractor/consultants, EPAD and the World Bank.

The project team shall ensure that implementation process complies with all relevant policies and procedures of both the World Bank and Nigeria.

The project will provide staff to achieve the following objectives: • propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project • promote awareness by its personnel and the general public regarding environmental protection, • propose concrete means of applying the EMP. The environmental/social specialist attached to the project, project engineers; monitoring and evaluation officer/environmental desk officer will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with EPAD. The management plan will be executed by a group of professionals or consulting firm to be hired by the project. These professionals will be qualified in the following disciplines: • Environmental Assessment & Monitoring • Soil & Water Conservation • Air and Noise Analysis • Civil Engineering • Public Health • Sociology and SocioEconomics The monitoring and evaluation (M& E) officer/project engineer at the PIU will be responsible for the implementation of the environmental monitoring and the EMP. He is also to ensure that the contractors adhere to the General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction contracts. His responsibilities shall include: • Coordination, liaison with and monitoring of the contractors; • Compilation and preparation of periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank; • Review of ESIA reports from consultants in collaboration with EPAD and FME • Data Management; and • Subproject Inspections

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8.2.1. World Bank

The World Bank performs the following role; Ensure that its Safeguard Policies are complied with. Responsible for the final review and clearance of the EIAs, Ensures that environmental safeguards are taken care of during World Bank supervision mission.

8.2.2. Cross River State Water Board Limited (CRSWBL)

• Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to manage the implementation of the EMP, • Ensure bid documents include actions to address adverse impacts resulting from construction work, • Ensure that the EMP reflects any changes during the construction process that may have a significant environmental or social impact, • Organise seminars to disseminate EMP document to relevant stakeholders, communities, etc.

8.2.3. Environmental Officer

• Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to supervise the environmental issues of the works. • Ensure that any changes during construction process that may have significant environmental or social impact are communicated to the EPAD in time and advice on actions to be taken and costs involved. • Ensure that the EPAD is sufficiently informed on monitoring results.

8.2.4. Contractor

• Ensure that there are sufficient resources (time, money and people) to manage the environmental issues of the works. • Be responsible for ensuring that all site staff, including subcontractors and sub contracted activities will comply with the projects EMP. • Ensure that any changes during the construction process that may have a significant environmental and social impact are communicated to the Supervising Engineer in time and manage them accordingly. • Ensure that the Environmental Supervising Engineer is sufficiently informed on contractor’s monitoring results. • Organising weekly work meetings.

Appendix 6 gives detailed General Environmental Management conditions for contractors during civil works.

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8.3 Recommended Capacity Building and Training

8.3.1 Training Needs Based on the assessment of the institutional capacities of the different agencies involved in the implementation of the EMP, it is recommended that the Cross River State Water Board Limited contract technical and professional assistance to provide recommended training and operational support to the PIU and other agencies involved in the EMP implementation. The recommended courses and subcourses are given in table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Training Course Outline

DAY 1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TRAGET GROUPS COST (NAIRA)

COURSE 1: Introduction Environmental officer (EPAD) COURSE 2: Impact Prediction, Evaluation and Mitigation PIU Staff Head of Engineering COURSE 3: Environmental Management Plan 508,800 deptCRSWBL COURSE 4: Environmental Audit Environmental officer COURSE 5: Constraints Encountered on ESIA Process

DAY 2 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT COURSE 1: Involuntary Resettlement Techniques PIU Staff Conflict Redress COURSE 2: Conflict Redress Management 450,000 Committee members

DAY 3 HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) Environmental officer COURSE 1: Emergency Response and Preparedness (EPAD) COURSE 2: Occupational Health and Safety Monitoring PIU Staff Head of Engineering COURSE 3: Basic Safety Equipment (BSE) and Personal deptCRSWBL Protection Equipment(PPE) Environmental officer Safety Officer WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN 928,000 Environmental officer (EPAD) COURSE 1: Collection, Transportation and Disposal PIU Staff Head of Engineering COURSE 2: Sludge Management Plan deptCRSWBL COURSE 3: Monitoring and Evaluation Environmental officer Heads of waste handler, transporter and disposal site operators

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8.3.2 Training of Contractors Personnel:

The Contractor should provide sufficient training to his/her own personnel to ensure that they are fully aware of the relevant aspects of the EMP and are able to fulfil their roles and functions (contractor’s responsibility). Specific training should be provided to those employees that have specific tasks associated with the implementation of the EMP.

General topics should be: • HSE in general (working procedures) • Emergency procedures • Social and cultural aspects (awareness rising on social issues).

This kind of training should be a requirement of contract for the Contractor of the works.

8.4 Environmental Management Plan Budget The total cost for the EMP in Itigidi Obubra and Okpoma water schemes is estimated at Eleven Million Nine Hundred and Fifty Nine Thousand, Eight Hundred and Sixty naira only. The break down is given in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Budget and Responsibilities

ITEM RESPONSIBILITY COST BREAKDOWN COST ESTIMATE COST ESTIMATE IN IN NIGERIAN NAIRA US DOLLARS (N) (US$)

Table 8.3 on the next page shows the EMP table portraying impacts, mitigation measures, implementation schedule and responsibilities for mitigation and monitoring.

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Table 8.3: EMP Table Portraying Impact, Mitigation Measures, Implementation Schedule and Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$)

IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION 1. POLLUTION (a) Air pollution CO 2 and CO Monitor CO 2 and Weekly During construction (i) Periodic maintenance of vehicles Air pollution will result from CO(maximum limit activities and equipment according to repair N 400,000 Project Engineers of automobiles, light and heavy 11g/m 3 or 10ppm) in revision programme. Also good quality ($2,500) CRSWBL machineries such as generators. and the surrounding project lubricants and fuels must be used. bulldozers area (ii) Provision of nose masks to the EPAD workers on site that are exposed to Burning of wastes such as wood, these harmful gases. Contractor/ paper etc. will also contribute to Supervising M & E officer pollution. These pollution rates will Consultant also be minimal as construction would not be on a large scale and will be short term. NOx, SOx, THC and Monitor NOx (maximum Weekly Before and during (ii) Burning of wastes at sites should be CO limit 0.040.06ppm), SOx construction activities avoided to reduce air pollution. All As laying of the extension pipes will (maximum limit 0.1 waste should be directed to a EPAD’s N 60,000 require the removal of the top soil i.e. ppm), THC and CO in approved dumpsite. digging in other to lay the pipes, there the surrounding air ($375)) will be a substantial release of fine before the construction sand particles especially during the dry and thereafter weekly season, although this will be a short during the construction termed impact since the removed earth phase. will be replaced.

Particulate Matter Monitor Particulate Daily (Morning and During construction (iii) Sprinkling of water during dry N 267,000 (maximum limit 250 Matter, Evening) activities periods to prevent dust. ($1,668.75) g/m 3)

(b) Water pollution Water pollution will result from Water Quality Daily During operation/water (i) Dispose sludge to the EPAD Nil disposal of waste water/sludge into the Physical property of treatment designated places or reuse/recycle river or by waste water spill off. the watercourse where feasible

Accidental spillage of fuel. Lubricants and other chemicals may flow into (ii) Fuel storage tanks should be leak surface waters leading to water Water Quality Daily During construction proof and checked daily. The tanks Nil Project Engineers of pollution. Also project activities may activities should be installed in a bounded area CRSWBL lead to turbidity in surface BOD, COD, , TDS, TSS, and should be replaced in cases of watercourses due to run off of salinity, pH, leakage. sediments resulting from increased E coli , Salmonella M & E officer erosion. Although this will be minimal since most of the project sites are not Heavy metal Arsenic, Lead and (iii) Where civil works take place close to water bodies or water courses composition and Mercury Weekly During construction, adjacent to a watercourse, preventive Turbidity of water operation and methods must be put in place to avoid Nil properties maintenance activities silt from falling into the watercourse. This should be done by providing an alternate drainage route.

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Monitor BOD, chemical The extended pipeline distribution property such as Nitrate, system will lead to increased water pH, Heavy metals and (iv) Water from pressure testing should be Contractor/ consumption and therewith Water Quality turbidity of the nearby Monthly During operation and tested prior to discharge to make sure it N 130,000 supervising Project Engineers of wastewater production. This may, water bodies before the maintenance activities meets EPAD standards. If this standard is consultant CRSWBL/ in turn, increase water pollution, construction and not met, advice should be sought from ($812.5) since waste water treatment thereafter monthly during EPAD in regards to treatment and EPAD facilities are absent the construction activities discharge.

M & E officer/ Environmental Officer

Chemical and Heavy During construction (i) Hazardous and cleaning waste should N 10,000 metal composition in activities be stored temporarily in storage facilities ($62.5) soil and at sites approved by the authority.

(ii) Fuel storage tanks should be leak Heavy metal During construction proof and checked daily. The tanks should Nil composition in soil activities be installed in a bounded area and should be replaced in cases of leakage.

(c) Soil pollution Monitor biological, Project Engineers of Soil pollution may occur as a result (iii) Procedures for storage, handling of chemical and property CRWSBL of accidental spillage of fuels such Heavy metal During construction hazardous wastes and raw materials (e.g. Nil such as Nitrate, pH, Contractor/ as diesel. In addition, there may be composition in soil activities batteries, chemicals, fuels) should be Heavy metals and before Daily supervising fuel, lubricants and other prepared as part of the Contractors Waste the construction and consultant M & E officer/ hazardous chemical leakages from Management Plan. Implementation of thereafter monthly during Environmental improper storage facilities such procedures should be adequately the construction activities enforced and monitored. Officer

Heavy metal (iv) Oils should be stored in their original Nil composition in soil drums and kept on top of an impermeable surface preferably in the contractors store room.

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(d) Noise pollution Noise level: Should be less than (i) Minimization the noise sources in Noise pollution may result from • <55 dBA by 90dBA. In accordance Daily During Pre accordance with EPAD standards (with the construction activities, in particular day with EPAD standard construction/Constructio allowable noise emission limits of less than Nil from heavy vehicles and • <45dBA by n activities 90dBA). construction equipments. In night particular in the semiurban and But not higher than rural environment in which most baseline result activities will take place, such noise Noise level in the Daily During construction (ii) Adequate attention should be given to the Nil pollution may constitute a nuisance Should be less than Project Engineers of surrounding project 90dBA.In accordance activities control of noise and vibration on site. CRSWBL to the population. It is, however, site Contractor/ expected that works will progress with EPAD standard supervising M & E officer/ relatively fast, and generally not last consultant Environmental for too long. Noise level in the Should be less than Daily During construction (iii) Adequate maintenance of equipment and Officer surrounding project activities vehicles according to periodical 90dBA. In accordance site with EPAD standard repair/revision programme.

Noise level in the Should be less than Daily During construction (iv) Noise reduction measures, such as N 30,000 surrounding project 90dBA. In accordance activities mufflers, should be installed on equipment ($187.5) site with EPAD standard and motor vehicles.

(2) SOCIAL N 80,000 (a) Safety of the public Daily Before and during (i) Informing the local communities of the ($500) Constructions sites, in particular construction, activities construction programme through, local FM excavations, as well as radio stations, and public consultation. transportation, movement of heavy equipment and obstructions of roads may cause safety problems to (ii) Prohibition of access to work sites by any Contractor/ the general public. The use of Complaints from the During construction, person having no work permit in particular supervising heavy equipment is expected to be residents affected activities were it concerns areas marked as ‘restricted’. consultant limited. However, on the other people Daily The latter should include at least places Project Engineers of hand, manually executed works will occupied by operation mechanical and CRSWBL last longer, resulting in prolonged electrical equipment and chemicals safety risks.

(iii) Firefighting equipment such as fire N 25,000 M & E officer/ Furthermore, exposed trenches Environmental pose fall hazards to humans and Daily During construction, extinguishers should be installed at fuel ($156.25) activities storage tanks along with collecting trays and Officer animals alike especially at night. The risk of such is particularly absorbent materials. important in the case of Complaints from the During construction, (iv) Adequate protection and signaling of N 30,000 construction works near frequented project site residents. Daily operation and work sites in particular during the night, with ($187.5) public buildings such as the maintenance activities clear marking of the safety border on the schools. works perimeter. Civil works should be avoided at night except where necessary

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE COST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN SUPERVISION TATION During construction, (i) Restriction (as much as possible) of the Daily operation and size of civil work site. maintenance activities

Contractor/ supervising During construction, (ii) Daily cleaning of work sites must be Daily operation and performed at the end of each working day consultant maintenance activities Complaints from the After construction, and (iii) Restoration of work sites back to pre Project Engineers of project site residents. Daily during operation and construction state upon completion of CRSWBL maintenance activities works. EPAD

(b) Visual Amenities

The aesthetics of the (iv) Each working site should be provided M & E officer/ surroundings around the with a bucket or dustbin were such waste Environmental Officer construction sites may be must be dropped and later taken to a dump affected if not well management. site approved by EPAD In the case of the project, all pipeline constructions will take place in urban and semi urban Complaints from the During construction, (ii)Public consultations should be held with areas with moderate viewpoint project site residents. See 2(a)(i) operation and the Project Affected Persons (PAP’s). sensitivity. Moreover, the impact maintenance activities is location specific and temporal

(iii) The work site should be reduced as Complaints from the During construction, much as possible to ONLY the area project site residents. Daily operation and designed to be worked on each day. In maintenance activities addition, obstruction of facilities such as roads should be minimized.

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Maintenance activities may Before construction (v) Alternative route(s) or side of the road will cause damage to other begins be recommended by the consultant were infrastructure (roads, sewerage, feasible to avoid or minimize impacts. drains, etc), and therewith lead to (short term) disruption of certain public services. (vii) Establishment of traffic plans at locations Project Engineers of Although these may be CRSWBL temporal, but without adequate Daily During operation and of blockage roads, and implementation of Nil planning of activities, maintenance phase appropriate traffic control at such locations. EPAD construction activities may Complaints from the Contractor/ cause traffic disruptions and project site residents. supervising congestion, resulting in consultant M & E officer/ disturbance and interruption of During operation and (viii) Informing the local communities of the See 2(a)(i) maintenance phase construction and maintenance programme Environmental commercial and social activities. Officer The impact will be highest in through for local FM radio stations should it areas of higher population be required that public services will be density, and less important in disrupted. low density (more rural) areas.

3. HEALTH (a) Public Health In the tropical climate of Complaints from the (i) Stagnant water on construction sites should N 20,000 Nigeria, stagnant water which project site residents Daily During construction, be avoided through proper maintenance of the ($125) may form in pits, holes, and hospital record operation and site and through the removal of water from excavated ditches etc, at maintenance phase ditches especially after rainfall or groundwater construction sites creates a infiltration to avoid the breeding disease habitat for insect disease vectors vectors such as mosquitoes. This should be Project Engineers of such as malaria, which within done by the use of water pumps whenever EPAD Contractor/ the urban context of the project necessary. supervising activities, is an issue of consultant importance M & E officer/ Environmental officer

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONC RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE OST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION Operational failures are peculiar with piped water distribution system. Since drinking water is treated before entering the network and not at the actual distribution point in the houses (the traditional way), anything happening to the water in between will directly pose public health risks. Ruptures of pipelines and structural degradation of pipelines as a result of ageing and poor maintenance, accompanied by During, operation and (ii) During the operation and maintenance low pressure in pipes will allow Complaints from the maintenance phase phase, care must be taken to make sure the the intrusion of potentially project site residents pipeline ROW’s is kept in order to avoid Project Engineers of polluted groundwater into the and hospital record indigenes building new structure on or EPAD Contractor/ drinking water distribution within the pipeline ROW’s. This may course Daily supervising system. ruptures in the already laid pipes particularly consultant Another issue may be the in the laying of residential foundations. M & E officer/ realization of branched Environmental officer connections (e.g. for new area or to households), if not done in a proper manner. Part of such connections may be illegal. The impact in the case of ruptures in the vicinity of open or damaged sewers, the drainage system (often operating as an open sewer) or other areas of high level pollution such as landfills and industrial zones is particularly sensitive will pose a serious health risk to those who are supplied water from such network.

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONC RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE OST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION Flooding with consequential effects, may occur due to rupture of pipelines as a result of leaks and accidents. Possible occurrence of overflow of the drainage systems and open Complaints from the During, operation and sewers is particularly hazardous project site residents maintenance phase in the vicinity of concentrated and hospital record pollutants such as landfills and industrial zones. This may also have its impacts on insects and waterborne disease vectors, which poses as public health risk.

(b) Health Problems From Construction Camps And Sites, And Imported Labour Complaints from the During construction, (i) Imported workers if used should have In the case of badly managed project site residents phase proper housing and sanitary. construction camps and work and hospital record sites public health problems may occur, although in this case Project Engineers of it is not expected that large Complaints from the During construction, (ii) The number of imported workers should CRSWBL construction camps will be project site residents phase be reduced to the minimum while the use of Contractor/ established, or that work sites and hospital record local workers should be encouraged. supervising EPAD will be large enough to cause consultant important hazards to the general populate. In view of the M & E officer/ magnitude of works, the number of imported labourers Complaints from the During construction, (iii) HIV and AIDS awareness and lecture will not be substantial, not project site residents Monthly phase should be given to the workers so as to reduce N 60,000 withstanding the issues of and hospital record the spread of the disease among the locals. ($375) increase or introduction of HIV and AIDS and also social vices will not be under estimated. Weekly During construction, (iv) Contraceptives should be distributed free N 100,000 phase among the workers ($625)

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(c) Occupational Health And Daily During construction, Safety phase Construction works such as: (i) Labourers should adhere to basic rules. excavations; working with heavy equipment; working in confined spaces; working on and along the traffic roads; heavy lifting, Daily During construction, storage, handling and use of operation and (ii) Safety signs such as ‘MEN AT WORK’ dangerous substances and maintenance activities should be mounted were and when workers 2(a)(iv) wastes, working under noisy and are working so as to alert motorist In addition, harsh weather conditions will work sites must be clearly demarcated with expose the workers to ropes and tapes occupational health and safety Project Engineers of risks Daily EPAD Contractor/ (iii) Safety gadgets such as boots, nose guards Rate of casualty supervising During maintenances phase of and helmets should be provided N 200,000 consultant the project, maintenance staff ($1250) M & E officer/ may have to work close to the Environmental road and within the ROW’s. Officer This may result in knock down Daily During construction, hazards to the maintenance operation and (iv) Contractor should ensure that workers maintenance activities wear their safety gadget such as helmets, nose guards and boots. Also to observe all safety percussion. Daily During construction, operation and . maintenance activities (vi) There should be a First Aid Box N 40,000 ALWAYS on each site incase of mishaps ($250)

4. EROSION (a ) Soil Erosion Project Engineers of Water pipeline construction for Erosion and turbidity During construction (i) Where civil works involves working on Contractor/ EPAD the network distribution of of surface water. phase slopes and human stream beddings, supervising water entails clearance of appropriate erosion protection measures consultant Environmental officer vegetation from site and the should be taken. An alternate drainage route of CRSWBL usage of heavy equipment for should be provided. M & E officer/ the work. The compaction of Environmental soil by heavy equipment and Officer

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONC RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TION SCHEDULE OST ESTIMATE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION loss of vegetation cover tends to During construction, (ii) Excavation works should not be accelerate erosion activity operation and undertaken under aggressive weather leading to secondary impacts maintenance activities conditions such as under heavy rain fall such as soil instability, landslides which will accelerate erosion of the in undulating landform and also excavated earth. surface water pollution due to runoff, Nevertheless most of the pipeline construction activities will take place along During construction, (iii) Top soils when removed, should be Project Engineers of existing roads and not operation and stored until after the trenches have been EPAD undulating landforms thereby maintenance activities filled only then should it be re instated reducing erosion impact to a Daily Environmental officer minimum. Erosion and turbidity Contractor/ of CRSWBL of surface water. supervising consultant The clearance of sites of During, operation and (iv) Devegetation should be reduced to M & E Officer/ vegetation will be required for maintenance activities work areas, and top soil removed to access Environmental the inspection and maintenance pipelines should be stored and after Officer of the water distribution maintenance, replaced. network. Inappropriate practices and soil protection Daily measures will induce or accelerate erosion, leading to soil instability

5. FLORA AND FAUNA (a) Impacts On Flora And Fauna As the construction will require Daily During construction, (i) The Contractor and maintenance staff Contractor/ removal of natural vegetation operation and should minimize the work site to the supervising Project Engineers of for the proposed new pipeline maintenance phase minimum possible size in an attempt to consultant CRSWBL extension which may lead to minimize the destruction on flora were habitat destruction of natural found and thus prevent ecological damages. Environmental officer existing fauna. Although most of EPAD of the new pipeline extension M & E officer/ work will Environmental Officer

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENTA-TION MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONC RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS SCHEDULE OST ESTIMATE FREQUENCY IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION NAIRA($) occur along existing roads or Contractor/ Project Engineers of ROWs with less bushes and supervising CRSWBL shrubs removal making consultant Environmental officer vegetation impact to be low due of EPAD to low ecological value

M & E officer/

Environmental Officer

(b) Access Due To Construction Of Pipeline Row’s Through Bush And Forest Land

Project Engineers of In areas were the pipelines CRSWBL During construction, phase (i) The appropriate authority’s consent Contractor/ extensions require the creation should be sought before any tree is fell. Environmental officer of new ROW’s through forest supervising Also fees and fines should be paid of EPAD land. This might result in consultant where necessary in accordance to improved access to natural sites EPAD regulations and standards. M & E officer/ previously less accessible which will lead to alteration of the native ecosystem Environmental Officer

During construction, phase (ii) Ecological restoration through environmental engineering should be undertaken after any human intervention. This may include restoration of top soils and introduction of new species to restore the local ecology

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMEN- MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATIONC RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY TATION OST ESTIMATE SCHEDULE NAIRA (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION 6. WASTE GENERATION (i) Collection and temporary storage of

(a) Solid Waste Generation Weekly cleaning and sanitary wastes, as well as Waste will be produced by garbage, in containers. clearance of trees and bush on (ii) The Contractor should prepare a Solid pipeline ROW’s. The amounts Waste Management Plan, which should of waste produces will be include much more than in the +A detailed list of the types and operation and maintenance quantities of waste to be produced, phase. including their hazard classes. +An assessment of any opportunities for reducing solid waste generation, in particular of hazardous and undesirable (persistent and nonre usable) types of wastes. +The most appropriate waste

management plan should be determined for each type of solid waste. This should include details on (temporary) storage, transport and a final destination for the waste. With Contractor/ regards to the latter, the most supervising appropriate way would be reuse, consultant Project Engineers of followed by recycling/ recovery and finally disposal or incineration. CRSWBL +How and by whom the waste EPAD management measures would be implemented Contractor or third M & E officer/ party specifying any such third party Environmental involvement. Officer (iii) Records of types, quantities, origins, (temporary) storage, transport and elimination/ reuse of solid waste must be kept by the Contractor, and He/ She should make these available to the works supervisor upon his request, as proof of proper waste management practices

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POTENTIAL IMPACT MONITORING MONITORING MONITORING IMPLEMENT MITIGATION MEASURES MITIGATION COST RESPONSIBILITY INDICATORS PARAMETERS FREQUENCY A-TION ESTIMATE NAIRA SCHEDULE (US$) IMPLEMEN- SUPERVISION TATION

Waste generated from (iv) Waste disposals should occur at only Project Engineers construction workers such as site approved by the authorities. of CRSWBL used pure water sachets, waste, etc.

(v) Recycling companies should be used EPAD in transferring and, recycling and disposing of waste M & E officer/ Environmental Officer

Waste sludge 1) Sludge produced should be treated and Sand and suspended particulate used as manure for agriculture matters will be generated during During operation Contractor/ Project Engineers water treatment Weekly and maintenance 2) Stabilized sludge, freed from any excess N 120,000 supervising of CRSWBL phase water, with the dry substance content of ($750) consultant no less than 20%, should be collected in separate closed tanks and transported to the EPAD designated disposal site for EPAD this category. M & E officer/ Environmental Officer (b) Waste Water The aeration and sedimentation • BODs • mg O 2/l activities is expected to generate Daily Once after water 1) The sludge/Waste water generated Contractor/ • COD • 15 mg O 2/l Project Engineers waste water • Total nitrogen • 10 mg N/l treatment shall be transported to a waste water supervising of CRSWBL operation treatment plant to be built in the consultant • Total • 0.6 mg N/l facility Phosphorus • 5 5 x 10 TC/l • 4 Number of • 10 FC/l 2). The waste materials from the screens EPAD faecal coliforms and the sand trap shall be collected in

closed tanks and transported daily to the M & E officer/ designated disposal site in line with the Environmental EPAD standards. Officer

7.ENERGY CONSUMPTION (i) Since the increase in energy Contractor/ Project Engineers The use of energy for the consumption will not be substantial it is supervising of CRSWBL distribution of water will be therefore advised that as much as possible consultant required. The relative increase in the use of electrical power from PHCN M & E officer/ energy consumption as a result of should be used since it is more sustainable Environmental the extensions to the pipeline (cheaper and renewable) in place of diesel Officer distribution system is, however, not operated generators. expected to be substantial.

Sub- Total (Mitigation Cost)

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9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

9.1 Introduction The consultation process and outcome was seen by the consultant as both an early and mandatory exercise in terms of the objective of project sustainability and as the best strategy to achieving the overall scope of the activities of the ESIA.

Consultation Strategy

The Public Consultation process for the project began during the early stage of reconnaissance levelsurvey. The consultant, after familiarization meetings with the client (Cross River State Water Board Limited) requested for the contacts of all the area managers in the project areas. This was important not only to facilitate the reconnaissance survey of the project environment, but also to facilitate the process of meeting with other stakeholders. The consultant with the assistance of CRSWBL staff in the designated areas identified the stakeholders and they include: • Community leaders, • Community associations; • Women Associations • Youths • Local Government Authorities, • Cross River State Water Board Limited.

A familiarization visitation was made to the various institutions and concerned stakeholders and the outcome were: • Scheduling of meeting dates which was to incorporate a larger audience from the various stakeholders. • Organization of locations for the public consultations.

Summary of the Public Consultations

The proceedings took the form of: • Introduction of the project to community members and stakeholders; • Informing them of the locations for the proposed installations/plants and the nature of the project; • Entertaining comments and questions from stakeholders, and • Addressing concerns raised by stakeholders.

The list of attendance at the public consultations is found in appendix 5, while Table 9.1 captures the summary of the proceedings and outcomes of the public consultations. It also provided comments/suggestions that may be suitable to the concerns raised and general observations made about the project areas.

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Table 9.1: Summary of Public Consultations in Abi, Obubra and Yala

DATE LGA LOCATION OF MAJOR CONCERNS COMMENTS MEETING They express their deep concern about the inability to get constant flow of water supply, 1). There was high level that, water is life and essential if it is denied, expression of happiness for the community is also denied by the CRSWBL. the project. 20/09/09 ABI ITIGIDI TOWN HALL 2)The response to to pay water bill as and when due was high

3) Water distribution kiosk should be constructed in several places to make for EMINEKPON The people of the area experience high cost of proximity for the people. water especially during dry season.

4). To ensure the

sustainability of the project, CRSWBL should lease with local middle men to site/construct several points of water distribution kiosks in the villages. The people of the community want the CRSWBL to engage their youths during 5). It may be necessary to 20/09/09 OBUBRA ADUN BEACH project implementation for protection of extend water only to facilities. households that request by application.

6). Further to comment no 5 the public consultation was 21/09/09 ABABENE 1). There has been several failed promises used to sensitize community regarding infrastructural development in the members about this. The area by past governments awareness needs to continue 2). There are incidences of sicknesses such as during project arthritis and typhoid which may be due to implementation. sufferings imposed by proximity to and lack of portable water 3). There are cases of River blindness and guinea worm

18/09/09 CHIEF’S PALACE 1). The people of the area experience high cost YALA IDIGBO. OPKOMA. of water especially during dry season. 2).Available boreholes in the area have high levels of salinity 3).There is poor access road to the streams and farms in the area

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REFERENCES

SGI Ingenierie SA of Geneva, Consulting (2009), Inception Report of the Feasibility Studies & Detailed Engineering Design for the Rehabilitation/Construction of the Water Production & Distribution System for Itigidi, Obubra and Okpoma.

Earthguards Limited (2009), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report for the Water Production, Rehabilitation and Extension Scheme in Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja,

World Bank Financed National Urban Water Sector Reform Project (NUWSRP 1) Environmental and Social Management Framework Document (2008)

Environ Quest (2008), Final Report on Urban Works Rehabilitation – Environmental Management Plan no: E1425, Vol 3.

IFC (2007), Handbook on General Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines

IFC (2007), Handbook on Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation

IFC (2007), General Environmental Health and safety Guidelines for Cement and Lime Manufacturing.

Edgar Rojas (2005), Assessment of Environmental and Social Risks in Loan and Investment Projects

Water Sector Restructuring Project Ghana “Resettlement Training Plan (2004),” no: 9P2503, Ref: 9P2503/R/FG/Rott1

Peter Scheren/MartineLeman/Henk Blok – Royal Haskoning (2004), Water Sector Restructuring Project “Environmental Assessment and Management Plan” no: 9P2503, Ref: RH/Nijm/R02/PS/ML/HB

Philip Stapleton & Margaret Glover (2001) Environmental Management System: An Implementation Guide for Small and MediumSized Organizations

World Bank (1999), Safeguard Policies: Operational/Bank Policy 4.01

World Bank (1998), Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook

Cross River State Environmental Protection Edicts (1994)

National Air Quality Guidelines for maximum exposure (Daily average of hourly values) Table 1113, Section 4.4.5(EGASPIN – revicesed2002)

GKW Consult (1994), Final Report on Rehabilitation/Expansion of Itigidi and Obubra Water Schemes.

Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard, Guidelines and Standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria (FEPA)

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APPENDICIES

Appendix 1: List of ESIA Preparers

NO NAMES POSITION

1 Mr. Joseph Akpokodje Environmental/Resettlement Specialist/ Team Leader

2 Mike Toko Chemical Specialist

3 Ovie Akpokodje Civil Engineering/Water Specialist

4 Mr Omezikam Onuoha Environmental Biology Specialist

5 Mr Oliver Nwuju SocioEconomist Specialist

6 Mr. Anthony Ekpenkhio Environmental Assistant

7 Mr. Sebastine Iyobhebhe GIS Specialist

8 Max Uma Environmental Management Assistant

9 Tope Ajayi HSE /Waste Management Specialist

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Appendix 2: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies • Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all CRSNUWSRP 2 subprojects.

• Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for longterm sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and postdevelopment restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the subprojectspecific EMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed subproject activities without suitable mitigation measures, such subprojects will not be funded under the project.

• Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to CRS NUWSRP2 subprojects.

• Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bankassisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. This policy will most likely not apply to the project, as it will not entail taking of land or restriction of access to sources of livelihood.

• Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bankfinanced development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Subprojects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under CRSNUWSRP2.

• Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bankfinanced investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it

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incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Subprojects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under the project

• Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage nonreplicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bankfinanced projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist.

• Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. This policy does apply to the project and the mitigatory measures via the preparation of a dam safety status report have already been undertaken.

• Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to the project.

• Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60) . Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by CRSNUSRP2 subprojects.

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Appendix 3:- Socio-Economic Data Questionnaire

SECTION A. IDENTIFICATION

1) Identification Number 2) Questionnaire administration from point of entry (a) Left side…….(b) Right side……… 3) Landmark(s) at point of entry ……………………………………………………………. 4) Town/Location of Interview: …………………………………………………………………. 5) Name and Signature of Interviewer: …………………………………………………………… 6) Name and Signature of Supervisor: ……………………………………………………………. 7) Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8) Time Interview Started: ………………………… Time Ended: ………………………………..

SECTION B: SOCIOECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES

1) Name of Household Head ……………………………………………………

2) Name of Respondent ………………………………………………………….

3) Relationship of Respondent to Household Head ………………………………… a) Wife 1 of HH b) Son of HH c) Daughter of HH d) Father of HH e) Mother of HH f) Brother of HH g) Sister of HH h) Others Specify:

4) House Address ………………………………………………………..

5) Sex (M)…… (F)…….

6) Age ………………………..

7) Religion (Christian)…… (Moslem)…… (Traditional)…… (Others)….. (Please Tick One )

8) Marital Status (Single)…… (Married)…… (Divorced)……. (Widow/Widower)……. (Please Tick One)

9) Number of wives …………………………

10) How long have you lived in this community …………………………..

11) How many persons live in your Household (i.e. Eat from the same pot)…………

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12) How many persons in your house hold fall into the following age categories? Categories Male Female Total 04yrs 59yrs 1014yrs 1519yrs 2024yrs 2529yrs 3034yrs 3539yrs 4044yrs 4549yrs 5054yrs 5559yrs 6064yrs 65above Total 13) What is your highest educational qualification? (i) None … (ii) FSLC … (iii) WASC/SSCE … (iv) TCII/OND …. (v) HND/Degree … (vi) MSc/PhD … (vii) Islamic studies…..

14) How many members of your household fall under the following educational categories? Categories Male Female Total Primary School (attempted/still attending) Primary SchoolCompleted (Living Certificate) Secondary School (attempted/still attending) Secondary SchoolCompleted (O’Levels) Tertiary Institution (attempted/ still attending) Tertiary Institution (Completed) Islamic Studies Total

15) What is your Occupation (indicate the category you belong to and the level/profession ): Public sector Private sector Self Category employee employee employed Student Senior Mgt Staff Middle level Staff Junior Staff Professional Artisan Businessman Part time Others

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16). How many employed members of your household are engaged in occupation listed below? Categories Male Female Total Farming Mining Hunting Craft making Trading Civil service Company employment Self employment Housewife Total

17) What is your Annual Income? i) N0 –50,000……ii) N 51, 000 100,000…….iii) N 100,101 500,000……iv) N 500,000 and above…… If Not Known , what is your Monthly income……………… .OR Daily income……………..

18) Estimate the monthly/annual income of other members of your household.i) N 0 – 50,000…… ii) N 51, 000 100,000…… iii) N 100,101 500,000…iv)N 500,000 and above…….

SECTION C: AVAILABILITY OF AMENITIES

19) How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community?

Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor Roads to the community Roads within the community Schools in the community Public Health Institutions Potable Water Public Electricity Communication facilities (Postal Service, Telephone) Public recreation facilities

20). What is the major source of water available to your household? (Please Tick One) i. River …………………… ii. Borehole_ (commercial)…………… iii. Pond ……………………… iv. Borehole (private)……………… v Public pipeborne water ………… vi. Water Vendor ………………. vii. Well water…………..

21) If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in a week? (i) Regularly (ii) Occasionally ……….. (iii) Rarely ………………………

22) How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your water source ………………….

23). How much do you spend/pay in a month for water bill? ………………………

24). Estimate the number of gallons of water you use in your household daily? _____

25). If you purchase water daily, how much do you spend ……………………………………

26a.) Are you willing to pay more for a better service? Yes……….No……. (Tick One)

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26b) State the minimum and maximum amount you are willing to pay monthly?

Monthly Minimum Maximum Cost amount amount N 3000 N2000 N 1500 N 1000 N 500 N300 N200

27) If not, what are your reasons? (i)……………………………………………………………………………… (ii)………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii)……………………………………………………………………………….…………

28) . What is the primary source of electricity/ light to your community? (Please Tick One) i) Hurricane Lamp ……… ii) Private Generators……….. iii) Community Generators……… iv) State Government Utilities Board……… v) Company Operating in your community…….vi) PHCN (National Grid)……

29) What is the secondary source of electricity? (Please Tick One) i) Hurricane Lamp …………… ii) Private Generators………… iii) Community Generators………iv) Company Operating in your community………

30) What is the main fuel you use for cooking? (Please Tick One) i) Firewood ……………. ..ii) Charcoal………….. iii) Kerosene/ Oil ………. iv) Gas…………… v) Electricity …………… .vi) Crop residue/ Saw dust…………… vii) Animal Wastes ……… .viii) Others

31) What type of toilet facility do you use? (Please Tick One) i) Pit………… ……ii) Bush………… iii) Prier Head………iv) Bucket………… v) Water Closet…… vi) Others (Specify)……

32) How do you dispose of your household refuse? (Please Tick one) i) Private Open Dump ii) Public Open Dump iii Organized Collection iv) Burning v) Bush vi) Burying

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Appendix 4: Construction Contracts Environmental Management Conditions General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor.

2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:

(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities.

(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities.

(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or reestablished where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.

(d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards.

(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources.

(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities.

(h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc.

(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. Earthguards Limited: 137 Sustainable Development Consultants

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(k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.

3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed.

4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.

5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the biophysical environment and compensation for socioeconomic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.

Worksite/Campsite Waste Management

6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations.

7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations.

8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for reuse locally.

9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.

10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis.

11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in lowlying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

Material Excavation and Deposit

12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas.

13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land.

14. New extraction sites:

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a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas.

b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.

c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.

d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.

e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.

f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.

15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings.

17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.

18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.

Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention

19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.

20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.

21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Revegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes.

23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.

24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.

25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.

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26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.

27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired longterm land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.

28. Minimize the longterm visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.

29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.

30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.

31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.

Water Resources Management

32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.

33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.

34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities.

35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.

36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses.

37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.

38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.

40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.

41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.

Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE.

43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. Earthguards Limited: 140 Sustainable Development Consultants

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44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electromechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.

46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.

47. ACpipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.

50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points.

51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.

Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims.

53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP) 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHSMP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHSMP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance.

55. The Contractor’s EHSMP shall provide at least: • a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management Earthguards Limited: 141 Sustainable Development Consultants

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conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

56. The Contractor’s EHSMP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHSMP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. HSE Reporting 57. The Contractor shall prepare biweekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHSMP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and

• Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings.

58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the biweekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHSMP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHSMP. General topics should be: • HSE in general (working procedures); • emergency procedures; and • social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).

Cost of Compliance 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact.

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Appendix 5: Example Format: HSE Report Contract:

Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.

HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of noncompliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects.

Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits.

Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor’s Representative

Example Format: HSE Incident Notification

Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident:

Name of Person(s) involved:

Employing Company:

Type of Incident:

Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor’s Representative

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Appendix 6: Attendance at Public Consultative Meetings and Proceedings of meetings

TOWN ABABE COMMUNITY, OBUBRA LGA: 20/09/2009 S/No NAME SEX DESIGNATION 1 CHIEF AFRO ENANG M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 CHIEF EGBE EGOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 CHIEF S.A ANIM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 CHIEF EDOM AFONGHA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 CHIEF ATI ABOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 CHIEF OBAJI OYAMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 MR FRIDAY AJKE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 ALICE OKADIM F WOMEN LEADER TOWN EMINEKPON COMMUNITY, ABI LGA S/NO NAME SEX DESIGNATION 1 CHIEF JOSEPH I.A EZOKE M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 CHIEF SIMON .E EDOKI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 CHIEF GODWIN E. IDEBA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 MR RICHARD EMORI ENYA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 MR DAVID ELE BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 CHIEF SIMON ELE IVU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 MR JOHN IYORI ASOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 CHIEF MATHEW EKWAKILI BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 MR DOMINIC EDOKI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 MR ELIAS GODWIN IJEBA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 MR DAVID ANUKWA EDOKI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 JOHN AGULA EZOKE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 MR MOSES EKWALILI BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 MR EMMANUEL AGULA EZOKE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 MR MICHAEL EKORI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 MR MICHAEL NJOKWU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 MASTER ABRAHAM BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 MRS SUSAN EMMANUEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 MRS ALICE JAMES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 MRS THERESA SANTUS F COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 MRS LUCY RICHARD EMORI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 MRS GRACE JOHN BASSEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 MRS VIRGINA ABRAHAM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 MRS ANTHONIA AUGUSTINE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 MRS MARY TIMOTHY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 MRS ROSE MICHAEL IYORI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 MRS CARTHERINE JOHN EKORI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 MRS CORDELIA WILLIAM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 29 MRS ADIA JOHN ECHI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 30 MRS MARY EKPE ASOR F COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 MRS ALICE JOHN WARA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 MRS MARY JOHN WU F COMMUNITY MEMBER S/No NAME SEX DESIGNATION 33 MRS MARY EGBE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 34 MRS GRACE LAZAROUS F COMMUNITY MEMBER 35 MRS VERONICA EMMANUEL JOHN F COMMUNITY MEMBER 36 MRS AUGUSTINE GODWIN BASSEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 37 MRS ALICE JOHN BASSEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 38 MSR TITI PETER BASSEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 39 MRS PHILOMINA EGBE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 40 EPKE GODWIN BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 41 ABRAHAM EZOKE IVU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 42 HELINA JOHN EKPE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 43 SUNDAY NGWU M COMMUNITYMEMBER 45 MERCY ELIAS F COMMUNITY MEMBER 46 SIMON EKPE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 47 BRIDGET JOHN F COMMUNITY MEMBER 48 EMMANUEL IDETA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 49 EMMANUEL EKPE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 50 CAROLINE JOHN F COMMUNITY MEMBER 51 HELINA FERDINAND F COMMUNITY MEMBER Earthguards Limited: 144 Sustainable Development Consultants

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52 ESTHER BERNARD F WOMENCOMMUNITY LAEDER TOWN ITIGIDI TOWN HALL , ABI LGA: 23/09/2003 1 CHIEF GABRIEL IBINGHA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 2 CHIEF GABRIEL OKPA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 CHIEF IGUT ENAMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 CHIEF OKOYOR OVAT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 CHIEF IREKI SUNDAY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 VITALIS OKPA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 OJEN EWONA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 ODEY ITIMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 EKEM OKPETA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 JAMES ABENG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 MR ODEY ANEYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 MR IBINGHAAJOGBOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 SUNDAY IGUT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 AREMBANG IREK M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 JAMES AREMBONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 EKO EKPONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 PHILIP OKPA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 GEORGE IGWE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 ROBERT IGUT ENAMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 OJE HENREY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 AJOGBOR AJOGBOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 JACOB EKOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 MR ODEY IREK M COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 MR IREK OKPA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 MR UKA OKEBU M COMMUNITY MEMBER S/No NAME SEX DESIGNATION 27 MRS CHRISTIANA EKAM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 EGEG OGAJI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 29 MOKO AWUNA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 30 ELDER OBATEM EKPA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 MR IJIMAJIM EGBE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 MR OKARA IJOMBO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 33 MR CHRISTIAN OBINDIM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 34 MR AGARA EGBARA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 35 MR ENYAM IREK M COMMUNITY MEMBER 36 JOHNSON OVAT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 37 MR MOBE OVAT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 38 MR OBAJI OMENKA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 39 MR SUNDAY O. OKON M COMMUNITY MEMBER 40 EMMANUEL OKON M COMMUNITY MEMBER 41 MR OKON OKPATA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 42 MR OJEH OCHECHE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 43 IREK UJE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 44 KEMPSON OFUTET M COMMUNITY MEMBER 45 MR EGIM ODONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 46 MRS PATIENCE BASSSEY F WOMEN COMMUNITY LEADER TOWN EGBORONYI COMMUNITY, ABI LGA 1 CHIEF WILFRED AKANI M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 EVAL MICHAEL EGBONIYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 CHIEF EMMANUEL EGBONIYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 CHIEF CYPRIAN EGBONIYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 ANTHONY AZOGO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 CHIEF ELOKO EGBONIYI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 DAVID IGHLE INOTO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 JOSEPH EPKE ARUKWU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 CHIEF BENARD I. ANOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 CHRISTOPHER AGALI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 CHRISTIANA WILFRED ECHI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 LINUS AGBONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 ADIA ERNEST EGBE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 SILAS EKWAKILI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 EKPE SAMUEL BENARD M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 JENNY BASSEY ENYA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 CHIEF CHRISTOPHER IGWE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 MATHINA BASSEY ENYA F COMMUNITY MEMBER Earthguards Limited: 145 Sustainable Development Consultants

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20 AGNESS JOSEPH ASOR F COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 ABRAHAM EGBE BASSEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 PATIENCE EMMANUEL EGBONIYI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 REBECA PETER ELE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 WILFRED AGORBE ECHI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 CARTHERINE AKANU F COMMUNITY MEMBER S/No NAME SEX DESIGNATION 26 LILI DAVID ELE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 MARIA ABEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 HELEN EZOKE F COMMUNITY MEMBER 30 MARY ESE ELI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 ALICE JOSEPH EWOKOR F COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 JENNY PETER BASSEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 33 PRECILLIA BASSEY PETER F COMMUNITY WOMEN LEADER TOWN ADADAMA COMMUNTY, ABI LGA S/NO NAME SEX DESIGNATION 1 CHIEF ENANG ELENU M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 MR JOHN EMORI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 CHIEF MBOTOR AZRYOR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 MR JOSEPH ELEMI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 CHIEF JOSHUA EKOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 CHIEF ENANG ELENU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 HON. IKANA ITOMO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 MR VICTOR EKORO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 CHIEF EBILOEKE EGBE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 CHIEF JAMSE I.ENYA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 CHIEF JAMES EKOKO EDU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 CHIEF FRANCES EKOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 CHIEF LAWRAWS EMORI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 CHIEF BENSON E.EGBAW M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 CHIEF EDU LAWRAWS M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 CHIEF WILLI ETTI EWANG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 CHIEF EDWARD EKONO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 CHIEF EQUALI EKEPE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 MR PETER IYEME M COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 MR FELIX I.NTEH M COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 MR GODWIN AGBOMI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 MRS CAROLINE GODWIN F COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 MRS ROSE JOSEPH AGBOR F COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 MRS ROSE BENSON F COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 MRS GRACE VINCENT ENANG F COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 STELLA AGBON F COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 THERISER J. EMORI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 MR SUNNY AJA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 29 CHIEF RICHARD IMAU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 30 IKOI DANIEL AUGUSTINE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 BEATRICE TOBI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 CHIEF JAMES ENYA M COMMUNITY MEMBER

33 MR GODWIN E. EGWA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 34 CHIEF FEDELIS E. EGRI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 35 CHIEF ITUNU FRANCES M COMMUNITY MEMBER 36 CHIEF DICKSON ESONG M COMMUNITY MEMBER S/No NAME SEX DESIGNATION 37 MR ENANG IKWA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 38 CHIEF DENIS E. ENI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 39 MR EMMANUEL ENI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 40 MR ENANG BENSON M COMMUNITY MEMBER 41 MR NELSON EKON M COMMUNITY MEMBER 42 EVAL NELSON AGBORI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 43 MR EDU ENYA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 44 MR ENYA AGBORI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 45 MR POLICARP IWOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 46 MRS ALICE NWOSU F WOMEN COMMUNITY LEADER

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TOWN IDIGBO,OKPOMA IYALA LGA S/NO NAME SEX DESIGNATION 1 HRH EJE IPOULE M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 OGAH OGBO BENJAMIN M COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 OFONGOR ATHOLLY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 HON DOMINIC OGWELI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 BLACK EBIALA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 CHIEF OGAR ODEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 WANAH OGAR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 CHIEF MBOM E.ODEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 DAVID OGAR M COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 MR TOM IDAGU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 OLOUHU ODEY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 CYRIL OBELE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 OGAR OMACHI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 ODEY DOMINIC M COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 WANAH OGAR ABE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 OGAR OKO M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 OKO MONDAY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 EVERADY ADAJI M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 OLUAMA UDENYI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 MARY ADUMA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 OGAMODE ADOGA IPOLE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 CHIEF AGBAKA ODAMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 CHIEF ADIKPE IGWE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 WILSON O.OLAWON F COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 AKPATA ODEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 ODOMA OGBU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 ELIZETHE UBE F WOMEN COMMUNITY LEADER

TOWN ADUN BEACH,OBUBRA LGA S/NO NAME SEX DESIGNATION 1 BENEDICT OKEY M COMMUNITY LEADER 2 PHILOMENA BENEDICT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 3 DINA ROBERT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 4 JANE AKORY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 5 SUNDAY OYOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 6 PATRICIA OYIP F COMMUNITY MEMBER 7 FAPULOR OYIP M COMMUNITY MEMBER 8 OKUNE PETER F COMMUNITY MEMBER 9 CHRISTIANA BENEDICT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 10 JOSEPH CHUKWU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 11 OKEY EYAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 12 ADIA OKEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 13 JAMES ODEN M COMMUNITY MEMBER 14 ALICE OYOM F COMMUNITY MEMBER 15 ADA AJALI F COMMUNITY MEMBER 16 MOSSES OMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 17 MAGRET JAMES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 18 ODUMA JAMES M COMMUNITY MEMBER 19 ALICE OYAMA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 20 OKON ROBERT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 21 MONDAY PIUS M COMMUNITY MEMBER 22 FELIX JOSEPH M COMMUNITY MEMBER 23 FABULOUS AKAM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 24 MOSSES INOCENT M COMMUNITY MEMBER 25 REGINA SOLOMON F COMMUNITY MEMBER 26 SOLOMON OSOGU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 27 RAYMOND PHILIP M COMMUNITY MEMBER 28 MBENG OYOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 29 JOHN UTOBU M COMMUN ITY MEMBER 30 OYOM ETENG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 31 SUNDAY TOM M COMMUNITY MEMBER 32 MONDAY JAMES M COMMUNITY MEMBER Earthguards Limited: 147 Sustainable Development Consultants

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33 AKOI ENANG M COMMUNITY MEMBER 34 MARY SUNDAY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 35 CHIEF ROBERT OKUNE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 36 FRIDAY JAMES M COMMUNITY MEMBER 37 RAYMOND ABRUS M COMMUNITY MEMBER 38 FLOURENCE JAMES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 39 CHATHERINE ROBERT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 40 CHIEF AKAM EGBA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 41 MONICA OYAMA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 42 OYAMA AKMA M COMMUNITY MEMBER 43 ROSE BENEDICT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 44 MARY BENEDICT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 45 GABRIEL OMORY M COMMUNITY MEMBER 46 ADIA OKEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 47 FELICIA OYAMA F COMMUNITY MEMBER 48 JAMES AGUBE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 49 EMMANUEL OSUGU M COMMUNITY MEMBER 50 ALICE EMMANUEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 51 JOHN AGBE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 52 OYAMA MGBE M COMMUNITY MEMBER 53 OYAMA ODEN M COMMUNITY MEMBER 54 ADIA ODEN F COMMUNITY MEMBER 55 ROSE JAMES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 56 CARTHERINE OKUME F COMMUNITY MEMBER 57 ALICE FRANCES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 58 TINA JAMES F COMMUNITY MEMBER 59 DINA ROBERT F COMMUNITY MEMBER 60 ADIA GABRIEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 61 ADIA OKEY F COMMUNITY MEMBER 62 ADA GABRIEL F COMMUNITY MEMBER 63 JENNY OSHINA F WOMEN COMMUNIY LEADER

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Appendix 7: Proceedings of meetings

Abi LGA

ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 23/09/2009 VENUE Itigidi Town Hall, Abi, LGA START TIME 11: 00 am CLOSE TIME 12.50pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader gave REMARKS : an introduction on what this project is all about, which is an HSBC assisted project aimed at constructing new water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, pipeline network, and water distribution kiosks in various distribution points in the project communities.

He emphasized on the importance of the people of the community to the project sustainability, which is why the public consultation meeting is necessary. He requested for their inputs, concerns and opinion with regard to the proposed project in their community.

REACTIONS Chief Gabriel Ibingha, . said he will be very happy to see this project start AND and also pledged their support during and after the commencement of the CONCERNS Project

Mrs Patience Bassey complained that they have been drinking stream water for years . and its causes different sickness to them. Mr. Oliver Nwuju , consultant for Earth guard assured that the recent development will help to eradicate water related diseases.

Mr. Ekem Okpeta, a community member, asked if he can be hired as a security for the project.

Mr Eko Ekpong, stated that, since they can pay for electricity bills, paying for water bill will not be a strange or difficult thing for the people of the community.

CONSULTANTS Involuntary resettlement plan should be prepared to ensure smooth RECOMMENDATION implementation, in view of the houses that will be affected by the pipeline network in the area.

CRSWBL may consider engaging the local community youths in the temporal civil works.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

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ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 24/09/2009 VENUE Clan Head’s Compound, in Egboronye Community, Abi LGA START TIME 10: 00 am CLOSE TIME 12.00pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader gave REMARKS : an introduction on what this project is all about, which is an HSBC assisted project aimed at constructing new water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, pipeline network, and water distribution kiosks in various distribution points in the project communities.

REACTIONS Chief Benard Anor ,. Express gratitude with the project sponsors and said AND they have put a lot of struggles in the past without result, to bring public CONCERNS utilities including water project in the community; but none came through. He and their entire community will be very happy to see this project fly and also pledged their support during and after the commencement of the Project

Mr Silas Ekwakiti complained that they have been drinking stream water for years . and its causes different sickness to them.

Mrs Christiana Wilfred talked about the past proposed water project by the government which never saw the light of the day.

Mrs Agnes Agor, stated that, since they can pay for electricity bills, paying for water bill will not be a strange or difficult thing for the people of the community. Mr Adia Egbe Akani requested for a uniform payment of water bills when the running of the water commence.

CONSULTANTS The communities are in high spirit concerning the project and are ready RECOMMENDATION through community leadership to give any assistant that will ensure project sustainability.

CRSWBL may consider engaging the local community youths in the temporal civil works.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

Earthguards Limited: 150 Sustainable Development Consultants

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ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 24/09/2009 VENUE Secondary School Premises, EminEkpon Community, Abi LGA START TIME 2: 00 pm CLOSE TIME 4.05pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader gave REMARKS : an introduction on what this project is all about, which is an HSBC assisted project aimed at constructing new water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, pipeline network, and water distribution kiosks in various distribution points in the project communities.

REACTIONS Chief Joseph I. Ezoke ,. Express gratitude with the project sponsors and AND and hopes that the it shall be fully implemented as proposed. He and their CONCERNS entire community will be very happy to see this project fly and also pledged their support during and after the commencement of the Project

Mrs Mary Egbe complained that they have been drinking stream water for years . and its causes different sickness to them.

Mr John Iyori Asor talked about the past proposed water project by the government which never saw the light of the day.

Dominic Edoki, stated that, since they can pay for electricity bills, paying for water bill will not be a strange or difficult thing for the people of the community. Mrs Veronica Emmanuel John requested for a uniform payment of water bills when the running of the water commence.

CONSULTANTS The communities are in high spirit concerning the project and are ready RECOMMENDATION through community leadership to give any assistant that will ensure project sustainability.

CRSWBL may consider engaging the local community youths in the temporal civil works.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

Earthguards Limited: 151 Sustainable Development Consultants

Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Obubra LGA

ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 24/09/2009 VENUE Clan Head’s Compound, in Ababene, Obubra LGA START TIME 10: 00 am CLOSE TIME 12.00pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader gave REMARKS : an introduction on what this project is all about, which is an HSBC assisted project aimed at constructing new water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, pipeline network, and water distribution kiosks in various distribution points in the project communities.

REACTIONS Chief Afro Enong ,. Express gratitude with the project sponsors and said AND they have put a lot of struggles in the past without result, to bring public CONCERNS utilities including water project in the community; but none came through. He and their entire community will be very happy to see this project fly and also pledged their support during and after the commencement of the Project

Mr Egbe Egor complained that they have been drinking stream water for years . and its causes different sickness to them.

Ajakat Ovat Wilfred talked about the past proposed water project by the government which never saw the light of the day.

Mrs Alice Okadim stated that, since they can pay for electricity bills, paying for water bill will not be a strange or difficult thing for the people of the community. Mr Friday Ajake requested for a uniform payment of water bills when the running of the water commence.

CONSULTANTS The communities are in high spirit concerning the project and are ready RECOMMENDATION through community leadership to give any assistant that will ensure project sustainability.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

There is need for waste management plan and compliance monitoring.

Earthguards Limited: 152 Sustainable Development Consultants

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ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 19/09/2009 VENUE Chief’s Compound in Adun Beach, Obubra LGA START TIME 10: 00 am CLOSE TIME 12.30pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader, first REMARKS : thanked the paramount ruler for his effort in ensuring that all the communities in the area were fully represented in the meeting .

He gave an introduction on what this project is all about, which is an HSBC assisted project to the state government aimed at constructing new water treatment plants, storage reservoirs, pipeline network, and water distribution kiosks in various distribution points in the project Communities.

REACTIONS Chief Friday Okata . said he will be very happy to see this project start and AND also pledged their support during and after the commencement of the CONCERNS Project

Mr. Ernest Awara complained that they have been drinking stream water for years. He also stated that the available boreholes in the community are full of salinity.

Mr.Stephen Imoke complained that his farm and building under construction are located within the plot of land proposed for water intake plant. He sought to know if he would be resettled for the affected items.

Mrs Philomena Okey also raised concern about her farm which incidentally falls in the land proposed for treatment plant. Mrs Glory Ovat requested for a uniform payment of water bills when the running of the water commence.

CONSULTANTS Involuntary resettlement plan should be prepared to ensure smooth RECOMMENDATION implementation, in view of the houses that will be affected by the pipeline network in the area.

CRSWBL may consider engaging the local community youths in the temporal civil works.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

Earthguards Limited: 153 Sustainable Development Consultants

Itigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

Yala LGA

ITEMS DESCRIPTIONS DATE 18/09/2009 VENUE Paramount Ruler’s Palace, IdigboOkpoma, Yala LGA START TIME 10: 00 am CLOSE TIME 12.30pm OPENING Mr. Joseph Akpokodje , Environmental Consultant team leader, first REMARKS : thanked the paramount ruler for his effort in ensuring that all the communities in the area were fully represented in the meeting .

REACTIONS Chief Olohuode , of Okpoma . said he will be very happy to see this project AND start and also pledged their support during and after the commencement of CONCERNS the Project

Mr. Enang Benson complained that they have been drinking stream water for years. He also stated that the available boreholes in the community are full of salinity.

Mr. Linus Agbong talked about the past proposed water project by the government which never saw the light of the day.

Mr. Joshua Oton, stated that, since they can pay for electricity bills, paying for water bill will not be a strange or difficult thing for the people of the community. Chief Wilfred Akani requested for a uniform payment of water bills when the running of the water commence. CONSULTANTS The communities are in high spirit concerning the project and are ready RECOMMENDATION through community leadership to give any assistant that will ensure project sustainability.

CRSWBL may consider engaging the local community youths in the temporal civil works.

Public consultation with the community should be a continuous step through the life cycle of the project.

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Appendix 8: Development of a Waste Management Plan

1.0. Background

Liquid waste is normally discharged from baseexchange softening plants, which are regenerated with brine. On the other hand, sludge waste is a highly concentrated suspension of solids in liquid. Tens of thousands of tons of waste water & sludge waste are generated annually from water treatment plants.

Best management practices are essential for sludge wastes since these materials could be hazardous to human and environment. These practices include careful considerations of conditions for storage and treatment of the wastes. Storage condition is especially important in situation when immediate treatment of the wastes is not feasible.

It is the goal of every waste water/sludge waste management plan to embark upon measures that reuse this waste whenever possible and embrace a disposal routes that shall minimize the adverse effects, on the environment.

Waste water/Sludge Wastes Management Plan, is condition specific and takes cognizance of the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the wastes and it should tell you the following:

• Pollution potential of the sludge/wastes with respect to local environmental conditions

• Options for recovery of water from sludge

• Appropriate methods for storage and required storage conditions

• Competing options for stabilizing the sludge

• Types of bulking agent(s) to use

• How to prevent contamination of the environment by sludge leachate

• Factors to consider with respect to future treatment method

• Transportation planning when necessary

• Appropriate treatments options

• Sludge recycling options 2.0 Plans for Waste Water/Sludge Management

This plan for waste water sludge management shall be guided by the following steps:

• Collect baseline data on waste water/sludge waste properties

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• Evaluate local regulations on sludge

• Construction of sludge processing facilities • Disposal

• Training Needs

• Interface with EMP in implementation

• Recycle Options

2.1. Baseline Assessment of Waste Water/Sludge Properties

A proper baseline assessment would need to be undertaken to gather precise information on the sludge/wastes, generated by this water treatment plant with the purpose of analyzing the liquid wastes and Sludge.

The following baseline data will be collected and analyzed: • Composition types (Contained in table.1.) • chemical • physical • biological • Physiochemical quality of surface and underground water

• Liquid waste

Available data indicates Liquid waste is normally discharged from baseexchange softening plants, which are regenerated with brine. On the average about six percent (6%) of the total throughput of the plant is discharged to waste. The main pollutants are the chlorides and calcium and magnesium, in concentrations of about 20, 000mg L 1

Such effluents can generally be discharged into town sewers. They are difficult to treat and where they arise in inland sites, in arid countries, care should be taken to prevent polluting surface or underground sources.

• Sludge

The basic composition of sludge at the Ikom, Ogoja and Obudu Water Supply Schemes project sites is contained in Table.5.10. of the EMP document, where the impact assessment and mitigation measures have been carefully undertaken to reveal that the sludge contains chemicals such as microorganisms, arsenics and other metals, radio nuclides, lime and polymers, and this kind of sludge is consistent with the major portion of the effluent from a river abstraction. The total daily volume of sludge is normally in the range of 1.5 – 5.0% of the daily plant throughput.

2.2. Determine Local Regulations on Waste Water/Sludge Waste

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To ensure sludge management practices are as in compliance with legislation, this plan would review relevant statutory documentation such as that of FEPA Acts 58 of 1988 and 59 of 1992, for conformity.

Also, the Federal Ministry of Environment has put in place statutory documents to aid the monitoring, control and abatement of industrial waste that clearly state the restrictions imposed on the release of toxic substances into the environment and the responsibilities of all industries whose operations are likely to pollute the environment. Mitigation measures and monitoring impact have given due and necessary considerations to these statutory regulations in Table.9.3 (EMP document).

• Such responsibilities include adequate treatment of effluent before being discharged into the environment.

2.3. Construction of Sludge Storage/Processing Facility

The construction of a waste water/sludge storage processing plant (budget in appendix) will be discussed under the following:

• Waste water Treatment • Sludge water treatment • Effluent outfalls • Sewage Collection • Disposal

Waste water Treatment

For the waste water/sludge treatment plant for IItigidi, Obubra & Okpoma Water Distribution & Supply Schemes, treatment methods to be considered would include:

• Activated sludge • Oxidation ditch • Biodisc • Oxidation ponds

At this stage, from experience, no single particular method can be adopted. This is because factors such as the composition of sewage, climate, groundwater and rainfall intensity and pattern may well influence the type to be selected.

Sludge Treatment

Surface and ground waters undergo water treatment procedures in order to make them suitable for human consumption. Currently in some parts of the Europe, aluminium sulphate salt (alum) is used in a number of the Water Treatment plants for the treatment of surface and ground waters for drinking purposes.

Treatment options used include sand filtration and or clarification with chemical coagulants and flocculants. The sludge generated from clarification procedures vary in type and quantity depending on the treatment methods used and the type and quality of the raw water abstracted. Earthguards Limited: 157 Sustainable Development Consultants

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Water treatment sludge are classified as a waste and therefore must be managed and disposed of appropriately.

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2.4. Collection and Disposal

The handling and disposal of sludge is still a major challenge on several water treatment plants. Mitigation of impact with attendant costs is contained in table.9.3. Of the EMP document.

Federal Environmental Protection laws are currently being reviewed in the developing countries to curtail the erstwhile adopted practice of discharging untreated sludge back into the system (Sonuga and Oloke 1999). However, a range of choices are available, which shall be guided by Best Practice Environmental Options (BPEO) such as:

• Direct disposal into the river • Discharge into sewer • Lagooning • Concentration and drying – use of concentration tanks and drying beds. The sludge is discharged to secondary fill and draw settling basins. The capacity of each tank would be about 200m 3 in a 10,000m 3 day 1 works. • Modern techniques – usually practiced in developing countries involve vacuum filtration, centrifuging, freezing and filter pressing, precipitation and softening. However, this approach is usually expensive.

Disposal method adopted shall be in line with EPAD standards.

2.5. Training Needs

Based on assessment of institutional capacities, the EMP has identified that there is a need to train the PIU and other agencies involved in the EMP implementation. This responsibility is for action, by the Cross River Water Board Limited.

This plan would therefore include training needs that shall support the waste water and sludge management plan. Course plan and corresponding costs are included in Table.9.1. (EMP document).

2.6. Interface with EMP

The waste water/sludge waste management issues are a component of the various activities that have undergone assessment under the Environmental management plan (EMP) and therefore possess an interface relationship with this plan. Implementation, Budgeting and Responsibility considerations will also be reviewed in this regard.

2.7. Recycle Option

The treatment and disposal of sludge will become an increasing environmental and financial issue as sludge production continues to increase as new Waste Water Treatment, and Water Treatment facilities are constructed and sludge quality standards become more stringent. The preferred option for dealing with sludge would be by recycling or use of sludge, as opposed to landfilling or incineration.

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The composting of wastewater plant sludge appears to be the best option against other ways of elimination/disposal; this way they wouldn’t be such an economical and sanitary problem because the sludge would be recycled.

Some techniques of recycling suppose a complex technological infrastructure, and a considerable energetic costs, but the agricultural reuse is justifiable by many and very important reasons; the cultivations nowadays and in this latitudes need a great amount of nutrients and they have to be replace periodically by fertilizing, without them the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the soil would decrease, troubling the vegetal growth and affecting directly in the quality and quantity of the crops; fertilizing has become a main step in the agricultural activity and it use to be done with chemical fertilizers and with dung; because of that there is a good chance of using the sludge as a fertilizer and at the same time revalue this wastes.

Not all the raw materials are suitable for the process; for example, it’s better to use sludge from urban watertreatment plants, avoiding this way contents of heavy metals and other inappropriate products inadequate for the agricultural use. With this objective of an agricultural use, the sludge must be processed to reduce the humidity, increase the ratio C/N, change the physical structure and decrease the presence of pathogen micro organisms

3.0 Conclusion and Recommendations

Environmental impacts and aspects of the waste water and sludge treatment plant, reviewed in line with the resource consumption, legal requirements and potential impact, from the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), is significant.

Thus, for efficiency and effectiveness of environmental management best practise, we would recommend that a waste water and sludge processing plant facility be constructed, separate from the water processing plant, which will operate in compliance with ISO standards. This would allow establishment of specific controls to enable implementation of these mitigation measures, in conformity with legislation, which would be audited regularly for ontrack assessment.

Furthermore, regarding recycle considerations, sludge from the various components of the sewage treatment can be digested and then dried on sludge drying beds, whereby the gas produced by the digestion of sludge can easily be used for alternative energy sources and the residual solid, through a proper nutrient management plan, can be integrated into agricultural/horticultural schemes.

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