Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road Lawford Essex

Archaeological Excavation

for CgMs Heritage

on behalf of Rose Builders Ltd

CA Project: 661128 CA Report: 18375

January 2019

Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road Lawford Essex

Archaeological Excavation

CA Project: 661128 CA Report: 18375

Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for Approved revision by A 21/01/19 AKM PB Draft Internal review APS B 14/02/19 AKM APS Draft Client and APS HECECC review

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology

© Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 5

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 7

4. METHODOLOGY ...... 7

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2–9) ...... 8

6. THE FINDS ...... 14

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ...... 15

8. DISCUSSION ...... 16

9. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 18

10. STORAGE AND CURATION ...... 18

11. REFERENCES ...... 18

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 20 AREA 1...... 20 AREA 2...... 20 APPENDIX B: POTTERY ...... 23 APPENDIX C: CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL AND FIRED CLAY ...... 29 APPENDIX D: MISCELLANEOUS FINDS ...... 31 APPENDIX E: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 32 APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 34

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Area 1 phased plan with excavation areas inset (1:150 & 1:4000). Fig. 3 Area 2 phased plan (1:400) Fig. 4 Area 1 and Area 2 site photographs Fig. 5 Period 1, Middle Iron Age ditch 2023/2047: sections and photographs Fig. 6 Area 2 ring gully: sections and photographs Fig. 7 Possible trackway ditches, Areas 1 and 2: sections and photographs Fig. 8 Period 2, Middle to Late Iron Age pits: sections and photographs Fig. 9 Period 3, Late Iron Age ditches: sections and photographs

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road Location: Lawford, Essex NGR: 609524 230715 Type: Excavation Date: 11 June to 6 July 2018 Planning Reference: 15/00876/OUT Location of Archive: To be deposited with Colchester and Ipswich Museum Accession Number: COLEM: 2018.59 Site Code: LAWBR18

An archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in June and July 2018 on land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex. Two excavation areas had been identified based on the results of previous fieldwork; Area 1 targeted possible Bronze Age activity identified in the north-east corner of the northern field; with Area 2 focussing on Iron Age features identified within the south-west corner of the southern field of the site.

The excavation identified an initial phase of occupation, probably in the Middle Iron Age, of agricultural activity within enclosures in Area 2 and extending to the north. The second and main phase of activity broadly dated to the Middle to Late Iron Age, and included a possible roundhouse, as evidenced by a ring gully, along with associated features in Area 2 and trackways defined by parallel ditch alignments in both areas. A third and final phase of activity, probably dating to the Late Iron Age, was represented by two extensive ditches in Area 2, though the exact function of these was unclear.

Dateable finds mostly comprised pottery of a broadly Middle to Late Iron Age date, though occasional sherds of Late Bronze Age, Roman and later date were also recovered, along with medieval and post-medieval brick and tile. Small assemblages of plant macrofossils and charcoal remains recovered from ditches in both excavation areas provided only limited insight into the nature of occupation within the site, but may be representative of scattered domestic waste material.

The results of both phases of archaeological investigation suggest that the site served a predominantly agricultural purpose, with the main phase of use falling in the Middle to Late Iron Age, when domestic settlement was also apparent.

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In June and July 2018, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological investigation at the request of CgMs Heritage and on behalf of Rose Builders Ltd, on land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex (centred at NGR: 609524 230715; Fig. 1).

1.2 Planning permission (Planning ref: 15/00876/OUT) for the erection of 360 houses (including Lawford Enterprise Trust Housing), with associated garages on 22.76ha with two vehicular access points and associated additional infrastructure was granted by Tendring District Council (TDC), conditional on a programme of archaeological work, including an archaeological excavation. Informed by the results of a preceding evaluation, a strategy of targeted excavation in two areas of the first phase development site was recommended by Teresa O’Connor, the Historic Environment Consultant at Essex County Council (HECECC), to discharge Condition 18 of the planning permission:

A. No development or preliminary ground-works within any defined phase of the development can commence until a programme of archaeological trial trenching for that phase has been secured and undertaken in accordance with a Written Scheme of Investigation, which has been submitted by the applicant, and approved by the Local Planning Authority. Following the completion of this initial phase of archaeological work, a summary report will be prepared and a mitigation strategy detailing the approach to further archaeological excavation and/or preservation in situ through re-design of the development, shall be submitted to the Local Planning Authority.

B. No development or preliminary groundwork can commence on those areas of the development site containing archaeological deposits, until the satisfactory completion of archaeological fieldwork, as detailed in the mitigation strategy, which has been signed off by the Local Planning Authority.

C. Following completion of the archaeological fieldwork, the applicant will submit to the Local Planning Authority a post-excavation assessment (within six months of the completion date, unless otherwise agreed in advance with

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

the Local Planning Authority), which will result in the completion of post- excavation analysis, preparation of a full site archive and report ready for deposition at the local museum, and submission of a publication report.

Reason: The proposed development is located within an area with potential for below ground archaeological deposits. The development would result in harm to non-designated heritage assets with archaeological interest.

1.3 The excavation was undertaken in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CgMs Heritage (2018) and approved by HECECC. The fieldwork also followed Standard and Guidance: Archaeological Excavation (CIfA 2014); the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide and accompanying PPN3: Archaeological Excavation (Historic England 2015). It was monitored by Teresa O’Connor, including a site visit on 5 July 2018.

The site 1.4 The first phase development site is approximately 7.4ha in extent and is located on the southern edge of the town of Lawford. The site comprises one pasture field in the north and one arable field in the south, bounded to the north by a garden centre, primary school, and residential housing, to the east by agricultural land, and to the south and west by Bromley Road (see Fig. 2). The site lies at approximately 34m above Ordnance Datum (AOD), on roughly flat ground.

1.5 The underlying geology is mapped as clay, silt and sand sediments of the Thames Group, formed approximately 34 to 56 million years ago in the Palaeogene Period (BGS 2018).

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 The archaeological background to the site and surrounding area has previously been discussed in detail as part of a preliminary desk-based assessment (CAT 2010) and within the evaluation report for the site (ASE 2017), as well as the WSI produced by CgMs Heritage (2018). The following text presents a summary of those documents.

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Neolithic 2.2 Neolithic Cropmarks representing a circular enclosure with opposing entrances are located c. 650m to the west of the site in Tye Field (EHER 0003). Excavations in 1962 and 1963 revealed an internal bank, which enclosed an area measuring c. 40’ x 36’. The site was considered Neolithic in date and finds indicated a domestic function. The site was re-excavated in 1971, although by this time extensive plough damage had almost completely flattened the earthwork. These excavations recovered approximately 400 sherds of Grooved Ware pottery along with flint scrapers and a leaf-shaped arrowhead (Shennan et al. 1985).

Iron Age and Roman 2.3 The Roman road (EHER 2770, 3226, 3233) running from Colchester to Manningtree runs north-east/south-west across the field c. 300m east of the site.

2.4 To the north and south of the Roman road further cropmarks may be representative of enclosures and pathways associated with the road.

Medieval and Post-medieval 2.5 A possible deserted medieval village (DMV) (EHER 2713) was located c. 1km north- east of the site and adjacent to St Mary’s Church, Lawford. The site consists of two fields, the southern one containing markings that may indicate former pathways.

2.6 There are eight listed buildings located within a c. 1km radius of the site area. These include the parish church of St. Mary (EHER 17695-6; List No. 1261462), which lies immediately to the south of the DMV and is possibly associated. The majority of the church construction is of 14th-century date, with later 16th- and 17th-century additions.

2.7 The other listed buildings are generally all located to the west of the site and date from to the 17th and 18th centuries, suggesting the historic core of the village may have lain in that area. Lawford Place (EHER 34618, List No. 1261405), c. 215m north of the site, is the closest of these buildings and comprises a plastered brick building built for George Bridges, a local banker, in c. 1790. Also close to the site is Lawford House (EHER 34599; List No. 1261450). Situated approximately 250m west of the site, the listed building consists of a 17th-century rear range of timber- framed construction with brick facings, and an 18th- to 19th-century front range of gault brick.

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

2.8 The layout of the site is evident on the 1777 Chapman and André map and the 1875 Ordnance Survey map of Essex; the site has seemingly not changed in use since the late 18th century.

Archaeological Evaluation 2.9 The trial trench evaluation encountered limited evidence for Bronze Age activity in the north-west corner of the site.

2.10 A number of linear ditches representative of Iron Age field systems were also encountered as part of the evaluation, as well as a curvilinear ditch of similar date. These results were confirmed by the excavation.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the archaeological excavation were to: mitigate the effect of development on any surviving buried archaeological remains within the site through the implementation of archaeological investigation and recording, analysis of the excavated data, publication of the results, and deposition of an ordered project archive with an appropriate local museum for its long-term curation.

3.2 The project also aimed to inform as far as possible the development and implementation of local, regional and national research agendas with specific reference to Research and Archaeology: A Framework for the Eastern Counties 1 (Glazebrook 1997), Research and Archaeology: A Framework for the Eastern Counties 2 (Brown and Glazebrook 2000) and Research and Archaeology Revisited: A Revised Framework for the East of England (Medlycott 2011).

3.3 The specific aims of the work were to further expose, excavate and record the archaeological features identified during the evaluation trenching phase. These features related to middle Bronze Age, Iron Age and possible Roman activity.

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 The fieldwork followed the methodology set out within the WSI (CgMs 2018). The location of the excavation areas was agreed with Teresa O’Connor, informed by the

7 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

results of the archaeological evaluation (ASE 2017). Two excavation areas were identified, based on the results of previous fieldwork; Area 1 targeted possible Bronze Age activity identified in the north-east corner of the northern field; with Area 2 focussing on Iron Age features identified within the south-west corner of the southern field of the site. Both areas were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co- ordinates using Leica GPS, with extensions added through hand-measuring, and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual. The excavation areas and extensions were scanned for live services by trained CA staff using CAT and Genny equipment in accordance with the CA Safe System of Work for avoiding underground services.

4.2 Fieldwork commenced with the removal of topsoil and subsoil from the excavation area by mechanical excavator with a toothless grading bucket, under archaeological supervision.

4.3 The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of archaeological stratigraphy. All features were planned and recorded in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.

4.4 Deposits were assessed for their environmental potential and a total of 6 samples taken from a variety of deposits in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites.

4.5 All artefacts recovered from the excavation were retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately after excavation.

5. RESULTS (FIGS 2–9)

5.1 The archaeological potential of the site had been highlighted by earlier desk-based assessment (DBA) (CAT 2010) and field evaluation (ASE 2017). Archaeology was present across both excavation areas, though was much less concentrated in Area 1. The earliest activity was associated with a sub-rectangular, ditched enclosure that extended northwards from Area 2, the full extent lying beyond the area of excavation. Few dateable finds were recovered and the enclosure has been tentatively dated to the Middle Iron Age. The main phase of occupation has been

8 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

broadly dated to the Middle to Late Iron Age and comprised limited settlement activity in the form of a ring gully from a probable roundhouse in Area 2, contemporary trackways in both areas, and a number of further features. A final phase of activity, though again with little dateable artefactual evidence, has been tentatively dated to the Late Iron Age and comprised two extensive ditches recorded in the eastern half of Area 2.

5.2 A small assemblage of pottery was recovered from the site, much of it of late prehistoric date, with the majority of the sherds being Middle to Late Iron Age. Single sherds of Roman and medieval pottery were also recovered, along with a small assemblage of post-medieval sherds, though much of the later material derived from topsoil and recent contexts. A small number of other finds was also recovered including ceramic building material (CBM), struck flint, glass, clay tobacco pipe, industrial residue and a single recent iron find.

5.3 This section provides an overview of the excavation results; detailed summaries of the contexts, finds and environmental samples (biological evidence) are to be found in Appendices A-E.

5.4 On the basis of criteria discussed above, features were assigned to the following provisional periods. Where there is some overlap in the period boundaries allocated below, this is where broader spot dates have been assigned but the stratigraphic sequence indicated more than one phase of activity:

 Period 0: Geology

 Period 1: Middle Iron Age (c. 400BC – 100BC)

 Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c. 200 BC – 50 BC)

 Period 3: Late Iron Age (c. 100 BC – AD 43)

 Undated

Period 0, Geology 5.5 The natural geological substrate, 1002/2002, varied slightly between the two excavation areas. In Area 1 the natural 1002 was encountered at a depth of approximately 0.55m below ground level (bgl), and recorded as mid brownish red and light yellowish brown silty sand with frequent patches of gravel. In Area 2 the

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

natural 2002 comprised mid reddish orange and light brownish yellow sand, with infrequent gravel inclusions; this was encountered at a depth of approximately 0.58m bgl. In both areas the natural was overlain by a subsoil (1001/2001) of mid greyish orange silty sand with infrequent gravel inclusions; this was recorded with a thickness of 0.13m in Area 1 and 0.11m in Area 2. The subsoil in turn was sealed in both areas by a topsoil (1000/2000) comprising mid greyish brown silty sand, with very infrequent gravel inclusions. Its thickness was recorded in Area 1 as 0.47m, and in Area 2 as 0.42m.

Period 1, Middle Iron Age (Figs 3 and 5) 5.6 Although the previous evaluation had suggested Middle Bronze Age activity on the site, further evidence for this was not forthcoming during the excavation, rather the earliest activity appeared to date to the Middle Iron Age. This earliest activity was associated with a sub-rectangular, ditched enclosure located towards the north of Area 2 but mostly extending north of the excavated area. The enclosure was defined by ditches 2035, 2047 and 2023, the former entering the excavation area from the west and extending for almost 20m on a south-west/north-east alignment before being truncated by a later ditch. It continued on the same alignment for another 18.5m as ditch 2047 before terminating. There was then a gap of 8m, indicating a possible access location, before the alignment was continued by ditch 2023, which extended for a further 20m before turning to the north and extending beyond the northern edge of excavation.

5.7 Ditch 2035/2047 varied in width between 0.49m and 1.0m, with depths between 0.12m and 0.25m, whereas ditch 2023 varied in width between 0.82m and 1.92m, with depths between 0.16m and 0.28m, although this may be explained by considerable root disturbance observed particularly near its northernmost visible extent. Within slots, the ditch cut was generally described with steeply sloping, concave sides and a flat to slightly concave base, there being little observable change at the ditch termini (Fig. 5).

5.8 Approximately 6m north-east of the point where ditch 2023 turned to the north, the south-west/north-east alignment was continued by ditch 2043. Only a small segment of this ditch survived, having been truncated by two, later linear features, but it may have represented a second, contemporary enclosed area to the east, which was located mostly to the north-east of the excavated area.

10 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

5.9 No dateable artefactual material was recovered from any of the slots excavated across the enclosure ditches, but they have been tentatively dated as Middle Iron Age for stratigraphic reasons; all being truncated by features containing broadly Middle to Late Iron Age pottery.

Period 2, Middle to Late Iron Age (Figs 2, 3 and 5 - 8) 5.10 The second and most extensive period of occupation has been broadly dated to the Middle to Late Iron Age and in contrast to the previous period, included domestic occupation and trackway features, rather than solely agricultural enclosures.

5.11 Towards the west of Area 2, the remains of a ring gully 2013/2017/2019, previously recorded in evaluation Trenches 14 and 32, were identified (Figs 3 and 6). The gully, which was approximately 0.64m wide and up to 0.2m deep, enclosed an internal area approximately 12.5m in diameter. However, the circumference was incomplete; although termini at the north-west and south-east appeared to be ‘real’, a large part of the gully was missing to the south-west. If this was the ring gully for an Iron Age roundhouse as proposed, a more complete circumference would be expected; it is likely that a significant part of the feature in this area had been removed by truncation, probably though ploughing activity. A break in the gully at the north in indicated the location of an earlier evaluation trench. No internal features or deposits were observed, but a small pottery assemblage broadly dating to the Middle to Late Iron Age was recovered from the southernmost terminus fill 2020.

5.12 A number of postholes to the north, south-west (Fig. 6) and south-east of the ring gully may have denoted post-built structures associated with the possible roundhouse, though none produced any dateable artefactual evidence and there were no clear patterns indicating the form of any former structures. However, it is possible that further such features had been removed by ploughing. Posthole 2005 south-west of the ring gully measured 0.41m by 0.30m and was 0.30m deep, with steep, near-vertical sides and a concave base. It was filled by a single deposit 2006, described as mid orangey brown silty sand with some gravel inclusions.

5.13 A possible trackway consisting of two parallel ditches (2109 and 2011) was recorded running approximately 7m apart on a north-east/south-west alignment across the north-west corner of Area 2, approximately 23m north of the possible roundhouse (Figs 3 and 7); these ditches had previously been identified in evaluation Trenches 12 and 14. They were slightly irregular in shape, with widths between 0.81m and

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1.07m and depths between 0.23m and 0.32m. Both ditches were recorded with steep, slightly concave sides and a concave base, and a single fill of mid greyish brown sand with very infrequent gravel inclusions.

5.14 Another possible trackway, running on a broadly perpendicular alignment was identified in Area 1 (Figs 2 and 7): A small gully 1003/1007 running on a north- west/south-east alignment was recorded towards the north-east of the area. The gully was between 0.40m and 0.45m wide and between 0.05m and 0.11m deep to the south-east, though the width increased to 0.78m to the north-west, with only a very slight increase in depth to 0.14m. The gully’s base was recorded as slightly variable between flat and slightly concave, with the truncated remains of possibly steep, slightly concave sides. Its fill 1004 was recorded throughout as mid greyish brown silty sand with very few gravel inclusions, likely representing a primary basal fill. No dating evidence was recovered.

5.15 Approximately 7,5m to the south-west was parallel ditch 1017/1023, which had been recorded in evaluation Trench 4, and was between 0.90m and 1.70m wide and 0.20m to 0.47m deep. Its cut was recorded with steep, straight sides and a slightly irregular, concave base. Its fill comprised mid greyish brown silty sand with very infrequent gravel inclusions, likely representing episodes of natural silting. The two linear features are likely to have represented either side of a possible trackway, whilst the break in the line of the southern ditch indicated a possible access point into the trackway from the south-west, though the original width of the gap was unclear because of later truncation by root disturbance.

5.16 Slots excavated though both trackway ditches in Area 2 and the southern ditch in Area 1 yielded small assemblages of pottery dating to the Middle to Late Iron Age, indicating a broad contemporaneity with the possible roundhouse and associated features (though a likely intrusive Roman sherd was also recovered from the southern trackway ditch in Area 2). A small number of discrete features in both areas may also have been contemporary:

5.17 Both pits 2031 and 2041 towards the north of Area 2 appeared oval in plan and aligned approximately north-east/south-west, although their dimensions differed; pit 2031 was 1.48m long by 0.60m wide and 0.30m deep, whilst pit 2041 was 2.76m long, 1.55m wide and 0.35m deep. Both pits had steep sides and flat bases, and both were located adjacent to, or in the case of 2041 cutting across, Period 1

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enclosure ditch 2023. Their respective fills 2032 and 2042 are described identically, as dark greyish brown silty sand with infrequent gravel inclusions. Neither feature yielded any dateable finds.

5.18 Pit 2087, located approximately 36m east of the possible roundhouse, was circular in plan, with a diameter of 1.75m and depth of 0.70m, with steep, near-vertical sides and a flat base. It was initially filled with a mid orangey grey clayey sand with no inclusions (2088), which was covered by two dumping events 2089 and 2092 both described as mid greyish brown silty sand, with 2092 also including some gravel inclusions while 2089 was sterile. A final infilling deposit 2093, consisting of mid greyish brown silty sand with some infrequent gravel inclusions, sealed the feature. This fill also contained a fragment of Middle to Late Iron Age pottery. An environmental sample was retrieved in order to maximise the potential for additional finds retrieval; a further Middle to Late Iron Age sherd was recovered, along with a residual sherd of possible Late Bronze Age date.

5.19 Possible posthole 2057, located north of 2087, was 0.51m in diameter and 0.17m deep. It was filled by a single deposit (2058) of mid greyish brown silty sand without inclusions and no dateable finds.

5.20 To the immediate south of the gap in the Area 1 southern trackway ditch was large oval pit 1021, which measured 2.57m north-east/south-west by 1.40m north- west/south-east and was 0.47m deep, with steep, straight sides and a very slightly concave base (Figs 2 and 8). The pit was filled by a single deposit (1022) of mid greyish brown silty sand, with infrequent gravel inclusions. No finds were recovered, but evidence for large-scale root truncation was observed.

Period 3, Late Iron Age (Figs 3 and 9) 5.21 A final period of likely late prehistoric activity was represented by two ditches in Area 2, though these have been phased on likely stratigraphic grounds, rather than clearly dateable finds evidence. Slightly curvilinear ditch 2085/2025 extended from the south-east corner of the excavation area on a broadly south-east/north-west alignment, cutting across Period 1 enclosure ditches 2043 and 2023, and continued beyond the northern edge of excavation. It varied between 0.31m and 0.70m in width, and between 0.15m and 0.25m in depth; its sides were recorded as concave but slightly irregular, and the base flat. The ditch was filled by a single deposit of mid orangey brown silty sand, with small percentages of gravel and localised charcoal

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inclusions. An environmental sample was recovered from fill 2084, where there was a concentration of charcoal, and two sherds of Middle to Late Iron Age pottery was recovered from fill 2091.

5.22 Towards the north of Area 2, ditch 2085/2025 was cut by linear ditch 2027, which was aligned approximately north-west/south-east and extended beyond the northern and southern edges of excavation. It was recorded with a width of approximately 0.67m and depth between 0.21m and 0.30m, with steep, slightly concave sides and a slightly concave base. The single fill was described along the visible extent of the ditch as mid greyish brown silty sand, with infrequent gravel inclusions. In places the feature was heavily affected by root disturbance. Both ditches were previously investigated and recorded as part of the trial trench evaluation.

Undated 5.23 A small number of features of variable form, probably associated with bioturbation rather than archaeological activity, were investigated in both areas, though none contained any dateable artefactual material. Although such features truncated Period 1 and Period 3 ditches in Area 2, and Period 2 trackway ditch in Area 1, others were discrete features cutting directly into natural deposits. It is likely that these features date to a number of different periods but as this dating is unclear, they remain undated.

6. THE FINDS

6.1 Finds recovered are listed in the table below. Details are to be found in Appendices B - D.

Type Category Count Weight (g) Pottery Late prehistoric 28 188 Roman 1 216 medieval 1 8 post-medieval 3 20 Total 33 432 Worked flint 2 13 Metalwork Fe nail 1 17 Slag 1 93 CBM late medieval 1 51 late-medieval to post-medieval 2 6 post-medieval 12 326 Glass post-medieval 2 15 Clay pipe 3 2

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6.2 The excavation primarily produced pottery and ceramic building material, which assisted with the dating of the features, supplemented by limited metalworking products and small fragments of clay pipe. The majority of the pottery dates to the later prehistoric period, and more specifically to the later phases of the Iron Age; however, most of the material consists of small fragments with a mean sherd weight below 5g; therefore, the reliability of such dating is low. Again, larger pottery fragments with distinct features, which date after the Roman period, are more reliable in relation to dating, though were recovered from recent deposits. Ceramic building material is equally reliable due to the presence of fragments in relatively good condition. Most finds derived from ditch fills, topsoil and subsoil deposits, and from a single pit (2087). The finds deriving from the two excavated areas of the site broadly mirrored chronological patterns noted during the evaluation of the site (ASE 2017), which produced material of similar nature and date, though no Middle Bronze Age material was identified during the excavation.

7. THE BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

7.1 Biological evidence recovered is listed in the table below. Details are to be found in Appendix E.

Flot Vol size Roots Charred Notes for Charcoal Feature Context Sample (L) (ml) % Grain Chaff Cereal Notes Other Table > 4/2mm Other Area 1 Period 2 Ditch Galium aparine x 1, Corylus Glume base x avellana shell 1017 1018 4 40 60 60 - * 1 * frag x 1 **/** - Area 2 Period 2 Pit 2087 2093 6 37 30 50 - - - * Stem x 1 */** - Period 2 Ring Gully Barley x 1, 2017 2018 1 40 60 50 * - indet. x 1 - - **/*** - Period 2 Ditch F-t wheat x 1, 2107 2108 5 39 30 35 * - indet. x 1 * Stem x 1 **/*** - Period 3 Ditches 2063 2064 2 36 25 30 - - - - - */** - Hulled wheat 2083 2084 3 38 20 50 * - x 1 - - */** -

Key: * = 1–4 items; ** = 5–19 items; *** = 20–49 items; ****= 50–99 items; ***** = >100 items

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7.2 There was no indication from the assemblages of any specific settlement activity taking place in the immediate vicinity of the features sampled or of any industrial activity happening. The charred remains were too sparse to provide clear evidence of the likely date of these features and did not assist with the dating of the site. The assemblages were too small to provide any more detailed information on the nature of the site, the range of crops and crop processing techniques or the exploitation and management of the local woodland resource. There was also no potential to compare these results with other assemblages of a similar date from sites in the area nor would the data augment the wider environmental picture for Essex to any large extent.

8. DISCUSSION

8.1 The results of the excavation have largely mirrored those of the earlier trial trench evaluation, which has proven highly accurate in predicting the density and dates of features within the site, though no evidence of Middle Bronze Age activity was detected during the excavation.

8.2 The earliest phase of activity probably dated to the Middle Iron Age and was associated with ditched enclosures identified towards the north of Area 2, though these yielded limited dating evidence and were mostly located beyond the areas of excavation. The second and major phase of occupation has been broadly dated to the Middle to Late Iron Age and included evidence of unenclosed domestic occupation and trackways, probably set within a much wider agricultural landscape. A final period of activity has been tentatively dated to the Late Iron Age, though dating evidence has again been somewhat limited and it is possible that the ditches assigned to this period in Area 2 could be later than has been suggested.

8.3 Since very little environmental material was recovered from the bulk samples taken across the site, the available evidence is limited in its usefulness in interpreting the site. However, it is suggested that the scattered charcoal and grain remains may be indicative of dispersed domestic waste material, lending support to the idea that the remnant ring gully may represent part of a small-scale domestic structure.

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

8.4 The combined results of the trial trenching and excavation suggest that the site was occupied predominantly during the Middle to Late Iron Age, with some limited evidence of earlier (Bronze Age) and later (Roman) activity. While the possible roundhouse gully suggests some level of settlement occupation, it is likely that the surrounding landscape was dominated by agricultural activity for much of the later prehistoric period, evidenced by the presence on this site and elsewhere of field systems and enclosures for agricultural land use.

8.5 There has been limited archaeological investigation of such sites within the immediate vicinity of the study site but cropmarks of features likely to be associated with prehistoric activity have been described in an earlier desk-based assessment (DBA) of the Lawford area (CAT 2010): Linear ditches are visible as cropmarks at Cox’s Hill, some 800m north of the site, and excavation for a gas pipeline in the area exposed a possible prehistoric pit (EHER 07392); excavations at Tye, Field, west of Lawford exposed a Neolithic enclosure (Shennan et al. 1985), but cropmarks in the same area may indicate later prehistoric activity (EHER 0003); at another site west of Lawford and c. 1.2km south west of the study site, cropmarks indicate part of a large, rectangular enclosure with other linear features and pits, which could be of later prehistoric date (EHER 2771); cropmarks west of Aldhams and little more than 400m south of the site (EHER 2723) indicate a number of ring ditches that were subsequently truncated by the Colchester to Manningtree Roman road, and two rectangular enclosures visible west of Mistley Hall to the east of Lawford (EHER 3225), have been compared with late 2nd- to 1st-century BC features at Little Waltham, near Chelmsford (Drury 1978).

8.6 The limited evidence for a Roman era presence within the area (only a single sherd of pottery from the excavation phase) may relate to the projected extension of a possible Roman road running between Colchester and Manningtree, located to the east of the site. There is no indication, however, that activity directly related to this possible roadway extended into the site itself. It is more likely that during this period the site area formed part of the mostly agricultural hinterland to the settlement at Manningtree.

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

9. CA PROJECT TEAM

9.1 Fieldwork was undertaken by Anna Moosbauer, assisted variously by Chloe Merrett, Rachel Jordan, Rachel Alexander, Mark Davies, and Izabela Jurkiewicz. The report was written by Anna Moosbauer. The pottery, CBM and miscellaneous finds reports were written by Ioannis Smyrnaios, and the plant microfossils and charcoal report by Sarah Wyles. The illustrations were prepared by Tom Brown, with edits by Dan Bashford. The archive has been compiled by Emily Evans and prepared for deposition by Hazel O’Neill. The fieldwork was managed for CA by Adrian Scruby.

10. STORAGE AND CURATION

10.1 The archive is currently held at the CA offices in Milton Keynes whilst post- excavation work proceeds. Upon completion of the project, and with the agreement of the legal landowners, the site archive and artefactual collection will be deposited with Colchester and Ipswich Museum, which has agreed in principle to accept the complete archive upon completion of the project. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix F, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

11. REFERENCES

ASE (Archaeology South-East) 2017 Archaeological Evaluation: Land at Bromley Road, Lawford, Tendring, Essex ASE report no.: 2017484

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2014 Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 12 July 2018

CgMs (CgMs Heritage) 2018 Land East of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Written Scheme of Investigation for a Programme of Archaeological Mitigation

CAT (Colchester Archaeological Trust) 2010 A preliminary desk-based assessment of the archaeological remains in and around Lawford Growth Areas North and South, Tendring, Essex CAT report no.: 574

Drury, P. J. 1978 Excavations at Little Waltham 1970-71, CBA Research Report No. 26

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Shennan, S. J., Healy, F. and Smith, I. F. 1985 ‘The Excavation of a Ring-Ditch at Tye Field, Lawford, Essex’, Archaeological Journal 142, 150-215

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

AREA 1

Context Context Fill of Context Feature Spot Number Type Description Label Date 1000 layer Topsoil 1001 layer Subsoil 1002 layer Natural 1003 cut NW/SE aligned gully. Moderate sides, flat base. 1004 fill 1003 Primary fill of gully 1005 cut Part of gully 1003 1006 fill 1005 Same as 1004 1007 cut Part of gully 1003 1008 fill 1007 Same as 1004 1009 cut Part of ditch 1017. NW terminus. 1010 fill 1009 Same as 1018 1011 cut Rooting 1012 fill 1011 Fill of rooting 1013 cut Bioturbation 1014 fill 1013 Fill of bioturbation 1015 cut Part of ditch 1023. SE terminus. 1016 fill 1015 Fill of ditch terminus M/LIA 1017 cut NW/SE aligned ditch. Steep sides, base flat and irregular in parts. 1018 fill 1017 Fill of ditch 1019 cut Part of ditch 1017 1020 fill 1019 Same as 1010 1021 cut Irregular pit 1022 fill 1021 Fill of pit 1023 cut NW/SE aligned ditch. Steep sides, flat base. 1024 fill 1023 Same as 1016 IA? 1025 cut Part of gully 1003 1026 fill 1025 Fill of gully

AREA 2

Context Context Fill of Context Feature Spot Number Type Description Label Date 2000 layer Topsoil 2001 layer Subsoil 2002 layer Natural 2003 cut NE/SW aligned ditch. Steep sides, flat base. 2004 fill 2003 Fill of ditch M/LIA 2005 cut Posthole 2006 fill 2005 Fill of posthole 2007 cut Posthole 2008 fill 2007 Fill of posthole 2009 cut Tree throw 2010 fill 2009 Fill of tree throw 2011 cut NE/SW aligned ditch. Steep sides, flat base. 2012 fill 2011 Fill of ditch 2013 cut Penannular ditch. Terminus. 2014 fill 2013 Fill of ditch E/MIA 2015 cut Part of ditch 2013 2016 fill 2015 Same as 2014 2017 cut Part of ditch 2013 2018 fill 2017 Same as 2014 2019 cut Part of ditch 2013. Terminus. 2020 fill 2019 Same as 2014 M/LIA

20 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Context Context Fill of Context Feature Spot Number Type Description Label Date 2021 cut NE/SW aligned curvilinear ditch. Steep sides, base flat but irregular in parts 2022 fill 2021 Fill of ditch 2023 cut Part of ditch 2021 2024 fill 2023 Same as 2022 2025 cut Part of ditch 2075 2026 fill 2025 Same as 2076 2027 cut Part of ditch 2045 2028 fill 2027 Fill of ditch 2029 cut Part of ditch 2021. Terminus. 2030 fill 2029 Same as 2022 2031 cut Oval pit. Steep sides, flat base. 2032 fill 2031 Fill of pit. 2033 cut SW/NE aligned ditch. Moderate sides, flat base 2034 fill 2033 Fill of ditch. 2035 cut NW/SE aligned ditch. 2036 fill 2035 Fill of ditch. 2037 cut Part of ditch 2035 2038 fill 2037 Same as 2036 2039 cut Bioturbation. Moderate sides, uneven base. 2040 fill 2039 Fill of bioturbation 2041 cut Oval pit. Steep sides, flat base. 2042 fill 2041 Fill of pit 2043 cut E/W aligned ditch. 2044 fill 2043 Fill of ditch. 2045 cut NW/SE aligned ditch. Steep sides, flat base. 2046 fill 2045 Fill of ditch 2047 cut Part of ditch 2055. NE terminus. 2048 fill 2047 Same as 2056 2049 cut Part of ditch 2055. 2050 fill 2049 Same as 2056. 2051 cut Part of ditch 2003 2052 fill 2051 Same as 2004 M/LIA 2053 cut Tree throw 2054 fill 2053 Fill of tree throw 2055 cut NE/SW aligned ditch. Moderate sides, flat base. 2056 fill 2055 Fill of ditch 2057 cut Circular pit. Moderate sides, concave base. 2058 fill 2057 Fill of circular pit. 2059 cut Part of ditch 2055 2060 fill 2059 Same as 2056 2061 cut Rooting 2062 fill 2061 Fill of rooting. 2063 cut Part of ditch 2045 2064 fill 2063 Fill of ditch 2065 cut Same as ditch 2013 2066 fill 2065 Same as 2014 2067 cut Posthole 2068 fill 2067 Fill of posthole 2069 cut Posthole 2070 fill 2069 Fill of posthole 2071 cut Posthole 2072 fill 2071 Fill of posthole 2073 cut Circular pit 2074 fill 2073 Fill of pit 2075 cut NW/SE aligned ditch. Steep sides, flat base. 2076 fill 2075 Fill of ditch. 2077 cut Part of ditch 2045 2078 fill 2077 Same as 2064 2079 cut Oblong pit. Steep sides, flat base 2080 fill 2079 Fill of pit 2081 cut Part of ditch 2075

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Context Context Fill of Context Feature Spot Number Type Description Label Date 2082 fill 2081 Same as 2076 2083 cut Part of ditch 2075 2084 fill 2083 Same as 2076 2085 cut Part of ditch 2075 2086 fill 2085 Same as 2076 2087 cut Circular pit. Steep sides, flat base. 2088 fill 2087 Primary fill of pit 2089 fill 2087 Fill of pit 2090 cut Part of ditch 2075 2091 fill 2090 Same as 2076 M/LIA 2092 fill 2087 Fill of pit 2093 fill 2087 Upper final fill of pit LBA+ 2094 cut Part of ditch 2045 2095 fill 2094 Same as 2064 2096 cut Bioturbation 2097 fill 2096 Fill of bioturbation 2098 fill 2096 Fill of bioturbation 2099 cut Part of ditch 2045 2100 fill 2099 Same as 2064 2101 cut Posthole 2102 fill 2101 Fill of posthole 2103 cut Posthole 2104 fill 2103 Fill of posthole 2105 cut Tree throw. Steep sides, concave base 2106 fill 2105 Fill of tree throw 2107 cut NE/SW aligned trackway. Moderate sides, concave base. 2108 fill 2107 Fill of trackway. M/LIA 2109 cut Part of trackway 2107 2110 fill 2109 Same as 2108 LIA? 2111 cut Part of ditch 2075 2112 fill 2111 Same as 2076 2113 cut Part of ditch 2021 2114 fill Same as 2022

22 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX B: POTTERY

By Ioannis Smyrnaios

The excavation produced a total of 33 sherds weighing 432g. The pottery derived from 13 contexts and is summarised by chronological period in Table 1. Almost 85% of the pottery by sherd count dates to the later prehistoric period, although most of it consists of small fragments below 5g per sherd, per context. The condition of the prehistoric pottery ranges from poor to fair. The Roman and post-Roman material comes in larger and more diagnostic fragments compared to the prehistoric pottery; however, some post-medieval sherds are highly abraded due to deposition and their surfaces do not always survive.

The assemblage has been fully recorded following the guidelines set by Historic England for prehistoric, Roman and medieval pottery (Barclay et al. 2016).The pottery was directly recorded on an Access Database at detailed level. The recording includes: context information, including feature type and description; broader chronological period; fabric groups and fabric category; generic and specific vessel form; manufacture method (wheel-made, wheel-finished, industrial); decoration and surface modifications; sherd type; sherd count; sherd weight in grams, mean weight per sherd, per context; mean sherd thickness; estimated number of vessels (ENVs); estimated vessel equivalents (EVEs); rim diameter in mm when available; sherd condition, cross-fitting; suggested illustration if applicable; general comments; suggested fabric date; suggested pottery date when identification is possible; and finally, residues information (soot, burnt food residues, lime of other) when available.

Prehistoric fabrics were recorded according to simplified abbreviations of the Guidelines for Analysis and Publication of the Prehistoric Ceramic Research Group (2010). Roman pottery fabrics were recorded according to the Suffolk/Essex fabric series (unpublished) and previous publications on Essex assemblages (Going 1987). Post-Roman fabrics were recorded according to the Suffolk/Essex series (unpublished) and previous work in East Anglia by Anderson (2004a; 2004b). A quantification of the pottery by fabrics and chronological periods is presented in Table 2.

Minimum numbers of vessels (ENVs) were estimated according to rim or base sherds, distinct fabrics per context or sherds with distinct decoration. It should be noted that ENVs are only estimates; therefore, for a better quantification of the material, estimated vessel equivalents (EVEs) were introduced alongside with minimum numbers of estimated vessels (ENVs). EVEs were calculated based on rim sherds, and as prehistoric pottery tends to be handmade and deformed, calculations were only included when the rim diameter of a sherd could be established.

Late Prehistoric pottery Late prehistoric pottery consists of 28 sherds weighing 188g. The pottery derived from ten contexts, which are summarised by feature types in Table 3. In general, most of the late prehistoric fragments are non-diagnostic; they consist of small pieces preserved in poor condition; therefore, their dates, which have been based solely on fabric, need to be treated with caution. According to the information on Table 3, the majority of the late prehistoric pottery derived from ditch fills.

With exception of two small fragments of insignificant weight deriving from ditch fill 1024, which are made from a coarse flint-tempered fabric (F1) and could date to the broader Iron Age (IA?), the rest of the pottery dates firmly in the period between the Late Bronze Age and Late Iron Age. Unlike the pottery from the evaluation of the site,

23 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

which included fragments of impressed pottery of the Middle Bronze Age Deverel-Rimbury tradition (Doherty 2016, 33), earlier prehistoric sherds were recorded during the present excavation.

The earliest fabric in the present assemblage is quartzite-tempered (fabric group QZ) and is likely to represent Late Bronze Age or even later potting traditions. The rest of the fabric groups are consistent with the dates noted by Doherty (2016, 34) for the Iron Age assemblage from the evaluation of the site. Fabric F2, which was recorded on a single sherd from ditch fill 2014, could date to the Early/Middle Iron Age; however, the rest of the pottery fabrics represent Middle/Late Iron fabrication. A shell and grog-tempered fabric (SHG) recorded in four fragments from trackway ditch fill 2110 is likely to be a Late Iron Age variant of the typical LIA-early Roman fabric GROG, which is described in the following section on Roman pottery.

Middle and Late Iron Age dates are also confirmed by the presence of two distinct jar sherds from ditch terminus 1015 and ditch 2090. The former is an ‘angular’ shoulder fragment, deriving from a typical Middle Iron Age slack- shouldered jar. Such typologies, most likely Forms A or E, have been previously recorded across various East Anglian sites (Brudenell 2012). The later fragment is a rim from a wide-mouthed jar, made in a micaceous fabric tempered with fine organic matter and sparse flint (VMF). Although this specific rim is highly abraded, it has close parallels to ‘Belgic’ jars from Essex and Kent belonging to Thompson’s (1982) Category C.

Roman pottery Roman pottery consists of a single grog-tempered rim weighing 216g, which derived from ditch fill 2004. The same fill produced a combination of Middle to Late Iron Age fabrics. The rim fragment is made from a typical early Roman fabric, which matches the characteristic ‘native’ Fabric B1 with abundant carbonaceous inclusions previously recorded in large quantities at Ardleigh, Essex (Going and Belton 1999, 126). The rim comes from a large storage jar, 230mm in diameter (0.13 EVE), which matches typical early Roman examples from Ardleigh and other Essex sites (e.g. in Going and Belton 1999, fig.88, no.20, 133).

Medieval A single base fragment weighing 8g derived from topsoil layer 2000. The sherd is oxidised with a grey core and comes from an East Anglian medieval coarse ware (MCW), which matches fabric MCW6 of the Suffolk/Essex fabric series (unpublished). It belongs to a wheel-finished vessel with ring-footed base and dates to the 13th-14th century AD.

Post medieval The site produced three fragments of post-medieval pottery weighing 20g, which derived from a ditch fill and two unstratified deposits. More specifically, ditch fill 1010 produced a rim fragment (0.02 EVE) from a refined white earthenware (RWE) in poor condition, with worn surfaces, weighing 3g. The original vessel was probably a jar or jug, 140mm in rim diameter, dating sometime after the 18th century AD.

Topsoil layer 2000 produced a small and worn rim fragment from a transfer printed ware (TPW) weighing 3g, coming most likely from a medium-sized plate, 160mm in rim diameter (0.03 EVE). The plate carries blue transfer decoration of geometric and oriental motifs, including the inscription ‘CHINA’; based on the fabric and style of the plate, the sherd dates between AD 1750 and 1900.

24 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Subsoil layer 2001 produced a heavily abraded fragment from a glazed stoneware (GSW) weighing 14g. The original vessel was covered with brown salt glaze, which is now almost gone. The sherd dates between the 14th and 16th centuries AD, and is most likely contemporary with some pieces of CBM recovered from the topsoil.

Dating/Stratigraphy The area to the North of the site produced limited pottery deriving from two ditches. Ditch 1009 produced a fragment from a refined white earthenware (RWE), dating after the 18th century AD. Ditch terminus 1015 in the same are produced fragments of M/LIA pottery, including a shoulder fragment from a typical Middle Iron Age slack-shouldered jar. Ditch 1023, which belongs to the same feature as ditch terminus 1015, produced tiny fragments of broadly Iron Age date. During the evaluation of the site, the subsoil of Trench 4, which was located in the same area, produced a fragment with nailmark decoration, deriving from a Middle Bronze Age pot of the Deverel-Rimbury tradition. Some thick flint-tempered sherds coming from two ditch fills from the same trench were dated as contemporary with the Deverel-Rimbury fragment; however, such sherds were tiny and abraded; therefore their date could not be properly established (Doherty 2017, 34).

From the excavated area at the south of the site, topsoil layer 2000 and subsoil layer 2001 produced fragments of medieval and post-medieval date. More specifically, the topsoil layer produced a plate fragment from a transfer printed ware (TPW) dating between AD 1750 and 1900 and a base fragment from a medieval coarse ware (MCW) of 13th-14th century date; the subsoil layer produced a fragment from a glazed stoneware (GSW) of 16th- 18th century date. Such fragments represent fairly recent activities in the area and are contemporary with CBM fragments deriving from the same topsoil and subsoil deposits. The only medieval pottery noted during the evaluation of the site was from Trenches 23 and 24 further to the East of the presently excavated area. Such fragments were again medieval coarse wares of 13th-14th century date (Walker 2017, 35).

The excavated area at the south of the plot included a series of ditches, most of which dating to the Middle/Late Iron Age. Ditch 2003 produced fragments of such date and a rim from an early Roman storage jar, which provides a terminus ante quem for the feature. Ditch 2051, which is the continuation of the same feature, produced a small fragment of Middle/Late Iron Age date. Ditch 2013, which is aligned with the crescent-shaped ditch 2015/2017/2019, produced a small late prehistoric fragment, which is tempered with coarse flint and is likely to be Early/Middle Iron Age. A substantial quantity of six sherds from ditch 2019 dates to the Middle/Late Iron Age. During the evaluation of the site, Trenches 15, 18 and 32 from the same area produced sherds that dated to the Early and Middle Iron Age, and the Roman period (Doherty 2017, 34). Such dates comply with material recovered from the presently excavated features.

Ditch 2090 produced a rim fragment of clearly Late Iron Age date, matching previous ‘Belgic’ examples from Essex and Kent recorded by Thompson (1982). This fragment represents late 1st century BC ceramic traditions and is likely to be contemporary with the storage jar rim from Ditch 2003.

Two isolated features produced mixed ceramic material. Pit 2087 produced few earlier sherds from a pot that could date to the Late Bronze Age or even later, mixed with a tiny fragment of Middle/Late Iron Age date. Finally, trackway 2107/2109 to the North edge of the same area produced small fragments of Middle to Late Iron Age date.

25 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

References

Anderson, S., 2004a A Medieval Moated Site at Cedars Field, Stowmarket, Suffolk E. Anglian Archaeol. Occ. Pap. 15, Suffolk County Council.

Anderson, S., 2004b ‘The Pottery’, in Wallis, H. (ed.) Excavations at Mill Lane, Thetford, E. Anglian Archaeol. 108, 67-86

ASE (Archaeology South-East) 2017 Archaeological Evaluation: Land at Bromley Road, Lawford, Tendring, Essex ASE report no.2017484

Barclay, A., Knight, D., Booth, P., Evans, J., Brown, D.H. and Wood, I. 2016 A Standard for Pottery Studies in Archaeology, Historic England

Brown, N.R. (ed.) 1999 The Archaeology of Ardleigh, Essex: Excavations 1955-1980, E. Anglian Archaeol. 90, Heritage Conservation, Essex County Council

Brudenell, M. 2012 Pots, Practice and Society: An Investigation of Pattern and Variability in The Post-Deverel Rimbury Ceramic Tradition in East Anglia, PhD Thesis, University of York.

Doherty, A. 2017 ‘The prehistoric and Roman pottery’ in ASE 2017, 33-4

Going, C.J. 1987 The Mansio and Other Sites in the South-Eastern Sector of Caesaromagus: the Roman Pottery, Counc. Brit. Archaeol. Res. Rep. 62, Colchester Archaeological Trust

Going, C.J. and Belton, J., 1999 ‘Roman Pottery, in Brown 1999, 125-61

Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group 2010 The study of Prehistoric Pottery: General Policies and Guidelines for Analysis and Publication, Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group Occasional Papers 1 & 2, 3rd edition

Thompson, I., 1982 Grog-Tempeted ‘Belgic’ Pottery of South-Eastern England, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. 108, Oxford

Walker, K. 2017 ‘The post-Roman pottery’ in ASE 2017, 34-6

Table 1: Quantification of pottery by period

Category Count Count % Weight (g) Weight % Late prehistoric 28 84.8 188 43.5 Roman 1 3.0 216 50.0 medieval 1 3.0 8 1.9 post-medieval 3 9.1 20 4.6 Total 33 100.0 432 100.0

26 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Table 2: Quantification of pottery by fabrics and chronological groups

Fabric Fabric Weight Period group Fabric Fabric description date Count (g)

Common coarse crushed quartzite in Quartzite a coarse and loose sandy matrix with LBA or LP (QZ) QZV moderate organic tempers later 2 39

Common large to medium-sized angular flint in a dense medium silty LP Flint (F) F1 matrix IA? 2 1

Moderate medium and small-sized LP Flint (F) F2 flint in a medium sandy matrix E/MIA 1 5

Common quartz of various sizes in a LP Quartz (Q) QM dense micaceous matrix M/LIA 1 8

Moderate mixture of fine rounded quartz and organic tempers in a dense Organic sandy matrix with rare fine to medium LP (VE) QVF sub-rounded flint M/LIA 13 108

Abundant to common organic tempers Organic of various sizes in a dense sandy LP (VE) VMF matrix with sparse medium flint M/LIA 5 14

Moderate fine shell and grog in a LP Shell (SH) SHG dense silty matrix LIA? 4 13 Subtotal 28 188

ROM GROG Grog-tempered ware e.Roman 1 216 Subtotal 1 216

13th- MED MCW Medieval coarse ware 14th c. 1 8 Subtotal 1 8

14th- PMED GSW Glazed stoneware 16th c. 1 14

1750- PMED TPW transfer printed ware 1900 1 3 PMED RWE Refine white earthenware 18th c. + 1 3 Subtotal 3 20

Totals 33 432

27 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Table 3: Distribution of prehistoric pottery by feature types

Fabric Fabric Weight Feature type Feature(s) Context(s) groups Fabrics dates Count (g) Ditch terminus 1015 1016 Q, VE QM, QVF M/LIA 2 11 1024, 2004, 1023, 2003, 2014, 2013, 2019, 2020, F1, VMF, IA?, E/MIA, Ditch 2051, 2090 2052, 2091 FL, VE QVF, F2 M/LIA, LIA 18 119

LBA or later, Pit 2087 2093 QZ, VE QZV, QVF M/LIA 3 42

Trackway 2107, 2100 2108, 2110 VE, SH QVF, SHG M/LIA, LIA? 5 16

28 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX C: CERAMIC BUILDING MATERIAL AND FIRED CLAY

By Ioannis Smyrnaios

The site produced 15 pieces of CBM weighing 383g. The material derived from three contexts, all of which unstratified topsoil and subsoil deposits. All CBM is in relatively good condition as it consists of large and hard- fired fragments. The surface of a glazed floor tile is worn and only segments of glaze survive.

CBM was recorded directly on an Access database and the catalogue records context information, including feature type and description; form; fabric; colour; chronological period; count, weight in grams; metrical information such as length, width, height and flange thickness in mm; presence of distinct features such as peg holes, mortar and glaze; and finally, a comments section with information of the condition of the CBM and its date. The fabric and type codes follow the typologies of the Suffolk/Essex series (unpublished) and the identification of the fragments has been based on Drury (1993). The CBM is entirely post-Roman and comes from three broader periods, which are discussed further below.

The quantification of the CBM by fabric and type in Table 1 shows that most of the fragments come from roof tiles (RT) and late bricks (LB). The assemblage also includes two pieces of glazed floor tiles (FT). The prevailing fabric for floor and roof tiles is medium sandy (ms), often with coarser inclusions such as chalk and ferrous particles. By contrast, the fabrics for glazed floor tiles are fine and sandy (fs).

Late medieval A single piece of glazed floor tile (FT) weighing 51g was recovered from topsoil layer 2000. The fragment is relatively thick and most of the glaze has fallen off. The fragment is 22mm in height and probably dates to the 14th-15th century AD.

Late medieval to post-medieval A single piece of glazed floor tile (FT) weighing 51g was recovered from topsoil layer 2000. The fragment is relatively thin (11mm in height) and its glaze survives in good condition. The fragment is likely to date to the 14th- 15th century AD as the other late medieval glazed tile recovered from the same layer; however, the finer fabric and thinner shape of the fragment is likely to suggest a transitional date.

Topsoil layer 2000 produced another fragment of sandy roof tile weighing a gram, which is also likely to be of transitional date. The fabric of the roof tile is typically post-medieval; however, its firing technique, which left a darker grey core, is more common in late medieval tile production.

Post medieval Post-medieval CBM numbers 12 fragments weighing 326g. The material derived from three contexts. Topsoil layer 2000 and subsoil layers 1001 and 2001 produced a total of 10 roof tiles weighing 108g. One of these fragments from topsoil layer 2000 is of triangular shape and could also be part of some roof support material or even roof furniture. Unlike all other pieces, which are made from medium sandy fabrics (ms), this specific piece is made from a coarse sandy and ferrous fabric.

29 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

Additionally, subsoil layer 2001 produced two fragments from late bricks weighing 218g. One of the pieces, which is recorded as possible late brick (LB?), preserves segments from two flat black surfaces, though not intentionally smoothed. In general, such bricks date sometime between the 16th and 18th centuries AD.

Discussion The material from the excavation of the site derived from topsoil and subsoil deposits. It associates with limited late medieval and transitional forms, while the majority of the CBM comes from post-medieval roof tiles. The evaluation of the site produced a mixture of Roman forms, such as tegulae, and post-medieval CBM forms (Benedetti-Whitton 2017, 35-6). Unfortunately, most of the forms recovered during the evaluation were in poor condition and identification was not always possible. During the present excavation of the two areas, no Roman forms were recovered.

References ASE (Archaeology South-East) 2017 Archaeological Evaluation: Land at Bromley Road, Lawford, Tendring, Essex ASE report no.2017484

Benedetti-Whitton, I. 2017 ‘The Ceramic Building Material’ in ASE 2017, 35-6

Drury, P., 1993 ‘Ceramic Building Material’ in Margeson 1993, 163-8.

Margeson, S., 1993 Norwich Households, E. Anglian Archaeol. 58, Norwich Survey

Table 1: Quantification of CBM by type and fabric

Form Fabric Fabric description Count Weight FT (glazed) fsm fine sandy, micaceous 1 51 fs fine sandy 1 5 Subtotal 2 56

LB & LB? msc medium sandy with chalk 1 48 msfe medium sandy, ferrous 1 170 Subtotal 2 218

RT & RT? ms medium sandy 10 76 csfe coarse sandy, ferrous 1 33 Subtotal 11 109

Totals 15 383

30 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX D: MISCELLANEOUS FINDS

By Ioannis Smyrnaios

Struck flint Topsoil layer 2000 produced two flakes of struck flint weighing 13g in total. The first flake preserves 50% of the original cortex and its lower edge is broken. It has been struck from a dark brown flint and carries no patination. Its bulb of percussion and bulbar scar suggest knapping with hard hammer, which is most commonly encountered in later prehistoric production. The second flake is from moderately patinated grey flint and preserves 15% cortex. It is broken on both edges; it shows splintering marks and edge damage, and cannot be clearly dated.

Clay pipe Topsoil layer 2000 produced three stem fragments from three different clay pipes weighing 2g in total. The thickness of the stems (4, 6 and 7mm respectively) and their bore diameter, which is below 3mm for all three examples, suggest that these clay pipes represent types of 18th century date.

Glass Topsoil layer 2000 produced a small fragment of translucent post-medieval window glass weighing 3g. The fragment comes from the edge of a window glass 3mm in thickness. Subsoil layer 2001 produced a thick fragment (8mm) of dark blue bottle glass weighing 12g. The date of both fragments is relatively recent.

Slag Ditch fill 2022 produced a small fragment of slag weighing 93g. The piece is moderately magnetic and has two flat surfaces, one of which is semi-circular. It probably comes from the interior of a crucible and is the product of smelting activity.

Iron Topsoil layer 2000 produced an encrusted nail or screw in poor condition, weighing 17g. The object is heavily encrusted at one edge and it is unclear if it preserves part of the head. It is 53mm in length and 10mm in diameter on the less-encrusted edge. The less-encrusted edge preserves part of a possible spiralling, which is likely to suggest that the object is a screw. It is most likely of relatively recent date.

31 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX E: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE

By Sarah F. Wyles

A series of six bulk soil samples (230 litres of soil) were processed from a range of features from areas 1 and 2 with the intention of recovering environmental evidence of domestic or industrial activity on the site. The samples were taken from undated ditch 1017 in area 1 and in area 2 from late prehistoric pit 2087, ring ditch 2017 and ditch 2107 and undated ditches 2063 and 2083. It was also hoped that the environmental remains might provide some information on the likely date of these features.

The samples were processed following standard flotation methods, using a 250µm sieve for the recovery of the flot and a 1mm sieve for the collection of the residue. The samples were examined under a x 10-40 stereo- binocular Leica M50 microscope and preliminary identifications of plant macrofossils are noted in Table 1, following nomenclature of Stace (1997) for wild plants, and traditional nomenclature, as provided by Zohary et al (2012) for cereals. The flots were generally small with 30-60 % rooty material and modern seeds. The charred material comprised varying levels of preservation.

Area 1 The small charred assemblage recovered from Period 2 ditch 1017 (sample 4) included a glume base of hulled wheat (emmer or spelt (Triticum dicoccum/spelta)), a seed of cleavers (Galium aparine), a fragment of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) shell and a few charcoal fragments greater than 2mm. This assemblage may be indicative of dispersed settlement waste material.

Area 2 Period 2 A few charred plant remains and low to moderately low numbers of charcoal fragments were recorded from pit 2087 (sample 6), ring ditch 2017 (sample 1) and ditch 2107 (sample 5). The remains included a barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain, a free-threshing wheat (Triticum turgidum/aestivum type) grain, a few indeterminate grain fragments, a small number of monocotyledon stem fragments and round/twig wood fragments. Free-threshing wheat became the predominant wheat in this part of Britain from the post Roman period (Greig 1991) and is likely to be intrusive within this assemblage from ditch 2107. These assemblages may be reflective of scattered domestic settlement material.

Period 3 Ditches 2063 (sample 2) and 2083 (sample 3) produced small assemblages which contained a grain of hulled wheat and a few charcoal fragments. Again these assemblages may be representative of dispersed domestic waste material.

Potential and Recommendations There is no indication from the assemblages of any specific settlement activity taking place in the immediate vicinity of these features or of any industrial activity happening. The charred remains are too sparse to provide clear evidence of the likely date of these features and do not assist with the dating of the site.

The assemblages are too small to provide any more detailed information on the nature of the site, the range of crops and crop processing techniques or the exploitation and management of the local woodland resource. There

32 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

is also no potential to compare these results with other assemblages of a similar date from sites in the area nor would the data augment the wider environmental picture for Essex to any large extent.

There is nothing suitable for radiocarbon dating due to the small quantity of material recovered and the degree of potential contamination within these assemblages.

No further work is proposed on these samples.

References

Greig, J. 1991 ‘The British Isles’ in van Zeist, W., Wasylikowa, K. and Behre, K-E. (eds), 229-334

Stace, C. 1997. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press van Zeist, W., Wasylikowa,K. and Behre, K-E. (eds) 1991 Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany, Rotterdam, Balkema

Zohary, D., Hopf, M. and Weiss, E. 2012 Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley, 4th edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press

Table 1: Sample data Flot Vol size Roots Cereal Charred Charcoal > Feature Context Sample (L) (ml) % Grain Chaff Notes Other Notes for Table 4/2mm Other Area 1 Period 2 Ditch Galium aparine x 1, Corylus Glume avellana shell 1017 1018 4 40 60 60 - * base x 1 * frag x 1 **/** - Area 2 Period 2 Pit 2087 2093 6 37 30 50 - - - * Stem x 1 */** - Period 2 Ring Gully Barley x 1, indet. x 2017 2018 1 40 60 50 * - 1 - - **/*** - Period 2 Ditch F-t wheat x 1, indet. 2107 2108 5 39 30 35 * - x 1 * Stem x 1 **/*** - Period 3 Ditches 2063 2064 2 36 25 30 - - - - - */** - Hulled 2083 2084 3 38 20 50 * - wheat x 1 - - */** -

Key: * = 1–4 items; ** = 5–19 items; *** = 20–49 items; ****= 50–99 items; ***** = >100 items

33 © Cotswold Archaeology Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation

APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex Short description An archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in June and July 2018 on land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex. Two excavation areas had been identified based on the results of previous fieldwork; Area 1 targeted possible Bronze Age activity identified in the north-east corner of the northern field; with Area 2 focussing on Iron Age features identified within the south-west corner of the southern field of the site. The excavation identified an initial phase of occupation, probably in the Middle Iron Age, of agricultural activity within enclosures in Area 2 and extending to the north. The second and main phase of activity broadly dated to the Middle to Late Iron Age, and included a possible roundhouse, as evidenced by a ring gully, along with associated features in Area 2 and trackways defined by parallel ditch alignments in both areas. A third and final phase of activity, probably dating to the Late Iron Age, was represented by two extensive ditches in Area 2, though the exact function of these was unclear. Dateable finds mostly comprised pottery of a broadly Middle to Late Iron Age date, though occasional sherds of Late Bronze Age, Roman and later date were also recovered, along with medieval and post-medieval brick and tile. Small assemblages of plant macrofossils and charcoal remains recovered from ditches in both excavation areas provided only limited insight into the nature of occupation within the site, but may be representative of scattered domestic waste material. Project dates 11 June – 6 July 2018 Project type excavation Previous work Field evaluation (ASE 2017) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex Study area (M2/ha) 7.4ha Site co-ordinates 609524 230715 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Essex County Council Project Design (WSI) originator CgMs Heritage Project Manager Adrian Scruby Project Supervisor Anna Moosbauer MONUMENT TYPE Ditch, Iron Age Pit, Iron Age Ring gully, Iron Age SIGNIFICANT FINDS Pottery, Iron Age PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (e.g. pottery, (museum/Accession no.) animal bone etc) Physical Colchester and Ipswich Museum/ Ceramics, animal bone, COLEM: 2018.59 metal Paper Colchester and Ipswich Museum/ Context sheets, COLEM: 2018.59 drawings, registers, sample sheets Digital Colchester and Ipswich Museum/ Digital photos, survey COLEM: 2018.59 data BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2018 Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex: Archaeological Excavation. CA typescript report 18375

34 609000 611000

232000

230000

N Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 SUFFOLK w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE ESSEX Site location plan 0 1km THURROCK DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. London © Crown copyright and database rights 2018 CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA Ordnance Survey 0100031673 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1 609480 609500 N

gully J 1007

J AREA 1

Site boundary Excavation area

ditch 1023 Evaluation trench (Archaeology South-East, 2017)

I Period 2: Middle-Late Iron Age (excavated/unexcavated) gully I 1003 Truncation by evaluation trench

230880 M Bioturbation B B Section location 609400 609600 609800 M Y M E A D W A pit 1021 A137 231000 B1352 M E A D W A Y L O N G R O A D

D

A Fig. 2 O ditch R 1017 AREA 1

230800 MILTON

0 5m

© Crown copyright and database rights 2018 Ordnance Survey 0100031673 Fig. 3 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE 230600 AREA 2 Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex B R O M L E D E Y A D LANE 230860 FIGURE TITLE Area 1 phased plan with excavation

R areas inset

O

A

D DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. 0 200m CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 1:150 & 4000 2 P:\661128 Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex EX\Illustration\Drafts\661128 Road Fig 2 & 3 revised.dwg 609500 609550 609600 N

ditch 2043

ditch ditch 2025 2011 A ditch K P 2109 pit P 2031 A ditch K 2023 B

H pit B 2041 Site boundary H O G O Excavation area ditch 2035 ditch Evaluation trench G 2047 (Archaeology South-East, 2017) posthole 2057 Period 1: Middle Iron Age (excavated/unexcavated)

Period 2: Middle-Late Iron Age 230650 (excavated/unexcavated) posthole 2103 Period 3: Late Iron Age AREA 2 posthole (excavated/unexcavated) 2101 Truncation by evaluation trench Bioturbation gully L 2017 ditch B B ditch 2085 Section location D L 2063/2027 gully D 2017 pit 2087

gully C 2019 E C posthole E 2007

F F N N posthole posthole posthole 2067 2005 2071

posthole 0 20m pit 2069 2073 © Crown copyright and database rights 2018 Ordnance Survey 0100031673

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Exeter 01392 826185 230600 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE Area 2 phased plan

DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 1:400 3 P:\661128 Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex EX\Illustration\Drafts\661128 Road Fig 2 & 3 revised.dwg Area 1, looking south-east

Area 2, looking west (1m scales)

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE Area 1 and Area 2 site photographs

DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 21.01.2019 APPROVED BY PB SCALE@A4 NA 4 Section AA

NW SE 34.3m AOD 2024

ditch 2023

011:20 m

Ditch 2023, looking north-east (1m scale)

Section BB

SENW SW NE 34.4m AOD 2048

ditch 2047

011:20 m

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] Ditch terminus 2047, looking south-west (0.2m scale) PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE Period 1, Middle Iron Age ditch 2023/2047: sections and photographs

DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 NA 5 Ring gully 2017, looking south-west (0.4m scale) Ring gully terminus 2013, looking north-west (1m scale) Ring gully terminus 2019, looking north-west (0.5m scale)

Section CC Section DD Section EE

SE NW SW NE SW NE 34.3m 34.4m 34.4m AOD AOD AOD 2020 2018 2014 gully gully 2017 2019 gully 2013

011:20 m 011:20 m 011:20 m

Section FF

SW NE 34.4m AOD

2006 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 posthole Archaeology 2005 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE 011:20 m Area 2 ring gully and posthole: sections and photographs

DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. Posthole 2005, looking north-west (0.3m scale) CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 NA 6 Possible trackway ditch 2011, looking north-east (1m scale) Possible trackway ditch 2109, looking south-west (0.5m scale) Gully 1003, looking north-west (0.3m scale

Section GG Section HH Section II

NW SE SE NW SW NE 34.3m 34.4m 34.9m AOD AOD 2110 AOD 2012 1002 ditch 2109 ditch gully 2011 1003

011:20 m 011:20 m 011:20 m

Section JJ

SW NE 34.8m AOD 1024

ditch 1023 Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 011:20 m w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

FIGURE TITLE Possible trackway ditches, Areas 1 and 2: sections and photographs

DRAWN BY DJB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. Ditch 1023, looking north-west (1m scales) CHECKED BY DJB DATE 22.01.2019 APPROVED BY PB SCALE@A3 1:20 7 Section KK

SW NE 34.5m AOD

2032

pit 2031

011:20 m

Possible pit 2031, looking north-west (0.5m scale)

Section LL

SW NE 34.4m AOD

2089 2093

2092

2088

pit 2087

011:20 m Pit 2087, looking north-west (1m scale)

Section MM

SW NE 34.7m AOD

1022

Andover 01264 347630 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk pit e [email protected] 1021 PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex

1:20 FIGURE TITLE 01m Period 2, Middle to Late Iron Age pits: sections and photographs

DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. Pit 1021, looking north-west (1m scales) CHECKED BY DJB DATE 06.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 NA 8 Section NN

NE SW 34.1m AOD 2086

ditch 2085

011:20 m

Ditch 2085, looking south-east (0.3m scale)

Section OO

WE 34.3m AOD 2064

ditch 2063

011:20 m

Ditch 2063, looking north (0.5m scale)

Section PP

W ENW SE NE SW SE NW SW NE 00.0m

AOD Andover 01264 347630 2028 2026 Cirencester 01285 771022 Cotswold Exeter 01392 573970 Archaeology Milton Keynes 01908 564660 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] ditch ditch 2027 2025 PROJECT TITLE Phase 1, Land east of Bromley Road, Lawford, Essex 1:20 01m FIGURE TITLE Period 3, Late Iron Age ditches: sections and photographs

DRAWN BY TB PROJECT NO. 661128 FIGURE NO. Ditches 2025 and 2027, looking south-east (0.5m scales) CHECKED BY DJB DATE 05.12.18 APPROVED BY AS SCALE@A3 NA 9

35