Morphology in Assamese in Assamese Language : Specal Reference with Morphene Nita Mani Deka Phd Scholar, Department of Assamese, Gauhati University

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 8s, (2020), pp. 3857-3859

Morphology In Assamese In Assamese Language : Specal Reference With Morphene Nita Mani Deka Phd Scholar, Department Of Assamese, Gauhati University

Abstract The main components of morphology are morpheme. That is why the importance of morpheme always core issue in the study of language. Morpheme is a linguistic form; it is the minimal, meaningful unit of a word, which may constitute words or parts of words. We cannot break up a morpheme. If we try to break up a morpheme, then it loses their identity. Each word must contain at least one morpheme. Morphemes are recyclable are recyclable units, because, it can be used again and again to form many words. Key Words: Components, morphology, morpheme, language, word.

INTRODUCTION Language is the most important means of communication in human society. Human beings throughout the globe express their ideas, feelings emotions, thoughts etc. by means of a language either in spoken or in written form. Language is a specific form of speech. Language is one of the most important and characteristic forms of human behavior. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which human beings as members of a social group interact and communicate.1 it is a structured system of communication only for human being. Through language human being expresses their feelings. It is not only a means of expression but also a means of communication. Different linguistic scholars have given different meaning of language. such as according to M.Pie and E.Gaynor, “A system of communication by sound, i.e., through the organs of speech and hearing, among human using vocal. Symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meanings”.2 Brain T.Riley (2000) define language as “a system of vocal symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being to another.”3 Language is an important and inseparable part of human society. Assamese Language Assamese is one of the 22 major Indian language is entitled in the schedule VIII of the constitution of India. It is spoken as a mother language in the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam and also recognized as official language of Assam. It is used mainly in the state Assam in North-East Indian. However it is also used in some parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other North-East Indian states. Nagamese, an Assamese based creole is widely used in Nagaland and parts of Assam. Asssamese has derived its phonetic character set from Sanskrit. It is written using the Assamese script. Assamese is a rich language and it is written from left to right and top to bottom. However, it is spoken as a second language by a considerable number of speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages like Mising, Bodo, Karbi ect. Assamese language was born from Magadhi Prakrit. Linguistic scholars such as George Abraham Grierson, Suniti Kumar Chatterjee, Banikanta Kakati, Upendra Nath Goswami and Golok Chandra Goswami have all, accepting that the Assamese language had evolved from Magadhi. In Contrast, some scholars has opined against Assamese being rooted at Magadhi prakrta. Kaliram Medhi had the view that the Assamese language evolved from Magadhi and Saurasani Apabhramsa. Assamese must have evolved as a mixture of the eastern as well as the western group of languages.4 Bisweswar Hazarika and Dimbeswar Neog has opined that Assamese language is not originated from Magadhi prakrit, but from Kamrupi Prakrit. According to Debananda Bharali (1950), the origin of Assamese language is Kamrupi and Saumar prakrit.5 However, most of the scholars has accepted the view of originating Assamese language from Magadhi prakrit. The history of Assamese language may be broadly divided into three periods

1. Early Assamese (14th to 16th century) 2. Middle Assamese (17th to 19th century) 3. Modern Assamese (19th to modern times Morphology: Morphology is the important part of linguistic. The subject matter of morphology is very wide. The linguistic term ‘Morphology ‘was coined by August Schleichein 1859. Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words. According to oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary, “Morphology is the study of the morpheme of a language and how they are combined to make word.”6 E.A. Nida defined that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangement in forming words or part of words.7 According to the famous linguist Leonard Bloomfield “by the morphology of language, we mean the construction in which bound forms appear among the constituents. By definition the resultant forms are either bound forms or words never phrases. Accordingly we may say that morphology includes the construction of word or part of word.”8 According to C.F. Hokett, Morphology includes the stock of segmental morphemes, and the ways in which words are built out of them.”9 From the above definition, we can say that morphology is the study of the smallest grammatical units of language, and of their formation into words, and also including infection, derivation and composition. Morphology in the study of the ways and methods of grouping sounds into sound. Actually, morphology is the study of the patterns of words, how words are formed, simply, we can say morphology is the study of word structure. The main components of morphology are morpheme. That is why the important of morpheme always core issue in the study of language. Morpheme is a linguistic form; it is the minimal, meaningful unit of a word, which may constitute words or parts of words. We cannot break up a morpheme. If we try to break up a morpheme, then it loses their identity. Each word must contain at least one morpheme. Morphemes are recyclable are recyclable units, because, it can be used again and again to form many words. Morpheme is a new concept in linguistic. H.A. Gleason in ‘An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics’ defined “morphemes can be usually described as the smallest meaningful units, which may constitute words or parts of words”.10 Bloomfield clearly stated that “A linguistic form, which bears no partial phonetic semantic resemblance to any other form, is a simple form or morpheme”.11 According to E.A. Nida, “Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units, which may constitute words or parts of words.”12 From the above definition it is clearify that morphemes are the minimal meaningful unit. It can be used again and again to form many words. On the basis of structure Ronald W.Langacker has classified the morphemes into two categories- (a) Lexical morpheme. (b) Grammatical morpheme. From the perspective of application E.A. Nida.13 has diffided the morpheme into ten categories: (a) Bound Vs free morpheme (b) Root Vs non-roots (c) Roots Vs Stems (d) Nuclei Vs peripheral (e) Nuclei Vs peripheral (f) Same order Vs Different orders (g) Mutually exclusive (h) Mutually obligatory (i) Obligatory Vs Nonobligatory (j) Closing Vs non-closing Morpheme in Assamese language: A morpheme in Assamese can be defind as minimal meaningful grammatical units. Morpheme is Assamese language can be subcategorized into two types:

(a) Free Morpheme (b) Bound Morpheme (a) A free morpheme can stand alone with a specific meaning. For exampler. (Ram) – Name of a person. (Hati) – Elephant (ghor) – house (Manuh)- Man etc. (b) A bound morpheme cannot function along without the grammatical support of word. They acquire the linguistic value only when they are tagged to the free morpheme. For Example : (khao) – Kha + o (eating) (karo) – kar +o (do) Morphemes are comprised of two separate classes in Assamese language. (i) Root morpheme (ii) Affixes. A root morpheme also called a base morpheme. It is the morpheme that gives the word its main meaning. On the basis of the characteristics the Assamese root morpheme can be into four types : (a) Substantive root (b) verbal root (c) Nominal verbal root (d) Absolute or indeclinable root. Affix provides additional meaning adding with root morpheme. Affixes are subsidiary to roots. Two prefixes and suffixes. Affixes can be subcategorized in terms of the position in relation to root as prefix, infix and suffix. Prefixes and suffixes are found in most of language in the world, infixes are found only in some few languages. In Assamese language, affixes can be grouped into two types – prefixes and suffixes. prefix occur before and suffixes occur after the words. Suffixes are found in large number. But prefixes are found only few. In Assamese language, suffixes are came from Sanskrit and native origin. On the other hand, prefixes are all of Sanskrit origins, which are adopted in Assamese language. Morpheme may be subcategorized as belonging to inflectional and derivational. The inflectional morpheme in Assamese are correlatable to the grammatical categories – determiners, case numbers, gender, deixes, tense, person, interrogative, negation and volitive. Reference 1. Bholanath Tiwari, Bhasha Vijnyan, Page, 04 2. Merio pei and Frank Gaynor, A Dictionary of linguistics, page 119 3. Brian T. Riley, Introduction to the Science of Linguistics, page 255 4. Kaliram Medhi, Asomiya Byakaran aru Bhasatativa, page – 14-15 5. Debananda bharali, Asomiya Bhasar Moulik bicar, page 08 6. Encyclopaedia Britennica, 334 7. E.A. Nida, Morphology, p.06 8. Leomard Bloom field, Language,p.161 9. C.F. Hokett, A course in Modern Linguistics, page-123 10. H.A. Gleason, A Introduction to Descriptive Language, p.51 11. Leonard Bloomfield, ibid, page-163 12. E.A. Nida, Ibid, page-08 13. E.A. Nida, Ibid, page.11