The and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Tyller Ertach an Bys Balweyth Kernow ha Dewnens West Management Plan 2020-2025 Towl Dyghtya 2020-2025

Section: 4A of 8

Consultation Draft 16 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 4.1 Brief Description of the Site

The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape WHS is a series of 10 Areas comprising the distinctive patterns of buildings, monuments and sites which together form the

coherent series of distinctive cultural landscapes created by Boscastle

the industrialisation of hard rock mining processes in the Launceston period 1700 to 1914. Port Isaac

A30 Tavistock Areas n (A1) St Just Mining District n (A2) The Port of

n (A3) Tregonning and Gwinear A30 Mining Districts (A3i) with Plymouth Trewavas (A3ii) St Agnes Charlestown n (A4) Wendron Mining District Mevagissey n (A5) and Mining District (A5i) with Wheal St Ives Redruth A39 Peevor (A5ii) and Hayle Harbour (A5iii) Camborne n (A6) Gwennap Mining District (A6i) with Devoran and Perran Falmouth St Just (A6ii) and Kennall Vale (A6iii) n (A7) St Agnes Mining District Lands End n (A8) The Luxulyan Valley (A8i) and Charlestown (A8ii) n (A9) Caradon Mining District n (A10) Tamar Valley Mining District (A10i) with Tavistock (A10ii)

SECTION 4.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE 17 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft 4.2 Statement of Outstanding Universal Value and Significance

It should be noted that The extensive Site comprises the most authentic and the provision of planning historically important components of the Cornwall advice and arrangements for and west Devon mining landscape dating principally condition monitoring have from 1700 to 1914, the period during which the most been significantly revised or significant industrial and social impacts occurred. The otherwise developed since Annex A ten areas of the Site together form a unified, coherent the following statement was Statement of Outstanding Universal Value as approved by the cultural landscape and share a common identity as part adopted by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, July 2010 of the overall exploitation of metalliferous minerals here World Heritage Committee [a] Cornwall and West Devon Mining from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Copper and in 2010. Please see tin particularly were required in increasing quantities Section 6.2.1 for an up to Landscape Statement of Outstanding through the growing needs of British industry and date description of the UK Universal Value (SOUV) commerce. Copper was used to protect the hulls of planning system with regard ocean-going timber ships, for domestic ware, and as a to World Heritage Sites. Date of Inscription: 2006 major constituent of important alloys such as brass, and Criteria: ii, iii, iv with tin, bronze. The usage of tin was increasing greatly Date of SOUV: 2010 through the requirements of the tin plate industry, for use in the canning of foods and in communications. ‘The landscapes of Cornwall and west Devon were radically reshaped during the eighteenth and nineteenth The substantial remains within the Site are a prominent centuries by deep mining for predominantly copper and reminder of the contribution Cornwall and west Devon tin. The remains of mines, engine houses, smallholdings, made to the Industrial Revolution in Britain and to ports, harbours, canals, railways, tramroads, and the fundamental influence the area asserted on the industries allied to mining, along with new towns and development of mining globally. Innovative Cornish villages reflect an extended period of industrial expansion technology embodied in high-pressure steam engines and prolific innovation. Together these are testimony, in and other mining equipment was exported around the an inter-linked and highly legible way, to the sophistication world, concurrent with the movement of mineworkers and success of early, large-scale, industrialised migrating to live and work in mining communities based non-ferrous hard-rock mining. The technology and in many instances on Cornish traditions. The transfer of infrastructure developed at Cornish and west Devon mining technology and related culture led to a replication mines enabled these to dominate copper, tin and later of readily discernible landscapes overseas, and numerous arsenic production worldwide, and to greatly influence migrant-descended communities prosper around the nineteenth century mining practice internationally. globe as confirmation of the scale of this influence.

SECTION 4.2 STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE AND SIGNIFICANCE 18 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 4.2 Statement of Outstanding Universal Value and Significance [continued]

[b] Criteria Criterion (iv): Be an outstanding example of a type of As agreed by the World Heritage Committee (2006) building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape whish illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in Criterion (ii): Exhibit an important interchange of human history. human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture The mining landscape of Cornwall and west Devon, and or technology, monumental arts, town planning or particularly its characteristic engine houses and beam landscape design. engines as a technological ensemble in a landscape, reflect the substantial contribution the area made to the The development of industrialised mining in Cornwall and Industrial Revolution and formative changes in mining west Devon between 1700 and 1914, and particularly practices around the world. the innovative use of the high-pressure steam beam engine, led to the evolution of an industrialised society [c] Integrity (2010) manifest in the transformation of the landscape through The areas enclosed within the property satisfactorily the creation of smallholdings, railways, canals, docks, reflect the way prosperity derived from mining and ports, and the creation or remodelling of towns and transformed the landscape both in urban and rural areas villages. Together these had a profound impact on the and encapsulates the extent of those changes. growth of industrialisation in the United Kingdom, and consequently on industrialised mining around the world. Some of the mining landscapes and towns within the property are within development zones and may be Criterion (iii): Bear a unique or at least an exceptional vulnerable to the possibility of incompatible development. testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared. [d] Authenticity (2010) The property as a whole has high authenticity in terms of The extent and scope of the remains of copper and tin form, design and materials and, in general, the location mining, and the associated transformation of the urban and setting of the surviving features. The mines, engine and rural landscapes presents and vivid and legible houses, associated buildings and other features have testimony to the success of Cornish and west Devon either been consolidated or await work. In the villages industrialised mining when the area dominated the and towns there has been some loss of architectural world’s output of copper, tin and arsenic. detail, particularly in the terraced housing, but it is considered that this is reversible.

SECTION 4.2 STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE AND SIGNIFICANCE 19 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

The ability of features within the property to continue to National guidance on protecting the Historic Environment express its Outstanding Universal Value may be reduced, (Planning Policy Statement 5) and World Heritage however, if developments were to be permitted without (Circular 07/09) and accompanying explanatory guidance sufficient regard to their historic character as constituent has been published by Government. Policies to protect, parts of the Site. The spatial arrangements of areas promote, conserve, and enhance World Heritage Sites, such as Hayle Harbour and the settings of Redruth and their settings and buffer zones can be found in regional Camborne are of particular concern and these may be plans and local authority plans and frameworks. The vulnerable unless planning policies and guidance are World Heritage Committee accepted that the Site is rigorously and consistently applied. adequately protected through the general provisions of the UK planning system. [e] Management and Protection Requirements necessary to sustain A detailed and comprehensive management plan has been created which stresses the need for an integrated Outstanding Universal Value (2010) and holistic management of this large, multi-area and The UK Government protects World Heritage Sites within diverse Site. The main strength of the plan is the effective its territory in two ways. Firstly, individual buildings, network of local authority and other stakeholders that monuments, gardens and landscapes are designated underpins it. The co-ordination of management of the under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation property lies with the Site office for the property. Service- Areas) Act 1990 and the 1979 Ancient Monuments and level agreements with other departments within Cornwall Archaeological Areas Act, and secondly through the UK Council’s Historic Environment department ensure the Spatial Planning system under the provisions of the Town effective delivery of planning advice, and Sites and and Country Planning Act 1990. Monuments record keeping.

The Strategic Actions for 2005-2010 in the management plan have been in part completed, and the development of risk assessments and a monitoring system are underway utilising data capture systems being introduced by . The production of detailed definitions of Outstanding Universal Value for specific landscapes within the Site will also be pursued to aid the delivery of planning advice. (www.cornishmining.org.uk)’

SECTION 4.2 STATEMENT OF OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE AND SIGNIFICANCE 20 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 4.3 Mine sites, Mine transport Ancillary Categories of including ore industries Landscape Attributes dressing sites

The WHS Areas, A1 to A10, include the greatest concentrations of the seven landscape features which Includes Cornish type Includes ports, harbours, Includes foundries and physically express the ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ engine houses and other wharfs and quays, mine engineering works, of the Site. mine buildings, chimneys, tramways and industrial smelting works, fuse and dressing floors, mine railways, mine roadways, explosive works, arsenic These features, or attributes, embody the Outstanding dumps and infrastructure, tracks and paths, mining- and chemical works Universal Value (OUV) and impart the distinctive as well as tin salvage related canals character of the Cornish mining landscape; they can works, also significant be defined within the following categories: underground access

For a description of notable attributes of OUV within each Area, please see Appendix 1 (available online www. cornishmining.org.uk)

East Pool Mine Liskeard and Caradon Railway at Harveys Foundry Pontins Piece

SECTION 4.3 CATEGORIES OF LANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES 21 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

Mining Mineworkers’ Great houses, Mineralogical and settlements smallholdings estates and other related sites of and social gardens particular scientific infrastructure importance

Includes mining towns, Comprises mineworkers’ Comprises great houses Comprises internationally and villages and hamlets, subsistence farms and and other substantial nationally-important type sites public buildings, Methodist their buildings residences, lodge houses for minerals, important mining- chapels, preaching pits and other related buildings, related ecological sites and new C of E churches estates, parkland and gardens, villas and embellished town houses

Westbridge Cottages St Agnes Scorrier House Cligga Head

SECTION 4.3 CATEGORIES OF LANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES 22 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Criterion (ii): Exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of Attributes and the time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or World Heritage technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design. Convention The development of industrialised mining in Cornwall and west Devon between 1700 and 1914, and particularly the innovative use of the high-pressure steam beam engine, The UNESCO World Heritage Convention Operational led to the evolution of an industrialised society manifest in the transformation of the Guidelines refer to the ‘attributes’ of a Site as landscape through the creation of smallholdings, railways, canals, docks, and ports, expressing the Outstanding Universal Value, and the and the creation or remodelling of towns and villages. Together these had a profound means of meeting the conditions of authenticity and impact on the growth of industrialisation in the United Kingdom, and consequently on integrity. industrialised mining around the world.

‘When the conditions of authenticity are considered in Attributes preparing a nomination for a property, the State Party should first identify all of the applicable significant Mine sites, including ore Mineworkers’ smallholdings dressing sites Mineworkers’ farms and their buildings attributes of authenticity. The statement of authenticity Engine houses, in situ beam engines, should assess the degree to which authenticity is other mine buildings, chimneys, dressing Great houses, estates and gardens present in, or expressed by, each of these significant floors, mine dumps and infrastructure, tin Great houses and other substantial attributes.’ salvage works, shafts, adits and means of residences, lodge houses and other related underground access and drainage buildings, estates, parkland and gardens. (World Heritage Convention Operational Guidance These inter-linked attributes are testimony to para 85, July 2012) Mine transport infrastructure the sophistication and success of early, large- Ports, harbours, wharfs and quays, mineral scale, industrialised non-ferrous hard-rock The list here identifies the criterion for which the tramways and industrial railways, mine mining in Cornwall and west Devon. Cornish Mining Landscape was inscribed on the World roadways, tracks and paths, mining-related canals The survival of similar landscape features Heritage List and the physical attributes representing in numerous locations around the world – these. The protection of these attributes should be Ancillary industries including South Africa, Australia, Mexico and a key consideration in the management of the Site, Foundries and engineering works, smelting Spain – are the testament to the international particularly in spatial planning and development works, fuse and explosive works, arsenic and transfer of pioneering mining technology and chemical works associated cultural traditions management decisions. Mining settlements and social Mineralogical and other related These ‘exhibit an important interchange of human infrastructure sites of particular scientific values’ in their contribution to the development of the Mining towns, villages and hamlets, public importance sciences of geology and mineralogy buildings, Methodist chapels, preaching Internationally and nationally important type pits and new C of E churches, villas and sites for minerals, important mining-related embellished town houses ecological sites

SECTION 4.3 ATTRIBUTES AND THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION 23 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Criterion (iii): Bear a unique or at least an Criterion (iv): Be an outstanding example of a type of exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a building or architectural or technological ensemble or civilization which is living or which has disappeared. landscape whish illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history.

The extent and scope of the remains of copper and The mining landscape of Cornwall and west Devon, and tin mining, and the associated transformation of the particularly its characteristic engine houses and beam urban and rural landscapes presents a vivid and legible engines as a technological ensemble in a landscape, testimony to the success of Cornish and west Devon reflect the substantial contribution the area made to the industrialised mining when the area dominated the Industrial Revolution and formative changes in mining world’s output of copper, tin and arsenic. practices around the world.

Attributes Attributes

Mine sites, Mining settlements Mine sites, Mine transport including ore and social including ore Ports, harbours, wharfs dressing sites infrastructure dressing sites and quays, mine tramways Engine houses, in situ Mining towns, villages and Engine houses, in situ and industrial railways, beam engines, other hamlets, public buildings, beam engines, other mine roadways, tracks mine buildings, chimneys, Methodist chapels, mine buildings, chimneys, and paths, mining-related dressing floors, mine preaching pits and new C dressing floors, mine canals dumps and infrastructure, of E churches, villas and dumps and infrastructure, tin salvage works, shafts, embellished town houses tin salvage works, shafts, Ancillary industries adits and means of adits and means of Foundries and engineering underground access and Mineworkers’ underground access and works, smelting works, drainage smallholdings drainage fuse and explosive works, Mineworkers’ farms and arsenic and chemical Mine transport their buildings works infrastructure Ports, harbours, wharfs Great houses, and quays, mineral estates and gardens tramways and industrial Great houses and other railways, mine roadways, substantial residences, tracks and paths, mining- lodge houses and other related canals related buildings, estates, parkland and gardens. Ancillary industries Foundries and engineering works, smelting works, fuse and explosive works, arsenic and chemical works

SECTION 4.3 ATTRIBUTES AND THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION 24 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025

Area A1 St Just Mining District Crowns Section, Botallack Mine SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 25 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

This coastal mining district includes eighteenth and nineteenth century submarine tin and copper mines, the town of St Just and dispersed mining villages with associated mineworkers’ smallholdings. The boundary is drawn to include the most significant mines on the coastal plateau (together with their tin and arsenic processing sites) and extends inland beyond areas of smallholdings to granite upland in the east. The western boundary is coastline.

Notable Sites

West Wheal Owles and Wheal Edward SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 26 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Key Characteristics Right St Just Wesleyan ‘Miners’ Chapel Far Right Levant Mine

The town of St Just, in the south of the Area, gives the sided, narrow incised clefts, locally called ‘zawns’. These Perhaps the district its name. It is the only large settlement. It is a indicate perpendicular weaknesses in the lode (and fault) most distinctive small, substantially-planned, industrial town built to serve structures which are perhaps more highly concentrated the local mines such as St Just United, Balleswidden, in their coastal exposure here than anywhere else in the feature of the Boscean, Wheal Owles, Botallack and Levant. To its north, world. It is likely that this was one of the first areas within Area however, one there are a number of distinct and dispersed mining the Cornubian Orefield where underground mining for intimately tied to its hamlets (of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth tin was tried. Extensive evidence survives of open-works century) located along the principal north coast (included within the term ‘gunnises’). These are amongst structural geology highway (B3306). Around these hamlets are clusters of the earliest and rarest surviving group of surface hard- and the orientation mineworkers’ smallholdings, often created from former rock mining features in the region. moorland, and the transition of settlement to agricultural of its lodes, was or mined landscape is usually abrupt, emphasising the There are no rivers, and few streams, but water was the development of strongly rural-industrial character of the Area. captured, transported along leats and used to power pumps and dressing equipment on numerous mines, a group of world- The district is unique in that the majority of its lodes strike both large and small. Perhaps the most distinctive famous pioneer at right angles to the coastline. This lode trend is also at feature of the Area however, one intimately tied to its right angles to the direction of most tin and copper lodes structural geology and the orientation of its lodes, was submarine mines. in the rest of the Site and is a phenomenon related to the the development of a group of world-famous pioneer area’s geological history. Cliffs recede in deep, steep- submarine mines.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 27 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

West Wheal Owles Botallack Mine

Botallack is probably one of the most recognisable mine sites in Britain with the iconic cliff side engine houses of the Crowns section (pumping 1835 and winding c.1860, Listed Grade II) being a perpetual draw for walkers and landscape photographers since the Victorian era.

At the top of the cliff slope there are the remains of one of the finest surviving arsenic works in Britain with remarkable extant flues and a large double-bayed labyrinth (Scheduled Monument). The chimney dates from an earlier working (it was associated with a former mine stamps engine). The tin dressing floors that survive in the surrounding landscape show the evolution of mineral processing technologies from small-scale eighteenth-century earthworks to the conspicuous concrete remains dating from the mine’s reworking in 1906. The mine also retains its imposing Count House (Listed Grade II), where the business of the mine would The mineral processing sites in the Area illustrate the have been undertaken. full range of technological development in this branch of mining. Numerous small-scale tin-dressing floors demonstrate the evolution of technology introduced during the post-Medieval period.

The surviving arsenic works within the Area indicate the technological developments that occurred within this important branch of the mining industry. The Area is also particularly important in terms of mineralogical significance. Twenty-five per cent of the first British species occurrences - both historically, and in recent decades - came from Cornwall. Surviving mine dumps and in situ exposures are internationally important for future research.

Right Botallack Mine arsenic chimney

SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 28 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Levant Mine

In operation by at least the mid-1700s, Levant produced primarily copper, tin and arsenic and was formed as a company in 1820. It is distinctive in possessing the world’s oldest Cornish type engine in its original house (Michell’s Whim, 1840, Listed Grade II), which was restored to operation under steam from 1984 to 1992 by dedicated volunteers known as the ‘Greasy Gang’. The larger pumping engine house, which served Engine Shaft (Listed Grade II), dates from 1835 and nearby are two examples of circular gunpowder magazines.

Levant is renowned for its submarine workings where operations extended horizontally up to 1.6km west from the shore, with the final depth of these being some 350 fathoms (640m) below the sea-bed.

Levant was one of the relatively few mines in Cornwall to operate a steam powered man-engine to convey mineworkers to and from their working areas. This was the cause of a major accident in October 1919 which caused the deaths of 31 men riding on the engine during their shift change.

Levant Mine

SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 29 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Left Victory Shaft headframe, Geevor Mine Below Shaking tables, Geevor Mine

Geevor Mine (Scheduled Monument)

Geevor is a large preserved twentieth century tin mine and is the last to have worked in the area, closing in 1990 after the slump in international tin prices. Created from the sett of the former North Levant Mine, Geevor was constituted as a company in 1911 and grew to encompass the setts of neighbouring Levant and Botallack mines, to the west, as the company sought to extend its ore reserve.

Centred around the distinctive steel headframe at Victory Shaft (1919), a prominent landmark, the site is extensive and includes a well preserved Brunton arsenic calciner in addition to most of the infrastructure which would be expected of a twentieth century metalliferous mine, including a complete electric winding installation and auxiliary steam engine for rope changing in the shaft. The extensive machinery of Geevor’s preserved tin mill shows twentieth-century ore processing technology well and the mine contains the largest collection of historic ore shaking tables in the UK.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 1 ST JUST MINING DISTRICT 30 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Area A2 The Port of Hayle

Harvey’s Foundry barn complex

SECTION 4.4 AREA 2 THE PORT OF HAYLE 31 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

This mining port and industrial ‘new town’ was also the region’s greatest steam engine manufacturing centre. The boundary has been drawn to capture the entire estuarine port setting (which contains an important maritime industrial infrastructure) and the historic core of Hayle town (including the remains of an internationally significant iron foundry) as guided by the existing Conservation Area designation.

Notable Sites

White Hart Hotel

SECTION 4.4 AREA 2 THE PORT OF HAYLE 32 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025

Key Characteristics

The Port of Hayle was a product of the Industrial Revolution during the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. It played a distinguished role in Cornish economic and social history. The Area includes the principal surviving historic fabric of the largest fully integrated mining port and steam engine manufacturing centre anywhere in Britain.

There are no mines inside the Area boundary, but Hayle is within 15km of the richest copper and tin mining hinterland of the ‘Old World’ (Areas A5, A6, & A3). Both the land and sea transport infrastructure needed in order to develop such a major industrial complex survives in a coherent form. Prodigious amounts of coal, timber and other materials for the mines were imported through Hayle. Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of bulky copper South Quay ore were exported to south Wales for smelting. The mule trains that originally carried the ore were replaced by dedicated local railways. These were never intended to be part of the regional or national networks. Notable remains The Area includes the principal surviving of the Hayle Railway (1834) still survive. The scale of the landforms constructed during the development of the historic fabric of the largest fully port is impressive. They range from the great harbour integrated mining port and steam engine spit of Middle Weir (1819), the Copperhouse Canal (1769- 1787) and the sluicing pools (1789) to the Causeway road manufacturing centre anywhere in Britain. (1824-1825), one of Cornwall’s earliest road engineering monuments.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 2 THE PORT OF HAYLE 33 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Harvey’s and Copperhouse

A complex set of social and industrial relationships was established in Hayle through the rivalry between two of the largest iron foundries in south-west Britain: Harvey & Company, and the Cornwall Copper Company. From 1758 until 1819 the latter firm operated the largest, most successful and long-lived copper smelter of its time outside south Wales. From the 1820s until 1867 the copper smelter site was used by the company as an iron foundry known as the Copperhouse Foundry (trading as Sandys, Carne and Vivian). These two industrial giants directly steered development within the port of Hayle towards two geographically distinct urban areas; Harvey & Co at Foundry beside the railway line and its rival beside the estuary at Copperhouse. Key industrial and public buildings survive in Hayle, together with good examples of housing that reflect the social divide of industrial labour. High-density terraced housing of the work-force contrasts with the villas and mansions of the managerial class.

Above Harvey’s Hammer Mill Left Penpol Terrace

SECTION 4.4 AREA 2 THE PORT OF HAYLE 34 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Copperhouse and its Harvey’s Foundry Town Dock & Canal Extensive quays and wharves survive at Penpol (Listed Grade II) together with the tidal catchment pool at Scoria (copper smelting slag) building blocks, once Carnsew, built to keep the sea-channel clear of sand. offered free to workers, distinguish the architecture of Around 25 historic structures connected with Harvey’s ‘Copperhouse vernacular’ though their use in domestic Foundry survive in a relatively coherent group. This housing is commonly concealed by distinctive period is where the largest steam engines in the world were render. produced and the greatest number of mine steam engines exported throughout the world. The surrounding Copperhouse Pool is part of the maritime industrial urban fabric, principally deriving from industrial growth infrastructure which kept the Copperhouse Canal (1769- instigated by this single family-owned business, is of Harvey’s Foundry clocktower 1787) free of sand and so navigable. Black Road and considerable historical significance. Black Bridge were constructed to provide a road crossing from Copperhouse to Phillack Churchtown and later to the northern copper quays. Other notable features in the vicinity include the oldest surviving railway bridge (standard gauge) in Cornwall at Lethlean (Scheduled Monument, 1837) and a railway swing bridge, with machinery still intact, crossing the Copperhouse Canal.

Sluice tunnels at Carnsew Pool Mooring bollard at Carnsew

SECTION 4.4 AREA 2 THE PORT OF HAYLE 35 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Area A3 Tregonning and Gwinear Mining Districts with Trewavas

Godolphin House

SECTION 4.4 AREA 3 TREGONNING AND GWINEAR MINING DISTRICTS (A3I) WITH TREWAVAS (A3II) 36 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025

Notable sites

SECTION 4.4 AREA 3 TREGONNING AND GWINEAR MINING DISTRICTS (A3I) WITH TREWAVAS (A3II) 37 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft This rural mining district includes tin and copper mines (some of which were sites of important eighteenth century technological developments), together with extensive mineworkers’ smallholdings, mining settlements and large estates related to the mining industry. The boundary has been drawn to contain the best surviving mining landscape in the south and west, important settlements in the north and the principal parkland of the country house estates in the east. A detached enclave in the south contains the sites of two undersea copper mines. Key Characteristics

The granite cone of Godolphin Hill and the long ridge of Tregonning Hill with the engine house and chimney stack of Great Work mine prominently visible in the saddle between them, dominate the southern part of this ancient mining district. Some of the richest and, at times, the deepest tin and copper mines in the Region occur within this Area.

To the north the landscape is a mixture of gently rising downland on which a patchwork of smallholdings and new farms has been created, interspersed with long established farms and parkland associated with the great mining estates of Godolphin and Clowance. Most mineworkers’ cottages are dispersed in a landscape of small fields or set in small groups, though larger settlements of highway villages with fine industrial terraced cottages exist, notably at Praze-an-Beeble and Leedstown. Small groups of mineworkers’ cottages set within substantial blocks of early nineteenth century mineworkers’ smallholdings flank the A394 road through the southern part of the mining district.

A number of engine houses form landmarks in the Area and the sheer density of mine shafts in the landscape is particularly impressive. Some mark the site of some of the earliest steam engines on metal mines in the world. Wheal Prosper and Milky Way

SECTION 4.4 AREA 3 TREGONNING AND GWINEAR MINING DISTRICTS (A3I) WITH TREWAVAS (A3II) 38 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Godolphin Great Wheal Fortune

The ancient tin and copper mines around Godolphin The most extensive example of open-cast tin mining Hill lie within the former bounds of the Godolphin within the Site survives at Great Wheal Fortune. family estate. Godolphin House itself (seventeenth Developed on a network of tin-bearing veinlets (or century, Listed Grade I) is one of Cornwall’s most ‘stockwork’), known as the Conqueror Branches, architecturally important houses. Sir Francis Godolphin its two ‘quarries’ retain considerable geological and (Lord of Godolphin from 1575 to 1608) was a mines mineralogical significance and are designated as Sites adventurer. He earned a national reputation for of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). pioneering new methods of tin mining and processing in his mines, a tradition which endured there until the middle of the eighteenth century. From 1786 the estate was owned by the Duke of Leeds and his successors. The House, Garden and much of the former estate is now in the ownership of the National Trust, with public access, and the former Count House for the Godolphin mines is now the Trust’s administrative office for their West Cornwall area.

Above Godolphin House Right Wheal Metal

SECTION 4.4 AREA 3 TREGONNING AND GWINEAR MINING DISTRICTS (A3I) WITH TREWAVAS (A3II) 39 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Mining cliffscape of Trewavas and Wheal Prosper mines (Scheduled Monuments)

The detached coastal enclave in the south of the Area contains some important remains that mark the sites of historic undersea copper mines.

Wheal Trewavas

SECTION 4.4 AREA 3 TREGONNING AND GWINEAR MINING DISTRICTS (A3I) WITH TREWAVAS (A3II) 40 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025

Area A4 Wendron Mining District

Medlyn Moor Mine

SECTION 4.4 AREA 4 WENDRON MINING DISTRICT 41 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

This rural mining district was significant in terms of its near surface alluvial tin production which later led to comparatively shallow shaft mining. It contains areas of former tin- streamworks together with extensive upland mineworkers’ smallholdings. The boundary has been drawn to include the large area of smallholdings in the north, the mining settlement of Porkellis and the principal central areas of alluvial valley basins (with their associated shaft mine sites), and the shaft mines in the south around the village of Wendron.

Trumpet Consols and Wheal Ann Notable sites

SECTION 4.4 AREA 4 WENDRON MINING DISTRICT 42 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Basset & Grylls Mine

Key Characteristics

The sparsely populated upland area of Carnmenellis (265m OD) contains the most extensive and best- preserved evidence for mineworkers’ smallholdings in Cornwall. The relationship between mining and the development of these small farms which emerged in the late eighteenth century is clearer here than anywhere else in the Site. They occupy a significant proportion of Smallholdings at Carnmenellis the Area.

Engine houses are located at Basset & Grylls Mine (Scheduled Monument, 1858), Wheal Enys (Listed Grade …the most extensive and best- II, 1852), Medlyn Moor Mine (Listed Grade II, circa 1873) preserved evidence for mineworkers’ and Trumpet Consols (Listed Grade II, circa mid-late nineteenth century). There are also the remains of tin smallholdings in Cornwall dressing floors at several sites.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 4 WENDRON MINING DISTRICT 43 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

Above Wheal Ann Right Greensplat Engine, Wheal Ann Poldark Mine/Wheal Roots Wheal Ann is one of the two landmark engine houses of Trumpet Consols (Listed Grade II, circa mid-late nineteenth century). Together they establish the mining landscape when entering the district from Helston to the ‘Poldark Mine’ south-west. The engine house at Wheal Ann, constructed during the early nineteenth century, may have contained Former eighteenth century underground workings have a modified Watt engine. It is unusual too because of been made accessible to the public at a tin mine formally the light construction of the bob wall which confirms known as Wheal Roots. The site, named after the popular the use of a wooden beam or ‘bob’. Cast iron bobs novels and television series, also contains the Greensplat were ubiquitous during the remainder of the nineteenth beam pumping engine, re-sited from the china-clay century, so this would have been amongst the last in district, which was the last Cornish engine to see use in Cornwall of its kind. industry in Cornwall.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 4 WENDRON MINING DISTRICT 44 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Area A5 Camborne and Redruth Mining District with Wheal Peevor and Portreath Harbour

Basset Mines Marriott’s Shaft complex at South Wheal Frances

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 45 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

Notable sites

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 46 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025

This was the most heavily industrialised tin and copper mining district in the Site, and also contains its most significant urban centres of mining population. It includes the remains of mines (including three in situ beam engines), their transport infrastructure, ancillary industries and important mining settlements, including Redruth and the mining engineering “new town” of Camborne. The boundary has been drawn to contain the principal settlements in the north, the north-southwest trend of mines (aligned with the upland ridge of Carn Brea), two early railway links and the coastal mining port of Portreath. A satellite site to the northeast comprises the important mine site of Wheal Peevor.

Key Characteristics

The steep granite ridge of Carn Brea (250m OD) dominates the area. Its associated mineral resources brought fabulous wealth to the district, the mineral lodes being exploited by some of the richest, and deepest, eighteenth-century copper mines and nineteenth-century tin mines in the world.

The mining towns of Camborne and Redruth are now connected by an almost continuous ribbon development of mining settlements and modern light industry Bickford-Smith’s North occupying the sites of former mines. ‘Islands’ of historic Lights building mining structures survive.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 47 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft Michell’s (or North) Whim, at East Pool & Agar Mine East Pool & Agar Mine

A 30-inch cylinder beam winding engine (1887, Holman’s Foundry, Camborne) survives at Michell’s Shaft (Scheduled Monument) and is open to the public. It was saved from being scrapped in 1941, taken over by the National Trust in 1967 and set back in motion again in 1975.

The Taylor’s Shaft pumping engine (Scheduled Monument) survives as part of a 1920s single-phase complex which includes a winder house, compressor house, two boiler houses (one includes foundations for Cornish boilers), flues, capstan house, the miners’ dry, an office and the primary crushing- and ore-loading stations. It is currently an interpretation centre for the region’s industrial past.

Basset Mines, Marriott’s Shaft complex at South Wheal Frances (Scheduled Monument, circa 1900)

This unusual group represents an outstanding survival. An unparalleled feature of this Area is the three Cornish It includes the pumping engine house which contained an inverted vertical beam engine (unique to Cornwall) with beam engines that survive in their authentic metal mine compound 40-inch and 80-inch cylinders, the houses context. One whim engine has been restored to working for winding, compressor and crusher engines, and the motion and the other two pumping engines have the miners’ dry or changing house. capability of working under steam.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 48 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Camborne townscape

Camborne contains the best example in the Area of large-scale urbanisation associated with the Industrial Revolution in metal mining and engineering.

It is a town forged by industry and characterised by relict zones of key enterprises, such as the world-famous Holman’s Foundry & Rock Drill Works, and classic industrial building types of cottage rows, pubs and chapels.

Fine public buildings characterise the townscape, such as the Market House and Town Hall (Listed Grade II, 1867), the Literary Institute (Listed Grade II*, 1842) and the J Passmore Edwards Library (Listed Grade II, 1895). There is also a Masonic Hall (1899) in Cross Street. The impressive Wesleyan Centenary Chapel (Listed Grade II, 1839), in Centenary Street, was built to commemorate the centenary of Charles Wesley’s conversion in 1738.

South Crofty Mine (Robinson’s Section)

Nearby at Robinson’s Shaft of South Crofty Mine is an 80-inch cylinder pumping engine (Listed Grade II*), The Robinson’s Shaft 1854, Copperhouse Foundry, Hayle), the last to work on engine at South Wheal an active Cornish metal mine, only stopping in 1955. Crofty (Heartlands) Camborne industrial housing

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 49 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft

Redruth townscape The Great Flat Lode

Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Along the strike of the Great Flat Lode – is to be found the Redruth was west Cornwall’s principal market town finest surviving assemblage of engine houses along a single and the acknowledged capital of the Cornish mining mineralised structure anywhere in the world. industry. Redruth possesses some fine Victorian urban architecture. There were also a number of houses built for For 4 km the landscape between and beyond the high hills the professional classes, many of whom were engaged in of Carn Brea and Carnkie Hill is characterised by 24 engine the mining industry, or its ancillaries. Clinton Road is lined houses (demonstrating a range of pumping, winding and with impressive late Victorian and Edwardian villas built stamping functions), tin dressing floors, extensive tramway on former mining ground at a time when Redruth miners Basset Mines Marriott’s Shaft beds, mining settlements and the site of Seleggan, once were prospering in South Africa. complex on the Great Flat Lode the largest tin smelter in Cornwall.

Bickford’s Fuseworks and Tuckingmill Factory Row

The miners’ ‘Safety Fuze’ (1831) was an innovation with global significance.

Fuse manufacture was concentrated at the Tuckingmill factory in the triangle formed by Pendarves Street and Chapel Road. Much of this complex survives including the imposing granite façade and the model terraced workers’ housing.

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 50 Draft The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 West Basset

A stamps engine house (Listed Grade II, which had a rear secondary beam for pumping water for dressing) stands above one of the finest surviving nineteenth century tin dressing floors in the world. Wheal Basset

The stamps engine house (Listed Grade II, 1868) of Wheal Basset was unusual in that it contained two separate beam engines, side by side. It stands above a prominent Frue vanner house (Listed Grade II, circa 1908) and Brunton calciner (1897). The Basset Count House (Listed Grade II) survives nearby as a private dwelling.

Above Camborne Centenary Chapel (1839) Left Office of the Malayan Tin Dredging Company, Redruth (1891)

SECTION 4.4 AREA 5 CAMBORNE AND REDRUTH MINING DISTRICT (A5I) WITH WHEAL PEEVOR (A5II) AND PORTREATH HARBOUR (A5III) 51 The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site Management Plan 2020-2025 Draft King Edward Mine (Listed Grade II*) Wheal Peevor (Scheduled Monument) This site is a complete training mine developed from 1897 on an existing mine (South Condurrow) for the The rare survival at Wheal Peevor of a world-famous Camborne School of Mines. triple arrangement (from west to east) of stamps, pumping and winding engine King Edward Mine is now in the ownership of Cornwall houses, together with their associated Council. Over recent years the mine complex has been dressing floors is clearly visible from conserved and redeveloped to enhance public access, the nearby A30 trunk road. including a café and work spaces for small businesses. The museum element is operated by a charitable trust Above Stamps engine and displays a remarkable collection of late nineteenth house at Wheal Peevor Portreath Harbour and early twentieth-century tin processing equipment, Below King Edward Mine and all the facilities – including underground workings – round frame This mining port dates from 1760. The massive granite- which students and their lecturers would require. built basins were added later, the outer basin in 1800 and the inner basin in 1846 (Listed Grade II). The Portreath Tramroad (1809) and the Portreath branch of the Hayle Railway (1838) linked the mines in A5 and A6 with the port. The Hayle railway is marked by a major piece of railway engineering, the Portreath Incline (part Listed Grade II).

Portreath Harbour

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Photo references Publication Information

Erik Christensen: p.112br This document has been prepared by the Cornwall Ainsley Cocks: Cover, p.3, p.12, p.20m&r, p.24, p.25, p.26r, and West Devon Mining Landscape WHS p.27l, p.28, p.29both, p.30, p.31l, p.34m&br, p.35, p.39, p.43r, Partnership Board with advice from the CWDML WHS p.44, p.48l, p.51bl, p.55l, p.56l, p.59r, p.62, p.63, p.64l, p.65both, Technical Panel. p.66r, p.67, p.68, p.69, p.70both, p.71, p.73, p.74all, p.75both, p.77, p.82, p.87, p.90, p.93, p.100, p.115, p.117, p.123, p.129t, Principal author: Deborah Boden p.131, pp.132&133, p.137, p.142, p.143r, p.144l, p.147, p.152, p.153, p.154, p.157, p.167, p.168, pp.170&171 Management Plan Steering Group: Cornwall Council: p.140tl&tr Deborah Boden Barry Gamble: p.15, p.20l, p.21all, p.38l, p.42r, p.46, p.47, Nick Cahill p.48r, p.49, p.50r, p.51br, p.52, p.54, p.55r, p.56r, p.57, p.64r, Ainsley Cocks p.66l, p.76, p.78, p.144r&p.145 Bill Horner Adam Huntington-Whiteley: p.32, p.40, p.42l, p.43l, p.61 Graham Lawrence Toby Lowe: p.129br Emma Parkman: p.27r, p.59l With thanks to Manda Brookman Kirstin Prisk: p.51m, p.140bl&br Purple Peak Adventures: p.37, p.143l, p.144inset Dedicated to the memory of Nick Cahill, a much loved (https://purplepeakadventures.com) and valued colleague. Ed Rowe: p.127 Adam Sharpe: pp.4&5, p.26l, p.31r, p.33both, p.34bl, p.38r, Contact information p.41, p.50l, p.60both, p.81, pp.118&119, p.120, p.121both, p.135, p.174 Cornish Mining World Heritage Site Office Danielle Schwarz: p.112ml Economic Growth and Culture Service Steve Tanner: p.125 Cornwall Council Tavistock Guildhall: p.85 5th Floor Mike Thomas: p.139, p.172 Level 5, Zone A, Pydar House Christopher Tigg: p.112tl Pydar street Dave Tonkin: p.23r Truro The Visual Capitalist: p.103 TR1 1XU

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