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DECEMBER, 1943

Cover Picture: Pre-Inca stones at Tiahuanaco, Bolivia. Photo |>ren?ier by E. R. Lingeman * FOOD Russia at War 617 PRODUCTS By Admiral W. H. Standley

Conference of Foreign Ministers at Moscow 621 VJ^/ HEREVER you go through¬ Extract from an Address by Hon. G. Howland out the world you can enjoy Shaw 622 PREMIER FOOD PRODUCTS. Press Comment 622 Let them follow you by availing yourself of Francis H. Leggett & Safe Conduct Certificate—Grips holm 623 Company’s PERSONALIZED The 50 Kilometres of El Alaniein 624 EXPORT SERVICE developed By Robert A. Stein solely for the convenience of for¬ The Indestructibles 628 eign service officers and their By Robert Bellaire families.

Editors’ Column • Increased Personnel for the Foreign Service 630 Not only will you enjoy the finest of American foods, selected and News from the Department 631 prepared according to most rigid By Jane Wilson standards, but you will be assured News from the Field 634 of efficient service down to the mi¬

The Bookshelf 636 nutest details of packing and ship¬ Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor ping.

The Journal (iocs to a Foreign Service Wedding 638 Many foreign service families have

Births 639 for years enjoyed the convenience of this service. We invite your In Memoriam 639 correspondence with reference to it.

U. S. Despatch Agency, San Francisco 640

Association Financial Statement 642 Addres*: EXPORT DIVISION

Service Glimpses 643 List of Retired Foreign Service Officers 644 PRANCIS [J. LEGGETT &(OMPANY Visitors 667

HUDSON RIVER, 27TH TO 28TII STREETS Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, I). C. Entered as NEW YORK CITY, N. Y„ U. S. A. second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

DECEMBER. 1943 613 AND HERE THEY ARE ... again in the cheerful Chesterfield Christmas Red-the cigarette gift that SATISFIES with the best in Smoking Pleasure.

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Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. 616 AMERICAN IRAQI SHIPPING CO., LTD. (Only American-Owned Shipping Firm Goodyear 647 in Persian Gulf) Grace Line 658

International Telephone & Telegraph Co 660 Basrah and Baghdad (Iraq)

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Pan-American Airways, Inc._. __ 653

Radio Corporation of America 657

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FOREIGN JOURNAL dt PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m

VOL. 20, NO. 12 WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER, 1943

RUSSIA AT WAR

By FORMER AMBASSADOR W. H. STANDLEY Admiral, U. S. Navy, Retired

IN the early spring of 1942 while we were flying What are the Russian qualities that have stood to Kuibyshev from Tehran, bad weather forced them in such good stead in the face of overwhelm¬ us down in Stalingrad. During our brief stay I ing hardships and adversity? Geographic influ¬ asked the Mayor of the city whether plans had been ences undoubtedly have an important bearing. The made for the evacuation of Stalingrad in case of a northern latitude of the Soviet Union, for exam¬ threat of German occupation. The Mayor looked ple, has developed in the Russians a stubborn for¬ at me with an expression bordering on surprise, titude in the face of adversity and a power of almost hostility. “No,” he replied with a certain resistance which has carried the Russian people amount of defiance, “we have made no such plans through the trials which they were destined to en¬ --we have no need of them. The Germans will dure in later centuries. There is also a deep-rooted never take our Stalingrad. Every man, woman and mystical patriotism, a love of Mother Russia, its child will die first.” very soil, birch forests, and rivers that is excelled During the ominous summer days of 1942 when in no country. There is a determination to cleanse the German armies were pressing deeper and deep¬ this Russian soil of the Nazi invader even if er into the Ukraine, and into the Volga valley, I every city is completely destroyed. There is an often recalled the Mayor’s words. Peter Kosyagin, ironclad discipline in every walk of Soviet life the Mayor, was almost wrong, and it was only that which, coupled with their determination, forces prac¬ supreme quality of bravery and tenacity that kept tically all foreigners in the Soviet Union to the the Nazis from gaining complete control of the city. opinion that no other people wage war as totally, as We visited Stalingrad last summer—a ghost city of exclusively as do the Russians. There is finally a rubble and ashes, completely destroyed and a terri¬ terrible bitterness against the Nazis and a rightful ble monument of the horrors of war. The Germans desire for revenge which has been engendered not had taken the city—at least most of it—but a small only by the treacherous German attack but also by segment here, an isolated island there, a few build¬ the wanton murder of civilians in the occupied ings elsewhere, or at least what was left of them, areas, by the deportation of Soviet citizens to forced all bristling with determined men, precluded the labor in Germany, and by the destruction of the Nazis from gaining complete control of the city. Soviet schools, museums, and hospitals. The Rus¬ As a German correspondent wired his paper — sians will never stop until the power of Hitler and “These cursed Russians don’t know when they are his henchmen has been utterly destroyed and until beaten.” the German threat to Soviet security has vanished.

DECEMBER, 1943 617 During the last two years I have had occasion to engineers, the same tools and equipment in the out¬ watch the Russian people wage war—a most im¬ skirts of Kuibyshev. Its production had actually pressive manifestation. In Moscow, Kuibyshev, the increased over the Moscow output. When we had Urals, and in other parts of the Soviet Union I returned to Moscow in the spring of 1943, and the have visited industrial enterprises, steel mills, con¬ German threat to the capital had been removed by verted tractor factories, evacuated airplane plants that time, the original factory had given birth to and machine shops. Unfortunately I cannot give you another which, with the help of tools and equip¬ some of the Russian production figures in order to ment made in Russia, the LInited States, and the make you realize the enormity of the Soviet war United Kingdom, was producing at least as much effort and Soviet industry today only produces for as before. In many instances where there was a war. Consumer goods, even goods that we in Amer¬ factory of a certain category there are two at the ica would consider as essential, such as clothing, present time, and the combined output of these two shoes, and household equipment, are no longer pro¬ has more than doubled. duced or are produced in such small quantities as During a trip to the Ural industrial area early not to be noticeable in the almost empty shops. As last fall we watched Soviet heavy industries at work. in the Army, in industry the same spirit of deter¬ I was especially impressed at the number of women mination prevails under what we in America would who were working in these enterprises—up to 40 consider as unbearable working conditions. It is per cent at times—and not always at the lighter not easy, nor comfortable for the workers, to move tasks, but everywhere save perhaps the actual foun- a large industrial establishment, lock, stock, and drys and furnaces. The workers looked well fed, barrel, together with workers and families, from, healthy, and cheerful though it is to be seriously say, Moscow or Leningrad, and re-erect it in the doubted that working conditions in the crowded middle of the winter on the sub zero steppes of the cities of the Urals are up to our standards. In gen¬ Volga or in the Ural Mountains. Terrible hardships eral they received two meals a day, usually consist¬ were encountered without audible complaint, but ing of bread and soup, on the premises. Two 11- those evacuated factories were soon turning out hour shifts were in effect with 6-hour shifts for their tanks and planes. youths and a six-day week was the rule. Further¬ In the fall of 1941 we visited a large airplane more, the normal amount of work that a man or a factory in Moscow. Less than a year later we visit¬ woman should complete within a given time was ed the identical factory with the same workers and carefully worked out and if you do not complete

Admiral Standlev, the Naval Attaches, and Secretary Admiral Standlev leaving his plane in Stalingrad with Calder at the Monument of Europe-Asia line. a German tommygun presented to him by the Mayor.

618 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Photos by Edward Page, Jr. Admiral Standley and His Majesty’s Ambassador, Sir The Embassy summer residence, 20 miles out of Archibald Clark Kerr, at Kolomenskoe Monastery. Moscow. your norm—your quota—you receive a warning. people carry on with undaunted determination. The Should you fail again you may lose your food card women have increased their efforts in the fields, for a week, a very serious matter in Russia and are driving combines and tractors and performing much more so than here, for the Russian cannot the many heavy agricultural duties formerly done walk into a restaurant and obtain a meal without by' the men. Victory gardens are everywhere—it surrendering some of his valuable coupons for what is quite unusual to see in Moscow or Magnitagorsk has been served him. Should this not have the de¬ a plot of ground that is not planted, usually in po¬ sired effect, there are more severe measures to en¬ tatoes. For example, this last year 800,000 individ¬ force labor discipline. Strikes, of course, are out¬ uals in the city of Moscow cultivated over 28,000 lawed. as they have always been. Among other acres and produced over 126,000 tons of potatoes factories, we visited a plant employing approxi¬ and 60,000 tons of other vegetables. At the same mately 60.000 persons, about one-half of whom time the industrial enterprises in the Moscow area were women. This plant had been converted from operated 422 auxiliary farms made up of 260,000 tractor to tank construction, and conditions and acres and produced 73,000 tons of potatoes and production in this establishment, with equipment 48,000 tons of vegetables and 20,000 tons of grain. from the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Turning from the Russian people, perhaps the and Russia, much of which had been evacuated following observations will be of interest to readers. from the war zones, favorably compared to similar During the recent war years there have been some enterprises in the United States. fundamental changes in the Soviet social order that By superhuman efforts Soviet agriculture has con¬ have caused many to believe that Russia is veering tinued to produce in a relatively satisfactory de¬ from the original concepts of the Soviet Socialist gree during the war years. In spite of the great state, as envisaged by Marx and Lenin, towards a drain of manpower from the farms, shortages of truly national state, proud of its traditions, heri¬ fuel and spare parts for the tractors and combines tages, and customs of the past and desirous of see¬ so essential to collective farming, and of the terrible ing them perpetuated in the future. To elaborate— loss of the fertile Ukraine and Kuban the Soviet some time ago military rank with appropriate sym¬ Union has been able to ward off famine and in my bols of rank such as epaulets were established in mind will continue to do so. Large Lend-Lease ship¬ the Army and Navy—a heretical move, from the ments of wheat, sugar, fats, and other products doctrinarean point of view ten years ago. Within have of course helped. Food is severely rationed, a short time similar ranks were established in cer¬ especially for those not employed in the war indus¬ tain of the civilian ministries such as the Railroad tries, and malnutrition undoubtedly exists in some Administration, the Ministry of Justice, and the For¬ urban centers. Yet with real shortages, the Russian eign Office, and uniforms and appropriate symbols

DECEMBER. 1943 619 Stalingrad. The house in which Admiral Stand- ley’s party was quar¬ tered in the spring of 1942.

of rank were prescribed. For example, the titles or indication of the spirit of internal compromise that ranks in the Department of Justice—from actual is developing in the Soviet Union today. But the State Counselor down to Junior Jurist—resemble election of Sergius as Patriarch of the Holy Synod those of the imperialist days and are, in fact, de¬ has given the Russian Orthodox Church its first scribed as the “classnii chiny” or class titles—just head since the death of Tikhon in 1925 and its first like the Czarist officials. Indeed it would seem that governing Council since 1917. It makes a further- in some respects the Soviet classless state is wither¬ advance in the trend toward more favorable rela¬ ing away in the days of a Russian national revival. tions between the Soviet Government and the However, it is unlikely that the fundamental con¬ Church. cepts of Soviet political thought will undergo any What are internal reasons for this move? The real change. Church has contributed to the Soviet war effort in In other fields the same trends toward a revival organizing and effecting relief for the wounded and of the traditions and customs of the past are evi¬ in assisting in the rehabilitation of the liberated dent. In the schools the sexes have been separated areas. The Church has proved its loyalty to the this fall for the first time since the Revolution and State. For these contributions alone it should be junior military boarding schools — the Suvoro rewarded. Yet only in the future will we be able schools are to he established. Beside the usual to judge the sincerity of this move. Religious edu¬ secondary school and military subjects, the cur¬ cation is still barred from the schools, and as far riculum of these schools will include music, sing¬ as we know, the anti-religious laws of the early ing, dancing, and riding, as well as the learning of twenties are still in force. On the other hand, theo¬ one foreign language—English, French or German. logical schools for the training of priests are to be This, of course, may be a trend toward militarism opened, and a Council for Russian Church Affairs —the establishment of a strong military caste. has been established under the Soviet of People’s In art, literature, and the theater, the same trend Commissar—the Cabinet—which will mean that on away from the excesses of the Revolution toward the the surface church leaders will not be compelled to more conservative traditions of the Russian past has handle their affairs through intermediary state offi¬ been noted. The great Russian military heroes, cials, but will have a real head to whom they can Alexander Nevski, Suvorov, and Kutuzov are the appeal. By the same token the State will have a men after whom the most recently established high strong, perhaps the most influential voice in the awards for military leadership have been named. formulation of Church affairs and policies. The latest development has been the reestablish¬ The measures being taken in the Soviet Union ment of the Orthodox Church. Undoubtedly there to rehabilitate the areas liberated from the Nazis are strong reasons of foreign policy—desired reper¬ may be of interest. Late in August, 1943, the So¬ cussions in the Balkans, for example, where church viet of People’s Commissars issued a decree entitled circles are traditionally pro-Russian—which motivat¬ “The Immediate Measures for the Restoration of ed to this move. However, this may well be another (Continued on page 656)

620 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL General view of the Conference of Foreign Ministers, held at “Spiridonovka, guest house for the Peoples Commissariat for Foreign Affairs. CONFERENCE OF FOREIGN MINISTERS, MOSCOW, OCTOBER, 1943

Secretary Hull, with Mr. Molotov, inspecting the Mr. Hull talking with Mr. Eden. Guard of Honor. At the Conference Table. To the right of Mr. Hull may be seen Ambassador Harriman, James C. Dunn and Major General Deane, Chief of the American Military Mission. To Mr. Hull’s left is Mr. Green H. Mr. Hull, Mr. Molotov and Mr. Pavlov, Secretary to Hackworth. Behind Mr. Hull appear Mr. Cavendish Mr. Molotov. Cannon and Mr. Charles E. Bohlen.

. t EXTRACT FROM AN ADDRESS BY THE HONORABLE G. HOWLAND SHAW, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE, AT THE WORLD TRADE DINNER OF THE 30TH NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE CONVEN¬ TION, PENNSYLVANIA HOTEL, NEW YORK, OCTOBER 26, 1943

It is certain that the tasks which the Foreign Service will face at the close of the war will involve collabora- tion with other agencies of the Government dealing with such specialized problems as relief in various forms, the rehabilitation of industries, the rebuilding of bombed areas, and the restoration of normal trade and economic reconstruction generally. We shall find, therefore, that in addition to the trained Foreign Service officers which we now have—men with a general background of government, political science, administration, international re¬ lations, languages, et cetera—we shall have an immediate need for specialized personnel—men to serve as attaches with technical training in agriculture, commercial, industrial and financial matters, mining, transportation, and at least for a time in the field of social security and related matters. We shall have to attach to our offices abroad experienced technical men from the Departments of Commerce, Agriculture, Labor, the Bureau of Mines, and other Departments and Agencies. Such officers may well be integrated into the Foreign Service for stated periods and provision made for their return to their own Departments in Washington when their services abroad are ter¬ minated. In addition to these, we must have permanent special, technical and scientific personnel and a permanent skilled administrative group, which will have a recognized status in the Service, occupying an intermediate posi¬ tion between the clerks of lesser responsibility and the chief of mission or principal Foreign Service officer. Many of our experienced clerks, who have spent their lives in the Foreign Service, are qualified to fit into this group. It is probable that instead of one type of examination for entrance to the Service we shall have several different types to enable an even broader recruiting than at present.

^ ^ ^ < See Editorial on page 630)

Press Comment

A JOB WELL DONE article discusses in detail all the “swirling currents” through which Mr. Murphy had to operate in North There was a time when Robert D. Murphy, our Africa and it argues very convincingly that if he diplomatic representative in North Africa, was per¬ had yielded to the clamor of his critics and effected sona non grata to a highly vocal group of ill- rapid changes in the French administration and ar¬ informed critics who accused him of everything my command, “there would have certainly been im¬ from mere incompetence to dark dealings with mediate disastrous repercussions.” In Mr. Metz’s French Fascists. Not having any responsibility words, “Mr. Murphy’s patient efforts, conciliatory themselves, the critics found it easy to solve the spirit, kindliness of manner, wise foresight, clever whole North African tangle, hut Mr. Murphy, being handling of opponents, forbearance, restraint and directly on the scene and being responsible, did not. unyielding strength in persisting in the policy which He had to worry about the danger of outbreaks he believed to be—and which events have proved— among dissident elements in the population, about correct have contributed in no small measure to the serious racial animosities, about high-placed French¬ almost bloodless landing in North Africa” and to men with dubious loyalties and great influence, the successive victories that followed. Mr. Metz’s about the ever-present danger of treachery and sa¬ praise is unqualified. Thanks to Mr. Murphy, he botage along our enormously extended Allied sup¬ writes, “tens of thousands British and American ply lines, and about any number of other things his soldiers are alive today” who might otherwise have detractors never bothered to consider. That Mr. died on the beaches. Murphy handled all this superbly well, however, has Sometimes years must pass before a maligned been generally recognized, and it is now eloquently man is vindicated in the perspective of history, and confirmed in an article appearing in the current his maligners thoroughly discountenanced. But in issue of THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Mr. Murphy’s case, this is not so. Events in North published by the State Department. Written by Africa, including the working agreement between Bernard Metz, former British consular officer, the (Continued on page 666)

622 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Safe Conduct Certificate—M. S. (iripsliolm

To ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME was made known to and agreed upon by each of the GREETING: governments granting safe conduct: (The certificate then lists the course of I, the undersigned, Secretary of State of the the ship.) United States of America, hereby inform all whom it may concern that the Governments of the British In behalf of the Government of the United States Commonwealth of Nations, the Union of Soviet of America, I do hereby grant safe conduct to the Socialist Republics, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, vessel. Norway, Belgium, Greece. Poland, Czechoslovakia, China, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Given under my hand and the seal of the Depart¬ Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Sal¬ ment of State of the United States of America at vador, Guatemala and Mexico, as well as the Gov¬ Washington this thirty-first day of August in the ernments of Japan, Germany, and Italy, have con¬ year of Our Lord, Nineteen Hundred and Forty- veyed to the Government of the United States of three, and the Independence of the United States of America, the One Hundred and Sixty-eighth. America their assurance of safe conduct for the Swedish motor vessel Gripsholm for the purpose of (Seal) (Signed) CORDELL HULL. exchanging nationals of the United States, certain of the other American republics and Canada for nationals of Japan, on its voyage from New York, New York, United States of America, to Mor- mugao, Goa, Portuguese India, by way of and stop¬ ping at the ports of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Monte¬ video, Uruguay; and Port Elizabeth, Union of South Africa, and return from Mormugao to New York by way of and stopping at Port Elizabeth, and Rio de Janeiro, the entire voyage to be accom¬ plished, in the absence of unforeseen delays, between the first day of September, 1943, .and the third day of December, 1943, over the following course which

Photograph of the Certificate as signed by the Secretary of State.

Ceremony of presentation of Safe Conduct for the voyage of the M.S. Gripsholm leav¬ ing New York September 2, 1943. Left to right: Mr. Jesse E. Saugstad, Assistant Chief, Division of International Communications; Mr. L. S. Andrews, Operating Manager, American Export Lines; Captain Sigfried Ericsson, Master, M.S. Gripsholm; Mr. George Hanson, Passenger Traffic Mgr., Swe¬ dish American Line. The .SO Kilometres of El Ala mein

By ROBERT A. STEIN, Vice Consul, Aden

BEFORE July, 1942 El Alamein, Egypt was the only American ground unit working alongside merely a wretched native village on the rail¬ the lough fighters from England and the Dominions. way 105 kilometres west of Alexandria. To the A front line assignment was finally given our am¬ north lay the Mediterranean Sea, to the south bulance car section in August when we moved stretched 50 kilometres of blistering desert waste. through the mid-day heat and swirling dust up to Beyond this terrain began the impassable salt the southern sector held by the New Zealand Di¬ marshes of the Qattara Depression. The area be¬ vision. Rommel classed them as the best soldiers tween the Depression and the Sea was the bottle¬ he faced. We classed them, in their own lingo, as neck; the bottleneck where the artillery and air bloody fine jokers. Our ambulances were sent out power of the British 8th Army blasted an inferno singly to the various battalions where we quickly through which the Hun panzers could not pass. El made new friends among the Kiwis (the New Zea¬ Alamein became a famous battle line, and the native landers’ nickname), and began evacuating casual¬ village was pulverized. ties to the Advance Dressing Station. As a member of the American Field Service, the The British tactics dictated a last ditch resistance volunteer ambulance group which has been work¬ so we found our end of the line boxed in from all ing with the British and French Armies since 1940, sides by mine fields. Each unit cached extra rations, I was attached to the 8th Army. During El Alamein petiol, and ammunition in the ground to comply and the subsequent offensive through the Libyan with the “no turning back” order of our new Com¬ Desert our ambulance drivers were proud to be manding Officer, General Montgomery. From the

624 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL British casualties being returned to a field hospital by American Field Service ambu¬ lances. El Alamein, Egypt, October, 1942.

Everything at the front is dug in—guns, headquarters, even Dressing Stations. Camou¬ flage is rather difficult in the desert, hut can be very effective with the proper precautions.

DECEMBER. 1943 625 American Field Service ambulance drivers: William C. Callahan and the author at El Alamein.

New Zealand Regimental Aid Post on the El Alamein line. A.F.S. ambulances were the first to he placed on permanent duty in these forward posts.

626 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL forward observation posts the report kept coming road. At this time of frustration the German Staff back that Jerry was concentrating his strength op¬ sent out two officers under a white flag to ask the posite us to launch his drive on Alex. We endured 8th Army to surrender. Montgomery thought there the flies and heat, listening only to the brisk chatter was a little life left in some of the old boys yet of our own 25 pounders, and watching occasional and said no. dog fights in the sky above us. Like many another Up in the New Zealand box, duties continued as I soon became acutely aware of that disease known usual. We cursed the flies in our bully beef stew, as dysentery. held our breaths when the Stukas came near, and In order to obtain more information about the cheered the ack-ack boys when they plugged a Jerry German attack, a company of Maoris (the New plane. One afternoon, however, the news came in Zealand natives) from our battalion was sent in one that the enemy was going to retreat that night from night to take prisoners. These Maori boys love his untenable position behind us to his former lines. the bayonet almost as much as they love to sing Our battalion with several others moved through and dance. A tremendous artillery barrage preceded gaps in the southern mine field to cut off the Hun their raid. A few minutes before our fire was lifted escape. It seemed as if the whole front was mov¬ I could hear the Maori shouts through the din as ing, and the suspense was considerable. Before sun¬ they did their Haka. This is the old Polynesian set the battalion had its first misfortune. The war dance which they perform before battle. The Colonel, a robust, affable fellow, was blown up on Maoris work themselves up to a frenzied pitch of a mine. We waited without supper, night came on, hate and recklessness as they pantomime a victori¬ then we got an order to return inside the box after ous struggle with an enemy to the chant of gutteral three hours. The rest of the night was spent driv¬ war cries. After a great explosion when a hole was ing in first gear searching for the Advance Dressing blown in the enemy barbed wire, the raiding com¬ Station. The Doctor got lost, so we plotted our pany went into action. Our ambulance was waiting own weary course among the mine fields and the outside the mine field gap in an abandoned gun slit trenches. There was fighting going on around pit. Machine gun and rifle fire was all we heard us, but we didn’t know any more about it than a until enemy mortar shells started to land close be¬ fellow who had gone to bed at 8:00 P.M. We hind the car. We ducked into foxholes, burrough- reached the Dressing Station at 4:30 A.M., and I ing as deep as the loose sand would permit, while lay down on the ground with a blanket around me. the shells exploded in an arc around us. Just as At breakfast a medical orderly shook me and said, iheir range got close enough to sprinkle us with “Move or we’ll bury you.” I was sleeping next debris from the blasts, fire fortunately stopped. to half a dozen corpses. Shortly two red signal flares went up behind us, Jerry got back to his lines again. One of our and the Maoris began to drift back toward our ambulance drivers was killed. Several were thor¬ lines. They brought in a handful of quivering oughly fatigued. A friend of mine was out with a Italians. We loaded four casualties into the ambu¬ green Tommie outfit which was 95% casualty after lance and returned to the Dressing Station. the engagement. The following night Rommel began his show on Within a week the Kiwi Division was withdrawn, the full moon. We finally heard his 88-mm. guns, and we went back with them for a short leave in which located a Tommie battery moving in on the Cairo. The city was crowded with soldiers, some escarpment above our position. When my partner of whom had been in the desert six months or more, and I weren’t probing our way back to the Advance others who had recently arrived after the long Dressing Station with a load of casualties, we were voyage from England. Among the newcomers was crouched in slit trenches listening to the approach¬ the famed Scottish Highland Division which fought ing shells; whistling crescendo, silence, whrrrumph! the rearguard at Dunkirk. It was acknowledged At dawn our Captain reported to Headquarters, that the big British push was forming, and the cab¬ where he learned that the Germans had pushed arets did a lively business with the thousands of through just to the south of us with their two crack men indulging in a last fling. Panzer Divisions and the 90th Light Infantry Di¬ By the first of October Cairo had taken us for our vision. At present they were occupying positions last piastre, and it was a real pleasure to get back 15 miles behind us. We noticed our artillery, which to the simple, inexpensive life of the desert. The was pointing west yesterday, now firing southeast. American Field Service was regrouping its ambu¬ For five days Rommel’s armored thrust remained lances in a camp off the Alex-Cairo road to conform stalled. Every hour his columns were shelled and with the changes which the 8th Army was making. bombed, and the British armored units threatened We were fortunate in being assigned to a new unit, to cut off his supply if he turned toward the coast (Continued on page 650)

DECEMBER, 1943 627 The Indestructible**

They’re the unsung heroines of the State Department . . . they wear no uniforms but they brave death and imprisonment in the service of their country . . . here their exploits are told for the first time by a war correspondent who has seen them in action

By ROBERT BELLAIRE

DEBATE is going on in official Washington. try is that no one in official Washington has yet Should the “Forgotten Women’s Army” be assigned them to alphabetical immortality by desig¬ put in uniform? Especially a peacetime organiza¬ nating them as the WFSC. But even that probably tion, this army is made up of little-known women would not help. Who can pronounce WFSC as foreign service clerks employed by the Department easily as you can say Wacs, Waves or Spars? of State to assist our diplomats and consular offi¬ The WFSC seems to endow its members with cials. Most of these women work as confidential charmed lives. Although several hundred of these secretaries or as code and file room experts, ac¬ women have been within a hair’s breadth of death, countants, et cetera. But in proportion to their not one has yet suffered serious injury. That is why, numbers, the women foreign service clerks have when fame finally finds them, they may become best bravely endured far more of the violent side of this known as “The Indestructibles.” war than any other single class of American war During the Nazi air blitz against London, more heroines. than two hundred heavy bombs hit within one thou¬ Many of these women experienced devastating sand yards of the American embassy. Yet none of bombardments, death, panic, revolution, earthquake, the many WFSC there was even scratched. Every famine, pestilence and floods years before the Japa¬ evening these women returned to their apartments nese attacked Pearl Harbor—years before anyone from the embassy, walking through the flaming thought of organizing the smartly uniformed Wacs, bomb-battered streets of London. People were Waves and Spars who now serve our country with killed within a few feet of them, but the WFSC equal devotion but at no greater risk or sacrifice. were spared. In Warsaw four WFSC survived the Nazi air and There are only eight hundred women foreign artillery bombardment of 1939 in which thousands service clerks, yet more than half of them have of Poles died. After living for days in the midst of been subjected to the hazards of war—have been this blazing battlefield they managed to escape to bombed by enemy planes, shelled by enemy artillery Bucharest just before the Nazis entered Warsaw. or have risked their lives sailing through sub¬ Irja E. Lindgren of Hibbing, Minnesota, was marines or mine-infested waters to reach their posts. serving as a WFSC in the American legation at Oslo One in every eight has suffered privation or terror when the Nazis invaded Norway. King Haakon and as a captive of our enemies. Many were held cap¬ his government moved five times in the first week. tive six months before being exchanged for enemy Miss Lindgren and the American minister, Mrs. prisoners. Eight women clerks still are in enemy Florence Jaffray Harriman, moved with them, travel¬ hands and may remain there for the duration. An¬ ing almost continuously over heavily bombed high¬ other twenty-six are isolated in Switzerland. ways. When 1 asked Secretary of State Cordell Hull his As soon as it became evident that Norway was opinion of our women foreign service clerks, this is lost, the State Department made arrangements to what he had to say: have Miss Lindgren and Mrs. Harriman led across “I pay warmest tribute to the women of our for¬ the border to neutral Sweden by our Assistant Mili¬ eign service—their efficiency, devotion, loyalty and tary Attache to Norway, Captain Robert M. Losey. spirit of sacrifice. Like men, they serve in difficult, Because of road blocks and intense bombing, the distant, dangerous and unhealthful posts. Their role women were unable to reach an appointed meeting richly honors all American womanhood to far-flung place. They found their own way to Sweden. Later fields.” they learned that the Nazis had wiped out the village Perhaps one reason these women foreign service where Captain Losey was waiting. He was killed, clerks have been so little known in their own coun- the army’s first casualty in World War II. *From the WOman's Home Companion. Many individual stories could be told of WFSC

628 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL bravery and hardship but probably none so colorful Life in this atmosphere, I might point out, was as the adventures of Helen Lewis Skouland, a WFSC accepted by these women while our country was from California, whose first post was in Kobe, still “at peace.” Any one of these women was quali- Japan, in 1936. fide for a safe and successful secretarial career here Kobe in those days was still a pleasant city. For¬ at home. But they preferred to serve their country, eign residents were numerous and a gay interna¬ regardless of risk and sacrifice. tional life centered around several attractive clubs. When war came, Helen Skouland was on the job. At that time hostilities with China had not yet brok¬ As Japanese police poured into the American em¬ en out and there was not exhibited among the Japa¬ bassy in Tokyo the morning of Pearl Harbor, Helen nese people at large an attitude of hostility toward twirled the dials of the safe which held our govern¬ foreigners. ment’s most confidential codes. While the polite But the atmosphere changed following the out¬ were coming up the stairs, Helen swung open the break of hostilities with China in July, 1937. The doors of the safe, pulled out the closely guarded Japanese bombed and sank the American gunboat code hooks and dumped them into metal waste¬ Panay. They bombed hundreds of American proper¬ baskets. When the Japs arrived, Helen and several ties in China and forced hundreds of Americans out of business in Japan. (Continued on page 653) Japanese civilians who once smiled and bowed now began to sulk. They glared at Americans on the streets with a look of hate which was genuinely menacing. On many occasions young Japanese schoolboys would gather around American women and shout, “Spy! Spy!”—clearly revealing what Japan’s youth was being taught to believe about Americans like Helen Skouland. In 1939 the State Department transferred Helen to Tokyo, where jingoistic politicians had been even more successful in arousing popular hatred for Americans. Ambassador Grew was receiving threat¬ ening letters through the mails. Fanatics, believing they were acting on “orders from heaven,” on at least one occasion emptied night soil against the white walls of the American embassy. In Tientsin the Japanese army was forcing white women to strip to be searched and some Americans feared this campaign to humiliate and insult for¬ eigners might spread to Japan. Occasionally Tokyo mobs gathered in front of the American embassy to shout insults at America. Many of the demonstra¬ tors were armed with clubs, bricks and bottles. Helen Skouland watched them from her desk in the embassy. When the State Department advised all American women and children to leave the Far East in 1940, Helen Skouland and forty other WFSC courage¬ ously remained at their posts in Japan and China. They knew war was inevitable and that when it came they would be interned in hazardous circum¬ stances. Soon the WFSC were virtually the only American women remaining in Japan.

When the Japs arrived the code books were in ashes. with relief and rehabilitation and the restoration of the world’s trade and economy. There is no ques¬ tion that the Service will face new and unusual bur¬ dens in meeting the problems of the post-war period. FOREIGN E JOURNAL It is the manner of supplying the necessary addi¬

No. 12^7 tional men to handle the forthcoming multiplicity Vol. 20 DECEMBER. 1943 of affairs that will especially interest the officers who PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN are making the Service a life work. SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. If we interpret Mr. Shaw’s remarks correctly, no The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription immediate expansion of the career service is con¬ in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or templated. In addition to the trained Foreign 25 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Service officers we “now ’ have, said Mr. Shaw, the Copyright, 1943, by the American Foreign Service Association need for an adequate staff will be met by techni¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this cians and specialists of the Auxiliary Service and publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. by assignments to the Foreign Service of officials from other Government departments and agencies. JOURNAL STAFF There is no intention apparent here to build upon the foundations of the career service as established HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman . by the Rogers Act, but to depend upon other sources LEO D. STURGEON_ „ Editorial for the skills and techniques required in conducting HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR Board W. PERRY GEORGE __ the increased business of the Foreign Service. JANE WILSON, Managing Editor As previously mentioned in this column, the Edi¬ GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager tors of the JOURNAL believe that the trained Foreign WILLIAM E. DECOURCY Treasurer Service officer has amply demonstrated his ability to handle most of the tasks assigned to specialists and technicians in the Auxiliary branch. He is selected, The American Foreign Service Association after highly competitive examinations, on the basis EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE of his qualifications to cope with any of the rami¬ CHRISTIAN M. RAVNDAL, Chairman fications of consular or diplomatic work. Versatility FOY D. KOHLER, Vice Chairman and adaptability are the prime characteristics of the JOSEPH M. MCGBRK, JULIAN B. FOSTER, officer produced by the Rogers Act. He is either THEODORE C. ACHILLES able to play successfully any role asked of him or ALTERNATES he fails to measure up to required standards. It is JOHN F. STONE, FRANCIS L. SPALDING our belief that precisely because of the processes of selection, training and elimination that make up the ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE present Foreign Service, the average individual For¬ A. DANA HODCDON, GEORGE P. SHAW, JOHN C. POOL eign Service Officer is better fitted to handle the coming post-war duties abroad than any group of specialists or technicians recruited from civil life in INCREASED PERSONNEL FOR THE the United States. FOREIGN SERVICE Rather than expand the corps of trained and se¬ Of extraordinary interest to the future of the lected officers after the war by reinstating the for¬ Foreign Service is the statement of Assistant Sec¬ mer system of competitive career examinations, pres¬ retary Shaw at the World Trade dinner on October ent plans seem to call for the utilization of a miscel¬ 26 regarding the need for additional personnel after laneous group of attaches who, while undoubtedly the war. Mr. Shaw on that occasion spoke at some possessing capacities in their field, lack the inclina¬ length concerning the organization and functions of tion, experience and background which induce the the Department and the Foreign Service, and de¬ career officer to devote his life to foreign affairs. voted only a brief passage to the question of person¬ As this situation would naturally affect the entire nel. But so important are the implications of that structure of the career service, it cannot fail to be passage, so pertinent to the ideal of the career, that of concern to our officers wherever stationed. the Editors are impelled to call particular attention The Editors invite an expression of opinion on to the words reproduced on another page of this the subject from those interested; it is only by com¬ issue. munications of this sort, whether or not for publica¬ Mr. Shaw rightly forecast the many demands tion, that the JOURNAL can accurately gauge the which will be made on the Service in connection sentiment of those whom it seeks to serve.

630 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By JANE WILSON

Give Them More Symptomatic of a New Policy? The Foreign Service more and more is becoming A Departmental telegram was recently received a system of relationships between peoples rather in the Embassy at Mexico City signed STET- than between ambassadors or heads of governments. TINIUS, ACTION. As such the public should have dispersed for them Garble, garble, but we bet it was acted upon in those clouds of mystery about the workings of the a hurry. State Department and should have answered such questions as “What is a Consul?” Ich weiss nicht was soli es bedeuten The National Radio Forum, carried by the Blue Drew Pearson in his column “Washington Merry- Network on November 3, presented the remarks of Go-Round” of October 27’s Washington Post made Assistant Secretary Shaw depicting in very dramatic the following statement, without embellishment: terms some aspects of the Foreign Service, in word- “Fire broke out the other day in the State De¬ pictures with popular appeal, vividly explaining the partment basement. After guards had applied the Foreign Service. He opened his speech with “I am extinguisher to a burning box, they found it con¬ taking you to Warsaw, Poland, on the eve of the tained books in German.” war—,” and he described our Service in action dur¬ We will add the embellishments. About fifteen or ing the siege there. The work of the Department twenty cases of books, in several different languages of State he compared to the work that is carried had been sent to the Division of Research and Pub¬ on in hundreds and thousands of offices throughout lication of the Department by the Committee on the United States. He called our divisions the “as¬ Accession of Foreign Publications. It is supposed sembly line.” that the minor conflagration was caused by a cig¬ The radio public understood all this. By radio arette of someone inspecting a box of the German public we mean the everyday people—not the schol¬ books. arly listeners, the students of international affairs The State Department of course keeps currently who alone can appreciate the erudite lectures on read on German literature, as well as literature in the workings of the State Department. all other languages. In the State Department libra¬ Can’t we give the every-day people more of the ry there are thousands of German books of all eras every-day talk? How about a movie—not alone on —on German diplomacy, German history, German office machinations but with action pictures from economics, German geography. the field. Not just the splendid views of our em¬ Mein Kampf did not appear originally in English. bassies on gala occasions but of Vice Consuls han¬ Why Weren’t We Told? dling seamen? How about interviewing on the air It seems that a lot has been happening in South officers of the Service who have had unusual experi¬ America that the State Department hadn’t heard ences? How about plays on the air—the vivid about until the recent appearance of a beautiful map drama of the Foreign Service? of Latin America, printed by a certain Government publication. The Guianas appear, left to right, Brit¬ Excerpt from letter addressed to the wife of a For¬ ish, French and Dutch. The mapmakers certainly eign Service officer by an American Red Cross scooped the press because the latter two countries worker in Australia have, according to these geographers, swopped capi¬ “When we landed we filled out an immigration tals. Mexico with its latest phenomenon of a newly form and one of the questions was, have you any erupted volcano, hasn’t a thing on British Guiana, friends in Australia? f, of course, said no. The the capital of which apparently overnight moved immigration officer very carefully crossed it out and from the banks of the Demarara and now appears wrote in American Consul. You have made me in all it’s black-star-on-red glory, on the edge of feel that he was quite right.” the Essequibo.

DECEMBER, 1943 631 Heard in the Corridors of the World Crisis,” in the May, 1943, issue of the JOURNAL, delivered a lecture in French before . . . MRS. BRECKENRIDGE LONG was, on October 21 awarded a dietitian aide certificate. Dietitian the members of the Department of State French aides assist professional dietitians in Washington’s Club on November 5 on the subject “The United over-crowded hospitals. . . . States and France in the Postwar World.” Mr. Guerin was the economic representative of French . . . PAUL WRIGHT, Foreign Service Auxiliary Clerk assigned to Ankara, with his book of poems North Africa in Washington in connection with the “Ramblings of an Amateur Poet” won the 1939 carrying out of the Weygand-Murphy agreement. . . Eugene Field Award for Contribution to Contem¬ porary Literature. . . . American War Baby . . . DR. HERBERT FEIS has resigned as Adviser Gretchen Penelope Whitaker was born on Octo¬ on International Economic Affairs, a post which he ber 2 on board the enemy repatriation ship Teia has held since 1931. . . . Maru, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Charles H. Whitaker . . . HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., has been desig¬ returning from internment in Manila. The child nated an Assistant Chief of the Division of Current was ushered into the world by half a dozen Japa¬ Information. . . . nese nurses. . . . JAMES H. R. CROMWELL, former Minister Upon boarding the ship Vice Consul and Mrs. to Canada, demonstrated in October to a special Whitaker consulted with the ship’s Japanese doctor Congressional subcommittee investigating the news¬ concerning arrangements for the delivery of the print shortage, what he claims is a new and im¬ baby. proved method of producing paper by cooking the The Japanese doctor refused the offered assistance ink out of old newspapers. . . . of an American gynecologist on board, saying he . . . JACK D. NEAL has been designated an Act¬ would be called if there were any difficulties. As ing Assistant Chief of the Division of Foreign Ac¬ the ship neared the equator after leaving Singapore tivity Correlation. . . . harbor Mr. Whitaker sought the Japanese doctor . . . JOHN W. BAILEY, JR., Assistant Chief of the telling him he was needed at once. The doctor de¬ Division of Foreign Service Personnel since April layed arriving until about 10 minutes after the 1, 1935, has been reinstated by Executive Order as baby was born with the Japanese nurses in atten¬ a Foreign Service Officer of Class III. . . . dance. . . . Foreign Service Officer GUY RAY paid a visit An elaborate birth certificate in the Japanese to the Department in early November while on language was signed by the doctor and the ship’s leave from his post as Mexico City. . . . captain presented it to the Whitakers. Mrs. Whit¬ . . . PERRY LAUKHUFF’S article “The Bravest Are aker proclaimed her daughter “An American war the Belgians” in the August issue of the JOURNAL baby, an American repatriate bound for glorious has been reprinted in the Interaliado of Buenos America.” Aires, Horizons de France of Guatemala, Noticias de Belgica of Mexico City, and El Plata of Monte¬ All Wet video. . . . Roy E. B. Bower writes from Madras: “Do you . . . H. MERRELL BENNINGHOFF has been desig¬ remember printing an item from Madras about my nated an Assistant Chief of the Division of Far flat, though 12 or 15 feet above ground, being un¬ Eastern Affairs. . . . der water? It was not until I saw it in print that . . . MRS. LOIS SEVAREID has been assigned to I saw how it looked like a whopper. It was per¬ Cairo by OFFRO. Mrs. Sevareid is the wife of fectly true, but my floor was not under water be¬ CBS correspondent Eric Sevareid, one-time ma- cause the flood had risen that high. It was due to roonee in the Burma jungle with FSO John Davies the force of the wind and rain and to the fact that et al. . . . our open-work houses do not provide ways to keep . . . Househunting FSOs in Washington note the it out. following ad in the local press: “Engineer arriving Wella, wella, it’s no whopper now. I’ve moved Washington desires horizontal sleeping accommoda¬ to a bungalow on moderately high ground and am tions.” . . . O.K. But the monsoon changed last week, bringing . . . DR. LOUISE GOFORTH, daughter of retired drenching rains, and parts of Madras are under FSO HERNDON W. GOFORTH and one -time winner from 5 to 20 feet of water. The houses of some of of an Association scholarship, is a resident physi¬ my office and home staffs are out of sight under cian at Columbia Hospital in Washington. . . . the flood. . . . PAUL GUERIN, author of “Underlying Causes Well, it’s better than New Guinea, at that.”

632 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Bounding Main Dupes check for $2.50 for my subscription to the AMERI¬ If you suffer from: maladjustment of the equili¬ CAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL as of your bill of brium apparatus in the inner ear, caused by its June 15. Please excuse the great lapse of time be¬ inability to adjust itself to continued rapid changes fore this remittance, but a few things have hap¬ in position—in other words, sea or plane sickness— pened such as my ship getting sunk and an extend¬ this is just your dish— ed hitch-hiking trip home across the Pacific. I A little pink pill. wish you would continue my subscription using the It’s the newr discovery of the Canadian navy new address, SS as long as it stays which eliminates sea or planesickness in three out afloat. . . .” of every four normally susceptible persons. How¬ ever, you will have to be patient being a patient for a while because the cure is a carefully guarded military secret and will only become available for civilians of the Post-War World. By the way, if you do suffer from maladjustment of the etc., etc., don’t think you are a hypochondriac because scientists find that four out of every ten persons—including old tars—are affected. Please Forward Lt. William Dale Fisher writes: “Enclosed is my

At the reception given by the Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation on October 18 in honor of Undersecretary Stettinius. Right, the Undersecretary and H. Free¬ man Matthews, Chief of the European Division. Be¬ low, general view of the party. To the left center the Undersecretary talks with Mr. Grew.

DECEMBER, 1943 633 Xews From the Fiel«I

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HELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa KELSEY. EASTON T.—Eastern Canada BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda FORD, RICHARD—Iran BERRY, BURTON Y.—Turkey. LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Honduras BINGHAM, HIRAM, JR.—Argentina LICHTNER, E. ALLEN, JR.—Sweden BREUER, CARL—Venezuela LORD, JOHN H.—Jamaica BUELL, ROBERT L.—Ceylon MEMMINCER, ROBERT B.—Uruguay BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru MILBOURNE, H. L.—St. Lucia CHILDS, J. RIVES— North Africa MINTER, JOHN R.—Southern Australia CLARK, DUWAYNE G.—Paraguay MITCHELL, RECINALD P.—Haiti Dow, EDWARD, JR.—Egypt OCHELTREE, JOHN B.—Greenland DREW, GERALD A.—Guatemala PAGE, EDWARD, JR.—U.S.S.R. DUFF, WILLIAM—India PALMER, JOSEPH, 2ND—British East Africa FISHER, DORSEY G.—Great Britain TAYLOR, LAURENCE W.— FULLER, GEORCE G.—Central Canada French Equatorial Africa, The GATEWOOD, RICHARD D.—Trinidad Cameroons and Belgian Congo. GILCHRIST, JAMES M.—Nicaragua TRIOLO, JAMES S.—Colombia GROTH, EDWARD M.—Union of South Africa TURNER, MASON—Western Australia HUDDLESTON, J. F.—Curacao and Aruba WILLIAMS, ARTHUR R.—Panama HURST, CARLTON—British Guiana

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Minister Nelson T. Johnson escorting Mrs. Roosevelt during her visit to Australia. Photo U.S.A. Signal Corps.

634 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL STOCKHOLM Secretary. He is going back to the State Depart¬ ment in Washington. Everyone on the combined staff in Stockholm was Mr. Steyne, who is in his early forties, began his profoundly shocked on the morning of October 1, diplomatic career in 1930, and since 1937 has been 1943, to learn of the sudden death from arterio- handling economic affairs at the London Embassy. thrombosis of Tom Klath. That morning Tom had He has been United States delegate on the Inter- apparently risen earlier than usual. Perhaps he had Allied Committee on post-war requirements—the not slept well. Anyhow, it seems he had gone out Leith-Ross Committee. (in his pajamas) to smoke a cigarette and read the He has served here under three Ambassadors— morning paper in the living room. There the maid Mr. Bingham, Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Winant. Even found his body as he had fallen from his chair. his Cairn terrier, Kippy, ranks as senior Embassy Tom had had a heart attack in Copenhagen in dog, and is as well known in many London restau¬ 1935 or 1936 and it is quite possible that he knew rants as his master. his days were numbered. If he did, he did not tell The following richly-merited tribute to Alan anyone, not even his wife. Steyne was published in a well known London Everyone liked Tom Klath. He was an open- weekly: hearted, friendly man who inspired trust in all who Only quite recently I congratulated in these col¬ knew him. He probably had more friends in Stock¬ umns Mr. Alan N. Steyne, First Secretary at the holm than any other foreign diplomat. (Before his American Embassy in London on his well-deserved last assignment he had served as Commercial At¬ promotion. Now I hear he is being transferred tache in Stockholm from 1924 to 1935.) Over 500 back to the State Department in Washington, where attended his funeral in the Gustaf Vasa Church on his unique knowledge of Allied economic problems October 5th and many more sent flowers. He was will be of great value in the months to come. He known to many of the younger members of the staff will also take an active part in the final preparations as “Uncle Tom,” which was an appropriate mark for and then in the proceedings of the U.N.R.R.A. of their affection and esteem for him. He was a big, conference which is to take place at Atlantic City kind uncle to his younger friends and a brother to next month. But from a British and Allied point his contemporaries. of view Mr. Steyne’s departure from London is His untimely death is a sad blow not only to his something in the nature of a tragedy. In the han¬ devoted wife Edna, who was with him here in Stock¬ dling of intricate supply problems for all the United holm, and to his son and daughter, who are in the Nations, and also in the work of Allied Post-War United States, but to his many friends throughout Requirements Bureau, where he was the American the Service. And the Service loses a loyal officer delegate, he revealed a degree of sympathy, under¬ whose long experience in the Scandinavian coun¬ standing and yet unshakeable firmness that com¬ tries made him invaluable. manded the respect, confidence and affection of all E. A. L. those with whom he came into contact. He prob¬ ably enjoyed a wider circle of friendship and ac¬ LONDON quaintance among British and Allied government departments than any other diplomat in London. The following paragraphs appeared originally in This greatly facilitated the extremely complicated a recent issue of the London Daily Telegraph: tasks to which he gave all his time and all his Mr. Winant is losing one of his two private secre¬ devotion. His personal good will cannot be easily taries by the transference of Mr. Paul Jefferson acquired even by the most capable of successors. Reveley to the American Embassy in Mexico City. Mr. Steyne’s imminent departure to Washington A farewell party at the Ambassador’s private resi¬ will leave a gap that only his own return to London dence in Prince’s Gate marked the first celebration could fill. of the kind there since the beginning of the war. (Continued on page 661) “Jeff” Reveley has been a popular member of the Embassy staff. His duties gave him little leisure for any kind of personal life, for Mr. Winant’s appetite for work can mean a 24-hour day. MARRIAGES Nothing, however, ever rattled this suavest of secretaries, much of whose time was taken up by WINBORN-GOFORTH. Lt. (j.g.) Byron Rufus Win- keeping away the endless callers on inessential busi¬ born and Ensign Joyce Goforth were married on ness. June 25. Miss Goforth was the winner of one of Another member of Mr. Winant’s Embassy about the Association scholarships and is the daughter of to leave London is Mr. Alan N. Steyne, a First retired Foreign Service Officer Herndon W. Goforth.

DECEMBER, 1943 635 Tlie Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

A PROFESSOR AT LARGE, by Stephen Duggan. were planning the “incident” in which the puppet The Macmillan Company, New York, 1943. xviii, empire of Manchukuo was born. 468 pages. Price, $3.50. And nothing could have been more opportune or more helpful to our gallant allies of today than the I confess to opening this book with a feeling of trepidation. I belong in the dwindling ranks of visit which our Professor at Large paid to Russia when the Soviet state was emerging from the throes those who in the Gay Nineties of the last century were despatched to tbe ends of the earth on diplo¬ and the pangs of the revolution. He was asked to matic and consular missions after an instruction pe¬ visit the rabfaks or workers’ colleges from which it riod which rarely exceeded five minutes. In those was hoped that technicians and real mechanics, so greatly needed in the great farming land at the time, days the appearance of a professor at large, or on would emerge. His report was devastating. He the leash of a sabbatical year, had much the same made it quite plain that along this line and with this effect in our legation precincts (in those humble curriculum nothing would be achieved. It may or days we had no embassies ) as that of a hawk in the may not have surprised the extremely intelligent immediate vicinity of a dovecote. One of my out¬ standing memories are the words in which the pass¬ Commissar of Education to whom the report was ing professor denounced the supine conduct of the addressed but most certainly and most happily he was not discouraged and when the Five Year Plan staff in Peking for not urging the four hundred million Chinese to abandon their millennial addic¬ demanded technicians and skilled mechanics he tion to rice and eat wheaten bread. “Do you not heeded the words of advice that came from the visi¬ tor who wished Russia well. The rabfaks were realize what that would mean to the American farmer and our milling industry?” . . . Doctor Dug¬ renovated, perhaps reconstructed would be the more gan is a professor of quite a different color. He has appropriate word, from top to bottom and when in 1934 our Professor returned he found that hundreds travelled much and he knows men and cities. He of men were being turned out monthly who were has enjoyed contacts with important men at home and abroad and he is a citizen of the world in the fully skilled in the mechanism of war industries and in peace production. Fortunately for us and unfor¬ best sense. He has his enthusiasms it is true, but tunately for them the Germans did not have a real¬ they are directed by intelligence and based on care¬ izing sense of the transformation that had taken fully tested facts. Dr. Duggan has also the happy faculty, so sought place in the once slovenly moujik and the result of after by roving journalists, of visiting and of study¬ this miscalculation is that hundreds of thousands ing troubled zones before even the news editors ap¬ of invaders have died along the Dneiper and in the preciate that world shaking events are impending. Kuban, and the Ukraine, the “bread basket of Eastern Europe,” remains in the hands of its right¬ He was in Fiume three days before that poet in ful owners. politics, d’Annunzio, and his Arditi arrived to mock the Supreme War Council in Paris and, with the In our sister republics south of Panama, as brief¬ connivance of the Italian Government, to make a ly noted in this distinguished book. Dr. Duggan has breach in the covenant while the League of Nations travelled widely. He has delivered lectures before was still at the baptismal font. He was in China the students of ancient universities and to workers when what a kindly critic has called the “growing assembled in their clubs. He placed our country in pains” of the Republic, while understandable, were its true light before audiences that had so often been certainly disturbing; and he was in Japan when the misled and on his return he was able to dispel the gangsters of the army and the minions of the Black misunderstandings which have for so long prevailed Dragon Society were pushing aside the Elder States¬ about our near neighbors. It chanced that I was in men whose pleas, in part at least sincere, for so long Chile shortly after Dr. Duggan had passed on his deceived the Western World. Pushing aside is in¬ way and I was eager to learn the secret of his suc¬ deed an understatement, for as we all know many, cess. “We like him,” they answered, “and he likes very many, of the decent leaders in Japan were bru¬ us; of all of the Yanquis he is the Yankee mas tally murdered. And Dr. Duggan just happened to simpadco.” be in Manchuria when the regime of Chang So-lin, To conclude this far too brief summary of a re¬ the war lord, was on its last legs and the Japanese markable book it should be said that it is a chronicle

636 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL of most useful activities both at home and abroad The author is in most cases eminently accurate throughout four decades. It closes with a vision of and fair. There are, however, some rather im¬ better days and every reader will express the fervent portant omissions. For example there is no account hope that for its author there are many more fruit¬ of Russia’s aims regarding territorial arrangements ful years to come. It should serve as a textbook to in the areas adjacent to her western frontier. Con¬ the ministers of mercy who are about to go abroad sequently there is no adequate presentation of the to alleviate the sufferings of a world that is shell¬ facts which tend to support the position of the Soviet shocked and near the starvation point. It is a rec¬ Government on these questions. Yet the book is in ord in which his countrymen can take pride and many ways the most useful that has yet appeared for those who live in less fortunate lands will find en¬ those who are interested in the problems that are couragement. This admirable and modest mission¬ becoming more and more urgent with the approach ary of good will demonstrates that there can be no of victory. security for our country or for the survival of civ¬ F. R. FLOURNOY, ilization while millions in the troubled zones are The College of Emporia, engulfed in disaster. Emporia, Kansas. STEPHEN BONSAL

THE SPANISH LABYRINTH, by Gerald Brenan. THE NEW EUROPE, by Bernard Newman. The The Macmillan Company, New York, 1943, 384 Macmillan Company, 1943. 568 pages. $3.75. pages including index. $3.50. Virtually alone among writers on post war re¬ Among the various books we have seen on the construction, the author of this book devotes his at¬ subject of recent Spanish history, this volume is tention primarily to the problem of European fron¬ unique in presenting an unbiased account. The au¬ tiers, which he regards as even more pressing than thor has gone deeply into Spain’s internal politics questions of economic readjustment or global or¬ in order to explain the rise and fall of the dictator¬ ganization. Thus he devotes a substantial chapter ship of Primo de Rivera, the fall of the Monarchy, to each of the major territorial problems, tracing its the foundation of the Second Republic, the course history, presenting the pertinent demographic, eco¬ of events under the Republic which culminated in nomic, and geographic data, setting forth the aspira¬ the military revolt of 1936, the course of the civil tions of the various peoples concerned, and suggest¬ conflict, and the fall of the Republic. His study ing what he regards as the fairest solution. He has of Spanish character and politics is a serious one gained his extraordinary knowledge of these sub¬ and, we believe, a fair one. So just an apprecia¬ jects not merely from reports, statistical tables, and tion of Spanish values at this time, when bitterness official documents, but also from personal investiga¬ and prejudice still characterize most thought con¬ tions over a long period of years, partly as a travel¬ cerning this critical and too recent period of Span¬ er and partly as an intelligence officer, in almost ish history, is refreshing. The author has under¬ every one of the trouble areas of which he writes. stood the Spanish character from having lived Hence the reader finds his path made brighter by among the Spanish people and from having been recollections of the author’s travels and vivid de¬ a student of Spanish history and politics, and what scriptions of scenes in the European arenas of is more important he has understood that this was friction. Fifty maps aid in the clarification of a civil war with the ugliness of all civil wars and ethnological problems, though the sources used in with people of the same race and the same instincts obtaining the facts regarding these highly contro¬ struggling against each other. He has witnessed versial matters are not generally given. the same errors, characteristic of the Spanish peo¬ In proposing solutions for the various problems, ple, and the same horrors, characteristic of any civil Mr. Newman in most cases recommends that the war, on both sides, and has presented his observa¬ boundaries of 1938 be largely unchanged, except tions impartially to the reader. for the cession of East Prussia to Germany, and that Casas Viejas, Oviedo, Badajoz: all are presented of a few small border districts from Czechoslavakia and explained fairly in this book. The errors of and Romania to Hungary. Most of the states of political leaders on both sides are boldly pointed central and western Europe would be grouped into out with factual accuracy. Many of these errors seven federations, of which one would be a decen¬ are already understood by Spaniards, whereas in the tralized Germany with the inclusion of Austria. Minority problems would be solved by a system of United States, where feeling still runs high among exchanges of populations, a device which would be the partisans of the contending Spanish factions, applied on a fairly extensive scale. (Continued on page 655)

DECEMBER, 1943 637 THE JOURNAL GOES TO A FOREIGN SERVICE WEDDING

Photos by F. John Schaefer

On November 7 Miss Ruth Foster and George Palmer, Vice Consul at Colon, were married in Rethesda, Maryland. Left, the bride and groom as they came down the aisle.

The bride and groom at the reception given at the At the reception: Mrs. Albert Doyle, Miss Knox and home of Mr. and Mrs. Christian Ravndal. Mrs. Janies E. Henderson.

Cutting the cake. To the right is the bride’s mother, The groom and Miss Dorothea McCandlish at the Mrs. Harold Ride. To the left are Mr. and Mrs. reception. Ravndal. Mr. Ravndal was best man. DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS DIPLOMAT—PRISONER IN THE VATICAN From a recent letter to the New York Times by The Christian Science Monitor in its magazine U. Grant-Smith, Retired Foreign Service Officer. section of October 9, 1943, contained an article by Oswald Garrison Villard entitled “Diplomat—Pris¬ To THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES: oner in the Vatican.” Introducing the article, the . . . There is a saying that more flies can be caught Monitor said: “As the Allied forces push north in with honey than with vinegar. In no profession does this apply more than in diplomacy, and es¬ Italy, their advance brings more and more into the pecially so in Latin-America. Yet many people spotlight an American who, at the time of writing, seem to think that a diplomatic agent should pro¬ is a prisoner in Vatican City, and who has per¬ claim his Government’s demands in no uncertain formed a task of high importance under the great¬ tones. When the interests of two countries clash, an est odds. He is Harold L. Tittmann, American agent should not assume a belligerent attitude unless Charge d’Affaires. Not many people in the United his Government intends to carry the matter to ex¬ States perhaps know this man or his background, tremes. yet his story, with its human interest and its example Any diplomat worthy of the name devotes the of unfailing courage, is at once a challenge and an major part of his time to association with the people inspiration.” of the country to which he is accredited, in order to learn the trends of opinion and to seek occasion Following is an extract from the article itself: quietly and persuasively to explain his country’s “Harold Tittmann, aside from his rare spiritual position. The diplomat who confines himself to qualities, is one of the finest examples of the high official dealings and consorts chiefly with his com¬ type of professional diplomat we have had in our patriots and colleagues—and there are all too many service since the career was removed from politics, of them of every nation—is hut little more than a and made one with life tenure, the prospect of a pen¬ glorified messenger boy. . . . sion, and the opportunity of continuously serving one’s country in higher and higher positions. “It is the habit nowadays to overlook the men of BIRTHS merit in the service. One book has appeared which SCHERER. A son, Robert Fulford, was born in practically classifies all career men as snobs and Washington on November 9 to Mr. and Mrs. George aristocrats and—to their shame—graduates of Har¬ Scherer. Mr. Scherer is assigned to the Division vard, Yale and Princeton. It is alleged of them of American Republics. that they are unsympathetic to those who come into GANNETT. A son, Michael Ross, Jr., was born on contact with them, that they consider themselves a October 30 at Ocala, Florida, to Mr. and Mrs. privileged class, and spend all their time at teas Michael R. Gannett. Mr. Gannett is assigned as and routs, and that they are so much away from Vice Consul at Santiago. their own country that they have completely lost touch w'ith it. So far as Harold Tittmann is con¬ BLANKINSHIP. A daughter, Carmen, was born on September 20 in San Diego, California, to Mr. and cerned, the only thing in this indictment that ap¬ Mrs. Byron E. Blankinship. Mr. Blankinship is Vice plies to him is the fact that he was graduated from Consul at Tijuana. Yale. He would be the first to protest against this misrepresentation of the career men, whatever their actual shortcomings may be. IN MEMORIAM “As one who for professional reasons has traveled a great deal abroad, and even after the beginning JARVIS. Robert Yelverton Jarvis, Second Secre¬ of this war spent three months in Europe, I can tary of Legation and Consul at Lisbon, died on Oc¬ testify that I came back enthusiastic about the men tober 18 while proceeding to his new post. whom I met in the various consular and diplomatic HAEBERLE. Arminius T. Haeberle, retired For¬ offices representing the United States, and working eign Service Officer, died on October 26. their heads off in those dark days that marked the Correction. The notice HURST in the November beginning of the titanic struggle. Nothing pleased issue should have read: HURST: Carlton Bailey me more in those contacts than the praise givev * > Hurst, retired Consul General, died on August 28 Harold Tittman when it was discovered that i knew in Coral Gables, Florida. him.”

DECEMBER, 1943 639 United States Despatch Agency 100 McAllister Street, San Francisco (2) California

By A. 0. HORAN, Acting Despatch Agent

THE United States Despatch Agency at San Fran¬ passengers who returned to New York aboard the cisco, California, is located at 100 McAllister SS Gripsholm. Street. As an auxiliary of the Department, it was In view of the existence of identical ocean freight established on July 9, 1884 pursuant to Congres¬ rates applicable to consignments originating trans- sional authority vested in the Secretary. Pacific and destined for either San Francisco or The principal purpose in its creation was to pro¬ New York, and as the ultimate destination has usu¬ vide on the West Coast facilities for the satisfactory ally been a point in the Eastern States, in general arrangement of transportation between our main¬ the port of New York has formerly been selected as land and the various trans-Pacific Foreign Service the medium for entry, with the same course being posts. reversed in clearing exports. That choice has been The present roster of its personnel consists of determined in the interest of economy upon realiza¬ Mr. Aloysius 0. Horan, Acting Despatch Agent, tion of the lesser inland freight costs consistent Mr. George J. Gmelch, Assistant Despatch Agent, with the proximity of New York to the origin or Mr. Wilfred Rosenblum, Translator-Clerk, and Miss destination of a consignment. Bette N. Anderson, Stenographer-Typist. Its broad¬ With the inception of the war crisis, however, er supervision is delegated to the Division of For¬ customary procedure has perforce been altered. eign Service Administration. Emergency and urgency are frequently favored over Normally the functions of the office were confined economy. Furthermore, the enemy submarine men¬ to the periodical forwarding of diplomatic pouches ace surging to imminence along our East Coast and and registered or open mail at our Posts situated Gulf States necessitated diversion of shipping from in the Orient, the Far East, and Oceania. An occa¬ the affected waters wherever practical. San Fran¬ sional consignment of household goods and per¬ cisco appeared to offer the logical alternative inso¬ sonal effects was routed through its hands for im¬ far as service to West Coast Latin America and the port or export, while supplies urgently needed by Pacific Area was concerned. In the course of events the agencies of other Departments in Hawaii and the the Department instituted measures to provide the Philippines were expedited by its efforts. The im¬ wherewith for equipping the Agency and expanding portation of perishable foreign growths intended for its staff to cope with the impending problem. our agricultural experimentation and introduction The Despatch Agency at New York had been en¬ were entered and forwarded to the appropriate con¬ gaged by the Public Roads Administration to ex¬ signees. The services of the Agency were, of course, port vast quantities of materials for use in construc¬ primarily at the disposal of transient Foreign Serv¬ tion of the Pan American Highway throughout Cen¬ ice Officers in relation to railroad or steamer accom¬ tral America. When earlier enemy action along the modations, as well as hotel reservations; and Gov¬ East Coast induced search for another haven, New ernment Requests for Transportation were issued Orleans loomed as the feasible port. Accordingly, upon exhibition of travel orders or other acceptable Mr. Howard Fyfe detailed two of his ablest assist¬ credentials. ants to undertake the new venture via Gulf ports in Its first role of major importance was in conse¬ the interest of our Department and in behalf of the quence of the evacuations from the Orient during Public Roads Administration. Success in that di¬ 1940-1941, at which time personal effects and offi¬ rection was, nevertheless, only transitory. The en¬ cial affairs of the Department’s overseas personnel croachment of the U-Boat into Caribbean waters is and their families were afforded indispensable at¬ a matter of history. Well, what next? There was tention in matters pertaining to hotel accommoda¬ an accumulation of tonnage lying in storage at New tions, storage, transportation, reshipments, etc. Sev¬ Orleans. Its need abroad was imperative. Why eral of the associated officers were later among the not San Francisco for its passage? So one of Mr.

640 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Fyfe’s specialists was detached from New Orleans of foodstuffs and packing materials—all have added to San Francisco. difficulty to routine. But all was not well. The War Shipping Admin¬ In addition to our accomplishment of personal istration had been empowered to conserve available shipments, those comprising official supplies for tonnage to its greatest possible fulfillment. The many Posts have been handled at San Francisco. mileage differential in transcontinental rail move¬ Construction materials for the new Embassy build¬ ment to San Francisco or Los Angeles was not cru¬ ings at Panama and Lima and the Legation at Can¬ cial. Marine cargo space was the essence of the berra have been moved to meet contractors’ require¬ vital issue. Elimination of the four hundred odd ments. Only world peace will permit divulgence water miles separating the two principal West Coast of the complications which arose in supplying one ports would result in a factor of nearly a thousand isolated post. miles less per voyage. Hence, carriers were in¬ Another important phase of the duties of the San structed to load at San Francisco cargo destined for Francisco office has been its assistance to the Board the West Coast of South America, while that for of Economic Warfare and the Office of the Coordi¬ discharge in Central American ports should clear nator of Inter-American Affairs by furnishing serv¬ only Los Angeles Harbor. ice for their personnel proceeding upon foreign as¬ In collaboration with the Public Roads Adminis¬ signments. The Agency has also been instrumental tration, the Department assented to the transfer of to the safe conduct of hundreds of orders for sup¬ the Assistant Despatch Agent, Mr. George J. plies which have gone into the equipment and main¬ Gmelch, who is now located at Room 305, Union tenance of the numerous outposts of the Federal Oil Building, 617 West Seventh Street, Los Angeles, Communications Commission established in Hawaii California. since the advent of war. Likewise, the Bureau of Internal Revenue has been a prominent benefactor As shipping conditions have lately assumed a from the Agency’s cooperation in expediting in¬ more favorable light in our territorial and surround¬ creased demands for equipment and newly designed ing waters, the policy controlling the Despatch tax forms incidental to recent increases in the Bu¬ Agencies has reverted to some extent to pre-war reau’s collections. The Departments of Agriculture, practices. Consignments destined for Central and Commerce, Interior, Justice and Navy, as well as South American ports are now largely routed to various other independent agencies, have availed New Orleans again, with the exception of those for themselves of the opportunities offered by our import into Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which con¬ Agency. tinue to he forwarded via Los Angeles Harbor. In retrospect, circumstances beyond control have Steamer service from both San Francisco and Los often been responsible for delays which must have Angeles to South American ports has been drasti¬ cally curtailed to an undependable minimum, and proved rather discommoding to patient would-be it is, therefore, inadvisable for officers stationed in recipients of essential wearing apparel. Two in¬ South America to place orders for personal supplies stances of unavoidable detention of effects at San with dealers along our West Coast, or to request Francisco for approximately six months are vividly recollected. The owners, one at Guayaquil, Ecua¬ relatives to ship effects through our channels. Regu¬ lar service to Central American ports may now be dor, the other stationed at Tegucigalpa, Honduras, would probably have given their bottom dollar to arranged at Los Angeles, while more or less fre¬ blast our Agency or its chief officer, and the latter, quent but irregular sailings for certain of those in quest of relief, seriously meditated upon com¬ destinations are now available from San Francisco. mission of either or both of those very acts himself. In the absence of absolutely certain information, it is recommended that officers direct an inquiry to Another officer, who now enjoys the bracing Mr. Howard Fyfe, United States Despatch Agent, atmosphere of the Capital South of tbe Border Down 45 Broadway, New York. He will be currently in¬ Mexico Way, could narrate in phrases vying with formed on the subject and will gladly advise the Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s “The Adventures of Sher¬ lock Holmes” as to how a trunk of silver mysteri¬ correspondent. ously disappeared and two years later was discov¬ We have infrequently resorted to the facilities of ered to have survived the ordeal of idle repose on the ports of Vancouver, Seattle, Portland, Oakland one of the local docks. Fortunately an item of ex¬ and San Diego, the motto being, “Any port in a pense entailed in its recovery was more than recom¬ storm.” Absence of regular steamship schedules, pensed by the two-years’ free storage provided by overburdened inland transportation, War Produc¬ the steamship line. tion Board priority ratings on certain commodities, By the benevolence of Providence a third indi¬ and certificates for replenishment of dealers’ stocks te Continued on page 656)

DECEMBER. 1943 641 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

Statements of Cash Receipts and Disbursements of the General Fund for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1943

RECEIPTS DISBURSEMENTS Dues: Proportion of dues allocated Current year dues: to AMERICAN FOREIGN SOR- Active members $3,304.50 EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL $4,652.12 Associate members 193.50 Less—amount unpaid at Retired members 205.50 June 30, 1943 138.20 $3,703.50 $4,513.92 Extra subscriptions to AMERICAN FOR¬ Prior years’ dues: EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41.00 Active members $ 726.05 Clerical salaries — 1,460.10 Associate members 50.00 Postage 25.00 Retired members 14.00 Stationery and supplies , 80.30 790.05 Accountants’ fee 50.00 Inscription of name of J. M. Slaughter Dues collected in advance: on Honor Roll ... 53.00 Active members $1,551.11 Entertainment Committee Expenses 119.25 Associate members ... 243.00 Flowers 118.27 Retired members 132.50 Miscellaneous expenses 49.31 1,926.61 Advance—Howard Fyfe Revolving Fund 500.00 7,010.15 Total receipts for dues $6,420.16 Interest on bonds 78.12 Excess of disbursements over receipts $ 348.25 Interest on bank savings account 27.65 Cash in bank, June 30, 1942 2,159.78 Stenographic services 57.79 Miscellaneous receipts 9.20 Cash in bank June 30, 1943, as under $1,811.53 Extra subscriptions to AMERICAN FOR¬ American Security and Trust Company: EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41.00 Checking account $ 666.79 Victory tax for AMERICAN FOREIGN Savings account 1,144.74 SERVICE JOURNAL 27.98 - - $6,661.90 As above $1,811.53

Statements of Cash Receipts and Disbursements of the Scholarship Fund and Charles B. Hosmer Bequest Fund for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1943

SCHOLARSHIP FUND CHARLES B. HOSMER BEQUEST FUND Receipts Interest on bonds $326.23 Receipts Interest on bank savings account 6.21 Cash legacy under will of Charles B. Hosmer, $ 332.44 deceased — $1,000.00 Disbursements Scholarships—Two at $200 each 400.00

Excess of disbursements over receipts $ 67.56 Disbursements Cash in bank June 30, 1942 556.69 Purchase of United States Treasury bond 2%%> Cash in bank June 30, American Security and 1964-69 ... 1,000.00 Trust Company savings account $ 489.13 Cash balance, June 30, 1943 0

642 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9

9 9 9 9 9 9

Staff of the La Guaira Vice Consulate, September 7, 1943, together with Inspector H. Merle Cochran. Left to right: Vice Consul Carl Breuer, Mr. Cochran, American Clerk Felipe Molano. Second row: Venezuelan Clerk Cruz Gutierrez and Venezuelan Messenger-Janitor Guillermo Torres.

The American Consulate at Ciudad Bolivar, Vene¬ zuela, was 3 feet deep in the waters of the Orinoco in late July when this photograph was taken. Vice Consul William L. Blue was forced to vacate and he set up shop on the veranda of one of the oil com¬ pany’s warehouses. Six thousand people were forced out of their homes by this flood and the waters have been a long time receding. The Consulate, however, is now dry, but the buildings behind our office, made of mud and bamboo, are collapsing.

The American Minister to Sweden, Herschel V. Johnson, Vice Consul and Mrs. George R. Phelan of Caracas and their family in his office at Strandvagen 7, Stockholm. The Minister of 13 children. Rumor has it that prior to the war the Department is shown reading a copy of “Kontakt Med Varlden” offered to grant home leave to the entire family all expenses paid, but (Contact with the IForld). that the offer was declined. What a break for the Department! LIST OF RETIRED AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS

NOVEMBER 15, 1943

Adams, Philip, c/o Mr. George Penn, “The Mon¬ Cooke, Arthur B., 3111 First Avenue, Richmond, tana,” 1726 M Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Virginia. Adams, Walter A., Old Orchard, Pelham Road, Cookingham, Harris N., c/o Fitch C. Bryant, 290 Greenville, South Carolina. Riverside Drive, New York, New York. Alexander, Knox, 2763 Prince Street, Berkeley, Corrigan, John, c/o The American Consulate, California. Durban, Natal, Union of South Africa. Arnold, Julean H., 262 Arlington Avenue, Berke¬ Cruger, Alexander P., 3206 Tennyson Street, ley, California. N. W., Washington, D. C. Atwood, Franklin B., 3454 Macomb Street, N. W., Cunningham, Edwin S., 308 Cunningham Street, Washington, D. C. Maryville, Tennessee. Balch, Henry H., Box 415, Huntsville, Alabama. Davis, John K., 2635 Palmerston Avenue, West Biar, Herbert C., c/o State Hotel, Phoenix, Ariz. Vancouver, B. C., Canada. Bickers, William A., 312 W. Asher Street, Cul¬ Davis, Leslie A., Postoffice Box 266, Stockbridge, peper, Virginia. Massachusetts. Blake, Maxwell, c/o Mr. Owens, Commerce Trust Dawson, Claude I., Ill Cambridge Road, Ashe¬ Co., Kansas City, Missouri. ville, North Carolina. Bliss, Robert Woods, 2700 Que Street, N. W., Dearing, Fred Morris, 202 South Third Street, Washington, D. C. Wilmington, North Carolina. Bohr, Frank, 1028 Lincoln Avenue, Ann Arbor, Deichman, Carl F., 3421 Pestalozzi Street, St. Michigan. Louis, Missouri. Bouchal, John L., 20 Metropolitan Oval, Apt. 10-c De Vault, Charles L., 304 S. East Street, Win¬ Parkchester, New York 62, New York. chester, Indiana. Boyle, Walter F., P. 0. Box 287, McLean, Va. Donegan, Alfred W., 4828 Roland Avenue, Balti¬ Bradford, Robert R., c/o Trust Department, Oma¬ more, Maryland. ha National Bank, Omaha, Nebraska. Dorsey, W. Roderick, 729 Euclid Avenue, Or¬ Brady, Austin C., c/o IMrs. F. W. Parker, 1623 lando, Florida. South Ogden Drive, Los Angeles, California. Doty, William F., 9 Port-e-chee Avenue, Douglas, Brand, Norton F., 88 Main St.. Potsdam, N. Y. Isle of Man, Great Britain. Brett, Homer, 719 Grand St., Alameda, Calif. Dow, Edward A., 289 Winyah Avenue, New Ro¬ Briggs, Lawrence P., c/o American Trust Co., chelle, New York. Berkeley, California. Dunlap, Maurice P., Hotel Bellevue, Beacon Hill, Brunswick, William W., 1349 Taylor St., N. W., Boston, Massachusetts. Washington, D. C. Dye, Alexander V., 108 East 38th Street, New Bucklin, George A., Postoffice Box 601, Lynn York, New York. Haven, Florida. Dye, John W., 11 La Vereda Road, Montecito, Burri, Alfred T., 2035 Garden Street, Santa Bar¬ Santa Barbara, California. bara, California. Eberhardt, Charles C., Metropolitan Club, Wash¬ Busser, Ralph C., 1609 Morris Building, 1421 ington, D. C. Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Edwards, Clement S., 10 Bedford Street, Concord, Cameron, Charles R., Apartado No. 964, Panama Massachusetts. City, Panama. Carter, James G., c/o American Consulate, Ta¬ Ferrin, Augustin W., Bowlers Wharf, Essex Coun¬ nanarive, Madagascar. ty, Virginia. Chamberlin, George E., 2138 Rivermont Avenue, Ferris, Cornelius, 6220 23rd Street, North, Ar¬ Lynchburg, Virginia. lington, Virginia. Chapman, William E., 528 Elm Avenue, Norman, Fisher, Fred D., Marianne Apartments, 1422 Oklahoma. Bellevue Avenue, Burlingame, California. Clark, Reed Paige, c/o Manchester National Fox, Ray, Glenn, Glenn County, California. Bank, Manchester, New Hampshire. France, Leys A., 1506 Standard Oil Building, Bal¬ Clum, Harold D., Hilltop. Postoffice Box 98, timore, Maryland. Malden-on-Hudson, New York. Frazer, Robert, Coydagan, D. F., Mexico.

644 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET “Packing for Overseas Shipment”

with detailed instructions for use of Foreign Service Officers in places where expert packing service is not available. If this is not on file at your post, write for a copy. AMERICAN SECURITY INSURANCE More Than for Foreign Service Officers Just a Name!

1. Annual policies covering fire, lightning, Today, as half a century ago, "American theft, marine and transportation hazards. Security” is more than just a name. It 2. Trip policies: (a) covering general aver¬ symbolizes the security of American bank¬ age and salvage charges, sinking and strand¬ ing institutions. ... To foreign service ing, fire and collision; (b) the above plus officers throughout the world the estab¬ theft and pilferage; (c) all risks of trans¬ lishment and maintenance of banking portation and navigation (excluding break¬ connections in Washington have be¬ age unless from external causes, fresh water come increasingly important. Such con¬ damage and war risks). nections assure them of trustworthy banking, trust and safe deposit facilities. 3. War risks coverage, only when goods are American Security gives special attention actually on board the vessel. to its foreign accounts, recognizing their 4. Baggage insurance policies. need for prompt, personalized service. We cordially invite your inquiry. 5. Jewelry and fur policies, all risks except war. AMERICAN Write or telegraph (with confirmation fol¬ lowing) giving amount and date of policy, origin and destination of trip. SECURITY S TRUST COMPANY Main Office: Fifteenth St. and Pennsylvania Ave. (Opposite the United States Treasury) Jkruriffi ^foragr (Jompang WASHINGTON, D. C. Capital $3,400,000.00 of UOaahmgkon Surplus $4,400,000.00

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DECEMBER, 1943 645 Gamon, John A., 927 Mendocino Avenue, Berke¬ Leonard, Walter A., c/o University Club, Wash¬ ley, California. ington, D. C. Gibson, Hugh S., University Club, 1 West 54th Letcher, Marion, Chatham, New Jersey. Street, New York, New York. Lowrie, Will L., 217 North Royal Street, Alex¬ Goforth, Herndon W., 166 South Prospect Street, andria, Virginia. Lenoir, North Carolina. MacEachran, Clinton E., Postoffice Box 3685, Grummon, Stuart E., Old Mail Coast Road, Red¬ Miami 23, Florida. ding, Connecticut. Macgowan, David B., 108 Madison Street, Lynch¬ Goold, Herbert S., 4852 Indian Lane, Washing¬ burg, Virginia. ton, D. C. MacVeagh, John H., Fiduciary Trust Company, Gourley, Louis H., c/o Southwestern Presbyterian One Wall Street, New York, New York. Sanatorium, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Magruder, Alexander R., University Club, One Halstead, Albert, 21 Ukley Street, Cambridge, West 54th Street, New York, New York. Massachusetts. Marsh, 0. Gaylord, 112 Clark Street, Buchanan, Hanna, Miss Margaret M., 1529 Varnum Street, Michigan. N. W., Washington, I). C. Masuret, Eugene A., Newell House, Florida Ave¬ Harris, Ernest L,, Postoffice Box 2641, Carmel, nue, Coronado Beach, Florida. California. Mayer, Ferdinand L., 2446 Kalorama Road, Washington, D. C. Hathaway, Charles M., Jr., Postoffice Box 184, Maynard, Lester, Villa Mont Agel, 29 Boulevard Summerland. Santa Barbara, California. d’ltalie, Monte Carlo, Monaco. Heard, William W., 3940 Lowndes Avenue, Bal¬ McCafferty, William J., 711 Leavenworth Street, timore, Maryland. San Francisco, California. Heingartner, Robert W., 143 Forest Street, Ober- McConnico, Andrew J., 63 East 56th Street, Jack¬ lin, Ohio. sonville, Florida. Heizer, Oscar S., Palma Sola Park, Bradenton, Meinhardt, Carl D., Middleburgh, New York. Florida. Miller, Hugh S., Postoffice Box 324, Rochester, Hengstler, Herbert C., 2816 27th Street, N. W., Indiana. Washington, D. C. Moorhead, Maxwell K., Postoffice Box 600, Lee Hitch, Calvin M., P. 0. Box 270, Quitman, Ga. Highway, Warrenton, Virginia. Holland, Philip, 2014 General Pershing Street, Myers, David J. D., Stoneleigh Court No. 604, New Orleans, Louisiana. 1025 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. Honaker, Samuel W., 2308 Park Place, Evans¬ Nathan, Edward I., c/o American Consulate, ton, Illinois. Monterrey, Mexico. Hoover, Charles L., 1200 Fifth Avenue, New Neville, Edwin L., Center Conway, N. H. York, New York. Osborne, John Ball, c/o Mrs. Austin Barnes, Hunt, William H., 1115 New Hampshire Avenue, Route 211-15, Warrenton, Virginia. N. W„ Washington, D. C. Philip, Hoffman, 2228 Massachusetts Avenue, Hurley, John P., 67 Riverside Drive, New York N. W., Washington, D. C. 24, New York. Pisar, Charles J., c/o the U. S. Despatch Agent, Ifft, George N., c/o The Tribune, Pocatello, 45 Broadway, New York, New York. Idaho. Playter, Harold, 2360 North Catherine Road, Al- Ives, Ernest L., The Holland, Apt. 7, Norfolk. Va. tadena, California. Jackson, Jesse B., 2120 16th Street, N. W., Wash¬ Putnam, John R., Postoffice Box 718, Cobourg, ington, D. C. Ontario, Canada. Jenkins, Douglas, 2257 Oglethorpe Avenue, Rairden, Bradstreet S., 532 7th Street, Santa Augusta, Georgia. Monica, California. Keblinger, Wilbur, 410 East 57th Street, New Ramsey, Hugh F., 1835 17th Street, South, St. York, New York. Petersburg, Florida. Keena, Leo J., c/o American Consulate General, Randolph, J ohn, 5350 Central Avenue, St. Peters¬ Capetown, Union of South Africa. burg, Florida. Keene, Francis B., c/o United States Trust Com¬ Rasmusen, Bertil M., Story City, Iowa. pany, Fifth & Main Streets, Louisville, Kentucky. Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, Highland Lake Apart¬ Kemper, Graham H., Orange, Virginia. ments, Orlando, Florida. Lee, Samuel T., Postoffice Box 366, Fort Myers, Remillard, Horace, 1409 East Broadway, Tucson, Florida. Arizona.

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DECEMBER. 1943 649 THE 50 KILOMETRES OF the central sector the attack was carried out by the EL ALAMEIN South Africans, Indians, and Tommies. A great deal of the success in the north was due to the good (Continued from page 627) diversionary tactics of the Free French and Tom¬ the 10th Corps, which was designed to administer mies in the south. One of our drivers won the the coup de grace in the impending drive. This Croix de Guerre with Palm from De Gaulle for Corps under General Lumsdon included two crack heroic conduct in this action. Tommie armored divisions. By day the R.A.F. and the newly arrived American We could see the traffic increase daily along the Air Force operated medium bomber formations on 120 odd miles of the Alex-Cairo road as various a commuter schedule over our heads to the west and regiments moved up from the back areas. Further back. Every 15 minutes the ominous drone of 18 out in the desert preparatory maneuvers were being Bostons and Mitchells cheered us and made the Hun held. The R.A.F. patrolled the skies with a greatly eat dirt at the bottom of his slit trenches. The increased number of high-flying Spitfire planes to fighters, which swarmed through the sky in dis¬ chase off Jerry reconnaissance flights. Everyone orderly fashion, knocked the Luftwaffe out in a few knew it was coming, but when? The men of the days. This permitted our bumper to bumper traffic 8th Army had a grim confidence about the push. on the coast road to continue with a minimum As we sat around the canteen at night drinking our danger of straffing. ration of Canadian ale, we could hear a Tommie After a few days we began to carry an increasing say, “Blimey, choom, it looks to me like we have proportion of German and Italian wounded. We the stuff to pin his bloody ears back in this do.” eyed the newly-populated Prisoner of War cages, One night at the end of the third week of October and felt that action was continuing favorably. There we got orders to proceed to a position a few miles was little news about the general situation. The behind Alamein in the northern sector. As we radio broadcast that London was relieved by the turned on to the road, I caught my first glimpse of end of the lull in Egypt. At night we still slept in the new General Sherman tanks. A dozen of them slit trenches, disturbed by bright flares and occa¬ were being trundled toward the front on their tre¬ sional bombs dropped by a prowling Junkers 88. mendous carriers. Although their identity was hid¬ After more than a week of bitter fighting, attack den by big flapping sheets, in the moonlight I saw and counter-attack, one of our brigades broke the name of the last tank printed in huge block let¬ through the enemy lines to capture Kidney Ridge. ters on its stern. The Bull. The Sherman was really This was the signal for Rommel to close in with the the bull of this pasture. 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions; one from the south Near Alamein the desert was covered with camou¬ and one from the north. Montgomery, however, flaged vehicles. Day and night convoys of lorries, was already pouring his armored strength through guns, and tanks churned up the dust around us. the opening, and in the great battle which ensued During these days of waiting f was occupied read¬ at El Aqqaqir the Panzers were destroyed. I was ing “War and Peace,” and felt in a position similar later told by a British Brigadier that Rommel’s mis¬ to Pierre’s as he overlooked the great battle of take in this action was dividing his tanks into small Borodino. groups which were gobbled up by our onslaught. October 23rd we received a message from Gen¬ This German defeat began the withdrawal to the eral Montgomery which was being read by every west. The Nazis seized all the transport, leaving man in the 8th Armv. He said that we were ready their Italian allies to face capture. One of our fly¬ to crush the Afrika Korps, and expected each man ing columns got behind the entire enemy force in with a gun to kill at least one German. His closing the desert below El Daba, but a most unfortunate salutation was “Good hunting, lads.” sudden rain slowed their progress toward the coast That night at 9:40 the desert shook under its road. It is thought that Rommel’s North African mightiest barrage as our artillery poured tons of campaign would have ended right there the first shells into the enemy lines. Half an hour later the week of November but for the untimely downpour. engineers went out to clear lanes in the mine fields The pocket of resistance on the coast was wiped for the infantry attack. When the moon went down, out by the Aussies, and on November 7th the Light Jerry heard the skirl of the bagpipes again in no¬ Field Ambulance to which I was attached joined man’s land before him. the pursuit. We soon entered the newly occupied Our ambulances began evacuating casualties for area where signs of the complete British victory the Australian Division which slowly bayonetted its were evident. As we passed through the first barbed way into a heavily defended area. Below us the wire entanglement, we came upon a Jerry 88-mm. Kiwi and Jock Divisions kept slugging the Hun. In gun with its crew of blackened corpses sprawled

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to this boy, and all his generation, we have made a promise: That good things, and useful things — electrical and electronic appliances and products undreamed of yester¬ day-will come out of the experience gained in this time of war and destruction. Perhaps he will join us in our common desire —to do things better, to make things better, for a better and finer world. Westinghouse Electric International Company, 40 Wall Street, New York 5, U.S.A. —offices and distributors every¬ where — plants in 25 cities. about it. Along the sides of the road were hundreds and on the 25th we entered mine-ridden Agedabia of blasted and scorched tanks, lorries, and armored where our brigade was the first element of the 8th cars. Scrounging (harmless looting) had begun, Army to contact the enemy again. Rommel was and the contents of the enemy vehicles were strewn holing up for a month’s stand around El Agheila. on the ground to add to the debris. There had not From Agedabia our half dozen battered ambu¬ been time yet to bury many German dead. lances evacuated all British casualties for a week up The stream of traffic advanced slowly. We aver¬ the 80-mile stretch to Benghasi. The Messerschmidts aged 11 miles per hour for the whole day. On the had gained temporary superiority in the air, which other side of the road were hundreds of lorries caused us a few breathless moments. travelling back toward Alex loaded with bedraggled On December 5th we were withdrawn with the prisoners. Several trucks of Italians had their own brigade for refitting. The green hills north of Ben¬ drivers who just kept going eastwards. When they ghasi provided considerable pleasure and relief for were unsure of their proper destinations, they us after the mine-infested wastes of Agedabia and stopped to ask a Tommie M.P. for directions. At Agheila. The country around Barce was beautiful. the Daba airdrome we found scores of planes with Identical four-room farmhouses dotted the valley the familiar black crosses destroyed on the ground. in a mathematical pattern. “Duce Vinceremo” and By nightfall our unit had camped at Mersa Matruh. other sayings of bravado were painted on all the The following morning we evacuated a small wall space. The convoy reached the ancient Greek Jerry hospital. Since we were the first to enter it, city of Cyrene with another day’s travel. As we nothing had been touched. Forty-five enemy cas¬ entered the town a lone Junkers 88 came out of the ualties with a German doctor waited patiently while clouds and scored a direct hit on the office lorrie a dozen Americans looted their equipment and food up ahead. The Doctor waved us along, and in the stores. We found canned vegetables, canned fruit, ditch by the road we saw the bodies of five of our honey, cognac, chocolate, good hiking boots, knap¬ Tommie friends with whom we messed and drank sacks, clothing, and two cameras. The Germans and worked across the desert. That night we found definitely eat better than the English. During the some chickens and gallons of Eyety wine which day’s ride a friendly German lad on the stretcher naturally called for a party at our bivouac in the behind my seat presented me with a two kilogram old Greek ampitheatre. ca>' of delicious Danish butter. For two days we I became sick with jaundice, and the day before ate huge chunks of it on hard tack as if it were ice Christmas flew over El Alamein on my way from cream. Libya to the hospital in Cairo. Here was home Our trip across the Western Desert continued rap¬ plate again. It was easy to see the entire line from idly. November 10th we entered Sidi Barrani. In the Mediterranean to the Qattara Depression. Al¬ the evening we learned for the first time from ready the desert sands were drifting into the Prime Minister Churchill’s speech that Rommel had trenches and shell craters, covering the wreckage, been utterly defeated. The startling news arrived and smoothing out the mounds and beating down that 100,000 American troops had landed in Tu¬ the crude wood crosses where men by the thousands nisia. The Tommies felt that they were going to had fallen. miss out on taking Tripoli after all. On the 11th This was the 50 kilometre front where the forces we reached Solium, the Libyan border. Here five of the British Empire fought it out during the sum¬ of our ambulances received a rush order to join a mer of 1942. brigade of the 7th Armored Division, the original Desert Rats. Behind the Colonel’s staff car we by¬ FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENTS passed the endless string of vehicles, and twisted up The following retirements from the American ' Hell Fire Pass to Fort Capuzzo. With this veteran Foreign Service become effective on the following outfit we rolled across the desert to the El Adem dates: airdrome on the 13th. The next day I took a load April 1, 1944 of supplies up to battle-scarred Tobruk. The har¬ Thomas D. Davis, FSO—Class VI bor was crammed with sunken ships, and there May 1, 1944 wasn’t a building in the town which was not dev¬ Warden McK. Wilson, FSO—Class III astated. June 1, 1944 The 18th and 19th we bounced across the desert Thomas M. Wilson, FSO—Class I by Bir Hacheim to the Msus air field below Ben- September 1, 1944 ghasi and the Cyrenaican bulge. This was a rough Lucien Memminger, FSO—Class III trip during which we lost an ambulance on a land October 1, 1944 mine. On the 24th our convoy camped in Antelat, Homer M. Byington, FSO—Class I

652 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE INDESTRUCTIBLES /- - (Continued from page 629) helpers were standing there red-eyed, their faces black as soot. But the code books were in ashes. For the next six months Helen and a dozen other WFSC were locked up in the American embassy with other members of the embassy staff. Ambas¬ sador Grew has described Japan’s treatment of American prisoners at this time as something which would “live to shame Japan for a hundred years.” One of the highlights of the six months of im¬ prisonment which Helen and the other WFSC sur¬ vived in Tokyo was the Doolittle raid on Japan. Despite the potential danger from bombs and anti¬ aircraft fragments, many of the WFSC cheered the raiders from the embassy lawn. Clippers have But the next day the WFSC had reason to wonder whether they wanted another American raid on brought Air Travel Tokyo right away. Japanese officials informed the embassy that they would no longer provide Ameri¬ on a Global Scale cans with food if our planes dared to fly over Japan again. THE PART which air transport will play in When arrangements finally were completed for the vast post-war adjustments and devel¬ the exchange of diplomats and newspaper correspon¬ opments is, of course, obvious to everyone. dents in June, 1942, those of us who were eligible Inexpensive, fast passenger and freight were taken to Yokohama under heavy police guard carrying—with air travel on a global scale and put aboard the Japanese liner Asama Maru. available to all—will be one of the most im¬ For all of us, including Helen Skouland, this portant single factors of the future. seemed like the happiest day of our lives. But it Pan American has an experience record was not. No sooner had the Asama Maru pulled based on over 165 million miles of overseas away from the docks than she cast anchor. Then flight. Nothing like the fund of scientific fact we learned a serious dispute had occurred over the built up by this pioneering exists anywhere arrangements for our exchange. For a week we sat else in the world today. All of it—and also our in Yokohama Harbor. Some Americans began to carrying services and trained personnel—have talk of jumping overboard and drowning if the been placed at the disposal of the state and ship should go back to the docks. But I didn’t see military services of the United States Govern¬ any of the WFSC weaken. They are a game lot. ment, for the duration. Finally word came early one morning that the Pan American World Airways System dispute was settled and we were to sail. Those of us who were awake went through ship, pounding on cabin doors and calling out the good news. I saw Helen Skouland when she came out of her cabin, wrapped in her robe. I have never seen a happier smile on anyone’s face. “There’s a girl,” I thought, “who has had just about enough of this sort of thing.” But I was wrong. When Helen finally reached Washington seventy days later, she could have quit the WFSC if she had wanted to. But after a few weeks of rest and a few American meals Helen was ready to go abroad again. This time it was to be by plane to bomb-battered London. Her flight was uneventful until a take-off went bad at a Newfoundland base and the plane crashed into a large lake. Eighteen passengers and crew

DECEMBER, 1943 653 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE INVITES YOU to tell the timely story of your travel observations as a Foreign Service Officer

Is a news story likely to break in the land you are now visiting as a Foreign Service Officer? You may have an opportunity to pro¬ vide The Geographic witli an illustrated story of time¬ ly geography, thereby add¬ ing to knowledge of current events. Liberal payment is made for all manuscripts and photographs accepted for this educational work. Before preparing an arti¬ cle please submit a brief outline for consideration.

• • •

Right: Surrounded by fuxzy-headed caddies a golfer tees off near Port Moresby, Papua. Geographic photograph by John W. Vandercook.

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members were killed, but not Helen Skouland. The tion of the city by Allied forces. fuselage broke in half beneath her, throwing her in¬ Miss Lipp’s return to Tunis was the real begin¬ to the frigid lake. She came up clear of the wreck¬ ning of the problem of whether the WFSC should age before the plane sank. A rescue crew picked be put in uniform. Most of the women themselves her up unhurt. would prefer not to be in uniform. But there is a After drying out, Helen was flown back to Wash¬ feeling in some State Department circles that a uni¬ ington. The State Department offered her a vaca¬ form would clearly identify the WFSC, and there¬ tion and an assignment in Washington. Helen took fore serve to facilitate their transportation, especial¬ only enough time for a round trip to California ly by air, and the discharge of their functions in by air. China under military control. “I just want to get my flying nerve back,” was Indications are that if a uniform is adopted for her explanation. the WFSC, it will be issued only to those women On the next try Helen reached London safely. working in war areas, and will be discontinued im¬ Chances are she will move into Europe later, close mediately after the war. behind our invasion armies, with the new Office of Members of the WFSC come from every state in Foreign Economic Coordination. This organization, the union. They are chosen only after minute in¬ which draws much of its personnel from our State vestigation of their character and their family back¬ Department, will handle economic and political ground. No examinations are given in general edu¬ problems in occupied countries. cation, but successful candidates must be proficient Already one WFSC, Miss Marguerite Lipp of secretaries or show aptitude for coding and decod¬ Haworth, New Jersey, has returned to her former ing government messages. post in Tunis. She had been forced to flee to Al¬ The earliest history of the WFSC has never been giers when the Germans and Italians moved into compiled. According to the best records now avail¬ Tunis and sacked the American consulate. She re¬ able, the first WFSC was Mary Kirk of Pennsyl¬ turned within forty-eight hours after the reoccupa¬ vania. She was assigned to the American embassy

654 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL in Lisbon in 1911. The following year, two more were appointed. These pioneer women foreign service clerks ap¬ pear to have been the real grandmothers of our present-day “Indestructibles.” THE BOOKSHELF (Continued, from, page 637) bias tends to whitewash one faction or the other. This is not so remarkable when it is considered that history has accustomed Spaniards to violence. A footnote on page 256 illustrates a characteristic Spanish indifference to violence: “Motoring through a village near Osuna in the spring of 1933, I asked a woman at the petrol station how the Easter festivi¬ ties had gone off. ‘Very well indeed,’ she answered. ‘Whilst the procession was going its round the An¬ archists broke into the church and set fire to it. Habia mucha animacion’.” While this book’s very impartiality will probably bring criticism upon the author from both factions, Overseas Branches it constitutes a real contribution toward clearing up many popular misunderstandings. Mr. Brenan is ARGENTINA CUBA PERU right in believing that to extend knowledge of Spain Buenos Aires Havana Lima will help Spain. Flores Cuatro Caminos ( Buenos Aires) (Havana) The bibliography at the end of the volume would Plaza Once Galiano PUERTO ( Buenos Aires) (Havana) RICO be a little overpowering were it not for the com¬ Rosario La Lonja San Juan ments of the author running through it. The read¬ (Havana) BRAZIL Arecibo er will be pleased with the thorough index provided, Caibarien Bayamon Rio de Janeiro Cardenas Caguas which will make the volume useful as a reference Pernambuco Manzanillo Mayaguez Santos Matanzas work, and which, incidentally, the work richly de¬ Ponce Sao Paulo Santiago serves. W. P. GEORGE. CANAL ZONE REPUBLIC OF Balboa ENGLAND PANAMA EXILED PILGRIM, by William Hubben. Macmil¬ Cristobal London lan Co., New York, 1943. 261 pages. $2.00. 117, Old Broad St. Panama CHILE 11 .Waterloo Place It is refreshing as one approaches middle age or Santiago URUGUAY Valparaiso INDIA later to chance upon an opportunity to look once Montevideo Bombay more at the world through childish eyes and that is COLOMBIA the reason why I liked particularly the first portion Bogota Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA of this book. The picture of a little boy in Germany Medellin Mexico City Caracas kneeling at his Grandmother’s knee and learning to read the Scripture upside down and from right 66 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK to left because she never turned the book around is a new and refreshing, if not an efficient idea. Along Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially with that picture one should get out his Bible and Important City of the World read the first two chapters of Genesis and then examine this volume with its interesting description of the creation as visualized within the confines of a tiny German village and a small boy’s thinking. When traveling carry N C B Letters of Credit Pete, the he-goat, becomes “the very incarnation of nature’s wickedness” and Dutch Uncle Holier- or Travelers’ Checks. They safeguard and wilken moves across the stage somewhere along the make your money easily available for your use. line of the patriarchs, not a very commendable but an exceedingly attractive patriarch it may be ex¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation plained. You will enjoy the gypsies en route from Egypt to Rome by way of the Rhineland, who con-

DECEMBER, 1943 655 ducted a profitable pocket picking enterprise at the quantities of equipment—if there is anything left bier of the village priest. Against this and much after the full effect of Allied bombing has been felt more is the increasingly sordid second part of the —to reconstruct the large industrial municipal and volume which tells of the First World War, the transport installations destroyed by the Germans. German collapse, the advent of Hitler and the im¬ The sharp contrast between military victories and press of the Gestapo upon the child now grown to be economic desolation and plunder in a vast section a man. Throughout the volume in the most un¬ of the Soviet Union will surely have an influence on expected places there appear glimmerings of the the political mood of the Kremlin for some time to world wars to come. There are the suppressed but come. The rehabilitation of the liberated areas bitter emotions of the workers and the expected based on Russian resources, even supplemented by breakdown of the capitalistic system, hatred for the German reparations in kind, would meet with great French and approval of the killing of one’s neigh¬ difficulties. It could be done in time, but only bors in time of war. The last half of the book is through great and prolonged hardships. The real¬ as depressing as the first half was refreshing but ization of the enormity of this task should preclude it is also more enlightening historically. an isolationist approach to the postwar world on If you take your forms of religion seriously you the part of the Soviet Union. The pressure of eco¬ will not like this volume; certainly it is not com¬ nomic facts when victory is near should require the plimentary to the organized church, but it is seri¬ Russian leaders to link up domestic economic issues ously concerned with fundamental spiritual con¬ with international problems. An internal approach cepts. I found the book well worth reading and cannot work miracles in the increase of a dissemi¬ exceedingly enj oyable. nated cattle population, and Russia will need for¬ HARVEY B. OTTERMAN. eign help in the switching of its industries from war to peace. Although it is reasonable to assume that RUSSIA AT WAR Russia will shift a part of the burden of reconstruc¬ (Continued from page 620) tion on the shoulder of Germany, it would seem apparent that that great nation will need the coop¬ National Economy in the Areas Liberated From eration and help of the other United Nations in the German Occupation.” This document deals with postwar world just as vitally as those other nations the rehabilitation of agriculture and railroad trans¬ will need the support and good will of the Soviet port, the elementary tasks of housing, sanitation Union. and public utilities, the protection of the local popu¬ lation in the liberated areas against famine and dis¬ i ease. A study of the decree indicates the great UNITED STATES DESPATCH limitations the Soviet Government is faced with in AGENCY solving these problems. For example, one of the (Continued from page 641) first steps in the decree provides for the return of evacuated livestock to the collective farms of the vidual now sojourning at Colombo, Ceylon, may liberated areas. It was planned to send back about reasonably contemplate early delivery of his delayed 600,000 evacuated cattle, horses, sheep, and goats, automobile. It was exported from New York in seemingly a large quantity but, in fact, a small November, 1941, and was destined for Bombay. number in comparison to the area involved. Start¬ Through an act of war the vessel discharged its ing in late August a dramatic trek from the Russian cargo at Stockton, California, where the car lay interior commenced, and throughout September and in storage until this fall. May the owner long enjoy October droves of cattle were moving steadily west¬ the use and luxury of the conveyance. ward. Yet this livestock will meet only a small per¬ A score of Foreign Service folk will recall their centage of the actual needs of the recaptured Orel participation in the shortest ocean voyage on rec¬ or Kursk provinces for example—five per cent at the ord. It occurred on that memorable day of Sunday, most. Most of the cattle remained in the west at the December 7, 1941. The episode is that of the SS time of the German invasion, only to be slaughtered President Polk. The day dawned in glorious re¬ or requisitioned by the Nazis or to perish in the splendence such as might only be depicted by the fighting. Tractors, in very small numbers in com¬ pen of an able poet. By eleven o’clock the passen¬ parison with the area, will also be returned. gers were winding their way enthusiastically up the There is no indication in the decree as to indus¬ steamer’s gang-plank, and the vessel was straining trial rehabilitation policy. However, there are rea¬ at its moorings. At noon three shrill blasts of the sons to believe that the Russians will call on Ger¬ siren signaled that all was in readiness, whereupon man labor to the tune of perhaps hundreds of thou¬ the good ship cleared. She plied her worthy way sands of men and on German industry for vast to a portion of the San Francisco Bay which is

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DECEMBER, 1943 657 colloquially termed “the stream.” The passengers were reclining in deck chairs visioning the the Great Wall of China, and the pagodas on the Road to Mandalay. Their dreams and soliloquies were, however, abruptly shattered by announcement of the infamous atrocity at Pearl Harbor. The “Polk” seemingly floundered in the stream. In her perplexity she lowered anchor to await word from ashore. Before the sun had sunk beyond the crest of adjacent Mount Tamalpais, the vessel returned to her former berth, where the dis¬ appointed but grateful passengers disembarked to abide the Department’s solution of their plight. Another contingent of our officers was standing by in the city pending their expected departure a few days later aboard the SS President Taylor. During the ensuing week of uncertainty and sus¬ pense, the Despatch Agency faithfully acted as inter¬ mediary between the Department and its stranded personnel. The future scope of the office at San Francisco is, of course, unpredictable, but it entertains many possibilities—some disagreeable in aspect, others reasonably anticipated with promise—which would enhance its practical value. Submarine warfare HOW MANY. . . could unfortunately again influence the shape of things and compel a repetition of past performance. HOW MUCH . . . Then too, we all range our perspective to envisage the offing when the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific will reopen on an even broader scale that IN A CONVOY? portion of the globe wherein diplomatic conciliation has temporarily succumbed to the vulgarities of 1.000. 0barbarity.00 BOMBS Forces • are500 at TANKS work endeavoring• 10 PT BOATS to have post-war marine freight tariffs revised to rates com¬ 25.000. 0mensurate 00with SHELLS mileage • 30,000 on cargo JEEPS borne • 200 across PLANES the Pacific. If successful, the result would favor the 10.000 TRUCKS • 1,000 TANK DESTROYERS Port of San Francisco to no inappreciable degree. 100 LOCOMOTIVES • 1,000 ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS With its naturally deep, extensive, protected har¬ with Track and Equipment bor, and being favored geographically, the Port will 135.000 MACHINE GUNS • 140 AIRCRAFT DETECTORS once again resume world-wide commercial signif¬ icance, to be surpassed domestically only by New 500,000,000 ROUNDS OF AMMUNITION York. In the meantime, its mechanical capacity is 75,000,000 GALLONS OF GASOLINE being effectively devoted to advancing the war effort. As in the past and present, it will also be 4,000,000 CASES OF recognized by air lines as a focal point for terminal FOOD, MEDICINE, CLOTHING AND SUPPLIES operations. Suffice it to say that in the existing crisis the The American steamship lines, cooperating with Despatch Agency has strived to maintain a mode of efficiency consistent with the best traditions of the the War Shipping Administration and the Navy, Department of State. are keeping many such convoys moving Down through the years many of your illustrious colleagues have graced our inner sanctum with their august presence, and should fortune ever guide your GRACE LINE weary journey through the Golden Gate, our portals will unfold in honored welcome to oblige.

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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 635)

GEORGEOWN, BRITISH GUIANA

New quarters of the Consulate in George¬ town, British Guiana. This office was opened at the new location on October 1, 1943. The U. S. Naval Observer’s office is on the second floor.

Consul Carlton Hurst at his desk in the Consulate at Georgetown, British Gniana. talks with Vice Consul Robert Bates (right) and Lt. Josef A. Blair, U. S. Naval Observer (left).

DECEMBER, 1943 661 STOCKHOLM October 8, 1943 If you should suddenly land in Stockholm, one of the first things you would do would be to call on Mr. Herschel Johnson, the American Minister. If you had been in Stockholm before, you would prob¬ ably think the messenger had misunderstood you since he w'ould escort you right past the Minister’s old office to an entirely different part of the build¬ ing. There have been many changes in the Chancery office, which now includes two floors in Strand- vagen 7 and provides offices for the Commercial and Military Attaches, several special attaches, the Con¬ sular section and the Commissary. You would find the Minister in his office overlooking Strandvagen at almost any hour of the day or night. Of course, he goes to his home sometimes, but that telltale light in his office is often on at very late hours in the evening. After calling on the Minister, you might inquire for some other member of the staff, some old friend you had known in Shanghai, Berlin or Rio. You might very well have to seek farther afield to find him, for a large part of the staff reports to one of the Legation’s annexes. We have two, Annex A and B, the former being the palatial residence, now owned by the American Government, at Nobelgatan 2, about a mile from the Chancery (described in the May 1943 issue of the JOURNAL). That’s where Washington's the Press Section (OWI) and Naval Attache hold forth. Annex B occupies the entire third floor of a newr office building in the center of town, not Finest Hotel far from the Chancery. Here you would find Harry Carlson’s Special Reporting Section (Occupied Favorite meeting place of For¬ countries) and Dr. Wallace McClure’s small staff ■ (post-war economic problems). eign Service men in the Nation’s The hypothetical case of your surprise visit to Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ Stockholm may not be as fantastic as it sounds, partment of State. Convenient to since as far as we can see here in Stockholm you all points of interest in Washing¬ might very well be the next surprise visitor to land ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous in our midst. Nearly every plane from England brings someone from the State Department or from food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail another agency of the Government. People come Lounge. Air Conditioned in the and go so fast most of us have given up trying to summer keep posted on the many changes. However, lest you form an exaggerated impression, you should know that the planes come and go most irregularly. It is no military secret to tell you there are very few planes in operation, that they fly very high and only on dark nights when weather conditions are just UlnVFUIUJER right—not too clear and not too thick. Consequent¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. ly, there is always a great fight for accommodations C. J. MACK, General Manager and no one without priority has much chance of getting a seat. The Minister has a very nice flat not far from

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DECEMBER. 1943 663 the Legation, in the same building as Prince Carl, brother of the King of Sweden, and not far from COMPLETE SAFETY the Grand Hotel land the German Legation). The Germans by the way, have a tremendous staff in Sweden. No one seems to know how many, as there are so many unofficial people among them. Ac¬ cording to an article in one of the Swedish papers the other day, which was trying to quiet the appre¬ hensions of some Swedes who were worried about the number and activities of certain legations, the Germans have about 200 (of whom 75 are engaged in propaganda work), the British slightly less than 200 (half in propaganda), the Americans about 125 (25 in propaganda), and the Russians 30 to 40 (10 in propaganda). There are very few American wives of foreign service personnel here in Stockholm. Edna Klath is leaving in a few days to return to the United FOREIGN and DOMESTIC States, owing to the sudden death of Tom on Octo¬ ber 1st. The Hoppers left early in May for London REMOVALS in safe steel lift and have not returned. Simone Washington and vans, wooden vans or cases. Rita Surrey, an attractive New York girl who ar¬ rived with her husband Walter Surrey (Attache in the Commercial Section) last April, are the only American wives left. Speaking of wives, Francis Cunningham announced his engagement this sum¬ mer to a lovely Swiss girl, Miss Marianne de Dardel. She is leaving Stockholm as soon as transportation is available and will reside with Frankie’s parents in Washington, D. C. The Legation received additional permanent staff reinforcement last April, when most of the staff of the Legation at Helsinki suddenly appeared on the scene looking for work. Only Charge d’Affaires Rob McClintock and three or four clerks remained in Helsinki, where they still carry on. The others were placed in our various offices in Stockholm, although one clerk was sent to the new Consulate in Malmd. The McClintocks were in Stockholm a good deal during the summer. In fact Elena stayed STORAGE of household effects, here several months in order to bring into the world Works of Art, furniture, office the second McClintock son, Robert David, who was born here on August 22. Consul Ben Riggs has been in Mahno since last spring, but no office space has been available until this month, when he moved into his new quarters. During the past several months the Consulate was in the Riggs hotel room and the consular files in the Riggs’ briefcase. Members of the Legation’s staff who visited Malmo this summer report that the chief of the new Consulate has already visited nearly every corner of his district—by bicycle. And what a bicycle! It is a special job with all kinds of new-fangled shock absorbers and several gears

664 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL for up-hill riding. The good citizens of Malmo are by now quite accustomed to the sight of the neatly knickerbockered American Consul peddling out of town for a fifty or sixty-mile excursion. Emblems of Consul Billy Corcoran carries on in Gothenburg. We haven’t seen much of him in Stockholm, as he has left the courier trips to others. A new Vice Consul. Finn Jensen, arrived early in the summer Quality Petroleum to assist him. Stockholm continues to be an exceedingly plea¬ Products sant place to live in. The cost of everything is, of course, very high, but living conditions are really very good. The Legation’s staff is particularly well off because of its well stocked Commissary which has been operating since the end of last year. E. A. L.

BRAZZAVILLE

AFRICAN SPORT

While the chauffeur replaced the flat tire, Jack and I amused ourselves by gesticulating with the nearly naked natives that had already gathered around the car. Several had bows and arrows and we motioned to one to shoot an arrow at a nearby tree. He hit the tree squarely in the middle of the trunk and Jack placed a franc in his outstretched hand. Then Jack tried it. The glazed surface of the ratan bowstring and the noduled end of the length of elephant grass which formed the shaft of the arrow, did not cooperate. Jack’s arrow fell at his feet to the great amusement of the assembly. An¬ other native tried, hit the mark and was duly re¬ warded with a franc piece. My turn came next. I studied the problem carefully, but the gallery was unmerciful when my arrow flopped in the road just ahead of me. A third native placed his arrow wbthin a finger’s length of its predecessor in the bark of the tree and received his reward of one franc. Jack tried again. By accident (not according to Jack however) the SOCONY-VACUUM arrow found the tree and hung in the bark. Jack smiled, the natives shouted. A black grimey hand reached forth and ceremoniously placed in Jack’s OIL CO., INC. palm—one franc. 26 Broadway New York City LAURENCE W. TAYLOR.

DECEMBER, 1943 665 PRESS COMMENT

{Continued from page. 622) Generals de Gaulle and Giraud and the restoration of democratic principles, long ago demonstrated how wrong his critics were and how brilliantly he performed the heavy and complicated task assigned to him.—Washington Star, November 10, 1943.

OUR NORTH AFRICAN POLICY The general outlook and diplomatic program of which our North African policy was one applica¬ tion have gone on to a great triumph in Italy. But on the anniversary of the landings in North Africa iODAY, as always, the Great White Fleet it is good to have testimony on the wisdom of the is proud to be serving the Americas . . . proud course we followed in that narrower area. to be wearing wartime grey as it carries out It will be remembered that the critics of the State government orders necessary for Victory and the protection of the entire Western Hemi¬ Department first came into full cry with the landing sphere. Tomorrow, it will be ready to resume of General Eisenhower's forces. One of their par¬ its place in the trade and travel between the ticular targets was Mr. Robert D. Murphy, American United States and Middle America. diplomatic representative who had laid the ground and was personally responsible for much of the ma¬ UNITED FRUIT COMPANY neuver and arrangement with French leaders which preceded our invasion and eased it on its way. Because he declined to follow the advice of left- wing editors, because he made no effort to erect a socialized republic forthwith on the ruins of French imperialism in North Africa, Mr. Murphy was de¬ To the foreign Service Officers nounced as little better than a satellite of Hitler. Yet now comes Mr. Bernard Metz, a veteran of the British consular service, to testify to the rich fruits of the United States of the Murphy program. ♦ The idea, as Mr. Metz says, was primarily to pacify North Africa so the Allied armies could de¬ THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ vote all their energies to fighting Hitler. That was ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ done and, despite the outcry, it was done in a way ice in writing your bond. Special attention to revive truly liberal and democratic institutions in is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ good time. Much more to the point, says Mr. Metz, “thanks to [Mr. Murphy’s] skill and patience,” ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes some “tens of thousands of British and American in this service. soldiers are alive today.” What he means is that ♦ had we fought rather than negotiated with the Dar- lans and their subordinates, these American and UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND British soldiers would have died. That is a point GUARANTY COMPANY which the critics of the State Department’s policy Chris A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager too often overlooked.—Baltimore Sun, November 8, 1943. 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.

Telephone—National 0913 The New York Times of November 7, 1943, re¬ Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” printed a substantial portion of Mr. Metz’ article with particular emphasis on the outstanding work performed by Mr. Murphy in North Africa.

666 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: October SOLVE SCHOOL PROBLEMS Joseph Flack, Caracas 13 With Calvert Bertel E. Kuniholm, Quebec 14 Lois F. Sevareid, Cairo 14 "SCHOOL-AT-HOME" Your child’s education must not sulTer Erwin P. Keeler, State Department 14 because a good school is not available. Garret G. Ackerson, Jr., Habana 14 Wherever you live, Calvert School will give your child sound schooling. Courses Edward M. Peterson, Cairo 14 of study are developed in the famous, 46-year-old Calvert Day School in Helen M. Bailey, Mexico 14 Baltimore. William E. Cole, Jr., St. John’s 15 60,000 Children Educated William Duff . 15 by “School-at-Home” Julian L. Pinkerton, Torreon 15 From kindergarten through first, year high, children of Embassy officials, Army Ralph C. Busser, retired 15 and Navy officers and others are edu¬ cated by Calvert Courses. Daily lessons, Margaret E. Rea, State Department 15 books, materials provided. Transfer to William E. Flournoy, State Department 15 other schools at any time. E. Leonard Damson, Ascuncion 16 Send for Catalog Write for complete Catalog today, giv¬ Ellen F. Brown 18 ing ages, present grades of children. William A. Ehelebe 18 George L. Levison 18 CALVERT £ SCHOOL M. Williams Blake, Lisbon 18 1312 Tuscany Rd., Baltimore 10, Russell Abraham, Helsinki 18 Md„ U. S. A. Andrew B. Foster, Cairo ___ 18 Erie R. Dickover, Melbourne __. 19 Laura L. R. Fisher 19 James Speer, II, New Delhi 19 James W. Lewis, Moscow 19 Phyllis Sills, State Department 19 Alfield M. Pehrson, Cairo 19 C. H. Hall, Jr., Trinidad 21 Mary Rose Riemenschneider 21 Marie L. Gordon, La Paz __ 21 Jane McLain 22 Betty M. Pickering, Cairo .... 22 Catherine G. Barrett 22 Paul G. Minneman, Habana ._ 23 Paul J Reveley, London 25 Sammie Jean Neill 25 Lillie Marie Auxier 25 Wanda I. Lackenmacher 25 Charles H. Rett, Jr 25 LONG active in promoting commerce Alice Ganehin, Casablanca _____ 25 Edward N. McCully, Ankara. _ 25 among the peoples of the Americas, Joseph M. Suring 26 the Chase National Bank today is in the W. E. Dunn, Bogota _ ___ .___ 26 vanguard of those institutions which are Walter Donnelly, Rio de Janeiro _____ 26 fostering Pan-American relations by the Emma B. Brooker, Lisbon ______26 Donald E. Webster, Ankara promotion of trade and travel. John H. Leavell. Baghdad 27 Mrs. Samuel Sokobin 27 THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK Cynthia Sokobin 27 OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Sidney A. Belovsky, Windsor 28 Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Guy Ray, Mexico City 28 George L. Levison, Cairo 28

DECEMBER, 1943 667 Florence Slade, Madrid 29 IN NEW YORK CITY Sybellia D. Jones 29 SHOP BY PROXY John K. Emmerson, Lima 29 PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE Robert Janz, Lisbon 29 NO CHARGE H. G. Hill, Cairo 29 Ask me to attend to your orders. One letter for everything. Don Stogss, Buenos Aires . 29 Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or Ralph C. Fratzke, London 30 United States Despatch Agent. Send to me for Concise Charted Spanish Grammar by James D. Mason, Accra 30 Edwin Schoenrich, Foreign Service Officer. November MISS E. J. TYNER Margaret E. Coleman 1 112 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK CITY Marie C. Hury 1 TELEPHONE: MURRAY HILL 5-3479 CABLE ADDRESS Virginia K. Meady 1 IF NO ANSWER CALL LEX. 2-2300 TYNERPOIL Sidney A. Belovsky, Windsor 1 James L. Lee, Moscow 1 Gray Bream, Godthaab 1 Louise C. Fallon 1 Robert G. McGregor, Jr., Mexico City 1 Canned Salmon Beatrice Comeau, La Paz 1 An Appetizing, Nu¬ Coit MacLean, San Jose 1 tritious, Easily Kept Phyllis J. Bowers 1 George F. Kennan, Lisbon 1 and Transported Robert Janz, Lisbon Sea Food Albert H. Robbins, London ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC Arthur E. Ojede, Madrid FISHERIES Michael Gannett, Santiago ... William L. Higgins SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Robert C. Bates, Georgetown Virginia E. Phillips Gilbert J. Brown, Mexico, D. F Vincent La Vista, Madrid Arlene A. Norquist, Stockholm Ray G. Johnson John R. Lyman Jeffery R. Crockett, London Julia L. Wilson. Panama Prescott Childs, Rio de Janeiro Robert Newbegin, Ciudad Trujillo Marian Craig Cothran, Madrid C. Lester Horn, Rio de Janeiro Grace C. Small, London Michael R. Gannett, Madras Katherine M. Hoffmann, Vigo Ruth E. Rogers, Valencia M. W. Blake, Tehran Alan N. Steyne, London Hazel K. Hillyer, Ciudad Trujillo Margaret E. Jones, Rio de Janeiro Charles D. Withers, Leopoldville Earle J. Richey. Accra Joseph S. Sparks, Habana James E. Whitesides Jo E. Campbell Ruth R. Keller, Cairo Betty L. Zwolanck Elizabeth Ann Brockhurst, Ciudad Trujillo ... l 1

Herndon W. Goforth, retired COCOCOCOCOCOOOC\C\^C>C'C'CnCnCnOiOiit»ifi‘^if^^i^WWWWWWfObOfOtO —

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