Deir-ez-Zor: Governorate Profile - May 2017

Sub-district population and assessed communities of Deir-ez-Zor governorate1 SUMMARY Total governorate population: 1,097,9302 Total IDPs: 181,9152 Total number of communities: 135 Assessed communities: 105 (78% of total) • The majority of Deir-ez-Zor governorate has been under control of the group known as the

! Islamic State of and the Levant (ISIL) since 2014, leading to extremely limited humanitarian !! T U R K E Y

access and a continuing deterioration of the humanitarian situation in all communities. Joura !! !! ² ! and Qosour, neighbourhoods within Deir-ez-Zor city held by the Government of Syria (GoS), have been Kisreh !! ! !! !! ! 90,990 ! !! ! !! classified as besieged since January 2015, leading to unique and acute vulnerabilities. !! Tabni !! ! ! I R A Q ! ! ! !! !! ! !! 67,750 ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! • Since ISIL takeover in 2014, it has been difficult to leave the governorate due to stringent !! ! ! !! ! ! !! J O R D A N !! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! movement restrictions, and inward movement has not been significant. Following the start of ! Sur !! ! !! ! 38,450 the Ar- offensive in late 2016, there has been small-scale inward movement primarily from Ar- !! 62,300 !! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! !! !! Deir-ez-Zor City ! ! ! Raqqa, as well as small-scale intra-governorate displacement. !! !! !! !! !! !! ! !! !! Basira !! ! !! !! !! !! !! 43,570 !! • The ongoing Ar-Raqqa offensive has led to anticipation of future displacement into and around Deir-ez-Zor ! !! ! !!

!! 142,680 !! !! the governorate. Key Informants (KIs) reported that future movement primarily depends on the !! !! !! Muhasan !! !! ! !! evolution of conflict and whether communities in Deir-ez-Zor are directly affected by ground offensives !! 29,940 !! Thiban !! ! !!

! 76,900 or airstrikes, as well as changes in current movement restrictions. ! ! ! !! !! !! ! Al ! !! !! ! !! 132,400 !! ! • Across the governorate, deterioration of agricultural productivity and other pre-conflict industry !! Deir-ez-Zor !! ! !! !! has severely limited livelihood opportunities, undermining the ability of populations to meet basic City Boundary ! Ashara !! 81,000 !! ! 113,400 !! !! ! needs. Overall, 49% of adults were reportedly working, primarily in temporary or daily jobs, and coping ! !! J O U RA !! !! !! ! !! Abu ! ! strategies such as spending savings, children working and selling household assets were common. Jalaa !! QO S O U R !! !! !! ! Kamal 28,800 !! 114,350 !! Susat ! !! • Markets were generally functioning, though conflict and movement restrictions resulted in !! ! ! ! 75,400 !! !!

access challenges for much of the population. Furthermore, communities commonly reported a ! ! ! ! I R A Q !! ! GoS Contested areas Assessed communities Rivers !! lack of affordability of both food and essential non-food items (NFIs) on markets. Kms ! ISIL Besieged areas Unassessed communities Main roads 0 5 10 20 30 • In terms of services, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), health, education and protection stood out as key concerns. Basic WASH and health services were functioning though with extremely limited capacity. Water was obtained through a combination of the main network and through water • Within the besieged neighbourhoods of Joura and Qosour, deterioration trucking, though water shortages were common, and many communities faced sanitation issues due has been particularly acute and the situation across all sectors was severe. to a lack of sufficient and consistent waste management. Similarly, although health facilities were Residents faced a lack of food and core NFI items in markets due to restrictions available in most communities, these primarily had limited services. on entry of both goods and people. • No functioning formal schools were reported and most children did not have access to informal • Further, in Joura and Qosour there was a reported dependence on untreated learning opportunities, contributing to the reportedly large proportion of children working (estimated drinking water sources, a lack of medicine and medical equipment, no functioning at 46%). In terms of protection, females were particularly vulnerable to protection incidents and risks. formal schools and heavy damage to parts of the city.

1. No large influx of IDPs or refugees has been observed in Deir-ez-Zor since ISIL takeover or the commencement of the Ar-Raqqa offensive in late 2016; were this to happen, the situation of these populations would need to be reassessed. 2. Population figures from the Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) 2017. Note that the HNO 2017 figures stated were collected during 2016; recent reports from KIs residing inAl Mayadin and towns indicate that each may currently have up to 100,000 people living in them. KEY SECTORAL FINDINGS Sector Deir-ez-Zor governorate Deir-ez-Zor city besieged area (Joura and Qosour neighbourhoods) Food • Markets were functioning in most communities with food available, though 51% of • Due to access restrictions and security issues, few markets were functioning and accessible. security communities faced access challenges primarily due to safety and security concerns • Food in markets was scarce with few items available for purchase and prohibitively expensive • Basic food items were unavailable in 13-20% of communities assessed, whilst prices were when available. reportedly unaffordable in 28-50% of communities. • A wide range of coping strategies were commonly used, including extreme strategies such as • 76% of communities reported that people used coping strategies to deal with a lack of food, eating food waste or non-food plants. most commonly reducing meal size and selling productive assets. • Airdrops have delivered some food, but rations were reportedly commonly unable to meet the • Food assistance was not available to people in the governorate. level of need or evenly target those in need. Livelihoods • Livelihoods opportunities have declined sharply since the beginning of the crisis, with few • Livelihood opportunities have declined due to the extremely unstable security situation. jobs available and low wages commonly reported across the governorate. • The main sources of meeting basic needs were petty trading, food aid and reliance on • Only 49% of adults were reportedly working, primarily in temporary or daily/casual jobs. assistance. • Income and produce from agriculture were the primary source of meeting basic needs, with • Coping strategies employed included selling both non-productive and productive assets, reducing reduced productivity since ISIL takeover. food intake and non-food expenditure, sending children to work and borrowing money. • Coping strategies were most commonly reported as spending savings, sending children to work, and selling household assets such as furniture and jewellery. Shelter • The majority of the population lived in houses or apartments, though some have been living • No camps or collective centres were reported. Most of the population lived in houses or apartments. in collective centres since before ISIL arrived (approximately 16,000). • Heavy damage has affected parts of the city which are completely destroyed. • Almost half of households were estimated to have suffered damage to their shelters, typically as a result of either conflict (airstrikes/explosives) or general disrepair. • The most-needed shelter items were reportedly iron sheeting, plastic sheeting and timber. NFIs • Although NFIs were typically available, 47% of households were estimated to face • Many core NFIs were unavailable in markets. challenges to accessing markets and items were often unaffordable. • Access to electricity was highly limited, with just 20% of the population having access, largely • The majority of households had some electricity through generators, though supply was due to a lack of fuel to power generators. commonly inconsistent. • Multiple coping strategies were used to deal with a lack of fuel including extreme strategies such • The vast majority of households were estimated to resort to coping strategies to deal with a as reducing food intake and sending children to work. lack of fuel, such as changing diet to prefer food that did not require cooking and reducing expenditure on other items to pay for fuel. WASH • Water was reportedly obtained through a combination of the network and water trucking. Issues • The main source of water was untreated water from the surface of the river, which has with water were reported in more than half of communities, mostly bad taste or colour. reportedly caused sickness after drinking. • Communities primarily reported that access was intermittent. 89% of communities reported that • Water shortages were common, and coping strategies included reducing drinking water households commonly used coping strategies to deal with a lack of water, including modifying consumption, as well as modifying hygiene practices and drinking water meant for purposes hygiene practices and reducing drinking water consumption. other than drinking. • Sanitation was reported as a key issue, with a lack of sufficient and consistent waste • Sanitation issues were prevalent and included garbage, sewage and flooding in the streets, and management in many communities resulting in flooding and garbage in the streets. rats and other pests contaminating food. Health • Health facilities were available in the majority of communities, but these primarily had limited • Informal emergency care was the only service consistently available and accessible since June services. 2016. Most people treated themselves at home and did not have access to basic medicine or medical supplies. • All communities reported facing barriers to accessing healthcare due to the decline in facilities, services, medicine and equipment available. • Basic medical equipment and medicine were extremely scarce. Education • No functioning formal schools issuing recognised certification were reported, and alternative • There were reportedly no functioning educational spaces for children remaining in the besieged learning centres were rare. neighbourhoods. • In locations with some form of functioning educational centre, safety and security issues • Facilities were reportedly damaged and there were insufficient numbers of qualified teachers whilst travelling as well as a lack of recognised certification were reported as barriers. willing to teach.

2 INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Since the group known as ISIL took control in 2014, ongoing conflict and insecurity A combination of data sources are used, primarily: across Deir-ez-Zor have limited access to the governorate, undermining the ability of a) Primary data collection conducted between 1 and 4 May 2017 through Syria Relief Network humanitarian actors to respond to and identify needs and vulnerabilities of populations. (SRN) and REACH networks across Deir-ez-Zor, comprising interviews with 30 Key Informants The situation is particularly challenging in Joura and Qosour neighbourhoods, in Deir-ez-Zor city, (KIs) across the governorate about the situation in 105 of 135 communities. Findings are specific which have been classified as besieged since 2015. to communities assessed and cannot be generalized further (see Map 1). The current offensive in Ar-Raqqa governorate has led to anticipation of further displacement b) Secondary data sources including CCCM IDP tracking, REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment of an escalation of conflict within Deir-ez-Zor. Meanwhile, the humanitarian situation within the shelter and NFIs in north Syria, and REACH ongoing monitoring of besieged and hard to reach governorate has continued to deteriorate. This assessment aims to provide a baseline of sectoral areas (Community Profiles). information to inform humanitarian actors and allow ongoing monitoring of the situation. Findings are specific to communities assessed and cannot be generalized further. Information on besieged neighbourhoods of Deir-ez-Zor city is presented separately throughout.

DEMOGRAPHICS MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONS The majority of the population live in towns and villages along the Euphrates river. The largest Since ISIL takeover in 2014, civilians have not been formally allowed to move outside the urban centres are Deir-ez-Zor city (with an estimated 122,000 inhabitants), which has seen an outflux wider ISIL-controlled area (from north-west Iraq to governorate), though some of population since the beginning of the crisis, Al Mayadin (68,000) and Abu Kamal (39,000).3 Most were using informal routes to leave the area. communities (76%) have an estimated population of fewer than 10,000 people. • Ar-Raqqa offensive: Since the beginning of the offensive in late 2016, the detection and Overall, there were estimated to be more females than males in the governorate. Males closure of informal routes has increased the difficulty of exiting ISIL-controlled areas. As such, were more likely to have left in search of livelihood opportunities with the intention to send back informal movement has rarely been attempted over the past two months. remittances and also to avoid the risk of conscription. • Movement between communities: Movement between communities in the wider ISIL- KIs also reported a higher proportion of women and children in areas outside of Deir-ez- controlled area was generally permitted, although movement from some communities inside Zor city, who had moved in search of relative safety. Finally, children under 18 were estimated Deir-ez-Zor governorate was intermittently prohibited. These restrictions were reportedly to comprise over 50% of the population, leading to a high dependency ratio. usually temporary and imposed unpredictably.

Age breakdown4 Gender breakdown4 • Risks: Numerous risks have been reported when moving between communities, such as 21+34+40+5 harassment and detention of civilians at checkpoints, including based on family affiliation. 21% 0-5 Male Female Women were prohibited from travelling without a male relative and commonly faced intense 6-17 34% 40% 60% questioning or harassment even when accompanied. 18-59 40% • Besieged neighbourhoods: In Joura and Qosour, civilians have faced movement restrictions Average household size: 7 people 60+ 5% since January 2015. At the time of the assessment, populations could move between the two neighbourhoods, though with the risk of detention and conscription.

3. The HNO 2017 figures stated were collected during 2016; recent reports from KIs residing in Al Mayadin and Abu Kamal 3 towns indicate that each may currently have up to 100,000 people living in them. 4. Estimated by KIs at the community level and aggregated to the governorate level. DISPLACEMENT Displacement patterns5 Proportion of communities reporting preference to leave in the next month Since the start of the conflict, displacement out of Deir-ez-Zor governorate has been limited, with approximately 75% of the pre-conflict population estimated as remaining in 17% reported that people do not prefer to leave the majority of communities. However, many civilians left Deir-ez-Zor city to surrounding villages 39% estimated that 20-40% of people would prefer to leave due to ongoing conflict, and, since the start of the Ar-Raqqa offensive in late 2016, small inward 17+39+44+A 44% were unsure as to whether people would leave movements of people from Ar-Raqqa governorate, as well as intra-governorate displacement, have been observed (see Map on following page). Top 5 most commonly reported trigger events that would Pattern 1: Arrivals from Ar-Raqqa governorate cause movement (all communities): 85+70+30+28+26 • Approximately 2,500-3,000 IDPs from Ar-Raqqa governorate are estimated to have arrived in Start of ground incursion nearby 85% Deir-ez-Zor governorate between January and April 2017, primarily from Ar-Raqqa sub-district. Aerial bombardment nearby 70% • Movement increased in late March, coinciding with the escalation of the Ar-Raqqa offensive and Opening of safe passages elsewhere 30% movement of the frontline southwards towards Ar-Raqqa city. Health facilities stop functioning 28% • Most either went to Al Mayadin (1,000-1,250 internally displaced persons) or Abu Kamal towns Destruction of home 26% (820-980 IDPs), with smaller movement to other communities. Preferred destinations (of the 39% of communities reporting that people would prefer to leave):

Pattern 2: Displacements within Deir-ez-Zor governorate 43+22+18+16+1 Move outside of Syria 43% • Movement of approximately 2,500 people has been observed within the governorate since 7 the start of 2017. This has mostly occurred within Deir-ez-Zor district, though destinations have Move to a different governorate 22% not been heavily concentrated in any particular sub-districts or communities; such movement Not sure 18% has been common since the ISIL takeover to avoid conflict escalation in particular areas. Move elsewhere in the governorate 16% Move elsewhere in the community 1% Intentions Overall, movement intentions remain unclear and dependent on future conflict escalation, Top 5 most commonly reported reasons for preferring movement restrictions and the deterioration of the humanitarian situation. Further, protection to remain (all communities): 78+67+57+50+21 of assets and family ties remain key barriers to movement, leading to a general preference and Family ties 78% willingness to stay in current locations. Overall, outward movement in the next month was reportedly Not permitted to leave 67% 6 preferred in 39% of communities assessed. In these communities, KIs estimated that 20-40% of Protection of assets 57% the population would prefer to leave in the next month, favouring locations outside of Syria, although Lack of safe routes elsewhere 50% the feasibility of reaching intended destinations was not assessed. Lack of money to pay for movement 21%

5. CCCM IDP Situation Monitoring Initiative (ISMI) data triangulated with UNHCR Flash Updates and CCCM IDP Tracking. 4 6. Stated preference to leave may not necessarily translate to actual movement, due to a number of factors including feasibility of movement and changing preferences. 7. Idleb (10%), Aleppo (8%), Ar-Raqqa (3%), (2%). Identified displacement trends in Deir-ez-Zor governorate, 1 January - 4 May 2017

EIN ISSA 2) Movement within Deir-ez-Zor SULUK ² governorate Movement of approximately 2,500 AR-RAQQA JURNEYYEH people has been observed within the governorate since the start of KARAMA 2017; with up to 400 people moving A L - H A S A K E H each week. Outward movement KISREH AL-THAWRAH A R - R A Q Q A 180 - 200 Movement restrictions prevented 200 - 220 MAADAN large-scale outward movement, though up to 800 people were MANSURA estimated to have left communities SABKA TABNI in Deir-ez-Zor with intentions to go Pattern 1: Arrivals from Ar-Raqqa governorate to Ar-Raqqa, Al-Hasakeh and 280 - 300 External displacement SUR governorates. It was not possible to verify whether all of these people Pattern 2: Displacements within Deir-ez-Zor KHASHAM governorate reached their intended destinations. Displacement to other subdistricts DEIR-EZ-ZOR 180 - 200 240 - 260 D E I R - E Z - Z O R BASIRA Displacement within the subdistrict I R A Q

Subdistricts of displacement MUHASAN THIBAN Subdistricts 1,000 - 1,250 AL MAYADIN T U R K E Y HAJIN H O M S ASHARA

1) Arrivals from Ar-Raqqa governorate JALAA

Approximately 2,500-3,000 IDPs from Ar- 800 - 1,000 SUSAT Raqqa governorate have arrived in Deir- ABU KAMAL I R A Q ez-Zor governorate since the start of 2017, primarily from Ar-Raqqa sub-district. Kms J O R D A N 0 12.5 25 50

5 HUMANITARIAN SITUATION FOOD Food markets were generally functioning with goods largely coming from Iraq. However, Food sources and markets over 50% of communities reported challenges to accessing markets, largely due to safety Food markets were the most common source of food, followed by local agriculture. Supply and security concerns. Further, even if functioning, 84% of communities reported issues with routes from Iraq were in operation, with the largest markets in Abu Kamal and Al Mayadin, though markets, including limited functionality and lack of availability and affordability of goods. challenges to access were commonly reported across the governorate. Top 5 means of accessing food (% of communities reporting each): 88+72+32+16+15 Basic food items were unavailable in up to a fifth of assessed communities, and were Markets 88% prohibitively unaffordable in 28-50% of communities. To deal with a lack of food, 76% of Farming / self-production 72% communities reported that people use coping strategies, including reducing meal sizes and selling productive and non productive assets. Stores 32% Gifts from family and friends 16% Finally, accessing bread was challenging primarily due to reduced functionality of bakeries, Borrowing 15% linked with damaged buildings and equipment, as well as a lack of fuel and electricity for generators. As a result, most communities relied on homemade bread, with bakeries a secondary source. Top 3 challenges to accessing food markets (% of communities reporting each): 38+31+21 Safety / security restricting movement to markets 38% Basic food consumption Safety / security concerns at markets 31% Rice was the most commonly reported staple food across the governorate, followed by Markets not functioning at times of conflict 21% bread and wheat flour. Many communities faced food availability and affordability barriers. Proportion of communities reporting barriers to accessing basic food items: Food market functionality: communities facing issues with markets !

! Rice 20% 36% 44%

Sugar 19% 39% 42% Kisreh A l -H a s a k e h A r -R a q q a ! ! Cooking oil 18% 48% 34% ! ! Flour 17% 50% 32% ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! Bread 16% 40% 44% ! ! Tabni ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! Lentils 13% 28% 59% ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sur ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! Lack of availabliity Lack of affordability No issue Deir-ez-Zor ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! Khas!ham ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! Basira ! !! ! ! ! ! D e i r -e z- Z o r ! !! ! ! Coping strategies ! ! ! Muhasan ! ! ! ! KIs in 76% of communities reported that people used coping strategies to deal with a lack ! !! Thiban ! ! ! ! of food, most commonly reducing meal size and selling productive assets. Al Mayadin ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! Top 3 most common coping strategies to deal with a lack of food (% of communities ! ! Hajin Are markets functioning in the Ashara ! ! reporting each): 43+31+22+ ! commuity? ! ! ! ! ! Reducing meal size 43% Markets are not functioning ! Jalaa ! ! ! ! Markets are functioning but with ! Susat ! ! ! ! Selling productive assets 31% problems ! Abu Kamal ! ! ! ! Markets are functioning ! Selling non-productive assets 22% ! ! Not assessed I R A Q

6 Bread Overall, most communities faced challenges to accessing bread and relied primarily on Top 5 most commonly reported reasons for bakeries not functioning homemade bread. This was primarily due to the reduced functionality of bakeries, as a (% of communities reporting each): 39+33+32+17+13 result of damage to buildings and equipment, and a lack of fuel that limited the use of generators Building / equipment damaged 39% necessary to power bakeries. Bakeries were least likely to be functioning in Susat, Abu Kamal, Electricity / fuel expensive or hard to access 33% Sur and Tabni sub-districts. Not enough electricity / fuel available 32% Flour expensive or hard to access 17% Proportion of communities with functioning bakeries: Flour unavailable 13% 20% functioning with sufficient supplies 49% functioning without providing enough bread Most common source of bread in assessed communities: 31% not functioning 59% Homemade 20+4931++A . 26% Private bakeries 10% Public bakeries Bakery functionality per community 59+26+10+5A 5% Other ! ! Food: Joura and Qosour Kisreh A l -H a s a k e h • The food situation in the besieged neighbourhoods of Deir-ez-Zor city has been A r -R a q q a ! ! ! ! critical for many months. ! !!! ! ! ! ! • People obtained food in these neighbourhoods primarily through assistance which ! ! ! ! Tabni ! !! ! ! ! !! arrived through humanitarian airdrops, as well as bartering for the scarce commodities ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sur available. Food rations delivered by airdrops were reportedly insufficient to meet needs ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! and commonly not distributed fairly. ! ! Deir-ez-Zor ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! Khas!ham ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! Basira • Food in markets was reportedly scarce, and when available, of poor quality. In March, ! !! ! ! ! ! D e i r -e z- Z o r ! !! the only remaining core food items in markets were bread from public bakeries (600 ! ! ! ! ! Muhasan ! ! SYP; 1.17 USD), bulgur (3,500 SYP per kg; 6.81 USD), eggs (500 SYP each; 0.97 ! ! ! !! Thiban ! ! USD), salt (500 SYP per kg; 0.97 USD) and cooking oil (9000 SYP per litre; 17.51 Are bakeries/shops selling ! ! bread functioning in the Al Mayadin ! ! 8 ! !! USD). All items were reportedly prohibitively expensive. community? ! ! ! ! ! ! No ! ! Hajin • Some bread was available from public bakeries, though there were frequent shortages Ashara ! ! No, bakeries were not present even ! ! ! ! due to the scarcity and expense of flour, yeast and fuel. before the conflict ! ! ! Jalaa ! ! ! ! Yes, but with insufficient amounts of • A wide range of coping strategies were used. Almost all households reportedly reduced ! ! Susat bread ! ! ! ! meal size and sold productive assets. The extreme coping strategies of going days Abu Kamal ! ! Yes, with sufficient amounts of ! ! ! bread ! without eating and eating food waste or plants were also reportedly in use in these ! Not assessed I R A Q neighbourhoods.

8. Exchange rate used is UN Operational Rates of Exchange which has been $1 = 514 SYP since September 2016. 7 LIVELIHOODS 10 Livelihoods have been severely affected by ongoing conflict. Agricultural trade, the Income and debt most common source of income pre-conflict, has been hindered by lower availability • The estimated average household income in November 2016 was 55,872 SYP10 (109 of seeds and other inputs and a reduction of subsidies, as well as pollution caused by USD). over-extraction of petroleum in the area, particularly since ISIL takeover. • To cope with a lack of income, households were most commonly spending savings (reported As a result, all communities reported barriers to accessing livelihoods. Household income was by 71% of KIs), sending children to work (49%), and selling household assets such as furniture estimated as 55,872 SYP (109 USD) per month in November 2016, lower than the average and jewelery (32%). household debt burden of 74,456 SYP (145 USD). Households were reportedly resorting to a • Average monthly income was lower than the average household debt burden at 74,456 number of coping strategies, including spending savings, sending children to work and selling SYP10($145). household assets and jewelery.

Access to cash Livelihoods sources Over the past three months, access to cash has reduced in certain locations, particularly 49% of adults were estimated to be working, primarily in temporary or daily / casual labour around Sur, Basira, Khasham and Kisreh sub-districts. jobs.9 Proportion of communities reporting changes to access to cash: Top 5 most commonly reported sources of income (% of communities reporting each) 75+62+45+39+34 37% no change over the past three months Food crop production 75% 19% access decreased for some people Livestock products 61% 44% access decreased for most people Sale of livestock 45% 37+1944+A Waged labour 39% Loans and remittances / in-kind gifts 34% Livelihoods: Joura and Qosour Livelihoods barriers • Livelihoods opportunities have been affected by the extremely unstable security All communities reported barriers to accessing livelihoods sources, primarily due to a lack situation. of employment opportunities. • The main sources of meeting basic needs were petty trading, food aid and reliance on assistance. Top 5 most commonly reported livelihoods barriers (% of communities reporting each): 74+54+44+43+20 Lack of general employment opportunities 74% • Coping strategies included selling productive and non-productive assets, reducing food intake and non-food expenditure, sending children to work and borrowing money.9 Low wages 54% Lack of appropriate employment opportunities 44% • Reported barriers to livelihoods were general lack of employment opportunities, Security situation in the community 43% insecurity, lack of resources needed to work (e.g. water for agriculture), restrictions by Restrictions by authorities 20% local authorities and discrimination in job provision.

9. Based on data from the REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment conducted in November 2016. 8 10. Exchange rate used is UN Operational Rates of Exchange which has been $1 = 514 SYP since September 2016. SHELTER The majority of the population were reportedly living in houses or apartments, and Collective centres informal settlements were uncommon due to ISIL policy of allocating unoccupied homes • There were a total of 196 collective centres (CCs) reported in 49 assessed communities to displaced persons. Nevertheless, small numbers have lived in collective centres since (47%) and most heavily concentrated in Al Mayadin, Thiban, Abu Kamal, Susat, Ashara and before ISIL, and recent displacement due to the Ar-Raqqa offensive have caused small numbers Khasham. of IDPs to move to informal settlements in Al Mayadin. • The total estimated population living in these collective shelters was 15,979 people, with the Almost half of all households were reported to have suffered damage to their shelters, largest numbers in Ashara and Al Mayadin sub-districts. primarily due to conflict and general disrepair. 36% of households reported adequacy issues, • Most have been occupied since before ISIL takeover and were managed by the inhabitants. including a lack of suitability for winter conditions. This has led to high reported need of shelter items, such as concrete and basic electrical items, which were generally unaffordable even when available. • Collective centre building types were most commonly schools (reported in 96% of communities with collective shelters), government buildings (27%), agricultural buildings (14%) and Informal settlements residential buildings (4%). • There were reportedly eight tented settlements in Deir-ez-Zor governorate (see Map Location of collective centres and population in Deir-ez-Zor governorate below) in Al Mayadin sub-district at the time of the assessment, hosting an estimated 250-300 !(

people. Many arrived from Ar-Raqqa governorate following conflict escalation. !( Sub-district Total CCs A r -R a q q a • Whilst some have lived in these settlements since before ISIL takeover, others were newly ! A l -H a s a k e h !( Kisreh Abu Kamal 23 established and, at the time of data collection, it was unclear if they would remain. ! ! (98) !( !!! Al Mayadin 45 ! !( ! ! Tabni ! !( !( ! !!( ! Location of informal settlements and population in Deir-ez-Zor governorate ! ! (151) ! !( !! Ashara 19 ! !( !( !( ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! Sur !( !!!( !( !( ! Basira 8 ! !( (320) !( !( ! Deir-ez-Zor ! ! !( !! ! ! !( Kh!a!sham !! Deir-ez-Zor 0 (0) !( ! A r -R a q q a !( !((!9!09!!) !!! Basira ! ! Kisreh A l -H a s a k e h ! ! !! !( D e i r -e z- Z o r ! ! ! (971) Hajin 5 ! ! (0) ! !! ! ! Muhasan ! ! ! !! ! (686) ! Jalaa 4 ! ! ! !! Thiban ! ! ! !( ! Tabni ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !( (1,460) ! ! ! (0) ! ! !! Number of collective centres in the Al Mayadin ! Khasham 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! !( ! ! ! ! ! ! Sur community (2,984) ! !(!( ! !!! ! ! !( ! ! ! !( Kisreh 3 ! (0) ! ! ! ! 0 6 - 10 Hajin ! ! Ashara !( ! Deir-ez-Zor ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! (103) ! Kh!asham ! 1 - 5 11 - 14 (6,979) Muhasan 11 (0) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !(!0)! ! Basira !( ! ! ! ! Not assessed/not sure ! ! !!! (0) Jalaa D e i r -e z- Z o r ! ! !( ! ! ! ! !! ! Sur 8 ! ! Number of IDPs living in collective (72) ! Muhasan ! ! ! Susat ! ! centres in the sub-district ! ! ! (0) !! Thiban ! Susat 22 ! ! ! Abu Kamal !(581) ! ! ! ! ! ! (0) 0 - 350 1,501 - 4,500 (365) ! Al Mayadin ! ! Tabni 6 Number of camps in the community ! ! ! (277) ! !! 351 - 1,500 4,501 - 6,979 I R A Q 0 ! ! ! ! ! ! Hajin Thiban 24 1 Ashara ! ! ! (0) ! (0) ! 7 ! ! ! ! Not assessed/not sure Jalaa ! ! ! ! ! (0) ! Number of IDPs living in camps ! ! ! ! !Susat in the sub-district ! Abu Kamal ! (0) ! ! 0 11 - 100 (0) ! ! 1 - 10 101 - 277 I R A Q

9 Damage and adequacy Needed shelter items • In November 2016, 36% of households were estimated to have adequacy issues, primarily • Overall, 79% of communities reported that they needed some form of shelter item. regarding a lack of suitability of shelter for winter conditions.11 • The most commonly reported need was basic electrical items such as wires, sockets and Top 5 shelter adequacy issues plugs. Although these items were reportedly commonly available, they were often unaffordable (% of communities reporting each issue of the 36% reporting issues): for households given other priority expenditures. 75+67+31+30+12 Leaking during rain 75% • Concrete was also commonly needed, as it was reportedly difficult to obtain and expensive Lack of insulation from cold 67% where available. Lack of heating 31% Needed shelter items (% of communities reporting each): Lack of privacy in shelter 30% 75+62+20+20+20+15+10+9 Lack of lighting 12% Basic electrical items 75% Concrete 62% • 46% of households across the governorate were estimated to have some form of shelter Basic tools 20% damage, primarily caused by conflict (airstrikes/explosives) and general disrepair: 11 Timber 20% Plastic sheets/tarpaulin 20% Top 5 shelter damage issues Iron sheeting 15% (% of communities reporting each issue of the 46% reporting damage issues): 92+62+61+46+44 Bricks 10% Broken or cracked windows 92% Nails and screws 9% Doors unable to shut properly 62% Gaps or cracks in roof 61% Some cracks in some walls 46% Large cracks in most walls 44%

• Overcrowding in houses did not appear to be a key issue in the majority of the governorate, with the exception of in Deir-ez-Zor, Ashara and Kisreh sub-districts where more Shelter: Joura and Qosour than 40% of communities indicated that more than half of households were overcrowded. • Most of the population were reportedly living in houses or apartments. No camps Proportion of communities reporting overcrowding: or collective centres were reported in these neighbourhoods. 49% a few or no households • Some parts of the city were heavily damaged or completely destroyed. 24% less than half of households • A quarter of households reportedly face shelter adequacy issues, such as lack of 8% around half of households insulation, heating, lighting and waterproofing. 48+248173A 17% more than half of households • The most-needed shelter items were iron sheeting, plastic sheeting and timber. 3% all or almost all households

11. Based on data from the REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment conducted in November 2016; in which KIs estimated the 10 proportion of households affected by adequacy and damage, and then detailed the most common issues. NFIs Markets were generally functioning across the governorate due to supply routes Access to NFIs between Abu Kamal and Iraq. However, 47% of communities reported barriers to market Across the governorate, 47% of households were estimated to face challenges accessing access, primarily due to insecurity. Unaffordability of non-food items (NFIs) was also a non-food items in markets, largely due to insecurity across the area. key issue across assessed communities. Fuel and batteries were highlighted as items most Proportion of communities reporting NFIs unavailable or unaffordable: difficult to access. Heating fuel 12% 49% 39% Fuel shortages are common, resulting in 98% of households adopting coping strategies, Cooking fuel 9% 42% 50% including changing diet to prefer food that does not require cooking as well as reducing Batteries 2% 43% 55% expenditure on other items to pay for fuel. Kerosene, as well as wood and charcoal, were the Sources of light 26% 14% 60% most commonly used sources of fuel for both cooking and heating. Winter blankets 5% 31% 64% Winter shoes 1% 33% 66% In almost all communities (96%), generators were the primary source of electricity, while Baby diapers 7% 27% 67% the main network was reported to provide very limited supply even when functioning. Adult diapers 11% 22% 67% Winter clothes 1% 31% 68% Disposable diapers 6% 21% 73% Fuel12 Winter heaters 7% 19% 74% Water containers 6% 15% 79% Shortages were common and 98% of households were estimated to have resorted to Sanitary pads 9% 12% 79% coping strategies, most commonly changing diet to prefer food that did not require cooking and Shoes 20% 80% Bedding items 6% 13% 81% reducing expenditure on other items to pay for fuel. Clothing 19% 81% Most common source of cooking fuel Most common source of heating fuel Soap 16% 84% (% of households reporting each): (% of households reporting each): Washing powder 16% 84% Detergent (for dishes) 1% 14% 85% 59% Kerosene 68% Kerosene Cleaning liquid (for house) 13% 87% 23% Wood / charcoal 24% Wood / charcoal Mattresses/Sleeping mats 1% 11% 88% 11% Gas 6% Electricity Cooking utensils 9% 91% 59+23+11+7A 7% Electricity 68+24+6+2A 2% No source Unavailable Unaffordable Available Electricity NFIs: Joura and Qosour Generators were the primary source of electricity in 75% of communities, whilst the main network • Most core NFIs were unavailable in markets, including bathing, dishwashing and was the primary source used elsewhere.12 laundry soap, adult and child diapers and sanitary pads. Top 5 reported barriers to accessing electricity (% of communities reporting each): 50+49+41+18+17 • Access to electricity was highly limited, with the network unavailable due to damage. Only Electricity too expensive 50% 20% of the population had any access to electricity from generators, due to fuel shortages. Fuel for generator too expensive 49% • The main source of cooking fuel was wood or charcoal. Main network in general disrepair 41% • Coping strategies to deal with the scarcity of fuel included shifting diets towards foods Main network damaged 18% that required less cooking and burning plastics, clothes, waste and assets. Not enough fuel for generators 17%

12. Based on data from the REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment conducted in November 2016. 11 WASH The majority of the governorate was reportedly connected to the main water network. Access to water However, supply was insufficient and, at the time of assessment, supplemented by The main network and water trucking were the most common sources of water, used by water trucking. In addition, less than half of households reported that water was safe to drink. about half of communities each, with a small number using free neighbourhood boreholes. In November 2016, only 23% of assessed communities reported that households regularly Primary sources of drinking water (% of communities reporting each):

had sufficient water, with frequent reports of intermittent access, depending on the community. 49+47+4 Further, 89% of households had adopted coping strategies, including modifying bathing Main network 49% practices and reducing drinking water consumption. Water trucking 47% Free neighbourhood boreholes 4% Sanitation was also a key concern due to a lack of sufficient and consistent waste management. 90% of communities reported sanitation problems, such as garbage in streets and flooding. Finally, in a quarter of communities assessed, 30% of residents either had Most common source of water by community latrines which were partially functional only or no facilities at all. ! ! 13 Water sufficiency and coping strategies Kisreh A l -H a s a k e h A r -R a q q a ! ! ! ! Communities reported that access was intermittent, and changed depending on the situation ! !!! in the area. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tabni ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Water sufficiency and access (% of communities reporting each): ! ! Sur ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! 23% Nearly everyone has enough water to meet needs ! ! Deir-ez-Zor ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! Khas!ham ! !!!!! ! ! 66% Access intermittent depending on circumstances ! ! Basira ! !! ! ! ! ! D e i r -e z- Z o r ! !! 11% Nearly everyone has insufficient water to meet needs ! ! ! ! ! Muhasan ! ! 23+6611A !! ! ! ! Thiban ! ! ! ! Al Mayadin ! ! 89% of households were estimated to use coping strategies to deal with a lack of water. ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hajin What is the most common source Ashara ! Strategies used to cope with a lack of water (% of communities reporting each): ! 44+24+11+9+5 of drinking water in the ! ! ! community? ! ! Modify hygiene practices (e.g. bathe less) 44% ! Jalaa ! ! ! ! Main network ! ! Susat Reduce drinking water consumption 24% ! ! ! ! Water trucking ! Abu Kamal ! ! ! ! ! Spend money usually used for other things to buy water 11% Free neighbourhood borehole ! Borrow water or receive water on credit 9% ! Not assessed I R A Q Drink water usually used for cleaning or other purposes 5%

13. Based on data from the REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment conducted in November 2016. 12 Quality of water WASH: Joura and Qosour More than half of assessed communities faced problems with their main source of water, with only 47% of communities reporting that water was safe to drink.14 • WASH was a key concern in the besieged neighbourhoods due to a lack of a consistent and safe supply of drinking water, with shortages prevalent. Problems with water (% of communities reporting each): 40+36+22+1 Water tastes bad 40% • The main source of water was untreated water from the Euphrates river, which reportedly had a bad taste, smell and colour and caused sickness after drinking. Water has a bad colour 36% Water smells bad 22% • Residents reportedly coped with a lack of water by modifying hygiene practices, People get sick after drinking the water 1% reducing drinking water consumption and drinking non-potable water. • These neighbourhoods faced multiple sanitation challenges, with garbage, sewage Sanitation and flooding in the streets, and rats and other pests contaminating food. 90% of assessed communities reported experiencing problems with sanitation, due to a lack of sufficient and consistent waste management services across the governorate. Top 5 sanitation problems (% of communities reporting each): EDUCATION 60+35+18+11+10 Garbage in the streets 60% There have been no functioning formal schools issuing recognised certification since Flooding in the streets 35% the ISIL takeover. ISIL attempted to establish an alternative schooling system. However, Rats and pests contaminating people and food 18% it was unpopular and led to widespread non-attendance. While some children learned at Open defecation 11% home or received informal learning from other community members, significant barriers to Sewage flowing onto the streets 10% education were reported, even where informal community learning opportunities existed. Main barriers included lack of safety and security while travelling to access informal learning, Latrine and bathing facilities15 as well as lack of certification. Lack of educational opportunities may be a contributing factor to the estimated 46% of children working across the governorate. In November 2016, 25% of communities reported that up to 15% of households did not have access to bathing facilities. There were no functioning formal schools in Deir-ez-Zor countryside or in Deir-ez-Zor city. Similarly, 27% of communities reported that about 15% of households did not have access to Top 4 barriers to school attendance (% of communities reporting each): 68+28+27+16 fully functioning latrine facilities, meaning there were issues with facilities used. Educational centres closed 68% Proportion of communities with access to functioning bathing facilities: Travel unsafe due to security situation 28% Lack of recognised certification 27% 75% Everyone or nearly everyone has access Damaged school facilities 16% 25% Some households (up to 15%) do not have access 75+25A Education: Joura and Qosour Proportion of communities with access to functioning latrines: • There were no functioning educational facilities in these neighbourhoods. • Facilities were reportedly damaged and there were insufficient numbers of qualified 73% Everyone or nearly everyone has access teachers willing to teach. 73+27A 27% Some households (up to 15%) do not have access • In addition, children were often required to work. 14. Self-reported by households and not based on water testing. 13 15. Based on data from the REACH/SNFI Cluster assessment conducted in November 2016. PROTECTION Serious protection concerns were reported in 69% of communities; most commonly, Protection situations: women family separation, forced/early marriage and forced recruitment. Protection issues specific to women were reported as having occurred in the past month in all communities assessed. • Children: In 89% of communities, children (individuals under the age of 18) were reported to be subject to protection risks. These risks included a lack of education opportunities, general Protection situations affecting women in the past month (% of communities reporting each): 98+61+49 violence and recruitment by armed groups (AGs). An estimated 46% of children in affected Movement restrictions 98% communities were working. Violence against women 61% • Women: Women faced specific vulnerabilities, with movement through checkpoints requiring Restrictions preventing service access 49% the accompaniment of a male relative, which also affected access to services. Protection situations: children Protection situations: general 89% of communities reported issues specific to children. In 10% of communities, KIs were 69% of communities reported that protection situations had occurred in the past month, unsure as to whether child protection issues had been faced, whilst 1% were unsure. whilst 20% were not sure and 11% reported that situations had not occurred. Protection situations affecting children in the past month (% of communities reporting each): 67+44+41+39+19+5 Reported prevalence of protection situations in the past month Children working 67% ! Violence against children 44% ! Main protection concerns Forced recruitment by AGs 41% Kisreh A l -H a s a k e h A r -R a q q a ! ! (% of communities reporting each): ! ! Psychological trauma 39%

! !!! Family separation 54% Risks from general security situation 19% ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tabni ! !! ! ! ! !! Forced and early marriage 41% Missing / separated children 5% ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sur ! !!! ! ! ! Forced recruitment by AGs 38% !! ! ! !! ! ! Deir-ez-Zor !! ! ! ! !! !! Domestic violence 16% IDP-host community relations ! Khas!ham ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! Basira ! !! ! ! ! ! D e i r -e z- Z o r ! !! Inter-communal disputes 10% In all communities assessed, it was reported that there were no major tensions between IDPs ! ! ! ! ! Muhasan ! ! and host communities and that relations had not changed over the past month. KIs indicated that ! ! ! !! Thiban ! ! ! ! this was because there had not been a significant influx of IDPs into the area. As such, changes Types of protection issues Al Mayadin ! ! ! !! that have occurred in the ! in prices of goods and access to services were not attributed to IDP presence or movements. !! ! last month? ! ! ! Hajin ! Ashara ! No situations ! ! ! ! ! 1 type of situation ! ! Protection: Joura and Qosour ! Jalaa ! ! ! ! 2 types of situations ! ! Susat ! ! ! • Multiple severe protection risks existed in these neighbourhoods, including forced ! 3 types of situations ! Abu Kamal ! ! ! ! 4 types of situations ! recruitment into armed groups, kidnapping and harassment and sexual violence ! ! Not assessed I R A Q against women. • The most prevalent child protection challenges were violence against children, separation of children from families and dangers from landmines and improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

14 HEALTH Although the majority of communities reported having access to health facilities (74%), Barriers to accessing healthcare these were primarily private clinics with limited services, such as basic emergency and All communities reported facing barriers to accessing healthcare, mainly due to the deterioration obstetric care. Surgery and treatment for chronic diseases were reported as priority needs. of facilities and services observed. All communities reported barriers to accessing health care, largely due to deterioration of Top 5 barriers to accessing healthcare (% of communities reporting each): facilities and a lack of medicine. 64+55+53+34+33 Lack of facilities 64% While medical personnel were available, they were often required to perform services outside Lack of medicine / medical items 55% of their area of expertise. There also were reported cases of doctors with qualifications from Lack of medical personnel 50% other countries being unable to practice due to restrictions imposed by authorities. Low quality of healthcare 34% Lack of female doctors 33% Available facilities and services 74% of communities reported having some available health facilities. However, these facilities Health: Joura and Qosour were primarily private clinics and services provided were limited. • Health facilities and services were extremely limited in Joura and Qosour.

Types of functioning health facilities (% of communities reporting each): • The only available hospital was a military hospital, accessible only to very few members

73+68+28+11 of the community. The risk of detention and conscription at this facility deterred some Private clinics 73% from seeking treatment there. Hospitals 68% • Informal emergency care was the only service consistently available and accessible Informal emergency care 28% since June 2016. Most people treated themselves at home and did not have access to Mobile clinics / field hospitals 11% basic medicine or medical supplies. • Medicine was scarce in the neighbourhoods. There was reportedly a major need for Main available health services16 Most reported needed health services contraception due to the high prevalence of sexual violence, including reported rape. (% of communities reporting each): (% of communities reporting each): 75+35+26+16+14+11 89+79+39+38+24 • Antibiotics and artificial limbs were reported as particularly needed medical items, and Emergency/obstetric care 75% Surgery 89% rehabilitation for those who had recently experienced injuries was reportedly a major Outpatient consultations 35% Chronic disease treatment 79% gap in provision. EPI vaccinations17 26% Antibiotics 39% Inpatient hospitalisation 16% Rehabilitation for injured 38% Hygiene promotion 14% Skilled childbirth care 24% About SRN About REACH Surgical services 11% SRN is an umbrella of more than 60 Syrian NGOs REACH facilitates the development of information operating all across Syria, mandated to improve tools and products that enhance the capacity of coordination among humanitarian actors in the aid actors to make evidence-based decisions in region through, partnerships, information sharing, emergency, recovery and development contexts. needs assessments and capacity building. For more information, visit www.reach-initiative.org

16. KIs were not sure whether outpatient consultations were available in 28% of communities and whether hygiene promotion 15 was available in 11% of communities. 17. The Word Health Organization’s Expanded Program on Immunization seeks to provide vaccinations to all children worldwide.