Monitoring Pacific Walrus and Steller Sea Lion Haulout Activity at Cape Newenham, Alaska, July – October 2014

U.S. Fiish & Wiilldlliife Serviice

Monitoring Pacific walrus and Steller sea lion haulout activity at Cape Newenham, Alaska, July – October 2014

Patrick Walsh, Lauri Jemison, and Michael Swaim

Togiak National Wildlife Refuge Dillingham, Alaska Alaska Department of Fish and Game Dillingham, Alaska

January 2015

Citation:

Walsh, P, Jemison, L. and M. Swaim. 2015. Monitoring Pacific walrus and Steller sea lion haulout activity at Cape Newenham, Alaska, July – October 2014. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Dillingham, Alaska.

Keywords:

Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens, Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, haulout, remote camera, Cape Newenham .

Disclaimer: The use of trade names of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Monitoring Pacific walrus and Steller sea lion haulout activity at Cape Newenham, Alaska, July – October 2014.

Patrick Walsh, Lauri Jemison, and Michael Swaim1

Abstract We monitored the number and timing of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) hauling out on beaches near Cape Newenham, Alaska during summer and fall, 2014. Monitoring was accomplished using time lapse cameras recording photographs hourly at traditional haulout locations. We recorded a total of 4,226 photos at walrus haulouts which detected 10 walrus haulout events with a maximum count of 24 walrus. We recorded a total of 2,167 photos at sea lion haulouts which detected a minimum of 293 sea lions and determined that sea lions were hauled out every day during the monitoring period. We recorded no evidence of human activities causing disturbance of either species, although we detected regular human activity at one haulout site which has potential to cause walrus disturbance.

Introduction

For more than 20 years, Pacific walruses and Steller sea lions at Cape Newenham have been monitored by the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) (MacDonald and Winfree 2008, Jemison et al. 2013). Monitoring has included a variety of methods performed at varying intensity (details explained in Background), but given the remote location and logistical difficulties of working at Cape Newenham, monitoring efforts have been sporadic and generally less than optimal. In early 2014, the U.S. Air Force, which maintains a radar station at Cape Newenham, requested assistance from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to better monitor marine mammals at Cape Newenham, and provided funding for this work. The objectives of the project were to:

1) Monitor the number and timing of Pacific walruses and Steller sea lions using haul-outs at Cape Newenham during summer and fall 2014.

1 Authors: Patrick Walsh and Michael Swaim, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, P.O. Box 270, Dillingham, AK 99576. (907) 842-1063, [email protected], [email protected]. Lauri Jemison, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 1030, Dillingham, AK 99576. (907) 842-1559, [email protected].

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

2) Determine whether human activities at Cape Newenham were disturbing or otherwise causing negative effects to walruses and sea lions.

The timing of the funding, and a requirement by the Air Force to provide a report of the study findings by March 2015, resulted in a study period of 45-90 days, which is of too short duration to completely address the objectives. However, this project has successfully initiated a much improved monitoring program over that of the past, and will provide increasingly meaningful information if continued.

STUDY AREA

The study area is situated at Cape Newenham located at the southwestern margin of Togiak National Wildlife Refuge (N58.649°, W162.161°, Fig. 1). Located at the confluence of Bristol and Kuskokwim Bays of the Bering Sea, Cape Newenham is composed of rocky sea cliffs with sand or cobble beaches beneath a pronounced cape extending ~20km from the mainland. The area includes beaches and rock outcroppings that have been documented as Pacific walrus haulouts since the late 1970s (Frost et al. 1982, MacDonald and Winfree 2008, Winfree 2014) and Steller sea lion haulouts since at least the mid-1950s (Mathisen and Lopp 1963, Jemison et al. 2013) (Figure 1). Placed in a regional context, Cape Newenham is one of five locations in Bristol Bay which are traditional haulout locations for walruses (Figure 2). Steller sea lions haulout at three primary sites within Bristol Bay including Cape Newenham, Round Island (and other nearby islands within the Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary), and Amak Island (Figure 3).

Area of detail

Triple Beach

Bird Rock Wally Cove Cove Air Force Cove Lands End

White Rock Sentry

Haulout location

Walrus Sea lion

Figure 1. Known Pacific walrus and Steller sea lion haulout locations at Cape Newenham, Alaska. 2

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Area of detail

Kuskokwim Bay Cape Newenham Cape Peirce Hagemeister Island Round Island

Bristol Bay

Cape Seniavin

Figure 2. Locations of traditional Pacific walrus haulouts in Bristol Bay, Alaska.

Figure 3. Locations of Steller sea lion haulouts in Bristol Bay, Alaska.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The United States Air Force maintains a permanently-staffed radar installation and airfield at Cape Newenham. The airfield runway terminates at a sandy beach which has been documented as a walrus haulout location (Air Force Cove, Figure 1). Additionally, there is an undeveloped service road on the upland immediately above this beach. Given the proximity of the haulout beach and the airfield and road, there is greater potential for disturbance of walrus at this site than at other beaches which have traditionally been used by walruses at Cape Newenham.

The study area climate is sub-arctic maritime. Temperatures range from average daily low and high of -11.2 and -6.6 °C in February, the coldest month, to 8.3 and 12.0 °C in August, the warmest month (data for Dillingham from 1971-2000, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2008). Annual precipitation averages 94.4 cm.

Background

Walrus haulout activity at Cape Newenham has been periodically monitored by the Refuge since 1991 (MacDonald and Winfree 2008). During the period 1991-1993 and 1996-1997, walrus were counted primarily by ground observers and occasionally by aerial observers (n = 22-73 counts annually). Counts then occurred primarily in May- July although periodically included times from April – December. In 1994 and 1995, counts were restricted to aerial observations (n = 4-7 counts annually). Counts by ground observers continued 1998—2003, although the monitoring season was abbreviated to approximately the month of July (n = 21-38 counts annually). From 2004—2013, ground observers were replaced by aerial counts, varying in annual number from 2 to 17 counts. During this overall period, peak annual numbers of walrus counted hauling out at Cape Newenham has varied from 0 to 5,444 (Figure 4).

Given the variety of methodology and monitoring intensity, few inferences can be made, other than to conclude that: 1) Cape Newenham is a regular haulout location for Pacific walrus. This in itself is significant, given that the majority of Alaska’s coastline is not known to serve as walrus haulout habitat. 2) The number of walruses hauling out at Cape Newenham has composed a large proportion of all walruses using Bristol Bay in some years, given that the other traditional haulouts (Cape Peirce, Round Island, Cape Seniavin, and Hagemeister Island, Figure 2) individually peak in haulout attendance by a few thousand to ~12,000 walruses (MacDonald and Winfree 2008, Weiss and Sell 2013). 3) It is probable that the peak number of walruses hauling out at Cape Newenham annually has declined since monitoring began. This is a more tenuous assumption, based on the quality of monitoring data, but walrus haulout numbers have significantly declined during this same period at Cape Peirce, located ~26 km from Cape Newenham (Winfree 2014).

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

6000 5444

5000

4000

3000

2000 1494 1280 1094 870 1000 856 1000 435 200 225 183 110 6 4 14 15 4 42 0 0 0 0 0

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Figure 4. Maximum number of walrus seen annually on Cape Newenham haulouts, 1991—2013.

Steller sea lions have been monitored by the Refuge and ADFG beginning in 1990 and continuing sporadically through 2012 (Jemison 1991, Jemison et al. 2013). The estimated trend during this period, taking into account date and survey type (aerial or land-based), was -5.6%/year. Overall, this represents a 72% decline in the number of sea lions (Jemison et al. 2013, Figure 5).

Figure 5. Number and trend in counts of Steller sea lions observed at Cape Newenham, southwestern Alaska, 1990-2012.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

METHODS

Walrus and sea lion haulout activity was monitored via time lapse cameras deployed at seven known haulouts at Cape Newenham (Figure 1) following the methods of Lowe and Walsh (2011). Sites were accessed via Robinson 44 helicopter. Camera model was Reconyx® PC900 Hyperfire Professional High Output Covert IR cameras. Photo image resolution was 3.1 megapixel. The power source was 12 AA lithium batteries which provide approximately one year of power. The cameras were equipped with 4GB memory cards with image storage capacity of up to 10,000 and had an operating temperature range of -40 °F to 120 °F. The cameras were set on a programmable time lapse schedule at 60 minute increments from 0800 h until 1900 h, resulting in a total of 12 photos daily. Cameras were oriented from the cliff edge above the beaches below to cover as much of the beach as possible in a single photograph frame. Cameras were housed in heavy duty security enclosures to minimize damage from brown bears (Ursus arctos). Enclosures were affixed to upright aluminum posts stabilized with 6 guy wires (Figures 6, 7).

Figure 6. Camera establishment at Bird Rock Cove, Cape Newenham, southwestern Alaska, in July 2014.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Figure 7. Closeup photo of stand and security enclosure of a camera deployed at Triple Beach, Cape Newenham, southwestern Alaska.

Photos were downloaded from the cameras by recovering the camera memory cards in early October, prior to snowfall, which would have made operation on the cliffs above haulout locations unsafe. Cards and batteries were replaced and cameras were left in operation. Photos were examined for the presence of walruses and sea lions. For each walrus haulout, we recorded the start and end time of each haulout event and calculated the total duration in hours. We defined a haulout event as beginning with the first photo containing walrus present on land, and the end occurred at the time of the last photo that contained walrus present on land. We determined the number of walrus present during haulout events by counting individual walruses in photos. Counts were conducted by importing photos into Esri ArcMap (v. 10.1) by creating a new shape file for each photo and marking each walrus with a point. Total counts were obtained by summing the number of points in the shape file attribute table.

Due to the location of the sea lion haulouts at Cape Newenham (Figure 1) and the difficulty of accessing these sites, it is likely that the only USAF activities that might disturb sea lions would be flights to the Cape Newenham station. Thus, we requested aircraft arrival and departure logs for flights landing at the Cape Newenham airstrip during the period when the sea lion cameras were deployed. For each flight within the period of 24 August through the end of September (last date aircraft logs were available), we recorded date, aircraft arrival and departure times, and type of aircraft that landed at

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Cape Newenham. We then counted the number of sea lions present in the camera images in the hour just prior to the aircraft arrival time and just after the aircraft departure time. If the aircraft was on the ground at or near the time a photo was recorded, a count was made at this time as well. We summed the counts from the four cameras for a total sea lion count pre- and post-flight.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Four cameras were deployed at four walrus haulouts on 9 July 2014 (Table 1). An additional four cameras were deployed at three sea lion haulouts on 23 August 2014. All cameras were downloaded on 7 October 2014. All cameras functioned properly, and gathered a total of 4,226 photos at walrus haulouts and 2,167 photos at sea lion haulouts (Table 2).

Table 1. Locations of walrus and sea lion haulouts at Cape Newenham, southwestern Alaska.

No. Beach N Latitude W Longitude Species cameras Triple Beach 58.67093 162.02710 Walrus 1 Air Force Cove 58.65887 162.07323 Walrus 1 Wally Cove 58.65555 162.14406 Walrus 1 Bird Rock Cove 58.65747 162.12378 Walrus 1 Lands End 58.64882 162.17397 Sea lion 1 Sentry 58.64737 162.17038 Sea lion 1 White Rock 58.64793 162.17465 Sea lion 2

Table 2. Operational timing, number of photos, and number of walrus haulout events and days of sea lion presence at Cape Newenham, southwestern Alaska, July-October 2014.

No. Days haulout No. days Beach Deployed Downloaded deployed Photos events present Triple Beach 9 July 2014 7 Oct 2014 90 979 0 Air Force Cove 9 July 2014 7 Oct 2014 90 1,082 0 Wally Cove 9 July 2014 7 Oct 2014 90 1,082 4 Bird Rock Cove 9 July 2014 7 Oct 2014 90 1,083 6 Lands End 23 Aug 2014 7 Oct 2014 46 546 46 Sentry 23 Aug 2014 7 Oct 2014 46 538 46 White Rock (camera 1) 23 Aug 2014 7 Oct 2014 46 544 46 White Rock (camera 2) 23 Aug 2014 7 Oct 2014 46 539 46

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Walrus haulout activity

Walrus haulout events were detected at two (Bird Rock Cove and Wally Cove) of the four beaches (Table 3, Figure 8). No walrus activity was detected at Air Force Cove or Triple Beach. It is clear that the camera system is far superior to our previous method of occasional aerial or land-based surveys. In the previous six years, air surveys detected walrus presence at Cape Newenham haulouts on a single occasion, while in 90 days in the current year, the camera system detected 10 haulout events.

Table 3. Summary of Pacific walrus haulout events, duration (number of hours), and maximum number counted from 9 July to 7 October 2014 at Cape Newenham.

Beach Start date Duration (h) Maximum no. walrus Bird Rock Cove 25 Jul 2014 3 1 Bird Rock Cove 8 Aug 2014 7 1 Bird Rock Cove 15 Aug 2014 7 1 Bird Rock Cove 11 Sep 2014 10 1 Bird Rock Cove 13 Sep 2014 10 1 Bird Rock Cove 15 Sep 2014 1 3 Wally Cove 31 Jul 2014 79 2 Wally Cove 22 Aug 2014 81 24 Wally Cove 26 Aug 2014 5 1 Wally Cove 9 Sep 2014 35 3

Figure 8. Pacific walruses hauled out at Wally Cove beach, Cape Newenham, Alaska, on 25 October 2014.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

No walrus disturbance was detected. However, human activity with high potential to cause walrus disturbance was detected on 21 occasions (Table 4, Appendix A). Activities noted appeared to be routine work-related or recreational activities, including driving vehicles on the beach or on the road above the beach, people walking on the beach, materials being unloaded, stored, then recovered immediately above the beach. Had walrus been present during any of these events, they almost certainly would depart. Given that the photos were instantaneous records taken hourly, and did not detect activities occurring between photos, it is probable that the photo record is a significant underestimate of the total number of potential disturbance events. Thus, the evidence suggests that human activity near the Air Force Cove haulout has potential to cause walrus disturbance.

Table 4. Potential walrus disturbance activities at Air Force Cove, Cape Newenham, Alaska.

Date Activity 10-Jul-2014 Vehicle and materials on ground above beach 15-Jul-2014 Vehicle driven on beach 27-Jul-2014 Vehicle tracks on beach 29-Jul-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 2-Aug-2014 Materials placed on ground above beach 3-Aug-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 5-Aug-2014 Vehicle tracks on beach 10-Aug-2014 Vehicle on beach at spool. Picnic site? 14-Aug-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 16-Aug-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 19-Aug-2014 Vehicle tracks on beach 20-Aug-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 24-Aug-2014 Vehicle on road above beach 27-Aug-2014 Vehicle tracks on beach 29-Aug-2014 Vehicle on beach at spool. Picnic site? 3-Sep-2014 Materials placed on ground above beach 5-Sep-2014 Vehicle parked near materials above beach, person walking on beach 6-Sep-2014 Vehicle on beach 7-Sep-2014 Vehicle on beach 20-Sep-2014 Materials removed that had been placed above beach 3 Sep 14 21-Sep-2014 Vehicle parked on road above beach

Sea lion haulout activity

Sea lions were hauled out every day during the study period at Cape Newenham. Based on counts conducted prior to or after aircraft landings at Cape Newenham, total daily

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service counts (simultaneous counts of all sea lion haulouts) varied from 6 – 293, indicating a minimum of 293 sea lions present at Cape Newenham during the study period. Based on a visual examination of the photos, Sentry Beach was used the most consistently and by more animals than the other haulouts. During what appear to be storm events (waves, surf, and swell activity seen in the photos), White Rock was used less often than Sentry Beach, likely due to greater exposure to storms at White Rock. The angle of the camera at Lands End did not provide sufficient coverage of the haulout and so attendance at this site was poorly documented (this problem was corrected when cameras were serviced in early October).

Disturbance

Although no evidence of walrus disturbance was detected at Air Force Cove, monitoring only occurred for 90 days. Future monitoring would better answer the question of whether human activity at Cape Newenham is detrimental to walrus. Regardless, we recommend that the Air Force consider whether all of the current activity at Air Force Cove is necessary in support of the military mission. For activities which are mission critical, we suggest the Air Force consider actions which could minimize disturbance, such as viewing Air Force Cove beach from a distance before approaching, and if walrus are present, delaying the activity.

Relative to potential sea lion disturbance, there were 17 aircraft flights arriving and departing Cape Newenham where we were able to count the number of sea lions present before and after the aircraft’s arrival and departure (Table 5). We detected no evidence that aircraft activity at Cape Newenham disturbed sea lions during the study period. In 69% of the observations, more sea lions were hauled out after the aircraft departure than prior to the aircraft arrival. In the situations where fewer sea lions were present, the difference in the pre- and post-flight counts was small (range 5-18 animals). Generally, the number of sea lions hauled out is higher after ~mid-morning (Withrow 1982), and so it is possible that the higher counts recorded after an aircraft departure (and so later in the day) is confounded by sea lion haulout behavior. Collection of additional data would allow us to better evaluate this pattern.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Table 5. Aircraft type, arrival and departure times, time of photo image and associated counts of number of sea lions at each haulout, Cape Newenham, Alaska. Haulout Aircraft Lands White White Date type Arrive Dept. Photo time End Sentry Rock 1 Rock 2 Total 8/26/2014 207 1020 1030 1000 0 155 0 0 155 1100 0 142 0 0 142

8/27/2014 C12 1200 1208 1100 8 225 0 0 233 1200 10 220 1 0 231 1300 11 218 4 0 233

8/27/2014 DC-6 1336 1431 1300 11 218 4 0 233 1400 8 260 2 0 270 1500 8 263 10 5 286

9/2/2014 Caravan 1635 1641 1600 0 164 0 0 164 1700 0 179 0 0 179

9/3/2014 Caravan 1325 1337 1300 0 269 5 8 282 1400 0 287 0 6 293

9/9/2014 Caravan 1014 1035 1000 1 5 0 0 6 1100 0 1 0 0 1

9/9/2014 Caravan 1018 1032 1000 1 5 0 0 6 1100 0 1 0 0 1

9/14/2014 Caravan 1400 1413 1300 0 37 0 0 37 1400 1 43 0 0 44 1500 0 39 0 0 39

9/15/2014 Caravan 1139 1145 1100 0 38 0 0 38 1200 0 25 0 0 25

9/16/2014 C12 1226 1240 1200 0 70 0 42 112 1300 0 89 0 36 125

9/16/2014 DC6 1330 1429 1300 0 89 0 36 125 1400 0 71 0 34 105 1500 0 77 0 30 107

9/16/2014 Caravan 1520 1524 1500 0 77 1 30 108 1600 0 105 10 25 140

9/17/2014 C12 1340 1350 1300 0 104 0 0 104 1400 0 134 2 6 142

9/23/2014 Caravan 954 1005 900 0 48 0 41 89 1000 0 73 0 49 122 1100 0 46 0 53 99

9/25/2014 207 1323 1330 1300 0 122 23 72 217 1400 0 145 20 61 226

9/26/2014 Caravan 1010 1018 1000 0 89 3 40 132 1100 0 98 7 38 143

9/30/2014 207 1348 1354 1300 0 141 12 60 213 1400 0 187 25 19 231

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was funded by the U.S. Air Force and coordinated by M. Moran, U.S. Air Force and J. Garlich-Miller and Jonathan Snyder, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Aviation support was provided by Pollux Aviation. J. Savo assisted in constructing the camera stands. K. Raum-Suryan assisted with sea lion counts. We are grateful to them all.

LITERATURE CITED

Frost, K.J., Lowry, L.F., and J.J. Burns. 1982. Distribution of Marine Mammals in the coastal zone of the Bering Sea during the summer and autumn. Final Report, contract #81 RAC 000 50, 188p.

Jemison, L.A. 1991. Abundance and distribution of marine mammals in northern Bristol Bay. Final report, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, Alaska.

Jemison, L.A., Sheffield, G.G., and G.W. Pendleton. 2013. Steller sea lion studies in the northeastern Bering Sea, Alaska, USA. Presentation at the 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Dunedin, New Zealand (December 2013).

Lowe, S. and P. Walsh. 2011. Use of remote cameras to monitor walrus haul-out numbers and timing on Togiak National Wildlife Refuge. Final report, Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, Alaska.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2008. National Climatic Data Center, Western Regional Climate Center, http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi- bin/cliNORM2010tM.pl?ak1314, (November 2014).

MacDonald, R. and M. Winfree. 2008. Marine mammal haulout use in Bristol Bay and southern Kuskokwim Bay, Alaska, 2006 status report. Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, Alaska.

Mathisen, O.A., and R.J. Lopp. 1963. Photographic census of the Steller sea lion herds in Alaska, 1956-1958. USFWS Special Scientific Report – Fisheries No. 424, 20p.

Weiss, E.W., and S. K. Sell. 2013. Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary annual management report 2012. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Wildlife Conservation, Special Areas Management Report, ADF&G/DWC/SAMR-2013-1. Anchorage, AK. 99pp.

Winfree, M. 2014. Pacific walrus haulout use in Bristol Bay and southern Kuskokwim Bay, Alaska, 1985—2012. Togiak National Wildlife Refuge, Dillingham, Alaska.

Withrow, D.E. 1982. Using aerial surveys, ground truth methodology, and haul out behavior to census Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus. MS Thesis, University of Washington.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Appendix A. Photos of examples of potential walrus disturbance activities, Air Force Cove, Cape Newenham, Alaska, July—October 2014.

Figure A1. Vehicle and materials on ground above beach, 10 July 2014.

Figure A2. Vehicle driven on beach, 15 July 2014.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Figure A3. Vehicle tracks on beach, 27 July 2014.

Figure A4. Vehicle on road above beach, 29 July 2014.

Monitoring walrus and sea lion haulouts, Cape Newenham, January 2015 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Figure A5. Materials placed on ground above beach, 2 August 2014.

Figure A6. Vehicle on road above beach, 3 August 2014.