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Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground Pests in FL Citrus

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Identification, Biology, & Control of Aboveground Pests in FL Citrus February 3, 2021 • What is IPM? • What kind of information do you need to develop an IPM program? Managing pests effectively requires knowledge of their population, phenology, and host association(s) Citrus Production in FL • Perennial crop • Historically stable ecosystem regarding insect management • Low insecticide inputs prior to ACP • Retention of beneficial species (e.g. lady beetles) within/near crops • More cases of successful biological control than any other cropping system • ACP + higher insecticide inputs: • T.B.D. Introduction of invasive citrus pests 1964- Diaprepes root weevil 1993- Citrus Leafminer (CLM) 1995- Brown citrus aphid L. Buss UF/IFAS 1998- Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Arthropod Pests Affecting Florida Citrus Production Vedalia lady beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) • Introduced into California in 1888 • First outstanding success in the field of classical biological control • Successfully repeated in Florida in 1899 Cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) Arthropod aboveground impacts on citrus • Fruit damage • Cosmetic vs destructive damage • Foliage damage • Reduces photosynthetic capacity • Reduces new growth • Disease vectors • Insects that move diseases between hosts Fruit Damage Direct damage to fruit Damage to peel • Feeding reduces fruit quality, • Largely cosmetic shape, or size • Problem for fresh market • Reduction in yield or cause fruit to drop • Problem for fruit grown for fresh & processed markets Damage from leaf-footed bug feeding. Thrips feeding damage on peel. Weeks UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC Stinkbugs and Leaf-footed bugs Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Use piercing-sucking mouthpart to puncture fruit & feed. Feeding holes create openings for secondary pests/pathogens to enter including bacteria, fungi, and other insects. Weeks UF/IFAS CREC Rust mites Predominant arthropod pest of fresh & processed citrus in Florida Citrus rust mite Pink citrus rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) (Aculops pelekassi) UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC Rust mite damage to citrus • Damage • Feeding injury • Russeting of fruit & leaves • Mild to severe distortion of new leaf growth • Brown lesions on lower surfaces & along midribs of mature leaves • May produce mesophyll collapse, Leaf distortion on new growth chlorosis, and leaf drop Citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC Rust mite development • Females lay 2 eggs/day • ~30 eggs in a lifetime • Egg → adult in 6 days • Adult male longevity approx. 6 days • Adult female longevity approx. 14 days Citrus rust mite seasonality Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) UF/IFAS CREC CRM populations peak in early summer, then again at a smaller scale in mid- late fall depending on weather. 0 J a n Fe b M ar Ap r M ay J u n J u l Au g Se p Oc t No v De c Pink citrus rust mite Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC PCRM damage to fruit appears as bronzing all over because it is done early in the fruit’s development. Pink citrus rust mite (PCRM) Aculops pelekassi (Keifer) UF/IFAS CREC PCRM populations peak in mid spring/early summer. Populations build up on flowers & leaves prior to feeding on fruit. 0 J a n Fe b M ar Ap r M ay J u n J u l Au g Se p Oc t No v De c Early in the season, pink citrus rust mites are more prone to damage leaves than the citrus rust mite Natural enemy complex for rust mites Phytoseiidae Stigmaeidae A. Pelegrin Citrus rust mites Tydeidae Cheyletidae E. McDonald Other predacious arthropods: Disease lady beetles, ants, spiders, (next slide) lacewing larvae…. Phytoseiid image: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/phytoseiidae/key/phytoseiidae/Media/Html/mites.htm Tydeid image: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Yellow_mite_(Tydeidae),_Lorryia_formosa.jpg Hirsutella thompsonii Fungal pathogen of mites, biological control for rust mites in citrus Control of CRM by Hirsutella Action thresholds for control of rust mites • Processed fruit • 10 rust mites / 2 cm2 • Controlled with 1-3 oil or miticide applications/season • Fresh fruit • 2 rust mites / 2 cm2 • Controlled with 3-5 miticide applications/season Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri • Most commonly found in spring and early summer • Prefer sheltered locations • Females lay 300-600 eggs • Damage • Feeding causes cosmetic damage to fruit • Produce large amounts of honeydew, leads to problems with sooty mold • Can cause heavy fruit drop in grapefruit • Cultivars most affected: grapefruit, navals, valencia Natural enemies of citrus mealybug • Mealybugs generally occur at low levels and are kept in check by three natural enemies: • Cryptolaemus montrouzieri • Lady beetle • The “mealybug destroyer” • Found in groves May-June • Entomophthora fumosa • Fungus • Prevalent after summer rainy season starts • Leptomastidae abnormis • Hymenopteran parasitoid Various species of lady beetles (Coccinellidae) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri contribute to the - “mealybug destroyer” mortality of several - Efficient predator of mealybugs despite citrus pests. the waxy covering - Nymphal stages LOOK like mealybugs - Can be purchased for release, but there are drawbacks… Nymph Adult Control of Citrus Mealybugs • Effective products for mealybugs have negative impacts on beneficial insect populations • Insecticides should ONLY be applied to severe infestations • Applications are most effective when applied before mealybugs have settled between fruit clusters • Fruit clusters serve as shelter from management actions BUT naturally occurring predators can often reach these locations Lebbeck mealybug/ Hibiscus mealybug Nipaecoccus viridis • First found in Florida citrus in 2019 • Seasonal life cycle in Florida not described • Some biology described from other countries, mostly lab/greenhouse studies • Damage • Direct damage to fruit, leaves, stem • Fruit drop Natural enemies of lebbeck mealybug • Mealybug destroyers • Cryptolaeumus montrouzieri • 2 species of flies (generalists) • Lucopina bella • Ocyptamus s.1. group • Predatory lepidopteran (generalist) • Anatrachyntis badia, pink scavenger caterpillar • Undetermined parasitoids • Lacewings (not pictured) Control of lebbeck mealybug • Similar to citrus mealybug, chemical controls can have negative impacts on natural enemies. BUT predators alone are not enough to control this pest right now. • Several conventional insecticides, insect growth regulators, and entomopathenogenic fungi look promising for management options. Scale insect pests of citrus • Several species of ARMORED SCALES can be problematic • Red scale, purple scale, Chaff scale • Scale insects in Florida have historically been under biological control by a large number of natural enemies • Not currently considered key pests in the development of pest management programs D. Papacek http://thecitrusguy.blogspot.com/2012/05/citrus-with-some-mussel.html “Secrets to success” for biological control of scale insects • Adult scales are sessile- either VERY slow moving or not moving at all • High number of offspring to support natural enemy population growth • Populations tend to be concentrated → easy for natural enemies to find Aggregation of red scale on green fruit Florida red scale Chrysomphalus aonidum • Damage • Feeding occurs on leaves, green twigs, and fruit • Feeding causes discoloration at the feeding site UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC UF/IFAS CREC Florida Red Scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum) • Red scale now under biological control by parasitic wasps released in Florida (Aphytis wasps) • Good example of successful classical biological control Florida red scale • Left: FRS Adult Female with Cover Lifted • Lower left: 3rd instars of Aphytis holoxanthus on adult female scale • Below: 5 fresh pupae of Aphytis holoxanthus under FRS cover Purple scale Lepidosaphes beckii • Once major pest of fruit, leaves, and twigs • Populations are highest in late spring/early UF/IFAS CREC summer • Parasitoid (Aphytis lepidosaphes) introduced in 1950s to manage Parasitoid emergence hole UF/IFAS CREC Chaff scale Parlatoria pergandii • Often found on trunk and inner canopy • Fruit feeding causes spotting • Slow rate of reproduction + parasitoid Aphytis hispanicus historically kept UF/IFAS CREC populations low UF/IFAS CREC Thrips • Flower thrips • Greenhouse thrips • Frankliniella bispinosa • Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis • Frankliniella kelliae • Chili thrips • Orchid thrips • Scirtothrips dorsalis • Chaetanaphothrips orchidii • Danothrips trifasciatus L. Buss UF/IFAS UF/IFAS CREC Thrips move between plants, making them a huge challenge to manage. Thrips populations can reach high numbers in flowers (semi-protected)& lead to fruit damage F. bispinosa collected from 20 open flowers/rep in March 2001 (Hillsborough Co.) Variety Adults Larvae Murcott 604 203 Murcott 815 379 Murcott 602 611 Rhode Red Valencia 2,166 1,696 Rhode Red Valencia 2,749 1,488 Rhode Red Valencia 2,468 855 Rhode Red Valencia 2,061 1,070 Control of F. bispinosa on ‘Navel’ Application Mean no. % yield Treatment Insecticides Rate date fruit/m3 increase Chlorpyrifos 4EC 7.01 L 14 Feb 1 34.2a 43 Formetanate 1.4 kg 1 Mar hydrochloride 92 SP Dimethoate 4 EC 8.18 L 14 Feb 2 33.9a 42 Formetanate 1.4 kg 1 Mar hydrochloride 92 SP Formetanate 3 1.4 kg 15 Feb 27.9b 17 hydrochloride 92 SP control n/a -- -- 23.9c -- Childers. 1992. J. Econ. Entomol. 85: 1330-1339 1921 The Citrus Industry 2(3): 19 J.R. Watson 1940 The Citrus Industry 21: 5, 8-9, 12-13, 17 “…the so-called thrips marks are caused by the young fruit being rubbed against leaves
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