Attachment 6-Final License Application (Volume 3-Privileged), August 29, 2019 This Attachment Contains the Cultural Resources Studies Conducted for the Project

Attachment 6-Final License Application (Volume 3-Privileged), August 29, 2019 This Attachment contains the Cultural Resources Studies conducted for the Project. Due to the potentially sensitive nature of the report contents, these reports should not be distributed to the public. PRIVILEGED

BEFORE THE FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION APPLICATION FOR SUBSEQUENT LICENSE FOR MINOR WATER POWER PROJECT VOLUME 3 – PRIVILEGED – DO NOT RELEASE CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT

ROLLINSFORD HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT FERC PROJECT NUMBER 3777

GREEN MOUNTAIN POWER CORPORATION

ON BEHALF OF THE TOWN OF ROLLINSFORD, NH

August 2019 PRIVILEGED

ROLLINSFORD HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (FERC NO. 3777)

APPENDIX H: CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDIES

Rollinsford Project i Final License Application FERC No. 3777 August 2019 PRIVILEGED

ROLLINSFORD HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (FERC NO. 3777) 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHASE I SURVEY AND MHPC CONCURRENCE

Rollinsford Project ii Final License Application FERC No. 3777 August 2019 PRIVILEGED

Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

prepared for:

Gomez and Sullivan Engineers, DPC 41 Liberty Hill Road – Building 1 P.O. Box 2179 Henniker, NH 03242

and

Green Mountain Power

prepared by:

Sarah Loftus, Ph.D.

Gemma-Jayne Hudgell, Ph.D.

and

Robert N. Bartone, M.A.

Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. 382 Fairbanks Road Farmington, ME 04938

The Maine State Historic Preservation Oﬃcer under the authority of the National Historic Preservation Act and the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, may choose to keep this report conﬁdential and not for public release.

February 15, 2019 PRIVILEGED

Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

ABSTRACT

The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. (NE ARC) has completed an Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), located on the Salmon Falls River in Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. The work was conducted to meet Section 106 requirements related to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission relicensing efforts for the Project. The Project extends approximately 1.6 km (1.0 mi) in length along the River, which forms the Maine-New Hampshire border. As requested by the client, the Phase I Survey included the Maine portion of the Project and focused on six Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) defined during initial background research and field inspection of the Project. The goal of the Phase I Survey was to determine if archaeological sites potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, i.e. Historic Properties, are present. Field work was conducted from August 21-29, 2018 and included the excavation of 73 0.5 m x 0.5 m shovel test pits. No Native American or post- contact Euroamerican sites were identified and it is considered unlikely that archaeological Historic Properties or other archaeological sites are located within the Maine portion of the Project.

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Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

AFFILIATION OF AUTHORS

Sarah E. Loftus, Ph.D. Project Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

Gemma-Jayne Hudgell, Ph.D. Principal Investigator and Assistant Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

Robert N. Bartone, M.A. Principal Investigator and Director Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. Farmington, Maine 04938

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Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ...... ii Affiliation of Authors ...... iii List of Tables and Figures ...... v I. Introduction ...... 1 II. Project Description ...... 2 III. Environmental Setting ...... 3 IV. Native American Context and General Archaeological Sensitivity ...... 4 V. Post-Contact Euroamerican Context and General Archaeological Sensitivity ...... 7 VI. Field and Laboratory Methods ...... 10 VII. Archaeological Phase I Survey ...... 11 VIII. Project Effects, Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 13 References ...... 15 Appendix I: Test Pit Sediment Profiles ...... 35

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Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1. Summary of Archaeological Phase I Survey Results within the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Figure 1. Topographic map showing the location of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the location of previously identified Native American archaeological site 1.3 ME.

Figure 2. Aerial photograph showing the location of Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) within the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the location of previously identified Native American site 1.3 ME.

Figure 3. Map of the major drainage basins of Maine showing of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the Project is within the Western Maine Coastal Watershed.

Figure 4. Map of the physiographic regions of Maine showing the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the Project is within the Maine Southwest Interior Region near the border with the South Coastal Region.

Figure 5. Time line showing the major time periods of Native American history for Maine and the broader region.

Figure 6. Section of the 1856 Chase map showing the general location of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine (Chase 1856).

Figure 7. Section of the 1872 Sanford Everts and Co. map showing the general location of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine (Sanford, Everts and Co. 1872).

Figure 8. Aerial photograph showing the location of Archaeological Phase I Survey sampling transects within Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) 15 and 16 in the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine.

Figure 9. View south of crew members excavating within ASA 15 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note Salmon Falls River in background.

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Figure 10. View northeast of crew members excavating within ASA 16 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note Salmon Falls River to left.

Figure 11. Aerial photograph showing the location of Archaeological Phase I Survey sampling transects within Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) 14 and 17 in the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine.

Figure 12. View west of crew members excavating within ASA 14 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note Salmon Falls River.

Figure 13. View northwest of crew members excavating within ASA 17 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine.

Figure 14. Aerial photograph showing the location of Archaeological Phase I Survey sampling transects within Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) 13 and 18 in the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the location of previously identified Native American site 1.3 ME.

Figure 15. View northwest of crew members excavating within ASA 13 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick, York County, Maine. Note Salmon Falls River in background.

Figure 16. View south of crew members excavating within ASA 18 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the ASA is near the location of previously recorded site 1.3 ME.

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Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine

I. INTRODUCTION

The Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Inc. (NE ARC) has completed an Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), located on the Salmon Falls River, which forms the border of New Hampshire and Maine (Figure 1). The Project was recently purchased by Green Mountain Power (GMP), who are currently undertaking the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) relicensing process. On behalf of their client, GMP, Gomez and Sullivan Engineers requested Phase I survey for the Maine portion of the Project, which includes approximately 1.6 linear km (1.0 mi) of the north shoreline in the towns of Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. The archaeological work is required as part of the Section 106 review process related to the re-licensing effort and was designed to determine if archaeological sites of potential significance are present within the Project. Significant archaeological sites are those that meet eligibility criteria for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), i.e. Historic Properties. Field work was conducted from August 21-29, 2018. The Project is considered sensitive for the presence of Native American archaeological sites given its location along the Salmon Falls River and including Salmon Falls itself, as well as proximity to smaller tributary streams and close proximity to previously recorded Native American site 1.3 ME. With regards to post-contact Euroamerican archaeological sensitivity, the northern bank of the Salmon Falls River is largely undeveloped and is not considered particularly sensitive for post-contact Euroamerican archaeology. The presence of a dam and associated mill on the southern bank of the river indicates long- term development within the general area, but historic maps show activities were concentrated along the southern portion of the Project in New Hampshire, which was not included in this study. The Phase I Survey focused on six Archaeologically Sensitive Areas (ASAs) defined as sensitive for the presence of Native American archaeological sites during initial background research and field inspection performed by NE ARC Principal Investigator, Gemma Hudgell, Ph.D. and in conversation with the Maine Historic Preservation Commission (MHPC) (Hudgell and Bartone 2018). All other areas outside of the defined ASAs were determined to have little sensitivity for the presence of archaeological sites. The initial background research and field inspection and the Phase I field work for the Rollinsford Project was performed in tandem with the Lower Great Falls Project (FERC No. P-4451), another GMP

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hydropower project located a short distance upstream. As such, the ASAs for the Rollinsford Project begin at number 13 and include ASAs 13-18 (Figure 2). ASAs 1-12 are located within the Lower Great Falls Project and are described in a separate report (Loftus et al. 2019). Field work for the Rollinsford Project included the excavation of 73 0.5 m x 0.5 m shovel test pits. No artifacts were recovered, and no Native American or post-contact Euroamerican archaeological sites were identified during the Phase I survey. In addition, the location of previously recorded Native American site 1.3 ME could not be confirmed. It is therefore considered unlikely that the Maine portion of the Project contains archaeological Historic Properties.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The Project is located along the Salmon Falls River which flows south-southwest from its headwaters at Great East Lake for approximately 38 miles forming the Maine/New Hampshire border. The northern portion of the Project (north bank of the River) falls primarily within the town of Berwick, Maine, with a small portion in South Berwick, while the southern portion of the Project (south bank of the river) is in Rollinsford, New Hampshire. NE ARC’s Phase I survey was limited to the Maine portion of the Project. The Rollinsford dam is one of 15 dams located on the Salmon Falls River, including seven hydroelectric projects (from north to south: South Milton, North Rochester, Boston Felt, Somersworth, Lower Great Falls, Rollinsford, and South Berwick). Below the South Berwick dam, the river becomes tidal for its last three miles before entering the Piscataqua River. The Rollinsford Dam is built on Salmon Falls itself. The majority of infrastructure for the Project (such as intake, penstock, and powerhouse) is located on the southern side of the river in New Hampshire, and the left abutment of the dam is located on the north side of the river within the current Project Area. The border between the towns of Berwick and South Berwick falls immediately downstream of the Rollinsford dam, and thus the downstream portion of the current Project falls within South Berwick. The Project Area includes about 1,430 m (0.89 mi) upstream and 140 m (0.09 mi) downstream. For the purposes of archaeological review and given the request of the MHPC following the Maine standard for hydro power impoundments (see MHPC letters dated 1/31/2018), the area of potential effect (APE) of the Project includes all land around the margins of the impoundment that may be affected by erosion during the term of the [future] license. As noted, only the north shore of the overall Project was included within the Archaeological Phase I Survey. The northern APE for the Project therefore includes the northern banks of the river, which is comprised of numerous level and well-drained terrace landforms, banks, and low knolls that directly overlook the Salmon Falls river and/or wetlands associated with it. The landforms rise from less than 50

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cm (1.6 ft) to 2.0 m (6.6 ft) above current water levels within the dam impoundment, while the impoundment itself has a water level approximately 21 m (69 ft) above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.) The Project shoreline is relatively heavily wooded with mixed growth and forms the edges of agricultural lands including hay meadows and an open field currently used as a nursery for ornamental trees.

III. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

The Project is located along the Salmon Falls River in the greater Western Maine Coastal watershed (Figure 3). The river flows south-southwest from its headwaters at Great East Lake for approximately 38 miles forming the Maine/New Hampshire border. The Salmon Falls River eventually joins the Cocheco River in Dover, New Hampshire and together these two streams form the Piscataqua River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the port towns of Kittery, Maine and Portsmouth, New Hampshire (Enel 2016). The Salmon Falls River drains approximately 236 square miles from eight towns in Maine and ten towns in New Hampshire and lies within the Seaboard Lowland section of the New England physiographic province on the border between the Maine Southwest Interior Region and the Maine Coastal region (Maine Forest Service 2000) (Figure 4). Historically there were up to 24 dams along the river, but the number has been reduced to 15 active dams (Enel 2016). As noted, the Rollinsford Dam is built on Salmon Falls itself. In general, the local topography is comprised of low and gently rolling hills which rise to elevations of about 230 ft above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.), including Cummings Hill, which is located just over 1.0 km northeast of the Rollinsford dam. Elevations along the northern bank of the impoundment range from approximately 45 ft a.m.s.l. on the banks of the rocky channel in the downstream portion of the APE, to about 70 ft a.m.s.l. just above the dam and about 73 ft a.m.s.l. in the upper portions of the APE. Soils in the Project Area include Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene glaciolacustrine and glacial till deposits, as well as restricted areas of later Holocene alluvium (USDA 2018). Glaciolacustrine soils include Buxton and Scantic silt loams, which are deep and poorly to moderately well drained. Alluvial soils include Rumney fine sandy loams and Podunk and Winooski soils, which again are deep and range from poorly to moderately well drained. Finally, Lyman loams are derived from till deposits, and are generally found slightly back from the river banks but also meet the river in the approximate center of the Project APE – these soils are shallow but exceedingly well drained, and have the tendency to be rocky. Environmentally-driven changes in the regional biota during the Holocene epoch significantly influenced human populations across present-day New England and regional vegetation underwent considerable change during the postglacial era. The initial tundra and poplar-spruce-fir-birch parkland

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that first emerged at the end of the ice age gave way to mixed forests of birch and poplar, with pine and some hardwoods appearing by 10,000 B.P., and increasing in dominance from about 5,100 to 2,000 B.P. (Davis and Jacobson 1985). Today the coastal zones and the edges of the interior zones of southwest Maine possess climatic and vegetation patterns more analogous to southern New England than to the more northerly and interior portions of the state. The regional landscape ranges from forested floodplains and peat lands, to open grasslands and agricultural fields with mixed development and includes irregular plains and rolling hills. Winters are moderately long with continual snow cover and annual precipitation is generally equally distributed with a peak during the summer months. Northern and southern forests overlap in this general region and this biome transition gives the local area considerable biological diversity. Ecosystems that reach their northern extensions here include sandplain grasslands and oak-hickory forests, and climax forests consisting of hardwoods (red oak, white oak, white ash), hemlock, and white pine, while red spruce, balsam fir and northern hardwoods (beech, sugar maple, yellow birch, and paper birch) increase west of Portland (Westveld et al. 1956). As floral communities developed and changed though time, so did the diversity and abundance of faunal resources. Various terrestrial fauna important to Native American and Euroamerican populations historically are still present in the area and include eastern cottontail, various small rodents, gray and flying squirrels, porcupine and beaver; carnivores including coyote, river otter, skunk, mink, black bear, raccoon, and bobcat; and large herbivores including moose and white-tailed deer.

IV. NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT AND GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

General Native American Archaeological Context The pre-contact period of Maine’s history is currently divided into three major temporal periods: the Paleoindian period, ca. 11,000-9,000 B.P. (9,000-7,000 B.C.); the Archaic period, ca. 9,000-3,000 B.P. (7,000-1,000 B.C.); and the Ceramic (or Woodland) period, ca. 3,000-400 (1,000 B.C.-A.D. 1550) B.P. (Bourque 2001; Petersen 1995) (Figure 5). These are further subdivided as follows:

 Paleoindian period, ca. 9000-7000 B.C o Early Paleoindian period, ca. 9000-8000 B.C. o Late Paleoindian period, ca. 8000-7000 B.C  Archaic period, ca. 7000-1000 B.C o Early Archaic period, ca. 7000-5500 B.C. o Middle Archaic period, ca. 5500-4000 B.C. o Late Archaic period, ca. 4000-1000 B.C.  Ceramic period, ca. 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1550 o Early Ceramic period, ca. 1000-100 B.C.

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o Middle Ceramic period, ca. 100 B.C.-A.D. 1000 o Late Ceramic period, ca., A.D. 1000-1550  Contact period, ca. A.D. 1550-1750

Following from the description of the region’s environmental development, above, it is notable that major landscape aspects such as topography and drainage have altered since the time of the last glaciation. Paleoindian people entered Maine soon after glacial retreat and were adapted to residence and subsistence in tundra and tundra-woodland environments. Sites associated with these early residents are often found on elevated, strategic landforms away from major, canoe-navigable water resources. Following climatic amelioration beginning in the Late Paleoindian/Early Archaic period, increasing warmth and rainfall created a drastic change in Maines’ landscape, with the creation of substantial wetlands, the opening of major river valleys and floodplains, and an increase in forest cover. Smaller climatic changes notwithstanding, this new landscape overall provided an entirely new set of resources for people living in Maine during this time, and thus sites of the Archaic period onwards (and some of the Late Paleoindian period) tend to be found close to significant (usually canoe-navigable) water sources, such as adjacent to expansive wetlands and along major rivers and upland streams. Subsequent developments fall within the post-contact period, with the earliest portion, ca. A.D. 1600-1750, being known as the Contact period. Contact refers to the beginning of European exploration and eventual encroachment and colonization in the Americas. This was a brutal period in Maine’s history as Native American’s experienced the near collapse of traditional lifeways and culture due to epidemic diseases, warfare and the pressures of Euroamerican settlement and expansion.

Project Specific Native American Context and Archaeological Sensitivity Native American presence in southern Maine is well documented archaeologically, with approximately 200 pre-contact Native American sites listed in the MHPC site register for York County. The first recorded archaeological study was conducted in 1891 when Henry Mercer of the University of Pennsylvania surveyed the York River and recorded visible shell middens along the stream banks (Mercer 1897). Twenty years later, a field crew under the direction of Warren K. Moorehead canoed up the Saco River in search of pre-contact Native American village sites (Moorehead 1922). Following Moorehead’s investigation, little archaeology was conducted in the region until the 1980s, when implementation of state and federal environmental laws came into play following rapid commercial and residential development in southwestern Maine. Since then, permit-related archaeology has included work by the MHPC, as well as testing of various rivers and impoundments by the University of Maine at Farmington and the University of Southern Maine for FERC relicensing projects, similar to the current investigation

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(Cowie and Petersen 1988, 1989; Mosher et al. 1992; Tomaso et al. 1990). For example, previous FERC projects have resulted in the identification of over 40 pre-contact sites along the Saco River. In Berwick and South Berwick near the Rollinsford Project Area, professional archaeologists as well as avocationalists have recorded several pre-contact sites in Maine. The closest of these is site 1.3 ME, located on a set of terraces overlooking the Lower Middle Falls of the Salmon Falls River, at the east end of the Project Area near the Rollinsford Dam (see Figure 1). This site was identified on the basis of a small quantity of quartz lithic tools and debitage recovered from the back dirt of a woodchuck hole during a 1990 cultural resources management survey (MHPC site files). Other sites in the greater Berwick area include site 1.4 ME, also known as the Chadbourne site, located near the confluence of Leighs Mill Pond and the Salmon Falls River approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles) downstream from the Project. The site is a multi-component site with cultural elements that date to the Archaic as well as the Ceramic period. Several diagnostic artifacts were identified during the excavations including three Ceramic period point types made from Ossipee hornfels and Saugus rhyolite. Additionally, sites 5.69 ME and site 1.1 ME are both located 0.5 km (0.3 m) further downstream near Hamilton House south of Leigh’s Mill Pond outlet near an unnamed tributary stream. At site 1.1 ME, archaeologists identified a variety of lithic debitage including chert, quartz, and rhyolite materials as well as a quartz end scrapper, points, and stone plummets. Even further downstream, two previously recorded pre-contact sites of unknown temporal affiliation are recorded within the Great Works Regional Land Trust. Other sites include the Broadspear Site (site 1.6 ME) and site 1.11 ME located approximately 6 km (3.7 m) southeast of the Project in South Berwick on a narrow bench terrace above the Great Works River. Site 1.6 ME dates to the Late Archaic and contains artifacts related to the Susquehanna cultural period. Site 4.18 ME is also on the Great Works River in South Berwick several kilometers southeast of the Project and sites 4.16 ME and 4.17 ME are in this same area and were defined based on the presence of isolated artifacts. Similarly, site 3.6 is an isolated find, a rhyolite flake found in North Berwick upstream from the Project Area. Site 1.8 ME, the Neal Garrison site, is dated to the Early Paleoindian period, and is approximately 6 mi. south of the Project in the town of Eliot. Sites 3.3 and 3.4, Monticello #1 and #2 respectively, are pre-contact sites identified through the presence of quartz debitage located approximately 4 km (2.5 m) upstream from the Project adjacent to the Little River (MHPC site files). On the other side of the Salmon Falls River in New Hampshire, there are also previously recorded pre-contact sites. Identified sites are clustered around Dover approximately 4 km (2.5 m) southwest of the Project, including site 27-ST-0099 located along a terrace of the Cocheco River and sites 27-ST-0125 and 27-ST-0126, both located on the shores of Willard Pond north of town. The only pre-contact site in New Hampshire currently recorded along the Salmon Falls River in proximity to the Project Area is site

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27-ST-0006 located approximately 5.7 km (3.5 m) downstream from the Project across from Leighs Mill Pond (NHDHR site files). Background review therefore indicates Native American presence in the general area, with sites representing the entire span of Native American history for the region represented archaeologically. Predictive modeling for Maine prehistoric sites, as developed by the MHPC, further indicates that the Study Area is archaeologically sensitive (Spiess and Smith 2016). Two non-quantified predictive models have been found to locate more than 99% of pre-contact habitation sites in Maine. The first of these accounts for most of the Paleoindian sites in Maine and indicates that sites of this period occur on well drained sandy soils adjacent to small water bodies that are usually not accessible by canoe. The second model accounts for 90% of prehistoric habitation sites, which occur on level landforms adjacent to canoe navigable water and applies predominantly to sites dating from the Early Archaic period onwards. The second model is directly applicable to the current study, and the Rollinsford Project is considered to be archaeologically sensitive based on the Project Area’s location along the Salmon Falls River and the various small tributary streams emptying into it, as well as its location at Salmon Falls proper. Level landforms within the Project would have been ideally suited for Native American occupation and daily activities based on the proximity to harvestable resources within and adjacent to the river, including anadromous fish as well as the added advantage of a transportation route between inland and coastal settings. The archaeological sensitivity of the Maine portion of the Rollinsford Project was confirmed during an initial field inspection performed by NE ARC Principal Investigator, Gemma Hudgell, Ph.D. and in conversation with the MHPC (Hudgell and Bartone 2018) during which six specific ASAs were identified (Table 1). All other areas outside of the defined ASAs are considered unlikely to contain Native American archaeological sites given excessive slope and the presence of wetlands.

V. POST-CONTACT EUROAMERICAN CONTEXT AND GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

General Post-Contact Euroamerican Context

Early British colonial settlement in southern Maine was concentrated along the immediate coast line and along the lower York and Piscataqua Rivers. Settlements known locally as Agamenticus (York) and Piscataqua (Portsmouth) originated in the mid-seventeenth century and maintained sparse populations (Hudgell et al. 2017). The present-day towns of Kittery, the Berwicks, and Eliot were originally part of the Piscataqua Plantation and the area collectively supported a population of about 200 people engaged in fishing, farming and the English mast trade. Initial European colonization was slowed by Native

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American resistance to British encroachment and the region was significantly affected by a long series of wars including King Phillip’s War in 1675, considered the last major effort by Native Americans in the Northeast to slow the aggressive expansion of the colonies (Enel 2016; Hudgell et al. 2017). The following Project specific context for the towns of Rollinsford and the Berwicks was primarily adapted from the initial 2016 pre-application document produced by Enel 2016. The area around Salmon Falls River where the Project is located was not heavily settled by European immigrants until after 1700; however, a trading post was established around 1630 by Ambrose Gibbons near the current town of Berwick (Oeser 1998). Newichawannock was the name of the Native Americans who summered in the area, and whose fields the early colonists eventually assumed through colonization. The location was an attractive place for people to settle due to the river as well as the abundance of fresh water springs, which were used for drinking water and irrigation for agriculture. The first mills in the region were constructed around 1634on the Great Works River, a tributary of Salmon Falls River that flows southeast of the Project Area. Berwick separated from Kittery in 1713 and the town of Somersworth, which originally included Rollinsford, New Hampshire was established in 1729. Rollinsford separated from Somersworth in 1849 and both Rollinsford and Berwick found their economic footing through the lumber and milling industries. The Berwick Academy was built in South Berwick in 1791 and is believed to be the first western educational institution in Maine (Berwick Academy, n.d.). The school was originally built to be a boys’ institution but opened to girls in 1828. Able to stand on its own through the Academy and mill industries, South Berwick separated from Berwick in 1814 (Clayton 1880). The local economies in Rollinsford and the Berwicks continued to be concentrated on milling, particularly cotton and lumber and in 1822, the Salmon Falls Manufacturing Company was founded in Rollinsford to produce cotton, drawing on the water power of the Salmon Falls River. The Portsmouth Manufacturing Company was built on the Berwick side of the stream and eventually employed 260 to 300 workers who made cotton cloth on 216 looms. Boarding houses lined Main Street and a vibrant community emerged in the area surrounding both mills (Enel 2016). The Counting House of the Portsmouth Company now houses the Berwick Historical Society and is located approximately 0.5 mi (1 km) downstream from the Project. Additionally, the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District on the Rollinsford side of the river is listed on the NRHP and encompasses the mill complex on Front Street. The complex is located adjacent to the Project Area, on the southern bank between the dam and powerhouse and the penstock runs below the red brick mill structures, which were built between 1840 and the mid-1860s (Candee 1979). In tandem with the milling industry, the shipping industry was also a central component of the area’s economy. Ship building was concentrated at Pipe Stave Landing on the Salmon Falls River at

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Hamilton House, which was built around 1785 approximately 1.25 mi (2 km) downstream from the Project Area. The Georgian mansion remains standing and is a celebrated example of Colonial-Revival style architecture. Hamilton amassed his fortune through privateering during the American Revolution and was involved in diverse ventures including shipbuilding, timber harvesting, local mills, and the ownership of sugar plantations in the West Indies, from which he imported rum, and molasses and also trafficked enslaved persons (Hamilton House n.d.). The coming of the Boston to Portland Turnpike, which was under construction by 1805, and the subsequent building of the railroads during mid-nineteenth century also added to the economy as goods were more readily shipped to the coast and the interior. The Boston to Portland Turnpike traveled through the present-day downtown South Berwick, which was set back away from the river in the “plains” (Berwick Historical Society 2019). The Boston and Maine Railroad, which connected Boston with Portland had a depot in South Berwick and the line crosses the Rollinsford Project at the Rollinsford Dam, which continues to serve as a railroad trestle (Figure 6). The mill industry in the region slowly faded as waterpower was replaced by other sources of energy and cotton production moved to the southern United States. Today, the Berwicks continue to support a local population, but economies have shifted. The Berwick Academy is still a focal point of the town and many people commute to the coastal communities of Portsmouth, Kittery, and Boston for employment.

Project Specific Post-contact Euroamerican Context and Archaeological Sensitivity With regards to post-contact Euroamerican archaeological sensitivity within the immediate Project Area, the northern bank of the Salmon Falls River is largely undeveloped in this section of the Berwicks and is not considered particularly sensitive for post-contact Euroamerican archaeology. Downtown South Berwick, the closest urban center to the Project was initially built back away from the river in an area known as “the plains”, and around Berwick Academy approximately 1.25 km (0.75 miles) southeast of the Project. The presence of the railroad, dam and associated mill on the southern bank of the river in Rollinsford indicates long-term development within the general area, but a review of historic maps shows activities were concentrated along the southern portion of the Project on the New Hampshire side of the river, which was not evaluated during this study. No structures appear within the immediate Project Area on historic maps of the Maine side of the river (see Figure 6 and Figure 7) (Chase 1856; Sanford, Everts and Co. 1872). Background research and map review therefore indicate little archaeological sensitivity for potential Euroamerican archaeological sites to be present within the Maine portion of the Project.

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VI. FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS

Field Work Methods The field work was conducted over a period of nine days, from August 21-29, 2018 and followed standardized NE ARC methodological procedures (Hudgell and Bartone 2018). Archaeological survey included hand excavation of standard sized 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 5.0 m and 10.0 m intervals along linear testing transects. The transects were positioned along sandy level ridges and benches paralleling drainages and in places suitable for staging hunting or gathering activities within the six defined Archaeologically Sensitive Areas delineated during the initial Project field inspection. The beginning and end point of each transect was marked on project maps and recorded using a Trimble GeoXT GPS. The hand excavation of test pits employed a standardized, systematic methodology with the removal of sediment by arbitrary 10 cm (4 in) levels within natural soil strata from the highest point downward. All excavated sediments were screened through 6.4 mm (1/4 in) hardware cloth. Provenience information was directly entered into hand-held computer tablets in the field. The sediment profile of each test pit was measured and schematically drafted, and a written description of each profile was recorded in the field (Appendix I). Landscape features were mapped and applicable notes concerning the nature of the topography, stratigraphy and any recovered cultural remains were recorded in a log kept by the field supervisor. All aspects of the field work, including photography, were recorded in digital format.

Laboratory and Report Preparation Methods After the completion of field work, records were returned to the NE ARC laboratories. Digital information from the GPS, computer tablets and digital cameras was downloaded onto the NE ARC server. All catalogue information was directly entered into a computer database (Microsoft Access). The catalogue and provenience database were linked, queried and checked, then printed on acid-free archival paper. Test pit profiles were scanned, positioned (made into jpeg files) in Adobe Photoshop, compiled four on a page in Microsoft Word and inserted into this document (see Appendix I). All paper records were prepared for curation in standard acid-free boxes by the NE ARC Laboratory Director. All documentation related to the project including field notes and photographs are currently curated at NE ARC.

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VII. ARCHAEOLOGICAL PHASE I SURVEY

As previously described, the initial field inspection and the phase I field work for the Rollinsford Project were performed in tandem with the Lower Great Falls Project, another GMP hydropower project located a short distance upstream. As such, the ASAs for the Rollinsford Project begin at number 13 and include ASAs 13-18. ASAs 1-12 are located within the Lower Great Falls Project and are described in a separate report (Loftus et al. 2019). The ASAs were defined based on the presence of level and well- drained landforms in proximity to the Salmon Falls River. During the initial inspection six pre-contact Native American Archaeologically Sensitive Areas were identified: ASAs 13-18 (see Table 1 and Figure 2). Note that ASA 18 includes the location of a previously identified Native American site 1.3 ME near the eastern extent of the Project Area. Post-contact development on the north side of the river is limited within the Project Area and no areas were defined as particularly sensitive for post-contact Euroamerican archaeological sites. The Archaeological Phase I Survey included the excavation of 73 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 5.0 and/or 10.0 m intervals along sampling transects situated to best sample sensitive landforms within defined ASAs, as described below (see Table 1).

ASA 15 and 16 ASAs 15 and 16 are discussed together given that they share a locational setting and similar soils. ASAs 15 and 16 are mostly level to gently rolling landforms near the western end of the Project on either side of a small unnamed drainage and its drowned confluence with the Salmon Falls River (Figure 8). Both landforms are wooded shorelines that are part of a floodplain environment characterized by alluvial soils mapped as Rumney fine sandy loam derived from coarse loamy alluvium and deposited by the river and adjacent drainage. ASA 15 also includes Lyman loams derived from glacial till (USDA 2018). ASA 15 measures approximately 165 meters in length and is within a forested parcel (Figure 9). ASA 16 spans approximately 335 meters and wraps along the wooded southern edge of a cleared agricultural field (Figure 10). Archaeological Phase I Survey within ASA 15 included the excavation of 15 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 10.0 m intervals along three sampling transects (Transects 32-34) which were excavated to an average depth of 52 cm below surface (cmbs). Within ASA 16, a total of 26 test pits placed at 10.0 m intervals along six transects (Transects T39-T44) were excavated to an average depth of 50 cmbs. Test pits revealed natural stratigraphy with heavy root activity and in some locations a shallow water table that resulted in wet soils near the ‘B’ / ‘C’ horizon transition. ‘A’ horizon soils in this area are typically very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty sands extending to depths of 10 – 35 cmbs on top of a dark yellowish brown

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(10YR 4/6) silty sand ‘B’ horizon. Excavations terminated within the light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) fine silty sand ‘C’ horizon which typically appeared around 35 cmbs. These sediments corroborate the USDA soil descriptions for the areas. No artifacts or cultural features were identified during the testing within ASA 15 and ASA 16.

ASA 14 ASA 14 is located upstream of ASA 15 and 16 along a bend in the river near the edge of an agricultural field planted with ornamental trees (Figures 11 and 12). The ASA is a wooded landform extending for approximately 120 linear meters along the shoreline with soils mapped as rocky Lyman loam derived from supraglacial till with three to eight percent slopes (USDA 2018). A total of 13 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 5.0 m intervals along two sampling transects (T30-T31) were excavated to an average depth of 42 cmbs within ASA 14, and they revealed mostly intact stratigraphy with some evidence of a plow zone and frequently absent ‘B’ horizon soils. Test pit profiles typically included a very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty sand ‘A’ horizon extending approximately 10-20 cmbs on top of a ‘C’ horizon characterized as a light olive brown (2.5Y 3/4) fine silty sand where excavations terminated; these profiles corroborate the USDA soil description for the area. No artifacts or cultural features were identified during the testing at ASA 14.

ASA 17 ASA 17 is a level terrace set back slightly from the river’s edge that measures approximately 110 m in length (see Figures 11 and 13). The soils within ASA 17 are mapped as a mix of Rumney fine sandy loam, Buxton silt loam, and Lyman loam all of which are derived from supraglacial till or glaciolacustrine deposits (USDA 2018). A total of 10 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 10.0 m intervals along a single sampling transect (Transect T29) were excavated to an average depth of 52 cmbs. Shovel tests revealed natural soils with rock and root impediments and corroborated the USDA soil descriptions for the area. Typical profiles include a very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silty sandy ‘A’ horizon that extends on average 20-25 cmbs. The ‘B’ horizon is absent, and the ‘C’ horizon is characterized as a light yellow brown (2.5Y 6/4) silty sand. No artifacts or features were identified during the testing within ASA 17.

ASA 13 ASA 13 is a small bedrock-controlled terrace located directly above the falls of the river that would have offered people an ideal place to stage fishing or hunting activities prior to dam construction (Figures 14 and 15). Mapped soils include Buxton silt loams derived from glaciofluvial deposits (USDA 2018). The ASA is only 30 m in length and a single transect (Transect T35) was placed along the edge of

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the landform closest to the water’s edge. Three shovel test pits placed at 5.0 m intervals were excavated to an average depth of 51 cmbs within ASA 13. Testing revealed compact and likely artificial fill deposits indicative of past disturbance extending from the ground surface to a depth of 28-30 cmbs, on top of ‘C’ horizon soils in which excavations terminated. No archaeological materials or cultural features were identified.

ASA 18 and Previously Recorded Site 1.3 ME ASA 18 is a level terrace at the river’s edge that is currently a dry section of the Salmon Falls River below the dam, with exposed ledge at the surface that likely was a place of rapids prior to damming of the river. The ASA measures approximately 80 meters in length and is located south of Main Street just beyond the Berwick border in South Berwick, Maine (see Figures 14 and 16). Previously recorded site 1.3 ME (1.3 ME) as recorded is located near the northern edge of the ASA, which extends to the edge of the Project Area. As previously described, this site was identified on the basis of a small quantity of quartz lithic tools and debitage recovered from the backdirt of a woodchuck hole during a 1990 cultural resources management survey (site form on file with the MHPC). Mapped soils for this ASA include Buxton silt loams derived from glaciofluvial deposits (USDA 2018). A total of six 0.5 m x 0.5 m test pits placed at 5.0 m and 10.0 m intervals along three sampling transects (Transects T36-T38) within ASA 18 were excavated to an average depth of 40 cmbs. Testing revealed what appears to be natural ‘A’ horizon soils extending to 25-40 cmbs directly overlying ‘C’ horizon soils with an absent ‘B’ horizon; these corroborate the USDA soil descriptions for the area. The ‘A’ horizon is characterized as a dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sandy loam and the ‘C’ horizon soil in which excavations terminated is a light yellow brown (2.5Y 6/4) silty sand. No artifacts or features were identified during the survey and it is unlikely that previously recorded site 1.3 ME, or potentially significant archaeological deposits associated with the site, extend into the Project Area.

VIII. PROJECT EFFECTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

NE ARC has completed an Archaeological Phase I Survey for the Rollinsford Project on behalf of Gomez and Sullivan Engineers, DPC and their client GMP. The archaeological work was conducted to meet Section 106 requirements related to the FERC re-licensing efforts for the Project (FERC No. P- 3777) and was designed to identify archaeological sites of potential significance or to determine that such sites are unlikely to be present within the Maine portion of the Project. Significant archaeological sites, or “Historic Properties”, are those that meet eligibly criteria for the National Register of Historic Places.

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No Native American archaeological sites were identified, and no artifacts were recovered related to previously recorded Native American Site 1.3 ME purportedly located near the northern edge of the western end of the Project Area. Despite a relatively high degree of archaeological sensitivity based on the Project setting in proximity to Salmon Falls and along the banks of the Salmon Falls River, it is considered unlikely that significant archaeological sites are present. Regarding potential post-contact Euroamerican archaeological sites, colonial settlement and related activities occurred along the Salmon Falls River within the general area, however, the mill industries and permanent settlement appear to have been concentrated on the south side of the river or farther north, outside of the Project Area. Historic map research indicates no structures within the immediate APE and the Project does not appear sensitive for post-contact period Euroamerican archaeological sites. Given the negative results of the Archaeological Phase I Survey, it is considered unlikely that archaeological Historic Properties are present within the Maine portion of the Project, and no further archaeological work is recommended for the Maine portion of the Project.

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REFERENCES

Berwick Academy. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved from: http://www.berwickacademy.org/Page/About-Us on 1/15/2019.

Bourque, Bruce J. 2001 Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine (with contributions by Steven L. Cox and Ruth H. Whitehead). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London.

Candee, Richard 1979 Salmon Falls Mill Historic District. NRHP Inventory Nomination Form. United States Department of the Interior.

Chase, J 1856 Map of York County, Maine. J. L Smith and Co, Philadelphia.

Clayton, W.W. 1880 History of York County, Maine. With illustrations and biographical sketches of its prominent men and pioneers. Everts and Peck, Philadelphia.

Cowie, Ellen R., and James B. Petersen 1988 Archaeological Phase II Testing of the Gulf Island/Deer Rips Project (FERC No. 2283), Androscoggin County, Maine. Submitted to Central Maine Power Company. University of Maine at Farmington Archaeology Research Center, Augusta.

Cowie, Ellen R., and James B. Petersen 1989 Archaeological Phase II Survey and Testing of the Bonny Eagle Project (FERC No. 2529), Cumberland and York Counties, Maine. Submitted to Central Maine Power Company. University of Maine at Farmington Archaeology Research Center.

Davis, Ronald B., and George L. Jacobson 1985 Late Glacial and Early Holocene Landscapes in Northern New England and Adjacent Areas of Canada. Quaternary Research 23:341-368.

Enel 2016 Pre-Application Document Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project, FERC Project Number 3777. Prepared on behalf of the Town of Rollinsford, NH.

Hamilton House n.d Romancing the Past, Historic New England. Retrieved from: https://www.historicnewengland.org/property/hamilton-house/ on 1/16/2019.

Hudgell, Gemma-Jayne, Stephen R. Scharoun, Robert N. Bartone and Ellen R. Cowie 2017 Archaeology Survey of the York River Headwaters: A Community Approach for Identification and Management. Prepared for the York River Study Committee, York, Maine. Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Farmington.

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Hudgell, Gemma-Jayne and Robert N. Bartone 2018 Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) and Lower Great Falls Project (FERC No. P-4451) Berwick, York County, Maine – End of Field Letter. Prepared for Gomez and Sullivan Engineers, DPC. Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Farmington.

Loftus, Sarah E., Gemma-Jayne Hudgell and Robert N. Bartone 2019 Archaeological Phase I Survey of the Green Mountain Power Lower Great Falls Project (FERC No. P-4451), Berwick, York County, Maine. Prepared for Gomez and Sullivan Engineers, DPC. Northeast Archaeology Research Center, Farmington.

Maine Forest Service 2000 Biophysical Regions of Maine. Maine Department of Conservation. Electronic source, http://www.state.me.us/doc/mfs/biophysi.htm. Accessed 2018.

Mercer, Henry C. 1897 An exploration of aboriginal shell heaps revealing traces of cannibalism on the York River, Maine. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Series in Philology, Literature and Archaeology. 6:111-137.

Moorehead, Warren K. 1922 A Report on the Archaeology of Maine. Department of Anthropology, Phillips Academy, Andover.

Mosher, John, Nathan Hamilton, Thomas Bennett, and Cynthia Thayer 1992 Phase II Archaeological Testing at Four Prehistoric Sites on Sections 182 and 186 of the Southern Inland Project. Prepared for Central Maine Power Co. by the Archaeology Research Unit, University of Southern Maine, Gorham, ME.

Oeser, M. 1998 South Berwick History. South Berwick, Maine. Retrieved from: http://www.southberwickmaine.org/public_documents/southberwickme_about/sbhistory. Accessed 1/10/2019.

Petersen, James B. 1995 Preceramic Archaeological Manifestations in the Far Northeast: A Review of Current Research. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23: 207–230.

Sanford, Everett and Co. 1872 Atlas of York County, Maine. Sanford, Everett and Co., Philadelphia.

Spiess, Arthur, and Leith Smith 2016 Predictive Models for Maine Prehistoric Sites. On file at the MHPC. Maine Historic Preservation Commission.

The New England Gazetteer 1841 The New England Gazetteer Containing Descriptions of all the States, Counties and Towns in New England; 14th ed.; published 1841 by I. S. Boyd and W. White, J. Hayward in Concord, N.H, Boston.

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Tomaso, Matthew S., and Nathan D. Hamilton 1990 Casco Bay Intensive Archaeological Survey and Testing Program: Part Two. On file, Maine Historic Preservation Commission.

Westveld, Marinus, R.I. Ashman, H.I. Baldwin, R.P. Holdsworth, R.S. Johnson, J.H. Lambert, H.J. Lutz, Louis Swain, and Myles Standish 1956 Natural Forest Vegetation Zones of New England. Journal of Forestry 54:332-338.

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Table 1. Summary of Archaeological Phase I Survey Results within the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine.

Archaeologically # 0.5 m x 0.5 m Sensitive Area Length, Test Pits (ASA) m Excavated Description Results Small, bedrock controlled No artifacts recovered, no 13 30 3 terrace above falls sites identified Level terrace at rivers edge ca. 0.5-1 m above No artifacts recovered, no 14 120 13 water sites identified Level terrace at rivers edge ca. 0.5-1 m above No artifacts recovered, no 15 165 15 water sites identified Level terrace at rivers edge ca. 0.5-1 m above No artifacts recovered, no 16 335 26 water; almost an island sites identified Level terrace at rivers edge ca. 0.5-1 m above No artifacts recovered, no 17 110 10 water sites identified No artifacts recovered, no identification of the Level terrace at rivers location of previously edge ca. 0.5-1 m above known Native American 18 80 6 water; known site 1.3 ME site 1.3 ME Total 840 73

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Figure 1. Topographic map showing the location of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note the location of previously identified Native American archaeological site 1.3 ME.

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Figure 5. Time line showing the major time periods of Native American history for Maine and the broader region.

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Figure 13. View northwest of crew members excavating within ASA 17 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine.

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Figure 15. View northwest of crew members excavating within ASA 13 of the Green Mountain Power Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777), Berwick and South Berwick, York County, Maine. Note Salmon Falls River in background.

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APPENDIX I: TEST PIT SEDIMENT PROFILES

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ROLLINSFORD HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (FERC NO. 3777) 2 MHPC HISTORIC STRUCTURES EVALUATION FORM AND CONCURRENCE

Rollinsford Project iii Final License Application FERC No. 3777 August 2019

PRIVILEGED 60 Valley Street Suite 103 Providence, RI 02909 401.273.9900

October 2, 2018

Kirk F. Mohney Director Maine Historic Preservation Commission 55 Capitol Street 65 State House Station Augusta, Maine 04333-0065

RE: Rollinsford Hydro Project Relicensing FERC No. 3777 South Berwick, ME

Dear Mr. Mohney:

The project area extends approximately .85 miles upstream from the powerhouse in Rollinsford, New Hampshire and includes property in both Rollinsford, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine. Project facilities are all located in New Hampshire although the dam, clearly, extends into Maine.

The relicensing application anticipates no changes in the operation of the facility. Enclosed please find a section of the 7.5’ USGS topographic map showing the project area. Gray & Pape completed site file research at MHPC in July 2018 and conducted a reconnaissance survey of the project area and adjacent lands in August 2018. No historic resources more than fifty years of age were identified within the Maine portions of the project area. It should be noted that the New Hampshire portion of the project area is partially located within the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Based upon the results of our site file review and reconnaissance survey, Gray & Pape concludes that the relicensing of the Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project does not have the potential to effect above-ground historic properties in Maine. We trust that, based upon the absence of above ground resources within the Maine portion of the project area, MHPC will concur with our findings.

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If you have any questions or require additional information, please contact me.

Sincerely,

Patrick W. O’Bannon, PhD Northeast Regional Manager GRAY & PAPE [email protected]

Created in ArcGIS 10.4 for G&P Project 18-78001 0 0 USGS 7.5' Quadrangle Dover East, ME - NH NH (1979) - ME East, Dover Quadrangle 7.5' USGS 250 100 ± 500 Feet 200 Meters TownYorkBerwick, of County, Hydroelectric ProjectHydroelectric area, Location of Rollinsford Maine. Figure 1 PRIVILEGED National Geographic Society, Geographic i-cubed National 2013 Copyright:© Credits: Layer Service Area Project Rollinsford

Legend 9/26/2018 C:\EM_DRIVE\00_Projects_Yearly\2018\18-78001\Working_GIS\00_Projects\18_78001_Rollinsford_GenLoc_vert.mxd 9/26/2018 PRIVILEGED

Town of Berwick

Sa l mon F al l s Ri v e r

Town of Rollinsford

Town of South Berwick

Legend Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Project Boundary Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-3777) Figure 3.3-1 Project Boundary

0 250 500 1,000 ³ Feet

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Architectural Reconnaissance Report South Berwick, Maine Survey Project (MHPC # 0927-16)

Patrick O’Bannon, Architectural Historian Kendal Anderson, Architectural Historian II Gray & Pape 60 Valley Street, Suite 103 Providence, RI 02909

Prepared for: Maine Historic Preservation Commission 55 Capitol Street Augusta, ME 04333

Dates: August 2018 – November 2018

Level: Reconnaissance

Name of Surveyors: Patrick O’Bannon Kendal Anderson

Continuing Project? No

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The survey documents historic resources in South Berwick, Maine, an area east of the Salmon Falls River. The Project is located on the Salmon Falls River, a tributary of the Piscataqua River. The river rises at Great East Lake, Newichawannock Canal, and Horn Pond, and flows southeasterly for approximately 38 miles, forming the border between York County, Maine and Strafford County, New Hampshire. The Rollinsford Hydro Relicensing Project is located within Rollinsford, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine and is approximately .85 miles long.

Located along the New Hampshire border, east of the Salmon Falls River in York County, are the towns of Berwick and South Berwick. Salmon Falls River, Little River, Boundary Brook, Beaver Dam Brook, Love’s Brook, Worster Brook, and Knight’s Pond are within the boundaries of Berwick and South Berwick. The setting on the banks of the Salmon Falls River created an ideal settlement due to the river, which provided opportunities for trade, water-power and fishing, and the land for hunting, farming and lumber.

Green Mountain Power is in the process of relicensing the Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 3777) on the Salmon Falls River. The project area extends approximately .85 miles upstream from the powerhouse in Rollinsford, New Hampshire and includes property in both Rollinsford, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine. Project facilities are all located in New Hampshire although the dam, clearly, extends across the river to Maine. Two additional

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resources, a railroad bridge and a highway bridge, are located within the project area, span the Salmon Falls River, and are partially located in Maine. The New Hampshire portion of the project area is partially located within the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

II. RESEARCH DESIGN AND BACKGROUND RESEARCH

A. Basis:

The purpose of this investigation was to conduct a reconnaissance-level architectural survey of resources in Berwick, Maine. This architectural resource survey was conducted for Green Mountain Power in accordance to Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and applicable Federal and Maine guidelines. The survey data and mapping were entered into CARMA (Cultural & Architectural Resource Management Archive).

B. Project Description/Scope of Work:

Green Mountain Power is in the process of relicensing the Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 3777) on the Salmon Falls River. Gray & Pape is under contract to conduct the history/architecture component of the Section 106 consultation. The project area extends approximately .85 miles upstream from the powerhouse in Rollinsford, New Hampshire and includes property in both Rollinsford, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine. Project facilities are all located in New Hampshire although the dam, clearly, extends into Maine. No historic resources more than fifty years of age were identified within the Maine portions of the project area. The New Hampshire portion of the project area is partially located within the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

C. Area of Potential Effect:

1. Please see attached topographic map.

2. The relicensing application anticipates no changes in the operation of the facility. Based upon the results of our site file review and reconnaissance survey, Gray & Pape concludes that the relicensing of the Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project does not have the potential to effect above-ground historic properties in Maine.

3. The project entails relicensing of an existing and operating hydroelectric facility. No change in the facility’s operating plan is anticipated. Therefore, the APE for the undertaking was defined as including those resources directly adjacent to the project’s official boundaries.

D. Survey Boundaries:

1. Please see attached topographic map.

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2. The project area extends approximately .85 miles upstream from the powerhouse in Rollinsford, New Hampshire and includes property immediately proximate to the river in both Rollinsford, New Hampshire and South Berwick, Maine. Project facilities are all located in New Hampshire although the dam and bridges, extend into Maine. The resources are on Tax Map 30.

E. Survey Methodology:

1. (Describe background research method, including archival and historical research, institutions consulted, location of data, etc.) Primary sources of information include historic maps, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, street directories, and Google Earth. Additional primary resources of information were available online, Maine Historic Preservation Commission, New Hampshire Department of Historic Resources and historical societies which are included in the bibliography. 2. (Describe field research method) A two-person team equipped with a digital camera conducted photo documentation of the dam, bridges, mill complex and adjacent buildings during August 2018. 3. (Indicate whether a file search was undertaken at MHPC for National Register listed or previously recorded properties) A file search was undertaken at MHPC, which concluded that the Salmon Falls Highway Bridge (Bridge number 5700) was previously surveyed. The Salmon Falls River Boston & Maine Railroad Bridge and Salmon Falls Manufacturing Dam are listed as contributing to the character of the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District in Rollinsford, New Hampshire.

III. SURVEY FINDINGS

A. Acres: The survey boundary encompasses approximately 12.12 acres.

B. Setting: The area surveyed consists of the former Salmon Falls Manufacturing Company mill complex and surrounding commercial buildings in Rollinsford, New Hampshire. No historic buildings more than fifty years of age were identified within the Maine portions of the project area. The area is primarily undeveloped or residential in South Berwick, while Rollinsford, New Hampshire is primarily commercial. Streets are tree lined and the land surrounding the surveyed area is heavily forested.

C. Number of Resources Recorded: Three forms were added to the CARMA database.

D. Previously Inventoried Properties: There was one previously recorded resource. The following resource has been updated; Salmon Falls Highway Bridge (Bridge number 5700).

E. Types of Properties: 1. (Summarize general trends within the project area: commercial, residential, urban, rural etc.) South Berwick features a small downtown area with several independent businesses, residential and municipal buildings. The surrounding land is rural.

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2. (Summarize the age, style, and condition of the resources in the project area) The Salmon Falls Manufacturing Dam was constructed between 1909 and 1910, replacing the original 1843 wooden dam. The Salmon Falls River Boston and Maine Railroad Bridge was constructed in 1888 as a lattice deck truss bridge with a cut stone masonry substructure. The Salmon Falls Bridge was constructed in 1959 with concrete balusters and steel pipe railings.

3.(Describe in detail any eligible properties or historic districts)

The Salmon Falls River Boston and Maine Railroad bridge and the Salmon Falls Manufacturing Dam contribute to the character of the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District in Rollinsford, New Hampshire. The historic district reflects the New England textile industry during the nineteenth, and early twentieth, centuries.

F. NR Eligibility: The survey area illustrates the once flourishing industrial area at the Maine and New Hampshire border. Buildings surrounding the former Salmon Falls Manufacturing Company mill reflect the growth of the area in the nineteenth, and early twentieth, centuries. The buildings within the Salmon Falls Mill Historic District in Rollinsford, New Hampshire have retained historic integrity. No historic resources more than fifty years of age were identified within the Maine portions of the project area.

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Candee, Richard M. 1978 Salmon Falls Mill Historic District. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form.

Frost, John Eldridge and Joseph Crook Anderson II 1993 Vital Records of Berwick, South Berwick and North Berwick, Maine to the year 1892. Picton Press, Camden, Maine.

Grimes, Gordon F. 1974 Portrait of Salmon Falls. New Hampshire Profiles.

Hurd, D. Hamilton 1882 History of Rockingham and Strafford Counties, New Hampshire. Philadelphia, PA: J.W. Lewis.

Old Berwick Historical Society 2015 Trades and Occupations. http://www.oldberwick.org/oldberwick/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout =blog&id=100&Itemid=71 . Accessed July 9, 2018.

Pepler, Leola J. 1973 Somersworth’s Great Falls Water Power For A Dream. New Hampshire Profiles Magazine.

Scales, John 1914 History of Strafford County, New Hampshire. Chicago, IL: Richmond-Arnold Publishing Co.

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Stackpole, Everett S. 1926 The First Permanent Settlement in Maine. (Prepared for the meeting of the Piscataqua Pioneers at South Berwick, August 18, 1926.)

Strafford Regional Planning Commission An Historical Sketch, Salmon Falls, New Hampshire. Dover, New Hampshire

Strafford Regional Planning Commission 1974 Salmon Falls- The Mill Village Historic District Study for the town of Rollinsford, New Hampshire. Dover, New Hampshire.

Taylor, Jessie 2014 Images of America: Berwick. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina.

The 250th Anniversary Committee 1963 The Story of Berwick. New Hampshire Publishing Company, Somersworth, New Hampshire.

Varney, George J. 1886 History of Berwick, Maine from A Gazetteer of the State of Maine. B.B. Russell, 57 Cornhill, Boston.

V. Finding of Effects

Gray & Pape conducted an assessment of effects from the within the APE and found that there will be no effect because the undertaking consists of relicensing an existing hydro facility. The existing hydro facility and surrounding resources will not be altered during the project.

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STATE OF MAINE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Historic Bridge Survey Form

Bridge #: Bridge Name: Town:

Region: County: Owner:

Feature on:

Feature under:

Type: Design:

Superstructure: Substructure:

Railing type:

Number of Spans: Overall Length: Deck Width:

Year Built: Alteration (Date): Source:

Designer/Builder:

Setting/Context:

Summary:

NR Eligible?

In NR Listed or Eligible Historic District? PRIVILEGED

STATE OF MAINE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Historic Bridge Survey Form

Bridge #: Bridge Name: Town:

Region: County: Owner:

Feature on:

Feature under:

Type: Design:

Superstructure: Substructure:

Railing type:

Number of Spans: Overall Length: Deck Width:

Year Built: Alteration (Date): Source:

Designer/Builder:

The construction of the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1843 significantly increased production and trade for the local industries. Prior to the quick and efficient railroad, the river was the primary vehicle to transport goods. By 1886 the Setting/Context: Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railroad, the Portland and Rochester Railroad and the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Railroad were accessed at Salmon Falls and Great Falls Villages.

Summary:

NR Eligible?

In NR Listed or Eligible Historic District? PRIVILEGED PRIVILEGED PRIVILEGED

ROLLINSFORD HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (FERC NO. 3777) 3 NHDHR ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC STRUCTURES EVALUATION FORM AND CONCURRENCE

Rollinsford Project iv Final License Application FERC No. 3777 August 2019

PRIVILEGED 60 Valley Street Suite 103 Providence, RI 02909 401.273.9900

October 8, 2018

NH Division of Historical Resources State Historic Preservation Office Attention: Review & Compliance 19 Pillsbury Street Concord, NH 03301-3570

RE: Request for Project Review Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project, Rollinsford NH Lower Great Falls Hydroelectric Project, Somersworth NH

Dear Ms. St. Louis: Enclosed please find two Request for Project Review (RPR) forms for the above-referenced projects. Each RPR is accompanied by a section of the appropriate USGS topo map showing the project boundaries, an aerial photograph showing the project area boundaries, a narrative project description, a table of previously surveyed resources within the defined Area of Potential Effects (APE), and photographs of resources more than fifty years of age within the APE with a photo key.

We conducted a site file research for each project at DHR on September 26, 2018. A self- addressed stamped envelope is enclosed for your response. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions or require additional information. Sincerely,

Patrick O’Bannon Northeast Regional Manager GRAY & PAPE [email protected]

Please mail the completed form and required materialPRIVILEGED to: DHR Use Only

New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources R&C # ______State Historic Preservation Office Log In Date ____ / ____ / ____ Attention: Review & Compliance 19 Pillsbury Street, Concord, NH 03301-3570 Response Date ____ / ____ / ____

Sent Date ____ / ____ / ____ Request for Project Review by the New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources

This is a new submittal This is additional information relating to DHR Review & Compliance (R&C) #: GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION

Project Title Rollinsford Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 3777)

Project Location Salmon Falls River

City/Town Rollinsford Tax Map 10 Lot # 124A

NH State Plane - Feet Geographic Coordinates: Easting 1210512 Northing 269790 (See RPR Instructions and R&C FAQs for guidance.)

Lead Federal Agency and Contact (if applicable) FERC (Agency providing funds, licenses, or permits) Permit Type and Permit or Job Reference # 3777

State Agency and Contact (if applicable)

Permit Type and Permit or Job Reference # APPLICANT INFORMATION

Applicant Name John C. Greenan/Green Mountain Power

Mailing Address 1252 Post Road Phone Number (802) 770-3213

City Rutland State VT Zip 05701 Email [email protected]

CONTACT PERSON TO RECEIVE RESPONSE

Name/Company Patrick O'Bannon/Gray & Pape Heritage Management

Mailing Address 60 Valley Street, Suite 103 Phone Number 4012739900

City Providence State RI Zip 02909 Email [email protected]

This form is updated periodically. Please download the current form at www.nh.gov/nhdhr/review. Please refer to the Request for Project Review Instructions for direction on completing this form. Submit one copy of this project review form for each project for which review is requested. Include a self-addressed stamped envelope to expedite review response. Project submissions will not be accepted via facsimile or e-mail. This form is required. Review request form must be complete for review to begin. Incomplete forms will be sent back to the applicant without comment. Please be aware that this form may only initiate consultation. For some projects, additional information will be needed to complete the Section 106 review. All items and supporting documentation submitted with a review request, including photographs and publications, will be retained by the DHR as part of its review records. Items to be kept confidential should be clearly identified. For questions regarding the DHR review process and the DHR’s role in it, please visit our website at: www.nh.gov/nhdhr/review or contact the R&C Specialist at [email protected] or 603.271.3558.

New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources / State Historic Preservation Office August 2017

PRIVILEGED PROJECTS CANNOT BE PROCESSED WITHOUT THIS INFORMATION Project Boundaries and Description

Attach the relevant portion of a 7.5’ USGS Map (photocopied or computer-generated) indicating the defined project boundary. (See RPR Instructions and R&C FAQs for guidance.) Attach a detailed narrative description of the proposed project. Attach a site plan. The site plan should include the project boundaries and areas of proposed excavation. Attach photos of the project area (overview of project location and area adjacent to project location, and specific areas of proposed impacts and disturbances.) (Informative photo captions are requested.) A DHR file review must be conducted to identify properties within or adjacent to the project area. Provide file review results in Table 1. (Blank table forms are available on the DHR website.) File review conducted on 09/26/2018.

Architecture

Are there any buildings, structures (bridges, walls, culverts, etc.) objects, districts or landscapes within the project area? Yes No If no, skip to Archaeology section. If yes, submit all of the following information:

Approximate age(s): ca. 1865

Photographs of each resource or streetscape located within the project area, with captions, along with a mapped photo key. (Digital photographs are accepted. All photographs must be clear, crisp and focused.) If the project involves rehabilitation, demolition, additions, or alterations to existing buildings or structures, provide additional photographs showing detailed project work locations. (i.e. Detail photo of windows if window replacement is proposed.)

Archaeology

Does the proposed undertaking involve ground-disturbing activity? Yes No If yes, submit all of the following information:

Description of current and previous land use and disturbances. Available information concerning known or suspected archaeological resources within the project area (such as cellar holes, wells, foundations, dams, etc.)

Please note that for many projects an architectural and/or archaeological survey or other additional information may be needed to complete the Section 106 process.

DHR Comment/Finding Recommendation This Space for Division of Historical Resources Use Only

Insufficient information to initiate review. Additional information is needed in order to complete review.

No Potential to cause Effects No Historic Properties Affected No Adverse Effect Adverse Effect

Comments:______If plans change or resources are discovered in the course of this project, you must contact the Division of Historical Resources as required by federal law and regulation.

Authorized Signature: ______Date: ______

New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources / State Historic Preservation Office August 2017 PRIVILEGED

Narrative Project Description –

PRIVILEGED NH DOT Project and Number and/or Project Title: DHR R&C #:

RPR Table 1: PREVIOUSLY SURVEYED OR LISTED PROPERTIES NH DHR Property Name / Historic District Name NH DHR National Date of National Register Inventory # Register-listed, Determination Criteria of Eligible, or Not (mm/dd/yy) Significance Eligible (if applicable)

PRIVILEGED

Photo 1. Detail of power plant

Photo 2. View north on the Salmon Falls River with power plant on left PRIVILEGED

Photo 3. Rear of Lower Mill and Salmon Falls River

Photo 4. Rear of Lower Mill PRIVILEGED

Photo 5. View north on Lower Mill Road

Photo 6. View northeast at Upper Mill PRIVILEGED

Photo 7. View south from Main Street bridge

Photo 8. View south at rear of the Upper Mill PRIVILEGED

Photo 9. View north of truss bridge

Photo 10. Detail of railroad bridge and headrace at dam PRIVILEGED PRIVILEGED