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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51953-3 - The Emperor and Rome: Space, Representation, and Ritual, Volume XXXV Edited by Bjorn C. Ewald and Carlos F. Norena Index More information

Index

“acceptance” see monarchy, Roman Aurelius, Marcus adventus 40 bearded portrait type of 240 Adventus relief in Palazzo dei Conservatori Column of 191–96 see Piazza Sciarra reliefs see also Aurelius, Marcus, Arch of of Nero in 66 287 Aurelius, Marcus, Arch of 183–86 Amphitheatrum Flavium see Flavian location 185–86 Amphitheater panel reliefs from 183–85 Antius Quadratus, C. Aurelius Victor 202–03 statues of in Pergamum 101–04 auspices see triumph Antoninus Pius Arch of near Hadrianeum see Piazza Sciarra baths, imperial 61–66 reliefs increasing size of 61–63 Column of 189–91 as meeting places for different social groups restores bridges and regulates banks of Tiber 63–65 181–82 as sites for engagement with Greek paideia restores Temple of Deiﬁed Augustus 180–81 18–19, 65–66 Antonius Pallas, M. Bernoulli, J. J. 223n.6 tomb of, on via Tiburtina 105 buildings for public entertainment apotheosis 304 66–75 cremation necessary for 320–21 contrasted with modern amusement parks of Heracles, as model for imperial 86–87 apotheosis 298–99 as permanent, “representative” structures symbolized by ﬂight of eagle from pyre 85 318–19 religious context of 74 see also funeral, imperial; pyre, imperial seating capacity in 84n.43, 84–85 Ara Pacis Augustae 119–22 as sites for communication between contrasted with compital altars 123–24 emperors and subjects 282 Arch of Septimius Severus see Septimius see also Circus Maximus; Pompey, Theater Severus, Arch of of; Flavian Amphitheater architects and artists, Roman 46 Argentarii, Arch of 128 Caesar see Julius Caesar, C. Arrian see Flavius Arrianus Calpurnius Piso, Cn. Augustus house between Arx and Quirinal changes in ceremony of triumph under 99–103 91–94, 268–70 Campus Martius 14, 52–54 imperium of, after settlement of 19 bc ground level raised by Hadrian 186–87 266–67, 271–72 as site for imperial funerals 318 overhauls administration of city 5 see also Campus Martius, Antonine portraits of, from Samos 115–18 monuments in; Pompey, Theater of Prima Porta statue of 260–66, 271–72 Campus Martius, Antonine monuments in “restores” res publica 91 186–96 statue of set up in Pantheon 262–63 consecration altars 187–89, 307 Temple restored by Antoninus Pius 180–81 see also Antoninus Pius, Column of; see also Ara Pacis Augustae Aurelius, Marcus, Column of

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51953-3 - The Emperor and Rome: Space, Representation, and Ritual, Volume XXXV Edited by Bjorn C. Ewald and Carlos F. Norena Index More information

362 Index

Celsus Eck, W. 10 library of, in Ephesus 99–103 Ellul, J. 33 ceremonial see ritual emperor, effigies of de Certeau, M. 12 contrasted with imago maiorum 314–16 Christianity/Christians see Nero; Constantine funeral in effigie as funus imaginarium Cicero see Tullius Cicero, M. 321–22 Circus Flaminius 138–40 Greek antecedents of 316–17 Circus Maximus 68–70, 303 as substitute for corpse 25–26, 312–13, restored by Constantine 216 316–17 Colosseum see Flavian Amphitheater treated symbolically as dying body of compital altars emperor 313–14 contrasted with Ara Pacis see also funeral, imperial 123–24 emperor, portraits of 27, 29–32 erected by vicomagistri 122–23 ancient conception of portrait “type” Concordia, Temple of 226–28 exterior decoration of 162–65 dating and identification of 229n.30, 228–32 history prior to Tiberius’ restoration distribution of in provinces 114n.7, 234–35 167 Einzelstucke¨ (“unique pieces”) 232–34 podium and cella 162, 164 in Greek East 114–19, 238–39 statuary from 166–67 occasions for creation of new portraits 29, Constantine 228–29, 231–32 emulates Maxentius in role as urban rarely intended as programmatic statements benefactor 217–19 230 LIBERATOR URBIS SUAE coin type of as reflection of emperor’s persona 112–14 217–18 relationship with portraits of private Maxentian origins/phases of buildings persons 235–41 ascribed to 202–05 scholarly approaches to 223–26 pragmatic continuity of with regime of surviving examples mostly from provinces Maxentius 206–08, 217–19 222 view of as Christian emperor in older workshop production of 234–35 scholarship 205–06 see also individual emperors/empresses; see also Constantine, Baths of, Constantine, emperor, effigies of Basilica of; Circus Maximus emperor, Roman Constantine, Basilica of competition with predecessors 8, 80, 81–82 Constantinian phase of 208–11 dual role as magistrate and supreme ruler Maxentian origins of 202–03 75–77 Constantine, Baths of, on Quirinal omnipresence through images 24–26, 221 possible Maxentian origins of 204–05 relationship with plebs urbana 6–8, 78, Cornelius Balbus, M. 91–92 83–84, 282, 283, 287–88 Cornelius Fronto, M. relationship with praetorian guard on Roman plebs’ attachment to annona and 286–87 spectacula 83–84 relationship with senate/senators 8–11, Cornelius Sulla, L. 284–85 (see also senators, Roman) dominance of reflected in statuary see also individual emperors; monarchy, throughout Rome 90 Roman funeral of 305 Epaphroditus cremation see apotheosis tomb of on Esquiline 105 culture, Greek in city of Rome 7, 18–19, 59–61, 65–66, 74, Faustina the Elder, Diva, Temple of 177–80 155–56 publicizes model imperial marriage and Curia Pompeii see Pompey, theater of reflects Rome’s “inward turn” 179–80 senate’s involvement in cult and building Durkheim, E. 38 178

Index 363

Faustina the Younger, portraits of de imperio Vespasiani, lex 254n.21, 273–74 as unique example of specifically imperium see Augustus; Julius Caesar, C.; de commissioned types 231 imperio Vespasiani, lex Finley, M. 3 Flavian Amphitheater 70–72 Julius Caesar, C. Flavius, Arrianus cuirassed statue of 250–60 on Hadrian’s statue in Trapezus 118–19 as dictator, wields imperium within Forum of Augustus 16–17, 94, 254n.21, pomerium 259–60 273–74 Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Temple of on Forum Romanum 14–15, 177–80 Capitoline 136 see also Concordia, Temple of; Constantine, Basilica of; Faustina the Elder, Diva, Kantorowicz, E. 25, 315–16 Temple of; Romulus, Temple of; Septimius Severus, Arch of Lactantius Foucault, M. 12 description of Diocletian’s reception in Fronto see Cornelius Fronto, M. Rome in ad 304 200 funeral, imperial 40, 298–99 Lefebvre, H. 12, 22 compared to Ottoman royal funeral legitimacy see monarchy, Roman; funeral, 312 imperial Dio and Herodian as sources for 309–10 liberalitas,imperial funeral in effigie as funus imaginarium as form of “cultural patronage” 47, 65–66, 321–22 73–74, 85–86 Historia Augusta as source for 310 Lucius Verus see Verus, Lucius importance of for political succession and legitimacy 310, 311–12 marble, colored 80–81 as public ceremony 322–23 Marius Maximus sequence of events in 301–02, 317–18 villa of, on Caelian 99–103 see also apotheosis; emperor, effigies of; Mars, Temple of pyre, imperial between Flavian Amphitheater and Circus Maximus 135 Geertz, C. 39 Maxentius Griffin, M. 7 public building and benefactions of in Rome 201–02 Hadrian rise to power of 200–01 bearded portrait type of 239–40 Maximian raises ground level in Campus Martius besought to come to Rome in panegyric of 186–87 ad 289 200 statue of in Trapezus 118–19 Metellus, porticus of see Circus Flaminius see also Hadrianeum Mommsen, T. 277–80 Hadrianeum 171–74 monarchy, Roman design and dimensions 171–72 “acceptance” and legitimacy of 275–82 “province” reliefs from 172–74 contrasted with Ottoman monarchy 279 see also Piazza Sciarra reliefs problem of succession and usurpation in Hercules Musarum, Temple of see Circus 279–80 Flaminius Mommsen and (il)legitimacy of 277–80 Holscher,¨ T. 32 Weberian notion of legitimacy Horatius Cocles inappropriate to 276–77 statue of 253–54 Hut of Romulus 19 Nero adventus of in 66 287 imperial fora 15–16, 50–52 creates Augustani to applaud him in public display of Greek art in 59–61 283–84 see also porticoes divorces Octavia 285

364 Index

Nero (cont.) exterior decoration of 294–96, 297–98, executes Rubellius Plautus after appearance 299–300 of comet portending end of reign 284–85 as focal point of imperial funeral rites fall of 282–88 302–03 and Pisonian conspiracy 286–87 general characteristics of 293–94 scapegoats Christians for fire of 64 285–86 interior of 303–04 unsuccessfully calls for dilectus of urban olfactory effect when burned 304–05 plebs after revolt of 68 275–82 release of eagle from metaphorical/ Nonius Balbus 99–103 discursive, not literal 318–19 see also apotheosis; funeral, imperial Octavia divorced by Nero 285 representation Octavia, Porticus of see Circus Flaminius and communication 34–37 ornamenta triumphalia see triumph and “propaganda” 33n.55, 33–34 and visibility 34–37 Palatine Hill 14, 101, 104 ritual Pallas see Antonius Pallas, M. cognitive/psychological dimension of Panofsky, E. 35 42 Piazza Sciarra reliefs 174–77 movement of time in 290 Pisonian conspiracy 286–87 otherworldly atmosphere in 304–05 plebs urbana see emperor: relationship with scholarly approaches to 37–39, 43 plebs urbana rogus see pyre, imperial Pliny the Younger Rome, city of criticizes Pallas’ tomb on via Tiburtina 105 administration of 4–5 Panegyric (gratiarum actio)toTrajan Antonine period, general characteristics 131–33 169–71, 196–97 public buildings in Comum 99–105 fire of 64 in 285–86 pomerium 247–49, 259–60, 267, 271–74 under Maxentius 201–02 Pompeius Magnus, Q. see Pompey military presence in 5, 248–49 Pompey scholarship on Augustan period 2, 2n.6 triumph of in 62 bc 136 temporary buildings and “fugitive” Pompey, Theater of cityscape in 289–90 choice of location 141–42 under Tetrarchy 199–200 exterior materials and adornments 153–54 Rome, politics in external arcades 148–49 competition between aristocratic families foundations and interior design 142–48 under Republic 89–90 garden peristyle and Curia Pompeii 152–53 dynastic succession and usurpation under as product of patronage, wealth, and monarchy 279–80 architectural expertise 17–18, 157–60 “relevant political sectors” in 280 scaenae frons 149–51 transition from republic to monarchy 4, statuary from 155–56 5–6, 11, 77–78, 91, 249 Temple to Venus Victrix in 149 Romulus, Temple of in Forum porticoes 48–61 Constantinian phase of 213–14 see also imperial fora Maxentian phase of 211–13 Praetorian Guard 286–87 Rose, C. B. 225 “propaganda” 33n.55, 33–37, 111–12 Rowe, G. 7 pyre, imperial Rubellius Plautus burning of 304–08, 318 executed by Nero 284–85 compared to Hellenistic monumental pyres 296–97 senators, Roman compared to a lighthouse by Herodian 303 domus of in Rome 99–105 compared to private pyres 299 honorific monuments for in private sphere depicted on coins 291 in Rome 95–98

Index 365

honorific monuments for in public sphere Templum Pacis 59, 60 in Rome 94–95 Thamugadi honorific monuments for in public sphere senatorial and imperial monuments outside of Rome 98–102 juxtaposed in 101, 104 monumental tombs of in/near Rome Tiber river 105–06 banks of regulated by Antoninus Pius monumental tombs of outside of Rome 181–82 106–10 Torlonia relief see Piazza Sciarra reliefs trapezophoros monuments for 96–98 trapezophoros monuments see senators, see also emperor, Roman: relationship with trapezophoros monuments senate/senators triumph 40 Sennett, R. 12 and auspicia 268–69, 269n.62 Septimius Severus, Arch of changes under Augustus 91–94, in Forum Romanum 127–28 268–70 in Lepcis Magna 128–30 ornamenta triumphalia 93 see also Argentarii, Arch of of Pompey in 62 bc 136 Soja, E. 12, 20 under Republic 89 space statua triumphalis 93–94 notion of Bildraume¨ 20–21, 21n.37 Tullius Cicero, M. scholarly approaches to 11–13 house on Palatine 101–04 statues of Augustus and Agrippa, in Pantheon Venus and Roma, Temple of 262–63 Constantinian phase of 214–15 of Augustus, from Prima Porta 260–66 restored by Maxentius 201–02 of Hadrian, from Trapezus 118–19 Venus Victrix, Temple see Pompey, Theater of of Horatius Cocles 253–54 Verus, Lucius of Julius Caesar, cuirassed 250–60 Arch of 182–83 of Sulla, reflecting his political dominance bearded portrait type of 240 90 Veyne, P. 6, 34–37, 46, 280–82 under Republic 90 vici see compital altars require imperial approval to be erected in Vitellius public spaces in Rome 95 changes to civic attire before entering Rome statua triumphalis 93–94 272–74 see also Concordia, Temple of; Pompey, Theater of Weber, M. 276–77 Sulla see Cornelius Sulla, L. Yavetz, Z. 6 Tabularium 136 temple complexes, Italic 137–38 Zanker, P. 20–21, 34–37, 237