*56"];t7PM/Pt.BSDIt Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development

Shikha PATIDAR1, Brishbhanlali RAGHUWANSHI2 1QBUJEBSWJOZBT!HNBJMDPNt%FQBSUNFOUPG"SDIJUFDUVSF 7JTJUJOH'BDVMUZPG Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, 2CSJTICIBOMBMJ!TQBCIPQBMBDJOt%FQBSUNFOUPG"SDIJUFDUVSF 'BDVMUZPG Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, India

3FDFJWFE0DUPCFSt Final Acceptance: January 2016

Abstract India has a rich cultural heritage. is a state located in the Cen- tral India. It is known for its tribal culture and habitat. Each tribe has a unique settlement due to climate, topography and availability of materials. Te culture and architecture are closely knitted. Te paper aims to study the settlement of ‘Saharia’ a primitive tribe from Madhya Pradesh. Te objective is to understand its socio-cultural, ecological, architectural and economic aspects. Te methodology adopted is to document and analyse ‘Saharia’ tribe on these aspects. Globalization had brought a major change in social and cultural life of people.Te result focuses on the adaptation of appropriate technology using locally available materials and knowledge. It requires an innovative and creative approach to incorporate the traditional knowledge in the contemporary design. Te work of architects who worked on similar ideology are studied. Te paper concludes by learning lessons from vernacular architecture and its adaptation in the modern context.

Keywords tujfa.2016.68077 tujfa.2016.68077 i : 10.5505/ do Adaptation, Settlement pattern, Sustainable development, Tribe, Vernacular. 

Figure 1. Map of India showing difernet states (Source: http://geocurrents.info/ -Map.png). Figure 2. Map of Madhya Pradesh showing districts (Source: http://www.ndma.gov.in). Figure 3. Map of India showing tribes population in India (Source: http://tribal.nic.in).

1. Introduction are known for printing. Tese designs Madhya Pradesh is a state located are evolved and inspired from the sur- in the Central India. It touches fve rounding environment. Te weaving states namely Gujarat, , Uttar pattern in Maheshwari sarees ‘Laharia’ Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharash- is most dominating; inspired from the tra. Te state can be divided in four IPMZSJWFS/BSNBEB cultural zones such as Bundelkhand, Tese patterns of textiles are also #BHIFMLIBOE .BMXBBOE/JNBS&BDI refeted in the vernacular architecture. zone has its own cultural identity such %BODJOHBOETJOHJOHBSFQBSUPGUIFJS as language, dialects, customs, ritu- daily life. It is a community activity als and beliefs. Te state is famous for performed each day afer the work. its tribal arts and crafs in bamboo, Terefore, these activities have evolved wood, metal, metal casting, pottery, the necessity of a community space like terracotta and textiles. According to courtyard and chaupal in the settle- UIF  DFOTVT  UIF QPQVMBUJPO PG ment pattern. Tis resulted in a strong 4DIFEVMFE 5SJCBMT 45  JT  PG social binding among the community . UIF TUBUF QPQVMBUJPO  NJMMJPO Each tribe has its own way of settlement PVUPGNJMMJPO UPUBMOVNCFSTPG pattern on the basis of their culture and TDIFEVMFEUSJCFTJO.1BSF4PNF lifestyle like Saharia has circular, Bhil of them are Saharia,Gond, Bhil, Baiga has scattered and Korku has linear. Te and Korku. interior walls of houses are depicted with the fgures of birds, animals, trees 2. Culture and Architecture of and god-goddess through relief work. Madhya Pradesh %VSJOHUIFGFTUJWBMTBOESJUVBMT NVSBMT Te state is famous for tribal culture depicted on the walls are Pithora, San- and folk traditions. It is also known for jha and on the foors are Mandana, Al- its visual and performing arts. Tese art pana. Tey adorn their roof tiles with forms are closely associated with their human images and some fgure which beliefs, customs, religion and values. In have something to do with witch-craf textiles Mahaeshwari, Chanderi sarees and evil spirts. are known for weaving, Bagh and Batik

Figure 4. Plan showing circular settlement pattern of Saharia tribe (Source: Author). Figure 5. Plan showing scattered settlement pattern of Bhil tribe (Source: Author). Figure 6. Plan showing linear settlement pattern of Korku tribe (Source: Author). *56"];t7PM/Pt.BSDIt41BUŔEBS #3BHIVXBOTIŔ 117

Figure 7. Te route map till ‘Khariyapura’ village (Source: https://www.google.co.in/maps). Figure 8. Te geology of the near by villages (Source: https://www.google.co.in/maps/search). Figure 9. Te settlement of Saharia tribe (Source: https://www.google.co.in/maps/search/). 3. Objective but in isolation from the village and Te objective of the paper is to un- other tribes. Te district has derstand the socio-cultural, ecological,  KPJOU BOE  OVDMFBS GBNJMJFT architectural and economic aspects of $IBUVSWFEJ   ‘Saharia’ tribe. Saharia is a primitive As the tribal culture has a long tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Tey were standing stability in terms of its own formerly the dominant branch of the identity. Tere is a greater unity of ex- ,PMBSJBOGBNJMZ $IBUVSWFEJ   pression between its architecture and other areas of expression. It refects in 4. Methodology the way they dress, the way they built Morena distric has been chosen for their houses and beautify them and the study of Saharia tribe, it is located even greater in the objects of their daily on the north-west of Madhya Pradesh. use. Te fairs and festivals are an indis- Te total population of Morena is pensible part of their life.  UPUBMQPQVMBUJPOPGTDIFEVMFE ćFZ DFMFCSBUF %VTIBSSB  %FFQ- USJCFTJT BOEUIBUPG4BIBSJBUSJCF awali, Tejaji and Assar puja (festival JT*UJTBCPVUPGUIFUPUBMQPQ- of rain). Te God-Goddess worshiped ulation. As per the scheduled castes in are namely Takur Baba and Beegasan the Constitution of India, Saharias are Mata. Te ‘oral tradition’ of stories, OVNCFSFEBT $IBUVSWFEJ  ɗU anecdotes, folk tales and puzzles are has been documented and analysed on very popular among them (Mondhe, various aspect of tribal settlement.  ćFZTJOHBOEEBODFUIFJSQPQV- lar songs are Banna-bannai (blessings) 5. Documentation of diferent and Rasiya (romantic songs) on the aspects of vernacular settlement occassion of birth and marriages. (a) Socio-cultural aspect Men wear a small dhoti (loincloth), Saharia word is derived from Per- saloako (shirt) and a safa (turban). sian word sahra, which means jungle. Women wear a long skirt (lugda/gh- Saharias are called so because they live aghara), upper garments (angi/coli/ in jungle, dependent on forest for their TBMVLJ BOETBSJ .BOEBM  ćFZ livelihood. Te tribe took their name usually have their own unique designs from their habit of carrying axe in their of jewelley and ornaments. Te popu- hands. Tey belong to the cultural zone lar motifs are snakes; fsh and butterfy of Bundelkhand. Tey are found in are intricately carved in the jewellery. Guna, , Shivpuri, Bhind, More- Tey tattoo their bodies elaborately. na, Vidisha, Raisen districts of Madhya Tey believe that every material thing Pradesh. Saharia tribe lives in a closely is lef here in this world but the only knitted community among themselves thing which goes with them to God is

Figure 10. The unique forms of animistic ritual (Source: http://bravefestival.pl). Figure 11. The unique forms of animistic ritual (Source: http://bravefestival.pl). Figure 12. Tribal dance of Saharia tribe (Source: Shikha Patidar).

Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development  their tattoo marks. Tattooing is one of and winters. Te Saharias are mainly the traditional art of adorning women inhabited in the hilly tract and south JOUSJCBMBSFB .BOEBM   and central plateau areas. Te hilly tracts in the western part are made up (b) Ecological aspect of sandstone which ofers greater resis- Ecological isolation infuenced the UBODFUPFSPTJPO .BOEBM   Saharias to remain as cultural isolates .BOEBM  ćFZIBWFSJUVBMTBOE Te village beliefs associated with trees, most A typical Saharia village is set villages have secret spaces under the against the background of hills and trees. Trees with medicinal values are jungles with a stream nearby. Tey live 'JDVT SFMJHJPTB   'JDVT CFOHIBMFOTJT  in a cluster of huts on a hillock or high- Vachellia nilotica. lands which remain green with plants As per case study, in Khariyapura and other shrubs during the rainy sea- village the settlement is on a plateau son, but dry during the summer. Tey surrounded by the hills, cultivated land live in separate hamlets in multi-ethnic and forest. Tese type of settlements villages. Sometimes, they also have two are evoloved from the ecological set- or more hamlets in a single village. Sa- ting and helps them to keep a vigil and haria always like to settle nearer to wa- QSPUFDUUIFJSDSPQT%VFUPVOEVMBUJOH ter source and forests to get sufcient plateau, it is not easy for a stranger to supply of wild roots, tubers, fruits, veg- fnd out a Saharia village. Te Sahari- FUBCMF FUD .BOEBM  ćFZIBWF yas maintained ecological equilibri- a crematorium at a distance from the um with their environment for ages, village; memorials of dead are in the despite low level of technology (Te form of square platform. Saharia Tribe: A saga of struggle for existence). Settlement pattern Tere is a tradition of Gotra repre- Te settlement is connected by the senting the family they belong. Usually pedestrian pathway to the main road. they are named afer plants, trees and Te houses are oriented towards east, BOJNBMT MJLF %BOHJB KVOHMF GPSFTU  north and west forming a circular pat- Salkia- shorea robusta (tree), Phool tern. Te entrance to the settlement Baguliya- stork (bird). Te principal is from the south. Te front facade of species of trees found in this area are all the houses are towards the centre. Acaric arbica, Bassia latifolia. Te re- Tey have a tradition of joint family. gion has a large variety of wild animals, Te joint families have a bigger clus- especially in the area covered by for- ter while nuclear have smaller ones. ests. Te animals commonly found are Afer marriage, young couple makes tiger, jungle pig, snakes etc. A variety a new house for themselves, adjacent of birds are found such as the grey par- to the family cluster. Tere is a place tridge, pea fowl, peacock. of worship in the centre of the settle- ment and adjacent to it is a community (c) Architectural aspect space called Choupal, where grandpar- Site selection ent look afer their children while par- Pahargarh is a village surrounded ents are working on the felds. It is also by the hills, there are few settlements, a place where people sit together and whereas ‘Khariyapura’ area is selected discuss social and religious matters. It for a case study. Tere is a river close is also used to accommodate the guests to the settlement. Te surface is hard during occassions. Te settlement util- with sandy soil. Te vegetation is of dry ity spaces like a well for drinking water, and deciduous variety. Tis is due to a small grocery shop for daily needs the nature of soil and partly due to the and they have to go to weekly market climatic condition of the region. called ‘haat’ for major shopping. Tere is also has a primary school Climate, typography and geology and a health centre. Tey sing and Te climate varies with the natural dance during festivals and ceremonies. divisions. Te area experiences ex- Te whole settlement pattern is called tremes of temperature during summers “Saharana” in local dialect. A Saharana

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Figure 13. Te settlement pattern of Saharia tribe (Source: Mandal, 1998). Figure 14. Te Saharana or a commnity space (Source: Mandal, 1998). Figure 15. Te Saharia settlement in the ecological setting (Source: Author). means where the Saharia families lives conditions. Te absence of plinth keeps in a cluster. At the time of marriage the foor damp. A cattle shed is at the and on festive occasions the people of a back of cooking area. Tey also have Saharana come forward freely and par- shed for pigs and chickens. In some ticipate. Members of a Saharana co-op- other places it is found where local- erate with each other and reciprocate at ly available material is stone. Most of EJČFSFOUPDDBTJPOT .BOEBM   the construction is done by stone only. Tey perform their major activities in Dwelling open. Te main objects of stone craf Te Saharia dwelling is called Tapra. in the village areas are idols of locally Te houses are rectangular in shape, worshipped deities. Horses occupy a divided into two parts. One part is used signifcant status as a symbol of power for storage; the other is utilized for and force. It is found in diferent forms cooking, sleeping and the centre there in murals, sculpture and even in the is a niche in the wall for worshipping. structural members of the built form. A corner of a family courtyard is used for bathing, though they usually take Construction method and techniques bath at tank, well or a streamlet. Tey Te materials used for construc- don’t have lavatory in the house; they tion of houses depend on locally avail- have a tradition to go in the open felds able material. Houses are load bearing for nature’s call. A small open space structure of random rubble masonry in front of a house is used as court- and mud mortar. Tey go for shallow yard. It is a multipurpose space used foundation because of hard strata. Te for cooking, drinking water storage, walls are made up of stones, plastered and household work. Boundary wall with mud; cow-dung is used as a fn- PG Y NN IJHI EFNBSDBUFT UIF ishing material. Te walls are painted border of the house, used as informal with lime, minerals and herbal colours. sitting space. Beside this is a platform /JDIFTBSFCFBVUJGVMMZDBSWFEGPSVUJM- PGYNNJTVTFEGPSTMFFQJOHJO ity purposes. In order to prevent clay the open. Te functions and aesthetics surfaces from cracking and crumbling are closely related to each other. Tere a fresh coat of clay and cow dung is ap- is no division between the function plied from time to time. and the aesthetic, the material and use Pitched roof is a common form of of it. Te walls are painted. Windows roof, regarded as the cheapest alter- are not found due to extreme climatic native for covering a structure. It is

Figure 16. Plan of Saharia dwelling at Kahariya village (Source: Shikha Patidar). Figure 17. Elevation of the dwelling (Source: Shikha Patidar).

Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development 

Figure 18. Te cooking space in the dwelling (Source: Author). Figure 19. Te bathing space in the dwelling (Source: Author). Figure 20. Te informal sitting space in front of the dwelling (Source: Author). constructed in wood or stone. Wood- harmonious atmosphere in the house. en pitched roof consists of a system of Tey have stabilised mud fooring joists, rafers and purlins arranged in covered with cow dung and decorated the form of a triangular shaped truss. with coloured clay borders defning the Te wooden doors are pivoted, ledged spaces. Te clay commonly available is and battened and paneled. Paneled yellow ochre, white and red. A broad doors made of single plank and carved border painted in the house along its with the motifs of birds, animals, hu- base lends grandeur to the dwelling. man fgure and geometry design. Tey are symbols drawn afresh each %PPSTBOEOJDIFTBSFQSPNJOFOUMZEFD- time in the courtyard, on the threshold orated with the relief work. Te Saharia and in other spaces of the house. women besmear the main doorframes, Auspicious symbols drawn on the doorsills, courtyard and kitchen with a foor with rice paste ochre or yellow paste of yellow clay, chalk and ochre. earth color is done by women drawn Tey paint auspicious fgures with during festivals or rituals connected these materials. Tis painting is done with seasonal changes, sowing of crops, not only on special occasions and al- the onset of rain, harvest or signifcant most daily in the kitchen. Tis shows occasion in their family such as birth, their aesthetic sense even in daily rou- puberty, marriage, pregnancy and tine activities. It is very difcult for death. Te simple decoration of ochre urbane to appreciate the vision behind and mud on the platform for keeping this (Madhya Pradesh Tribal Muse- earthen pots and on sides of niches add um). Te clay fgures are prevalent to charm to the surroundings. Te relief mark both auspicious as well as inaus- work is usually done at the entrance picious occasions. Te construction and on the walls during the construc- method and techniques has evovled tion of the house, when the wall is wet. by the process of trail and error for Te similar relief work appears on the ages. Stone image concretize a spiritual grain storage bins which is made of longing ensuring the continuance of a clay and husk. USBEJUJPO .BOPIBS 4IBI   (d) Economic aspect Aesthetic Traditionally they are agriculturers, Te walls are decorated with geo- labourers and collectors of forest prod- metric patterns, foral and animal ucts and sellers of herbal medicines. fgures. Te wall paintings and foor Teir agricultural income is marginal paintings apart from serving ritual- but they get substantial additional in- istic purposes are believed to create a come from working in the forests and

Figure 21. Te construction of stone wall with mud plaster (Source: Author). Figure 22. Te timber truss with the supporting wooden members (Source: Author). Figure 23. Te stone roof with the supporting stone members (Source: Author).

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Figure 24. Te decoration in the worshipping area (Source: Author). Figure 25. Te foor decorated with yellow ochre (Source: Author). Figure 26. Te ledged and battened door (Source: Author). Figure 27. Te relief work on the granary (Source: Author). collecting minor forest produce such er pieces of branches as rafers, purlins, as honey, edible gums. Tey are good battens and the leaves, bushes, grass as huntsmen. Te main business is gath- the covering material. ering and selling of forest wood, gum, honey, fruits and vegetables. Some of 6. Integration of vernacular and them are settled cultivators. Te peo- modern ple of ‘Sahariyas’ tribe never bothered Vernacular traditions lead a way of their future, because they were con- towards the sustainable built envi- fdent that forests, which they respect ronment. Te valuable lessons from and protect, would never leave them vernacular can be integrated with the hungry. However, the other groups of modern to produce sustainable de- society have exploited the forests to tilt, TJHOT %FTJHOJOH PG UIF TFUUMFNFOUT for meeting their self interests (Te Sa- need understanding of users way of haria Tribe: A saga of struggle for exis- life, social and cultural values. Aryana tence). Tey possess a few cots (kha- IPVTJOHCZ#7%PTIJ -*$IPVTJOHCZ tiya), some utensils, iron implements, Charles Correa and Anandgram by scanty clothes, light bedding and small ,BNBUI%FTJHO4UVEJPJO*OEJBBSFGFX granaries. Bamboo baskets of difer- examples of integration of vernacu- ent shapes and sizes are found in ev- lar and modern. Architects like Louis ery house for daily use. One grinding Kahn, Lourie Baker, Shirish Beri, Re- stone is an essential item for a Saharia vathi and Vasanth Kamath, Satprem .BOEBM    ćFZ BSF HPPE BU SF- Maini, Anupama Kundoo and Yatin source management and respect the Pandya have incorporated the princi- natural resoures like water, land and ples of vernacular traditions in their forest. Tey know the appropriate use contemporary buildings. the materials and try to use it without "OBOEHSBN JO 4IBEJQVS  %FMIJ JT secondary processing. Tere is mini- selected as an example of resettlement. mum wastage of energy and resourc- *UJTEFTJHOFECZ,BNBUI%FTJHO4UV- es. Multipurpose uses of space make EJP %FMIJ *OEJBJO"S3FWBUIJ the houses small and economical. Te and Vasanth Kamath their work is houses are designed with the bare min- a creative synthesis of attitudes and JNVN SFRVJSFNFOUT 'PS FH  JO SPPG technologies into an aesthetic habitat construction, the main trunk of the and a way of life. Tey believe in us- tree with desired diameter and length ing natural resources and utilize them is used as the main supports, the small- to the most and are on a mission to

Figure 28. Te unit afer 30 years (Source: http://www.kamathdesign.org/project/anandgram). Figure 29. Te setion of a cluster (Source: http://www.kamathdesign.org/project/anandgram). Figure 30. Te detailed plan of a cluster (Source: http://www.kamathdesign.org/project/anandgram). Figure 31. Te plan of a settlement structure (Source: http://www.kamathdesign.org/project/anandgram).

Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development 122

Table 1. Lessons from Vernacular Architecture of Saharia Tribe (Source: Author). Particulars Aspects Parameters

Tey usually have joint families. When a couple gets married they built a new 'BNJMZTUSVDUVSF house in the same cluster.

'BJSTBOEGFTUJWBMT ćFSFGFTUJWBMTBSFHPWFSOFECZUIF/BUVSFMJLFGFTUJWBMPGIBSWFTUJOH

Men wear- shirt, loincloth and turban. Women wear ghangha, choli, sari.Tey Socio-cultural %SFTTJOHBOEPSOBNFOUT wear ornaments of gold and silver depicting the nature. Community participation Te houses are constructed by themseleves and by community participation. In the centre of a settlement they have a place of worship. Te ornamentation of Belief and rituals the house is assosciated with beliefs and rituals. Tey worship some specifc trees on special occasion. Some of them have Worshipping nature NFEJDJOBMWBMVFTMJLF1IZMMBOUIVTFNCMJDB 'JDVTSFMJHJPTB 'BNJMZOBNFTBSFBTTPDJBUFEXJUIOBUVSFMJLF%BOHJBKVOHMF GPSFTU 4BMLJB Ecological Gotra (family name or identity) shorea robusta (tree), Phool Baguliya- stork (bird). Terefore they never harm them. Building with nature Houses are built respecting the typography. Association with domestic Animals are integral part of their family they keep cow, goat, pig, chicken. animals Te houses are built on plateau surrounded by the hills, site is usually close to the Site selection source of water. Te construction is done on non-fertile land. Te house form is evoloved as per the climatic condition. Less openings are Climate responsive provided due to exterme temperature. Settlement pattern It has circular settlement pattern with the community space at the centre.

Architectural %XFMMJOH 'PSNFECZUIFCBSFNJOJNVNSFRVJSFNFOUTBOEIBTNVMUJQMFVTVBHFPGTQBDFT

Materials Locally avaliable material like sandstone, laterite, mud, wood and grass. Shallow foundation, load bearing structure with stone masonry, mud plaster, Construction method wooden trusees, stone slabs and wooden doors.

Te walls and doors are decorated with the relief work. Te murals depicted on Aesthetics the walls are Pithora, Sanjha and on the foors are Mandana, Alpana.

Livelihood 'PSFUTQSPEVDFEDPMMFDUPSBOEBHSPCBTFE Economic Resource management Judicial use of materials. Waste management Recycling of material. substitute concrete, cement and en- (a) Beach house at Deogad, ergy-consuming systems with sun, Maharastra water, wind and soil. Ecology must Te design of this beach house stems be understood to encompass both from a basic simplicity of lifestyle and nature and culture. Te settlement is from its symbiotic relationship with designed for traditional community nature. Te main entrance to the house of performing artists and crafsmen meanders through the portal created in their own traditional pattern by in- by the two existing Cashurina trees. tergraing values, customs, beliefs and Te Undal tree with a seating platform lifestyle. Te challange was to provide and Tulasi forms the vista through the the built-fabric to the community in car porch. Te house is basically one relation to the urban form. It is one of single unifed space under one roof, the best examples of refection of cul- with functions diferentiated by low ture in architecture in the contempo- partition walls, curtains, levels etc. rary design. (Revathi Kamath) to create a continues uninterrupted merging with the surrounding nature 4IJSJTI#FSJTTFBTJEF3FUSFBUBU%FW- gad).

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Table 2. Adaptation of Vernacular in Modern Architecture (Source: Author). Aspects Parameters Particulars 'BNJMZTUSVDUVSF /VDMFBSGBNJMZTUSVDUVSF 'BJSTBOEGFTUJWBMT Mixed culture therefore celebrate Hoil, Christams, Eid. %SFTTJOHBOEPSOBNFOUT Infuenced by western culure Socio-cultural Community participation Less community participation

Belief and rituals Tey are not depicted or identifed in the dwellings as their identities.

Worshipping nature Houses are not built as per the natural setting. Gotra (family name/ identity) /PUOPUJDFBCMF OPUNVDIBTTPDJBUFEXJUIOBUVSF Ecological Building with nature Most of the buildings are not eco-friendly nor climate responsive. Association with domestic %PNFTUJDBOJNBMTBSFOPUBMMPXFEJODJUJFT animals /PPQUJPOPGTJUFTFMFDUJPO JUJTHPWFSFOFECZCZFMBXT%VFUPNBTTIPVTJOH  Site selection agriculture land is also used for construction. Less climate responsive, house forms are not as per the climatic condition. Tey Climate responsive are depended on mechanical devices. %VFUPTDBSDJUZPGMBOE SPXIPVTFTBSFQSPNJOFOU4FUUMFNFOUQBUUFSOMJLF Settlement pattern ‘Saharia’ can be adopted. Ar. Revathi Kamath has adopted principles vernacular BSDIJUFDUVSFJOIFSIPVTJOHBU4IBEJQVS %FMIJ

Tey are designed as per the economic statues like High income group (HIG), %XFMMJOH Architectural Middle income group (MIG) and Low income group (LIG).

/PNVMUJQMFVTBHFPGTQBDFTJOUIFNPEFSOEFTJHOT"S4IJSJTI#FSJIBTBEPQUFE Multi-purpose space principles of vernacular architecture in his modern house. Market oriented materials are used, locally avaliable materials are neglected. Materials Ar. Laurie Baker has adopted principles of vernacular architecture with the adoption of locally material and techniques. Locally avaliable material can be upgraded with the help of modern technology. Construction method Ar. Satprem Maine has adopted in Mud architecture. Tere is no identity of the region. Contemporary art can incorporated in Aesthetics architecture, Ar. Charles Correa has adopted in Vidhan Sabha, Bhopal. Lifestyle Globalization had brought a change in social life and cultural identity.

Comparative market, transportation cost is more. When appropriate material is Cost efective used, it is cost efective. Economic /PUQSPQFSMZIBOEMFEUIFSFGPSFTDBSDJUZPGSFTPVSDFT-FTTQSPDFTTJOHPG Resource management secondary materia should be done. /POSFDZMFDBCMFNBUFSJBMTMFBETUPFOWJSPONFOUBMIB[BSET"S:BUJO1BOEZBIBT Waste management done projects using waste materials.

Figure 32. Te site plan of the residence (Source: http://architecturenewsplus.com). Figure 33. Te cross- sections of the residence. (Source: http://architecturenewsplus.com/).

Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development 124

Figure 34. Te building is an eco-friendly structures (Source: http://thehindu.com). Figure 35. Jaali wall provide light and ventilation. (Source:http://earthbagbuilding.com). Figure 36. Jaali wall providiving natural light (Source: http://desertmonster.wordpress.com). (b) Laurie Baker in Kerala (d) Charles Correa- contemporary “I dont think Ive ever been inspired art in architecture by what other architects have done but %S *SFOB .VSSBZ TBZT i$PSSFB JT more by what ordinary crafsmen have brilliantly inventive in his deployment created (Laurie Baker). Laurie Baker in of certain timeless themes in Indian cul- in his designs, asserted the appropri- ture and philosophy – journey, passage, ateness of the traditional construction void and the representation of the cos- to local condition, adapting existing lo- mos. He uses them as a means to cre- cally available materials and traditional ating ambitious new spaces and struc- methods to contemporary urban struc- tures. His deep understanding of the tures. Te beautiful use of exposed implications of climate, demographics, bricks in walls, arches, jaali patterns. transport and community life has a uni- He is renowned for his initatives in cost versal quality and has helped structure efective and energy efcient designs. the thematic arrangement of the exhi- bition.” Rooted both in modernism and (c) Satprem Maini in Auroville the rich traditions of people, place and Building with earth has a great past, climate. (Charles Correa) and also a promising future every- where in the world. Proper manage- (e) Yatin Pandya – recyling waste ment of natural resources is essential material for sustainable development, says Sat- Recycling domestic waste as build- prem. Satprem specializes in the use ing components is an environmental, of raw earth as a building material and economic and aesthetic imperative. especially compressed stabilised earth “Holistic architecture is experientially blocks (CSEB). He has also specialised engaging, environmentally sustaining, in the construction of arches, vaults socio-culturally responsive and most im- and domes built with earth, disaster portantly contextually appropriate. Con- resistance with CSEB and earthen heri- text in terms of culture, climate and con- tage conservation. Te CSEB, designed struction. In the context of India history by Satprem, are made by mixing earth is alive through lived in traditions. We XJUITBOEBOETUBCJMJTFEXJUIQFSDFOU are lucky to fnd repository of traditional cement. Tis mix is then compressed in wisdom through its deep long passage of a manual press. Te blocks are energy time. We endeavor to create contextually efective as it does not require burning. relevant contemporary resolutions that It is also cost efective (Maini) inspire from the rich Indian traditions and yet aspire for its future dreams.” (Ya- tin Pandya).-

Figure 37. Te Vikas Community, Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India (Source: http://cseindia.org). Figure 38. Te Vikas Community, Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India (Source: http://cseindia.org). Figure 39. Te training centre of the Auroville Earth Institute (Source: http://earthauroville). *56"];t7PM/Pt.BSDIt41BUŔEBS #3BHIVXBOTIŔ 

Figure 40. Te Vidhan Sabha, Bhopal (Source: http://en.wikiarquitectura.com). Figure 41. Te contemporary art in Vidhan Sabha, Bhopal (Source: http://jangarh-singh- shyam.in). Figure 42. Arts Centre, Jaipur, Jawahar Kala Kendra (Source: http://jawahar-kala-kendra). 7. Conclusion repercussions of globalization. Te key parameter of sustainability Consequently, the vernacular form is the social and cultural relevance. Te of architecture is rapidly being re- diversity of the local culture is eloquent placed with new industrial materials in the way they treat and manage their such as steel and concrete. It has been environment. Te built environment is observed that when building fail to shaped by the values and cultural be- meet the basic requirements of con- lieves of the community. Globalization temporary standards, conficts arises has brought a major change in the life- and ofen leads to overcrowding. To style. Te patterns of evolution, adapt- increase physical sustainability, restore ing to the change in traditions, is criti- the buildings, cultural character with cal for the continuity of cultures. community partnership and their tra- In contemporary architecture, it dition knowledge. Upgradation and is important to identify the need for adaptive use of locally available mate- human comfort. As the climate is rial should be encouraged. changing rapidly, the settlement has Economic sustainability can be to be modifed and adapted to fulfll achieved by low cost techniques, en- the changing needs and lifestyles. Te vironmental friendly and energy ef- buildings should be climate responsive ĕDJFODZ %FTJHO TIPVME JODPSQPSBUF and energy efcent. It is not advised to multiple use of spaces and judicial use shun the tradition completely, continu- materials and resources. ity with the past is essential for the sus- “Satisfying the spiritual economic tainability of a community as a whole. and material needs of the people is de- Te focus of ecological sustainability is termining condition for sustainable ar- to create a balance between man and chitecture and every decision concern- his environment including both natu- ing areas, the design of a building must be sensitive to the culture, the resourc- ral and man-made. Te aim is to work es, and the character of the place. Te with nature and not against it. risk is global standards global modes of Physical sustainability is one of the building and global processes will over- most tangible forms of sustainability. whelm the local context” (Willianson et As the needs and values of the soci- BM   ety changes, the buildings either adapt To achieve sustainability in the liv- themselves to suit the new demands or ing environment, a balance needs to neglected or get replaced by the mod- be achieved between the available re- ern ones. Te world is witnessing the sources and needs of a contemporary

Figure 43. Te filler slabs made from glass and plastic (Source: http://insideoutside.in). Figure 44. Te digital waste, cds used to make doors (Source: manav-sadhna). Figure 45. Recycled glass, plastic bottles used as partition walls (Source: http://insideoutside.in). Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development  society. Te survival of the past will Gwalior, Shivpuri and Morena in the depend completely on the ability to north-westrn part of Madhya Pradesh. adapt to the needs of the future. It can Te people of this tribe consider Sabari therefore be concluded that sustainable of to their frst ancestor. development can only be achieved by learning, understanding and appreciat- References ing the past. Te traditional settlements #IBUJB (  -BVSJF#BLFS-JGF  are eloquent the traditional wisdom in 8PSLT  8SJUJOHT /FX %FMIJ 1FO- sustainable development. Tey are de- guin Group veloped as a sensitive response to cli- $IBUVSWFEJ  4 $   .PSF- mate, topography culture and natural na Jile ki Saharia Janjati ka Sanskritik resources and therefore sustainable in Pralakhan. In: Bhopal: Tribal Research social, economical and cultural sense. Institute ,BNBUI %FTJHO 4UVEJP   "V- Acknowledgments HVTU   IUUQXXXLBNBUIEFTJHO We are greatly thankful to depart- org/project/anandgram ment of Culture, Archology, Tribal Madhya Pradesh Triba Museum. Research Institute, Tribal Museum,   +VMZ   IUUQNQUSJCBMNV- State Archological Museum of Madhya seum.com/tribes-sahariya.html Pradesh. .BOEBM  %   4PDJBM 4USVDUV- re and Cultural Change in the Saharia Glossary 5SJCF/FX%FMIJ.%1VCMJDBUJPO1WU Bhil: one of the main tribes living in Ltd UIF+IBCVBBOE%IBSSFHJPOT .POEIF  #   #BJHB  #IBSJB Byelaws: rules governing the build- and Saharia. Bhopal (Madhya Pra- ing construction activities of a place. desh): Aadijati Kalyan Vibhaj Madhya Chaupal: denotes a common meet- Pradesh Sasan ing place in a village which is owned by 3BQPQPSU  "   )PVTF 'PSN the whole community in Hindu. BOE$VMUVSF/+1SFOUJDF)BMM*/$  Dusharra: festival to commemorate &BOHMFXPPE$MJČT /+ the victory of Loord Rama over Rav- Patidar, S. n.d. Madhy Pradesh ke ana the demon-god; also celebrating "LBMQBO #IPQBM %JSFDUSBUF PG  .1 Shakti’s killing of the demon Mahisha- Jansampark sura. 4IBI  4   5SJCBM "SUT BOE Dwelling: is the name given to a Crafs of Madhya Pradesh. Ahme- house form or for living somewhere. dabad: Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Gotra: a descent from a common Ahmedabad in association with Vanya ancestor/ family name or identity Prakashan, Bhopal Haat: weekely market 5JQOJT  "   7FSOBDVMBS 5SB- Jaali: lattices made of bamboo, grass ditions Contemporary Architecture. and clay, used on mud houses in Sar- /FX%FMIJćF&OFSHZBOE3FTFBSDI guja, Raigarh. Made by women, these Institute (TERI). TERI Press lattices are an example of traditional ćF 4BIBSJB 5SJCF   +VMZ   village architecture. http://www.slideshare/the-sahariya- Pithora: votive wall painting made tribe by the Bhils, worshipped with sacrifc- 5SJCFT JO .BEIZB 1SBEFTI   es. +VMZ   IUUQFOXJLJQFEJBPSH5SJ- Sahariya: primitive tribe living in bals_in_Madhya_Pradesh

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