TOPONYMS IN THE and 3) the village names to the western region of Thailand rely significantly WESTERN REGION OF on physical geography of the area. THAILAND 1. Introduction 1 Sujaritlak Deepadung The study of toponyms has attracted the interest of scholars such as Abstract linguists, anthropologists, etc. because toponymy or place names involves Village names or toponyms in the language, culture, history, geography, Western region of Thailand, i.e. ways of living, in other words a great Kanchanaburi, Nakorn Pathom, deal of knowledge about language Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap and ethnic history of the geographical Khiri Khan, Samut Songkhram, Samut area in which they occur can be Sakorn and Suphan Buri, in this study obtained from the study. are drawn from a complete list of names in Thamniap Thongthii 2535 The author's interest m studying BC (Provincial Records 1992). The toponyms first came as the by• aims of this study are: 1) to analyse product from one of the field trips for the linguistic structure of Thai village the "Field Methods in Linguistics" names 2) to set up dimensions for the course; in looking at various village• semantic features of the village names name signs along the roads in in the western region of Thailand and Kanchanaburi province; I began to 3) to make a frequency count of the wonder how come I did not know the general names which are the first meanings of the village names. And it morpheme of a name. The result are became an attempt in trying to know as follows: 1) the linguistic structure the place and the people since of the village names is the same as that Mahidol University's new campus is of the grammatical word structure in in Kanchanaburi province. The study Thai 2) there are five major semantic of toponyms is the answer.2 Later the dimensions of the village names, study was enlarged to include the namely, the geographical features other seven provinces in the western which include water or sources of region of Thailand. water, elevated land areas and other geographical areas, the non• The New Encydopedia Britannica geographical features which consist of (1992:849) defined 'toponymy' as plants, animals, uncultivated or the follows: cultivated land and profession, constructed objects, numbers, persons, Toponymy, taxonomic study of and other ethic languages, the locative place-names, based on or directional features which are etymological, historical, and divided into prepositional locatives geographical information. A and noun locatives, the auspicious features and the descriptive features, 2 This paper was presented at the gth International Conference on Thai Studies, 1 Associate Professor, Institute of Language Ramkhamhaeng University, NakhonPhanorn, and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol Thailand, January 8-12, 2002 University, Thailand
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place-name is a word or words analyzed according to their linguistic used to indicate, denote, or structure and the motivation for that identify a geographic locality structure. The study has investigated such as a town, river, or the following aspects of Thai villages mountain... Toponymy is names: 1) the linguistic structure of concerned with the linguistic the names; 2) the cultural and evolution (etymology) of place• geographical dimensions of village names and the motive behind the names; and 3) the relationships of naming of the place (historical village names to the physical and geographical aspects). geography of the area. Habitation and feature names are either generic or specific, or a 2. The Data combination of the two. A generic name refers to a class of The village names studied below are names such as river, mountain, or drawn from a complete list of names town. A specific name serves to in Tham-niap thong-thii 2535 BC restrict or modify the meaning of (2535, Provincial Records 1992).4 the place-name. Tham-niap thong-thii 2535BC listed That is, its evolution involves two the numbers and names of all the things: word formations and provinces in Thailand. For the eight geographical aspects. The present provinces in this study, the number of study is motivated even more by Franz villages in each proV1nce ts as Boas' statement that 'geographical follows: terminology does not depend solely 1. Kanchanaburi 761 villages upon cultural interests but is also (muu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:55-74) influenced by linguistic structure' 2. Nakhon Pathom 850 villages (Boas, 1964:171). Up to the present (muu bfum )(Tharn niap 1992:345- 361) time, there has been no study of 3. Ratchaburi 886 villages toponyms in Thailand, specifically (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:901-906) those concerning the village names of 4. Phetchaburi 630 villages 3 (rnuu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:737-750) the western region of Thailand • Thus, in this study the 4,916 village names 5. Prachuap Khiri Khan 354 villages of the eight provinces in the western (muu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:591-600) region (see map 1), Kanchanaburi, 6. Samut Sakhon 293 villages Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1090-1096) Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, 7. Samut Songkhram 278 villages Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram and (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1083- 1089) Suphanburi are classified and 8. Suphanburi 864 villages (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1140-1158) Total 4,916 villages 3 There was one study done by Jeny W. ainey All the village names of the eight on eastern and southern Thailand in 1984, provinces from Tham-niap thong-thii which has given a lot of useful guidance for 2535BC were entered manually on this study. The other study was conducted by Pranee Kullavanijya on the village names in Quangxi Province and the Northeastern Part 4 This is the 1992 edition, the latest is the of Thailand in 1992. This study on the 1998 edition. This study began before the Western region of Thailand was funded by latest edition came out. Mahidol University.
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cards. One card is for one village Ratchaburi and Samut Songkhram, name together with a coding system and the coastal plains along . the of letters and numbers, representing coastline of the western region start in provinces, districts, and sub-districts Phetchaburi and ends in Prachuap (See Appendix n. Then, the data were Khiri Khan. classified and counted, again manually, on the basis of the meaning The four provinces m this study are of the first morpheme of the village located physically in the western names, so it is really a very slow regiOn. The other four, namely, process of classification, rearrangement Nakhon Pathom, Suphanburi, Samut counting and recounting.5 Sakhon and Samut Songkhram are geographically located in the central 3. Geographical features of region of Thailand.6 Nakhon Pathom Western Thailand is where the main campus of Mahidol University is situated. All these four According to Thai Cultural provinces are adjacent to the four Landscape (1996:259), the western previously mentioned. Most of the region of Thailand includes the central region is alluvial flatland. provinces of Tak, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and Prachuap 4. Linguistic Structure of Khiri Khan. The physical features of Toponyms the region mostly include mountains and valleys, and some areas are close In 'On geographical names of the to the sea. The Central Thanon Kwakiutl Indians' ( 1964: 171-176), Thongchai Range starts in the north, Boas examined the influence of passes through Tak province, and linguistic structure of the Kwakiutl ends at the east side of the Kwai Noi Indian language on the formation of River in Kanchanaburi. The Tenassarim geographical names. After giving Range starts out at the north of the examples of suffixation in Kwakiutl, Three Pagoda Pass in Sangkh1aburi he compared the structure of various district of Kanchanaburi and passes geographical names of several through Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and American Indian languages, those that Prachuap Khiri Khan and ends in have a large number of suffixes, Ranong province. Big alluvial plains namely Kwakiutl and Eskimo, and are found in the western region, i.e., those that, in Boas terms, 'compound the Mae Klong alluvial plain along the with ease', e.g., Mexican Nahuatl, Mae Klong River in Kanchanaburi, Keresan, Zuni, etc. (Boas 1964:175). This led Hymes to state 5 Collation of the data is done manually so ... that cultural interests are the that all the village names will be studied major factor in terminology, but and analyzed along the way. A that the selectivity of linguistic computerized database is compiled after form affects the kinds of terms the studied is done in order to show the distribution of the villages and the that occur and their physical geography of the area, and to frequency ... (Hymes, 164: 169). make use of all the facilities available from the Mahidol Ethnolinguistic Map 6 See Thai Cultural Landscape (1996: 259, Project 311)
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As ts well known, Thai is a 4.2. Names of two words. In predominantly monosyllabic language. this pattern both words are However, semantically unanalyzable monosyllabic nouns, the first word is polysyllabic words also exist. usually a geographical term, plant Moreover, word-compounding and name, or gathering place, and the reduplication are very productive second word may be a geographical processes in Thai. Modifiers follow term, plants, animal name, or a the words they modify and, of course, descriptive word: '-"t1tl-lV151£J (n'5~IJ the possessor follows the possessed. 'swamp, lagoon, large pool' - saay Thai also has prepositions. While Thai 'sand'), A~tlv£Jl1 (khb~IJ 'canal' - morphology differs from that of yaaw 'long'), L'I'IB1'-"f'\i (phoo 'Bo tree, English, the Thai sentence has the Ficus religiosa' - yay ' big'), Gl~lGI same basic word order as in English, A11£J (talaat 'market' khwaay i.e., Subject-Verb-Object. Thus, we 'buffalo'), and Gl~lG\1'-"li (talaat can say that Thai is typologically a ' market' -may 'new'). /SVO/Pr!NP/NN language. 4.3. Names of two words. The first word is a monosyllabic Given that there is no productive geographical term or plant name or inflection in Thai and that part (See 5.2.1), and the second word compounding is a very lively process, is a bisyllabic compound usually Thai village names should reflect this functioning as a modifier of the fi rst: linguistic special structure. On the A~tl-l
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nan 'sarus crane'), 'i:iJ.JLil.Jwronn 5. Semantic Domains of (poo 'salt lick' - kee 'barking deer' Toponyms - phat tha naa 'develop, Pali'), 'tt-iGll 'iii (phay 'bamboo'- taa 'grand father' In his 'Reference Note' to Boas - m6o 'proper name'). ( 1964:176-181 ), Hymes recounted that 'Toponymy proper can be taken as the Given the fact that the Thai are study of linguistic designation for Buddhists, the Pali language, a places and other aspects of language of Buddhism, and the geographical reference': Sanskrit language, a language of high Often the interest is historical or formal ceremonies, have had a great local curiosity, but especially deal of influence upon the names of when approached in terms of the Thai people, and the names of structural analysis, involving Thai villages are no exception. Many the organization of such village names in the eight provinces designations into sets and on have Pali or Sanskrit names or Pali or the basis of underlying Sanskrit words as modifiers of the components, the topic broaches head words in the names, for instance: the problems of spatial AiHl.J'ilMil~r~~ru (khb'J 'canal' - niat orientation in general, both as a 'people, citizen', - ca r;};}n 'progress, cognitive activity and a factor advance'), ~1tJUlA'il~ (hGay 'brook, of social life and cultural stream, creek' - naak kha raat 'Naga, values. a legendary serpent'), '5-1lJL';jWGl.JUl 8 (rilam 'join in, participate' - cay Based on the meanings of the first or 'heart' - phat tha naa 'develop'), G\EIU the head word of village names, 9 ihnru (d'J'Jn ' highland' - s m raan 'to which are generic nouns , there are feel happy, content'), ~~l'ilru (s i five major semantic categories or 'splendor, excellence, glory' - s m domains as follows: raan 'to feel happy, content'). 5.1 'Geographical Features'. This category can be divided into 3 sub• In summary, the linguistic structure of categories. all the village names follows those of the basic word order and very 5.1.1 Water, a source of productive compounding in Thai. That water, or a section of water. From the is, almost all the village names are 4,916 village names, there are 1,941 mono-morphosyllabic; the poly• names beginning with the following morphosyllabic village names consist 30 morphemes that are related in of a head word and a modifier; the some way to water: first is usually a mono• morphosyllable, while the second may be monosyllabic word or bisyllabic compound, and if there is a third 8 word, it is usually monosyllabic. Most of the Thai translations are taken from Haas (1964).
9 For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word illu I baan 'village'/ as an initial morpheme of a village name.
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1. Uti\1 (kre ] 'rapids' For example: Uti\IUAlJ kre 'rapids' + khrerep 'narrow Uti\ltl~lnG'I kre 'rapids' + plaa - kot 'cat-fish' 2. Fi-' [khu ] 'bend of a watercourse' For example: Fj\lLGlUGl khu 'bend of a watercourse' + ta noot 'palm sugar' Fj\lG'I1Uth khu 'bend of a watercourse' + taa 'grandfather' + krerew 'a proper name' 3. ~ [khuu] 'ditch' For example: ~111 khuu 'ditch' + bua 'lotus' ~ditN khuu 'ditch'+ rmaiJ 'town 4. UA1 [khwrere] 'tributary, branch of a river' For example: UA1UilD khwrere 'tributary, branch of a river' + n:S:>y 'small, little' ~~fl1l\lhU\i khwrere 'tributary, branch of a river' + WaiJ 'a deep pool (in a large body of water)'+ yay 'big, large' 5. A\lAl [kho khaa] 'river, sea, the waters; a shortened form for mrere kho khaa [the goddess of the waters]' For example: A\lAl~~ila kho khaa 'river, sea, the waters' + nia 'north' A\lAlLGl kho khaa 'river, sea, the waters'+ tay 'south' 6. A~el\l [khb:> ] 'canaI ' For example: A~il\lLWfi khb:> 'canal' + phoo 'Bo tree' A~il\lG'Il~U khb:> 'canal'+ taa 'grandfather' + Cl'm 'a proper name' 7. til~~~:: [cham r 1] ' muddy place' For example: tllU~::lJl.l cham r 1 'muddy place'+ bon ' on, over, above' tll~~~::~l\l cham r 1 'muddy place' + laaiJ 'down, lower' 8. til [miam] 'water' f3'r example: til Vi naam 'water'+ phu1 'fountain, spring' ihhu naam 'water' + coon 'jump' 9. tilGlfl [naam tokk] 'waterfall' For example: lllG'I f1 '1.111~111 el\l naam tok 'water' +say ' banyan tree' + th~~ 'gold' 10. 111::~~ [tha lee] 'sea' For example: 111::~~1Jfl tha lee 'sea' + bOk ' land' 111::~~1-'hu tha lee 'sea' + khaan 'protest' 11. lJl\l [baa ] 'waterway' For example: lJl\1'111\1 baa 'waterway' + chaa 'elephant, metaphorically 'big'' 1Jl\1111el\1~~1\l baa 'waterway'+ th~ :> laa 'Erythrina fusca' (a kind of tree) 12. n_, [bi ] ' large swamp' For example: U\llt1U~1U bi 'large swamp' + h a 'head' + wreren ' ring' 36
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fl\lf\1 bi 'large swamp'+ khaa 'Lamperata cylindrica' (a kind of grass) 13. tia [b:b] 'well, pond, pit, mine' For example: tiav.au 1m 'well, pond; pit, mine' + phlap 'persimmon, Diospyros embryopteris' timhvt b:b 'well, pond; pit, mine'+ miam phU? 'fountain, spring' 14. tian [plak] ' mud hole, mud puddle' For example: l1am11i1 plak 'mud hole, mud puddle'+ khaw 'Adina cordifolia' (a kind of tree) l.Jan~::un plak 'mud hole, mud puddle'+ sa krere ' Combretum quadrangulare' (a kind of tree) 15. ~" [pha ] 'well, puddle' For example: ~\lli1\l pha 'well, puddle'+ mila 'purple; mango' ~\16\l pha 'well, puddle' +t:rU? 'jail, prison; tree' 16. Vi [phU?] 'water spout' For example: vtih~au phu? 'water spout' + naam 'water' + 6::m 'hot' vtt-n1u phu? 'water spout' +w ay 'rattan' 17. UV.~fl [phrrerek] 'fork in waterway' For example: uv.~n\ll::Lw phrrerek 'fork in waterway'+ tha lee 'sea' uv.-rnMUll.ILL6l\l phrrerek 'fork in waterway' + n am'thom' +drere 'red' 18. l.lllJ [maap] 'marshland, low-lying plain' For example: l.nul.J wl Ll"h maap 'marshland, low-lying plain'+ plaa 'fish' + khaw ' -' l.lllJLLA maap 'marshland, low-lying plain' + khrere 'Bignoniaceae' (a kind of tree) 19. Ul.hh [mrere naam] 'river' For example: uliihua u mrere naam 'river' + nSoy 'small, little' 20. ~" [raaiJ] 'rail, groove, through' For example: ~\ll.I::L~tl raaiJ 'rail, groove, through' + rna dia ' fig tree, Ficusglomerata' ~\l6ll1J~oi raaiJ 'rail, groove, through' + taa 'grandfather' + buun 'a proper name' 21.. w::MlU [la h an] 'body of water, rivulet, brook' For example: ii1uw::M1u baan 'village' + la h an 'body of water, rivulet, brook' 22. ~1 [lam] 'course-way, passageway' For example: ~1V.Ul lam 'course-way, passageway' + pha yaa' -' ~lvi11v.fi lam 'course-way, passageway' + thaa 'port, harbor, pier, wharf, landing'+ phoo 'Bo tree' 23. a6l [lat] 'shortcut' For example: a6ln::il lat 'shortcut'+ ka pi 'shrimp paste' .a6l6llthu lat 'shortcut'+ taa 'grandfather'+ chuay 'a proper name'
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24. l\l [wa 'a deep pool (in a large body of water)' For example: 1\l'limJ wa 'a deep pool (in a large body of water)' + khoy 'Strblus asper' (a kind of tree) l\l£111 wa 'a deep pool (in a large body of water)'+ yaaw 'long' 25. a'i:: [sa?] 'pool, pond' For example: a'i::ih,..,11u sa? 'pool, pond' + miam 'water' + w an 'sweet' a'i::lhtll sa? 'pool, pond' +sii 'four'+ mum 'corner' 26. ,_.,UiN [n:h ] 'swamp, lagoon, large pool' For example: , u thl tl tl n:h 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'+ ?3:> 'a reed, Arundo donax' ,..,ua\lthn"l,..,~ no:> 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'+ plaa 1 y 'eel' 27. ~1£1 [huay] 'brook, stream, creek' For example: M1£1'VH'3 htlay 'brook, stream, creek'+ phluu 'betel-vine' M1 £1-=l'i::L'ii huay 'brook, stream, creek' + c:>:> ra kli:e 'crocodile' 28. tltllJ [?:bm] 'detour' For example: tl tllJ t, f\i ?:hm 'detour'+ yay 'big, large' t'iall"l'i\lMu ?:bm 'detour'+ roo hiip 'sugar cane mill' 29. tl1\l [?aaiJ] 'reservoir' For example: tl1\l'HU ?aaiJ 'reservoir' + h n 'rock' tl1\l~~, ?aaiJ 'reservoir' + si laa 'rock (Pali)' 30. tl11 [?aaw] 'bay' For example: t:i11t,f\i ?aaw 'bay' +yay 'big, large' . £i11fl'i::iia ?aaw 'bay' + kra bH 'buffalo'
5.1.2 An area of land of beginning with one of the following relatively higher elevation compared seven noun morphemes related to to surrounding areas also features in elevated land: village names. There are 458 villages
lkhookl 'mound, knoll' For example: "ic;Hll~~'Sfl khook 'mound, lrnoll' + cet 'seven'+ luuk 'a classifier' "iAn"l~ khook 'mound, lrnoll' + phay 'bamboo' 2. ~au /d:>:>nl 'highland' For example: ~au"i:~fi d:>:>n 'highland' + phoo 'Bo tree' ~tlU£11£Jmll d:>:>n 'highland'+ yaay 'grandmother'+ heem 'a proper name' 3. LUU /n~~nl 'lrnoll, mound' For example: n~~n 'knoll, mound' + saay ' sand' n~~n 'knoll, mound' +rak 'love; Calotropis gigantea' (a kind of a flowering shrub, the black varnish tree)
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4. 'iuu /noon! 'highland, hills' For example: iilu'iuu baan ' village' +noon 'highland, hills' 5. ~'111 /kh w/ 'mountain, hill' For example: ~'1l1ililll kh w 'mountain, hill' + y~'JY 'trickle down' ~'1l1Vi~:: kh w ' mountain, hill'+ phni 'monk' 6. ViU11 /pha nom/ 'mountain' (Khmer) For example: ViU11U1\I pha nom 'mountain' + naaiJ 'woman, Mrs.' ViU11VI1U pha nom 'mountain' + thuan 'lance; go against; contrary' 7. 1) /phuu/ ' mountain, short form ofphuu khaw' For example: 1) ~Glll phuu 'mountain'+ t~~y 'Pandanus helicopus' 5 .1.3 Other geographical areas. There are 488 village names in this sub• category. Three morphemes in this sub-category are defined in terms of a body of water. 1. un:: lk.5?/ 'island' For example: ~n1 ::~::~~" k5? 'island' +sad~ 'a Karen name for a kind of tree' ~n1:~i.lll k5? 'island' + b'Jy 'float' 2. Ul-1~11 /herem/ 'cape, peninsula' For example: ~~l1~11VIil\l herem 'cape, peninsula' + th'J'JIJ 'gold' ~m~1111::~n~il lrerem 'cape, peninsula' + rna klia 'ebony, Diospyros mollis' 3. vh /thaa/ ' port, harbor, pier, wharf, landing' For example: vi1Ailn1'1 thaa 'port, harbor, pier, wharf, landing'+ kh3::>k 'pen, shed' +wua 'cow' vh'li111 thaa 'port, harbor, pier, wharf, landing' +khaam 'to cross' Four morphemes are generic nouns signifying lowland or basin:
1 . vj\1 /thil I 'field, meadow, open field' For example: vi"~11il thu 'field, meadow, open field' + sa m5::> 'myrobalan' (a kind of tree) vj\IG\U'lVI~ thu 'field, meadow, open field' +ton 'tree' +say 'banyan tree' 2. ~1u /laanl 'an open, wide, level area' For example: ~1um laan 'an open, wide, level area' + khaa 'Lamperata cylindrica' (a kind of grass) ~1UGl1nYh laan 'an open, wide, level area' +taak 'spread out' +faa 'sky' 3. ~1Gl /laat/ 'slope, incline' For example: ~1Gll1f\j1 laat 'slope, incline' +yaa 'grass' ~1GlU12111 laat 'slope, incline' + bua 'lotus' + kh aw 'white' 4. ~11 /lum/ ' lowland, basin' For example: 39
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H1m ' lowland, basin' +pho ' Bo tree' Six noun morphemes in this sub-category designate caves, ridges and related features of rock formations: 1 . 01 /tham/ 'cave' For example: rlll~tl tham 'cave' + sla 'tiger' rl1i\1.1 tham ' cave' + h n 'rock' 2. r-11 /ph a/ 'cliff For example: r-a1lln ph a 'cliff + pok 'to cover' 3. ~1.1 Is nl 'mountain ridge' For example: ~uv.::utllJ s n 'mountain ridge ' + pha n:):)ID 'sovereign mountain' 4. i\u lh nl ' rock' For example: i\1.1Gl1Gl h n 'rock' + daat 'to spread out; level' i\ulm~lJ h n 'rock'+ herem ' pointed' 5. \111 lhup/ 'valley' For example: l11Jmn hup 'valley' + prik ' hot pepper, chilli' l11Jn~::VI\l hup 'valley' + kra thiiJ 'bull' 6. fl'llJ\lA /?u IDOOIJ/ ' tunnel' For example: iilUfl'llJ\lA baan 'village' + ?u mooiJ 'tunnel' There are two noun morphemes which refer to land areas along the canals, rivers, or sea:
1 . Gl ~" /taliiJI ' bank (of a river or canal)' For example: Gl~\l'llu taliiJ 'bank (of a river or canal)' +chan 'steep' Gl~\lllGl\l taliiJ 'bank (of a river or canal)'+ drere 'red' 2. mGt /haat/ 'beach' For example: \-\1 Gl ihn f\1 haat 'beach'+ sam raan 'to be gay (Pali)' \-\1Gl1J1\l llib haat 'beach'+ baa 'waterway' + krerew 'glass' There are five noun morphemes which refer to an opening or a passageway through land or water:
1. Vll\l /thaaiJI ' way' For example: \'11\l\-\~1\l thaaiJ 'way' +1 aiJ 'royal' 2. ~tl\l /ch3 I 'opening, hole (through something)' For example: ~tl\l~1fl ch3 'opening, hole (through something)' + laap 'fortune' ~tl\l~lJ ch3 'opening, hole (through something)'+ lorn 'wind' 3. Gl'itln /tro:)k/ 'lane, alley' For example: lfO:)k ' lane, alley' +rna tuum 'bale fruit, Aegle marmelos' 40
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Gl~ilfllt1i4::l'i1U tr:hk 'lane, alley' +h a 'head' + sa phaan 'bridge' 4. a::l'i1U /sa phaan/ 'bridge' For example: ~::l'i1U~~fl sa phaan 'bridge' +cek 'Chinese' ~::l'i1ui\u sa phaan 'bridge' + h n 'rock' 5. "lMn lkrokl 'gorge, ravine, gully, canyon' For example: "lfl~fl:l'll'lJ~ krok 'gorge, ravine, gully, canyon' + s IJ kh:l:ln 'mountain (Pali)' "lfl~fl[J11 krok 'gorge, ravine, gully, canyon' + yaaw 'long'
The last miscellaneou~ subcategory includes four morphemes: 1. ""u !khan/ 'dike, earthen embankment enclosing a paddy field' For example: lotu~1 khan 'dike, earthen embankment enclosing a paddy field' +lam 'course-way, passageway' khan 'dike, earthen embankment enclosing a paddy field'+ laaiJ 'omen' 2. "lil'll /pooiJI 'salt-lick, a place in which the earth is saline' For example: "liJ'Il111'13 pooiJ 'salt-lick, a place in which the earth is saline' +chaaiJ 'elephant' pool) 'salt-lick, a place in which the earth is saline' + w ay 'rattan' 3. \o\~lJ /1 ml . 'hole' For example: \o\~lJt''ll m 'hole' +raiJ 'lump laterite' (a kind of a large tree) \o\~lJ~U m 'hole' + h n 'rock' 4. \o\UillJ /y3m/ 'patch, cluster, clump' For example: ii1U\o\UillJ baan 'village'+ y3m ' patch, cluster, clump'
5.2 'Non-geographical Features' . This 5 .2.2 Animals. Only 34 dimension has been subdivided into village names out of 4,916 names eight subcategories: begin with animal names, such as: ~&i1Gi1 /taw 'turtle' - dam 'black'/, lJGl 5.2.1 Plants. There are 383 LLGl\l /mot 'ant' - drere 'red'/, n~::&i1u village names that begin with plant ~G\u /kra taay 'rabbit' -ten 'dance'/. names or common nouns referring to plants or parts of the plants, e.g. G\u 5.2.3 Uncultivated and lJ::l'i~11 /ton 'a classifier for 'tree' - cultivated lands. Generic nouns in ·maphraaw 'coconut'/, Gl'll"'.ilLLGl'll /do this sub-category refer to land areas ' forest, jungle' - may + drere 'tree + having to do with vegetation, and red'/, "lVi~'ll1lJ /phoo 'Bo tree' - aam whether they are cleared or not 'beautiful'/, 'l.~"l'VIu /phay 'bamboo' - cleared for cultivation. Included in thoon 'single, only'/, Gl1i'I~~GlUilGl this sub-category are generic nouns /taan 'sugar palm' - cet 'seven' - y:bt for various occupations. There are 'tip'/. 337 village names beginning with one of the following nine noun morphemes:
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1. 'l'i /ray/ 'farm, plantation' For example: Hmhn ray 'farm, plantation' + kluay 'banana, 'l'iGltlU ray 'farm, plantation' + d:l::>n 'highland' 2. Ul /naa/ 'paddy field' For example: Ul'lvt~ naa 'paddy field'+ say 'bayan tree' Ul\llll naa 'paddy field'+ IJaam 'beautiful' 3. ih /paaJ 'forest' For example: ihLLfl paa 'forest'+ krere 'Combretum quadrangulare' (a kind of tree) ih'lfl~ paa 'forest'+ klay 'far' 4. Gl\1 /do I 'jungle' For example: Gl\l'liJLLGl\l do 'jungle' +may 'wood' + drere 'red' 6'1\ltll\l do 'jungle' + yaa 'a timber tree, Dipterocarpus turbinatus' 5. 'llu /chat/ 'dense jungle, deep forest (mostly used in written literature)' For example: 'llt)Gl\l'V-1 ~lJ chat 'dense jungle, deep forest (mostly used in written literature)' +do 'thick forest' + phlap 'persimmon Diospyros embryopteris' chat 'dense jungle, deep forest (mostly used in written literature)' + paa 'forest'+ w ay 'rattan' 6. 'h'l~ /phray/ 'forest, jungle' For example: 'll'l~\llll phray 'forest, jungle'+ aam 'beautiful' 'll'l~~~L6'11 phray 'forest, jungle'+ sa dau 'a neem tree Azadirachta indica' 7. l'l\l /pho I 'brush, thicket' For example: l'l\lmn pho 'brush, thicket' + tik 'building' 8. ~1u /s an/ 'garden, plantation' For example: ~1ufi'1 s an 'garden, plantation'+ thita 'pea, bean' ~1UGl~'lA~ s an 'garden, plantation'+. ta khray 'galangal' 9. Atlfl !kh5:lk! 'enclosure, pen, sty; stable, cowbam' For example: AtlfliJl\l kh5:lk 'enclosure, pen, sty; stable, cowbam' + chaa 'elephant' Atlfl~~LLfli~ti kh5::>k 'enclosure, pen, sty; stable, cowbam' +sa krere wan ' - '
A few noun morphemes designate 5.2.4 Constructed objects or occupations in which are included the gathering places. Common noun terms A~fl /khrok 'mortar'/, LGllii§ morphemes that refer to constructed /taw 'stove' - ?it 'brick'/, LGlllju /taw objects or gathering places or to both 'stove'- puun 'lime'/. occur in 291 village names which begin with one of following noun morphemes: 1. 6'1~16'1 /tah\at/ 'market' For example: Gl~l(;lt~l.i tah\at 'market' + may 'new' Gl~16'1~1l~um tah\at 'market' + s i pra can ' - ' 42
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2. ihll'n Is m ml.k/ 'lodging place; residence' For example: ~1umilu s m ml.k 'lodging place; residence'+ yen 'cold' ~11l'nR~il s m ml.k 'lodging place; residence'+ kh6:> 'a species of tree' 3. Fl1~ Is an/ 'small shrine in the form of a house, intended as a residence for a spirit' For example: A1~l~1~1 s an 'small shrine in the form of a house, intended as a residence for a spirit' +caw 'god'+ 1w 'Chinese opera' 4. A1~1 /s a laa/ 'pavilion, hall' For example: A1~1ll1 s a laa 'pavilion, hall' + yaa 'medicine' A1~1vi1Vlnll s a laa 'pavilion, hall' + thaa 'pier, landing' + saay 'sand' 5. '\')'13 /roo I 'building, structure (normally not used alone except as a classifier)' For example: ''\')"~" roo 'building, structure (normally not used alone except as a classifier)' + kU 'shrimp' h'13)qu roo 'building, structure (normally not used alone except as a classifier)' + fiin 'firewood' 6. ~ll /thap/ 'dwelling place' For example: ~ll~~, thlip 'dwelling place' + si laa 'rock (Pali)' ~ll"lf'13 thlip 'dwelling place' +su 'timber' 7. ~U1lJ /san n am/ 'lawn, yard' For example: ~U1lJUii san n am 'lawn, yard' + yrere 'ground lizard, Liolepis belliana' 8. ~ l?uul 'place where something is harbored, cradled, stored' For example: ?uu 'place where something is harbored, cradled, stored' + ta phaw 'Chinese junk' ?uu 'place where something is harbored, cradled, stored' + yaa 'medicine' 9. URlJ /ni khorn/ 'settlement' For example: URlJ~~nmi: ni khom 'settlement' +sa ha k:>:>n 'co-op' 10. 1Gl /watt 'temple' For example: 1Gl'l\'l') wat 'temple' +say 'banyan tree' 1Glll1'13t~t'\i wat 'temple'+ baa 'waterway'+ yay 'big, large' 11. li ll'l3 /wia I '(archaic, dialect) city, town' For example: lili'13Rilll~1'13 wta '(archaic, dialect) city, town' + kh:>:>y 'wait' + kaa 'under' lili'I3Rilli1JU wia '(archaic, dialect) city, town'+ kh:>:>y 'wait' +bon 'on'
Finally, the study discovered just a 5.2.5 Numbers. Village few other morphemes with one or names in this sub-category begin with two occurrences in place names. cardinal numbers, such as ~il" /s'J'5 'two'/, ~1lJ /s am 'three'/, d /sii 43
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'four'/, and are followed by 5.2.7 Other ethnic languages. classifiers. The village names in this The village names, especially those in sub-category have exactly the same Kanchanaburi province, are either of construction as those of the numeral Karen or Mon origin. 10 Many Karen noun phrase in Thai with i ilu /baan and Mon people have come from 'a village'/ as a head word followed Myanmar and settled in by numbers and classifiers, for Kanchanaburi since the final period example, iil uu'h l\~" /baan 'a village' of the Ayudhaya reign (around 1584 - kaaw 'nine' - lalJ 'classifier for AD.) and the beginning period of the house'/, il1U~ tl v~
5 'two' - h:5lJ 'room'/, il1U~LLll n AD.). Nowadays, most of them are /baan 'a village' - sii 'four' - yrerek Thai citizens but the village names 'intersection'/, ii 1u~t1v~U 'two' -ph1i n1::> permanent than the people who lived 'cousins, relatives'/. There are also there. A lot of people who live in the village names with numbers that have village close to town at present may the construction of baan 'a village' - be descendants of the Karen or the classifier - number, e.g., ii1Ul\~ni)!t1v Mon, but a few of them are not. /baan 'a village' - llik 'pole, pillar' - Those who live in the remote areas s-:>5 'two'I , ii 1U L i)! 1 {~1 /baan 'a are mostly of mixed ancestry whose village' - s w 'Saturn' - haa 'five'/, forbears migrated long ago, but some ii 1 un'l~ LL tl6l /baan 'a village' - kilo are people who migrated relatively 'kilometer' - p ret 'eight'/. recently (around 1948 AD.). Examples of Mon and Karen Village 5.2.6 Persons. A good names are: 1vn:: /walJ ' a deep pool (in number of the village names in the a large body of water)' - ka 'fish (a eight provinces include what may be Mon word meaning fish')/, 'li ka ria 'a Mon word meaning the the name may refer to a former side or that side'/, 'l~'li !lay woo 'a owner, a person who used to live Karen word meaning 'red cliff/, there, a person first situated there, or ~Lthiwav /sa nee ph::> a Karen word a representative from the central meaning landing or pier for bamboo administration. The name is usually rafts/ (See Appendix II). preceded by a generic noun morpheme, such as: m /taa 'grand• 5.2.8 Other ethnic groups. father'/, 010 /yaay 'grand-mother'/, The village names can also tell us U1v /naatJ 'title placed before the first something about the ethnic groups name of a married woman, Mrs. + who live there and, of course, their Proper name'/, m1 /mrere 'mother'/, cultural heritage. The names in this e.g., 6l1t'l sub-category are Thai names for other 11 'proper name'/, 01liLL'I'N /yaay 'grand• ethnic groups, while those in 5.2.7 mother' - phrere 'proper name'/, U1v tn~ /naa 'Mrs.' -buat 'proper 10 See Sujaritlak Deepadung (2001) on name'/, LLl.h..l~::~u&l /mrere 'mother' - village names in Kanchanaburi Province, pracan 'proper name'/, ~1v11v /caa - paper presented at the SEALS XI waa 'chief of attendants'/, 2JULi)!U Conference. lkh n 'title for the lowest rank of 11 The morphem 01" (yaa ) in Thai has conferred nobility' -s on 'proper two meanings 1) a kind of plant and 2) the name'/. Thai word fo r Karen people. In this study, the village names with 'yaa ' are 44 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region ofThailand above are village names in ethnic Noun locatives can occur before languages. Names in this sub• another generic noun in village category are: U'llfl /kh rek 'an names: G\u /ton 'classifiers for trees; Indian'/, ~lTf\1 /raaman 'a Mon'/, trunk, stalk; beginning, source'/, ~::i1 /la waa 'a lawa'/, '1i11mua tl~ltJ /plaay 'end, tip' I, YiltJ /thaay /chaaw 'inhabitant of, dweller in' - 'rear, end'/, ~u /rim 'edge, edging n-a 'north'/, n::Lt.-~~£h1"ltli.J /ka ria 'a rim'/, ~" /fa. 'shore, bank'/, 'llltJ Karen' - proo 'clear'/, uhn::m~u" /chaay 'edge, border'/, 'llillJ lkh:hp /kaw 'old'- ka ria 'a Karen'/. 'edge, rim'/, ;]1-.1 /khaa 'side'/, thu /faay 'side'/, vhn /raak 'side; shore, 5.3 Locatives or Directional Features. bank'/. Two sulr<:ategories are in this dimensions:
5.3.1 Noun locatives. Noun Examples are: tlelltJA~EI.J /plaay 'end, locatives are words that normally are tip'- khbo 'canal' I, V\1 mn1:: /thaay nouns. Body ·part terms are extended 'rear, end' - ko? 'island'/, ~lJA~EI.J to denote the shape and locations of /rim 'edge, edging rim' - khbo villages in relation to various 'canal'/, ~.Jlm::uu I ra 'shore, bank' geographical features or gathering - b? 'island' -bon ' upper'/, 'llltJ'VI::lel places. This is a metaphorical "(~"~" /chaay 'edge, border' - tha lee extension of the body-part terms to 'sea'- roo kG 'building+ shrimp'/, spatial relational uses, which is a 'llEilJ~lGl /kh:hp 'edge, rim' - laat common practice for village names of 'slant, slope'/, iil.JlGl /khaa 'side' - the eight provinces studied here. For wat 'temple'/, thuvh /faay 'side' - example: tl1n /paak 'mouth'/, Viav thaa 'port; pier'/, vJ1nt-~ua.J /raak /tMoiJ 'stomach'/, t.-~ih /naa 'face'/, 'side; shore, bank' - n:b 'swamp, "lt.-~~ /lay 'shoulder'/, AEI /kh:x> lagoon, large pool'/. 'neck'/, t-~~v /1 'back'/, ~1 lh a 'head'/, Ciu /tiin 'foot'/, as in: tl1n Directional nouns, such as mila /n-a A~Eivl'lll~u /paak 'mouth'- khbo 'north'/, tG\ /tay 'south'/, Gl::1uaan /ta 'canal'- kh w 'mountain'- din 'soil'/, wan ?:hk 'east'/, and 61::1UGlfl /ta wan Viav!o'jv /tMo 'stomach' - khu 'bend tok 'west'/, can also precede or of a water course'/, t-~th1Gl /naa follow the other noun morphemes in 'face'- wat 'temple'/, "lt.-~~til /lay village names or be a village name by 'shoulder' - naam 'water'/, AEI~l.J itself. For example: lkhoo 'neck' - raa 'rail'/, t-~~.Jl~vi\u lt-~ila1Gl /n-a 'north' - wat 'temple'/, /1 'back' - roo 'building' - hiip 1t-~limila /may 'new' - n-a 'north'/, 'press, squeeze, crush'/, ~11h lh a ihutG\ /baan 'a village' - tay 'south'/, 'head' - paa 'forest'/, Giulilu /tiin 'll~tG\ /khluu 'Pluchia indica' - tay 'foot'- n~:m 'hill'/. 'south'/, 1G\ Lt-~ila.J1t-~li I tay 'south' - mia 'mine'- may 'new'/. 5.3.2 Prepositional locatives. Locative words in this case are classified as plants. If there is a field prepositions. In village names that research for further study in these area of include prepositional locatives the Prachuap Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and morpheme ihu /baan 'a village'/ is Ratchaburi, special emphasis should be on the origin of the morpheme 'yaa ' in followed by a preposition as in ihu village names of the three mentioned uan /baan 'a village' n5ok provinces. 'outside'/, ihutu /baan 'a village' - nay 'in, inside'/, iilUflell.J /baan 'a 45
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities 6.2. 2003 village' - · klaa 'in the middle'/. indicate the size, age, or some These prepositional locatives may indicate other states, such as depth, also follow or precede other beauty, etc. Examples are ii1uhui geographical terms or gathering /baan 'a village' -may 'new'/, ii1uiiv places, such as t.Ultl\J~::L6111JU /n5'J hn.i /baan 'a village' - biiJ 'swamp' - 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'- sa daw may 'new'/, ii1uuh I baan 'a village' 'Neem tree, Azadirachta indica'- bon - kaw 'old'/, 'Huh /ray 'field' - kaw 'upper'/, 61~161~1\1 /tah\at 'market' - 'old'/, vjvhuy /thu 'field' - yay laa 'lower'/, iivutln fbi 'large 'big'/, tX1ihiim.J lh a 'head' - paa swamp' - n:hk 'outside'/, tu~ /nay 'forest' - n::by 'little'/, tX1ihL~fl lh a 'in, inside' - khuu 'ditch'/, 1JU61tlU 'head' - paa 'forest'- lek 'small'/. /bon 'upper' - d'J'Jn 'highland'/. As one can see, most of the village 5.4 'Auspicious Features'. As mentioned names follow the basic noun phrase earlier, Pali and Sanskrit are the construction in Thai, i.e., with the languages of Buddhism and religious head noun followed by the qualifier. ceremonies. They are regarded by the However, there are some village Thai people as the languages names in which the qualifier precedes symbolizing good luck, prosperity the noun. In Nakhon Pathom and progress. Most of the newly province, the two frequently used coined village names are in either morphemes are hn.i /may 'new'/, LGiu Pali or Sanskrit. Some of the old /den 'dominant'/, as in: hn.i"l"Vi~~ I names may be changed from the may 'new' - phoo 'Bo tree' - s i original Thai names to either Pali or 'splendor, excellence, glory'/, hui Sanskrit. There are village names of ~Utl\J~n /may 'new' - n:b 'swamp, this sub-category in every province, lagoon' cik 'Indian Oak, for example: ~1 ll'AAfi'l'llJ /saa mak Baringtonia Coccinea' /, LGlUVl'l1£1 /den khii 'unify, harmony' tham 'dominant' - saay 'sand'/, LGlUlJ::'111lJ 'dharma, Buddhist teaching'/, ~i1\J /den 'dominant'- rna kh am 'tamarind'/. tl1'llJnl /sa waa 'light' - ?aa rom This fronted construction, the 'mood, emotion'/, ~Lilu\1 Is i construction with fronted descriptive 'splendor, excellence, glory' - mia qualifier, occurs as a basic form in 'city, town'I, ll5::'ll1ilu /pra chaa Thai when more emphasis is put on 'population' - chitn ' lively'/, ~·mm~tlJ the qualifiers. /silk 'happy' - ka seem 'merry, happy, joyous'/. There are also miscellaneous village 5.5 'Descriptive Features'. Adjectives names of unidentifiable or or adjectival verbs can occur alone as questionable origin. The meanings of village names, i.e., they modify the these names are unknown. Some generic name ii1u /baan 'a village'/, names may be from the dialectal or occur after the terms for other lexicon, some may have undergone geographical or non-geographical substantial change, and some may be features. 12 They are words that errors on the part of local officials. If further and more in-depth investigation is done in the field, all 12 These descriptive terms that occur of these miscellaneous items could be alone as the names of villages. are classified (See Appendix IID. Also, included in the unclassifiable group since several items that are already there are not many of them. classified may be classified in other 46
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region ofThailand ways. Finally, all of the categories village names for the eight provinces. above together with their frequency The first column is a list of semantic of occurrence in each province are domains from the highest frequency summarized in Table 1. of the generic noun morphemes of water, source of water, or section of Table 1 presents a frequency count of water to the lowest frequency for the semantic domains of generic those indicating opemngs or nouns used as the initial morpheme in passageways.
Table 1: Frequency count of semantic dimensions of generic nouns used as initial morphemes in village names for the eight Thai provinces13
!:::: Provinces: ...c:"' ~ 6 6 0 ·c !:::: "' ·c ..s::: :.2 0 :§ ;::l ..... ·c b£j ·c ;::l ::.c :§ ~ ·c II) ~ p... ;::l p.. 0 ;::l b£j ~ "' ...0 ...0 !:::: r./1"' r./1 .s ..s::: 0 ~ ..s::: "';::l ...... ~ Semantic domains: "'t) ..s::: "'t) ..s::: ;::l ;::l 5 :§ t) ..... (.) ..s::: ~ t) ~ ..... II) 6 6 "'0.. ..s::: "'I-< ;::l 0 '"'II) ~"' z"' p::;"' p... p... r./1"' r./1"' r./1 E-<- p... 1. Water or a source of water 372 319 J_~J 205 123 110 166 295---- 1------1,941 -----39.48 ~: Other g~~gr;-phl~~I~~~~i-=~~=--=~=~~= 122 91 1-;_89 _ _ 5?_ 32 15 10 l_Q_Q 516 10.50 3------. Elevated land areas------74 51 JQ§ 49 35 20 6 119 460 9.36 14. Plants 82 59 40 31 12 13 104 387 7.87 f..:-~------1--4§- e----- 1---- 1---- ~-Uncultivated or cultivated land 26 40 54 105 35 14 5 36 315 6.41 16.------·------1---- . Others* 35 59 23 34 33 15 55 310 6.30 ------·------·- 1-?_§_ 1------1------7. Unclassified items 37 80 34 48 18 12 11 67 307 6.25 ------·------·------!--'=------1----- 8. Locatives or directions 34 18 68 55 23 46 23 29 296 6.02 ------1------?_:_~~EStruct~ ~~j-~~-~~~J::~g_places 23 52 61 34 19 25 30 47 291 5.92 ------1------~- 10. Animals 2 5 6 3 2 3 2 11 34 0.69 ------1------31 ------31 0.63 11. Othe~- et~i.~J~l!.g_~~g~~------r----- 12. Openings or passageways 12 - 2 11 2 - - 1 28 0.57 Total 761 850 886 630 354 293 278 864 4,916 100 * That is, Numbers, Persons, Other ethnic groups, and Auspicious forms.
13 If the study includes the second morpheme of a village name, the frequency count will be different. 47
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From Table 1 we observe that the occur in the ninth ranked semantic three semantic domains with the domain with 291 names. Only 34 highest frequency belong to the village names include animal names domain of 'geographical features' . and this semantic domain is ranked That is, of the total of 4,916 village tenth. Village names from ethnic names 1,941 names have an initial languages rank number eleventh with morpheme that signifies water, a 31 villages, and all are in source of water, or a section of water; Kanchanaburi province. The twelfth 516 names signify other geographical and last ranked semantic domain areas, and 460 names signify elevated includes 28 village names with land areas. The fourth-ranked semantic morphemes signifying openings or domain belongs to the 'non• passageways. geographical features', with 387 village names in this category, the 6. Village names and spatial generic names for plants, plant names orientation. or parts of plants, to be more specific. fu Nakhon Pathom with a total of 850 Village names are closely related to villages there . are 26 village names the geographical features of the area with the .noun 'l.H I phay 'bamboo'/ as and ways of living. A few generic an initial morpheme in the names. fu nouns of water, section of water, or a Suphanburi with a total of 864 names, body of water can demonstrate the there are also 26 villages with the connection among linguistic forms, noun 'l.H /phay 'bamboo'/ and 22 village names, and the environment. villages with the noun "il'lB /phoo 'Bo The following discussion focuses on tree'/. The fifth semantic domain the four generic nouns chosen from includes generic nouns for the first seven, namely, ~H'Hh'l /khb:) uncultivated or cultivated land, and 'canal'/, mv /baa 'waterway, locality there are 315 village names in this along the waterway'/, MUehl /n3:) category. We may conclude that 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'/, and ~1u village names of the eight provinces /huay 'brook, stream, creek'/. Table 2 emphasize the salient geographical shows the number of occurrences of features of the landscape and tell us n5:) , khb:) , baa and hllay in the about the villagers' activities of the village names of the eight provinces. area.
Village . names in the sixth semantic domain include 310 names for numbers, persons, other ethnic groups, and auspicious terms. Unclassified items occupy the seventh semantic domain. As mentioned earlier, the village names included here are unidentifiable and have questionable ongms. Locatives and directional morphemes are in the eighth category with 296 village names from the total of 4~916. The village names that begin with morphemes signifying constructed objects or gathering places 48
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Table 2: Numerical distribution of terms of n5J , khbJ , baa and hu~ in eight provinces.
·c ·c s:: ;::! :.a 0 .J:J .§ •>::: ~ ro ·c ;::! :f.2 s ;::! .J:J 0.. ro ro s::ro .J:J ro ro U) ro 1l s:: ;::! ..s:: ro ..s:: 0 s0 () ..s:: () ..s:: s:: ;::! -~;::! 00 () ..s:: u ro - ~ s:: ..... 0.. Cl.) :f.a..s:: s s:: ..... ro e<:l ;::! ..s::- ro - c<:S..s:: sro ro o 0 ::.::: ~ U) p.. z~ ~::.::: Cl) Cl) Cl) E--< n5J 178 147 139 103 87 74 15 2 743 khbJ - 52 17 9 110 6 58 100 357 baa - 23 30 20 57 3 21 55 209 huay 30 39 15 15 23 17 - - 134
From Table 2 the four morphemes are Suphanburi, and none in ordered from the highest number of Kanchanaburi. The physical locations occurrences to the lowest. All four of villages that begin with the generic morphemes occur in the provinces of nouns khb~ and baa conform with Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, the main characteristics of the central Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, alluvial flatland area. According to and Suphanburi. Three morphemes, Ratchabandittayasathan (1982: 169, khb~ , baa and n:hn, occur in 467), both khb~IJ and baaiJ have Samut Songkhram and Samut some connections with rivers or seas. Sakhon, but only two, n:5JI) and May, occur in Kanchanaburi. Maps 5 and 6 illustrate the distribution of villages beginning Map 1 shows how the eight provinces with the generic nouns huay and are physically located next to one n:5JI). There are no villages with the another in the western region of generic noun huay in Samut Sakhon Thailand.14 Map 2 shows the main and Samut Songkhram. This is no waterways (/), the ones with water surprise since the definition of hday all year round (f) and those with no is that it flows from the mountains water during the dry season (/) (Ratchabandittayasathan, 1982:847), spread all over the region, especially and physically there are no hills or in Nakhon Pathorn, Samut Sakhon, mountains in Samut Sakhon and Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Samut Songkhram. Except for the Phetchaburi. In Maps 3 and 4, we see two provinces already mentioned, we the distribution of villages beginning see villages beginning with the with the generic nouns khbJ and generic nouns huay and n5JI) are · baa concentrated in the area of scattered all over the region. It can be Nakhon Pathom, Samut Sakhon, and pointed out here is that n:5JI) has the Samut Songkhram, but sparsely highest frequency of occurrence among distributed m some areas of the four generic nouns. Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and Ratchabandittayasathan (1982:831) defmes this word with just a 14 Thanks to the Ethnolinguistic Map synonym. This generic noun seems to Project, Mahidol University and Mr. signify neither a particular source, Isra Choosri for the six maps. section, or outlet of water, nor a
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In terms of linguistic structure, the village names in the eight provinces I would like to thank audiences of the of Thailand reflect very well the basic 11th Southeast Asian Linguistic characteristics of the Thai language: Conference (SEALS 11) and of the 8th the monosyllabic structure, the rich International Conference on Thai compounding, word order with the studies, especially Acharn Amara head noun followed by modifiers. On Prasithrathasint, for their suggestions. the basis of analysis using 'semantic
References
Boas, Franz. 1964. "On geographical Pranee Kullavanijja. 1992. Village names names of the Kwakiutl Indians" In in Quangxi Province and the Hymes 1964: 1964-1971-76 (and Northeastern Part of Thailand. 'Reference Notes' 17 6-81). Bangkok Chulalongkom University Department of local Administration. Press. (In Thai) 1992. Tham-niap Thongthii Royal Institute, The. 1982. 2535BC. Ministry of Interior. Potchananukrom chabap Gainey, Jerry W. 2527. Toponyms in Ratchabandittayasathaan 1982. / 51 Eastern and Southeastern edition. Bangkok: Thailand: a Preliminary study of Aksoncharoenthat. village names m chonburi, Sujaritlak Deepadung. 1999. The Mons: Rayong, Chantaburi and Trat. Social, Cultural, Continuity and l"'lMI{LLl1>ltnlfl 4.1-35. Change during the 200 years of Haas, Mary. 1964. Thai-English Rattanakosin. Bangkok : Duantula Students' Dictionary. Stanford: Publishing. (In Thai) Stanford University Press. __. 2001. "The nature of Thai village Hymes, Dell. 1964. Language in Culture names: a case study of and Society: A Reader in Kanchanaburi Province" Paper linguistics and anthropology. New presented at the 11th Southeast York: Harper and Row. Asian Linguistic Conference (SEALS 11 ). Bangkok, Thailand
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Appendix I
Keys to Code Letters and Numbers: Abbreviations for provinces /ot-lWl&l - CaiJ - wat/: fl";~ : fll{\j';ll.ll(i" (Kanchanaburi) U§ :UI'I'$":t.l§lJ (Nakhon Pathom) '$"ll:'$"11flj~· (Ratchaburi) ~u : w~1fnj~· (Phetchaburi) U";~ : :t.l')"~';l1llA"i-1i'ufi (Prachaub Khiri Khan) ~~=~l!Vl'$"~11'1'$" (Samut Sakhon) ~"' = ~l!Vl')"~""''$"llJ (Samut Songkhram) ~~ = ~~'$"')"ru~"t(Suphanburi) Thai alphabets for districts I iilLfla -?am - ph:}:}/ For example, there arell districts in Kanchanaburi province: n: Muang district ofKanchanaburi '11 : Thamaka 1'1 : Thamuang -l: Bo ploy ~: Pha nom thuan il: Sai yok 1!: Thong pha phum 'li: Sangkhla buri OJ: Lau khwan {\!: Sii sawat {1: Dan makham tia
Numbers for sub-district / Gi1u~ - tam- bon/ For example, there are 11 sub-substricts m Muang district of Kanchanaburi province: 1 : Gilll~\-\Utl-lU1 1 tam bon-n~HJ bua 1 2 : Gi lll~Ltn~~lh-l 1 tam bon-b sam rooiJ 1 3 : Gilll~\-\'lltl-l\-\rYl 1 tam bon-n5IJ yaa 1 4 : Gilll~lhmL~')"fl 1 tam bon-paak phnirek 1 5 : Gi1u~ihuui1 1 tam bon-baan kaw 1 6 : Gi l ll~i'"{ij" 1 tam bon-waiJ doiJ 1 7 : Gi1u~villJ~'llllJ 1 tam bon-thaa rna khaam 1 8 : Gi1u~~l&l\-\rij1 1 tam bon-laat yaa 1 9 : Gilll~21Cl-l~~ L &ll 1 tam bon-ch3l) sa daw 1 10 : Gilll~1-lL~u 1 tam bon-WaiJ yen 1 11 : Gill.l~LLfi-lL~tJu 1 tam bon-k&reiJ sian 1 Finally, the name of the village /1-\ljihu- muu- baan/ is put on the card: For example, there are 8 villages in Nong bua sub-district of Muang district ofKanchaburi province: ihuihu\-\atJnlu 1 baan-huay-h~5y-kaap 1 iil'll\-\l.ICl-lU1 1 baan-n5l)-bua 1 iilU\-\'lltl-lU1 1 baan-n5l)-bua 1 ii1uVi~'$"~ ' baan-phu?-phra 1 iill.IViL~uu ' baan-phu?-liap , iiluihul-lLiia 1 baan-paa-naalJ-Y~ 1 51
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ihuvp.J 'i::Gj 1 baan-phU?-pra-duu 1 UlUGI~\l~~GI\l 1 baan -ta li' g-drereiJ 1 Sample cards fl':l- fl -1
This card stands for the village name iilU~1tJ t.Hltlfll1J I baan-huay -h~5y kaap /, Nong Bua sub-district, Muang district of Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi provmce. fl':l - fl- 1
This card stands for the village name iilul'!th::Gj 1 baan-phu?-pra-duu 1, Nong bua sub-district, Muang district of Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi provmce.
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Appendix II
List of village names from other ethnic languages in Kanchanaburi province (their origins and meanings need further study). For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word ihu I baan 'village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. Si sawat District 1 ml £hl n -s:m111:: m?>IJ kra thre 2 thl\-1~ ?oiJ tu 3 ihl~GI lOlJ lf t Lau khwan District 4 u::~\ln1 ba laiJ kaa Sangkhla buri District 5 inn:: ni the 6 1"\ln:: waiJ ka 7 L'5tJFll~ wia khaa dil 8 'lfil \l n1L1 tJ s:>IJ kaa ria 9 ~ \l th coiJ ?ua 10 unhivi tl\l sa nee ph3IJ 11 n tl\lll tl\l111:: b:>IJ m3IJ tha 12 Lnl::~::L~\l b sa d~IJ 13 t~'ii lay wo 14 Vl'l~ill thi lay paa 15 ~::un ca krere Thong pha phum District 16 tlt'\lnl~ praiJ kaa sii 17 ~~tl\l ?uu l3IJ 18 'imitl\l boo ?~IJ 19 il~tln pi lSk 20 il~tlnel pi lSk khil 21 UllJt)tl naam kuy 22 t)tJU\-1£1 kuy yrere 23 'L-1ll il \ln::~l m5:>IJ ka laa 24 ~uriu lfn thin 25 fltlll\1 kuy maiJ 26 Ln~\ln-s::L'5tJ kr~IJ kra wia 27 '171Yi Ltl thi phu yee 28 Fl~&{ klitil Sai yok District 29 ilil\l&{UiltJ b3IJ til n:>Sy 30 il tl\l&{ b3IJ til 31 iltl\l~~l\l b3IJ til laaiJ
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Appendix III
Village names of unclassifiable or unidentifiable or questionable (the numbers of names listed below is not equal to the total count of unclassified names in Table 1 because some of them are used more than once) 1. Unclassifiable group includes those names that the meanings are known but they cannot be put together with the other categories or that the meaning of each word is known but the whole meaning makes no sense in Thai. For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word iilu /b~mn 'village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. 1.1 Kanchanaburi province: "1lJ gaam 'beautiful' lGiU den 'dominant' lfh kaw 'old' hn.i may 'new' 61~iu ta wan 'sun' A~ill'IUU khr::>::> 'a species of tree' + pha nan 'gamble, bet' lh'lGi" hila 'head' + toog 'extreme' lX1~" hila 'head' +rag 'nest' 61~"161 ta lui) 'shadow play; stake for tethering elephant' + tay south' 61~"l\-\Uil ta lui) 'shadow play; stake for tethering elephant' + nia 'north' ~uvt-1'~161 can 'moon' + laat 'tilt, slope' th3::> 'pipe, tube'+ kh3::>k 'pen, shed'+ wua 'cow' prOOIJ 'clean' GiuGin tiin 'foot, base' + tok 'fall' 'li1£J13tl chaay 'rim, border; base; blow softly' + thuup 'joss-stick' nil"l~11Jil(\J b::>IJ 'pile up, stack up' + sau 'post, pillar' + m::>::>n 'Mon' l~1\-\"cf sau 'post, pillar' + hoiJ 'swan' l15~-:i1"lil pra cam 'usually; permanent; regular'+ maay 'wood' plaay 'tip' +din s5::> 'pencil' s3::>g 'brothel; den, lair' khQo mat 'a name of one of the provinces in the north-eastern part of Thailand' lX1M161 hila 'head'+ kruat ' gravel' l~1'11l(\J lau '- ' + khwan 'morale; guardian spirit; crown of the head' tl1 noffGI\-\Uil"lh paak 'mouth'+ sat'-' + n5::>IJ 'mush, pool, swamp' + bua lotus' thap 'army'+ phra yaa 'a title of the Thai Royal Court in the older days' 1.2 Nakhon Pathom province: ~Vl\.-\~1" thap 'army' + liiaiJ 'royal' ~Vl£J1£Jii11 thap 'army' + yaay 'grand-mother' + thaaw 'a proper name' ~lJ£J1£Jl~il" thap 'house' + yaay 'grand-mother' + riaiJ 'a proper name' OUU'11161 tha non 'road' + khaat 'torn' G11nltG161 taak 'expose, dry in the sun' + dreret 'sun-light' \-\~nl1JGI5 lak 'pole' + meet 'metre' l-41" haaiJ 'far' iuA~ wan 'day' + khruu 'teacher' \-\ilFlilD h5::> 'tower' + kh::>::>y ' wait' 54
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fl tl\l b::>IJ 'heap, pile, stack' rilUVNlU~U kam phrereiJ 'wall' +siren 'one hundred thousand' ~lttsilJ ?uu 'garage; dock, shipyard'+ lorn 'mire, bog' ~lUfiA~a sam nak 'dwelling; place; office'+ kh6::> 'a species of tree'
U\-\~U\-\1£1 lreren 'javelin' + haay 'lose' l't~lU£1\l UGl fl pha niaiJ 'a large water pot' + trerek 'broken' fl\l~lGl koiJ 'wheel'+ laat 'tilt, slope' UfllJ ni khom 'settlement' 1Jij phuum 'earth' ~lllfll~ cap 'catch; hold' + k?> 'island; stick to' riu1n~u1 pm 'hair pin' + kliaw 'ply; spiral' l'tlGllt\lJtl\J phaat 'lean against' + m"5::>n 'pillow; sleeper' 'ltH-tvtru lJ prooiJ 'airy, bright and clear' + phrom 'God Brahma' 1.3 Ratchaburi province: tlttll may 'new' kaw 'old' drereiJ 'red' mfiaiJ 'purple, violet; mango' khaa 'get stuck; unsettled; shackles; imperata cylindrica' phleeiJ 'song' chrere ' dip, soak; dawdle; put off + hay 'earthen jar, jug' krerem 'cheek' +?on 'bamboo rat' Gll flllGl Gl taak 'expose, dry in the sun; dry in the air' + dreret 'sun-light' lfiuk 'child' + khwaaiJ 'hinder, obstruct ; stop, resist; perverse' thaa 'bet; challenge' + laay 'stripe; design; trick' cat san ' distribute; allot' fiak 'choose' sau 'post, pillar' + thOIJ 'flag' hiia 'head' + krUat 'gravel, rubble' s3::>y 'necklace' +faa 'sky' iflJlJl'nlJ sam maa raam '- (Pali)' 'ln~uu.1nuni ko sin naa raay '- (Pali)' 1.4 Phetchaburi province: tlttll may 'new' 111-t mfiaiJ 'purple, violet; mango' Al kham 'word; gold' fl')1 [J kruay 'funnel; cone' ~uih-t l''in 'tongue' + chaaiJ 'elephant' ..J ,.:; l't l~[J\l phil 'elder brother or sister' + liaiJ 'raise' lhfiJllJ paak 'mouth'+ IJaam 'fork, prong' OlJ thorn 'fill, cover; much, many; inscribe with sacred letters' ll'l~£1\l pbriaiJ 'shipworm, barnacles; do something in unison, as in phrS::>m pbriaiJ ' vt~lUU pha n::l::ln 'large hammer; piled up as in pha n::l::ln th:):)n thf k ' ~lW'-t lam phaiJ 'only; alone' 'lrhilu lay b1a 'find out; investigate' phet cha buun 'a name of one of the provinces in the northern part of Thailand' 55
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rna nii 'jewel, gem (Pali)' + fian 'postpone' 1.5 Prachuap Khiri Khan province: tl-ui may 'new' khan 'separate, divide' + kra day 'ladder' Vll\lc:fl[J thaaiJ 'way'+ saay 'line, route' i\liit~u WliJ 'run' + n:J6y 'small, little' Samut Sakhon province: kam phraa 'orphan' may 'new' um threrew 'row'
~lJVlil6l mi:iu 'pig' + th3:Jt 'deep-fly' t.-iu~\lm: ~ hun 'image; model; figure'+ saiJ ka sii 'zinc' n~::hllVltl\l kra coom ' pavilion; tent' + th:J:JIJ 'gold' ~U6111J san daap 'combustion, lreren 'javelin' + haay 'lose' 1.7 Samut Songkhram province: n~::ut~n kra b:J2>k 'a section of thick bamboo; cylinder; Theretia neriifolia' ~TVI'l\[J hiia 'head' + saay 'sand' ~1nau hila 'head' + klap 'return; tum around; reverse' 56
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lhflU~fl paak 'mouth'+ srerek 'barn owl: dividing way; bright' 11111 khaam 'fear, dread; respect' 111ll1Gl khaam 'fear, dread; respect' + tay 'south' Mtililu koiJ 'wheel; rib materials of a boat; bow of fluffing cotton' + kam pan 'sailing ship' ft il'll::u n ch1i 'name' + cha nok 'father (Pali)' ~hl'1VIil" sii 'colour'+ bua 'lotus'+ th~~IJ 'gold' Fll'l Ll'l ~\l sop 'corpse' + ph~~lJ 'fire' ~lJl.h phap 'fold; roll (classifier)'+ naam 'water' ""l'l~w1\l thap 'army' + luaiJ 'royal' ""l'lGl1LL'VIU thap 'army' + taa 'grand-father' + threren 'a proper name' ""l'l U1 UGl11J thap 'army'+ yaay ' grand-mother'+ daap 'a proper name'
2. Unidentifiable or questionable group includes those names that their meanings or parts of their meaning are unknown. For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word UTU I baan ' village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. 2.1 Kanchanaburi province: ~llGI~il mot 'use up, run out' + s5~ ' - ' ~t!u sa nun ' -, Gl1U~1L~\l taan 'keep off; resist' +sam rooiJ ' - ' hiia 'head' + phog ' - ' kra phr~Sy ' - ' + s5~IJ 'two' + khaam 'cross; pass over' 'ii1ll Lii(\jl'l1GI ben ya phaat ' - ' 'ln•ihu koo ' - , + saay 'left' Ltl~\lfi'VIfi1 preeg ' - ' + phut thaa ' - ' 2.2 Nakhon Pathom province: ri-JLfliSU1 pliJ ' - ' + kliaw 'ply; spiral' 'lmhun koo ' - ' + sam nak 'dwelling; place; office' n~::CiLCiU1 kra dii ' - '+ diaw 'single, sole; same, identical' ~16\~~::un raat 'sprinkle, pour' +sa 'pond' + krere ' - ' 'VI~\lAUil\l SOIJ kha m~IJ ' - ' ~lltl'V11U sam pa thuan ' - ' 1\ll'l1'VI WOIJ phaat ' - ' ~a1U1-Jl'l1'VI laay 'many, a lot' + wog phaat' - ' n~::~u kra tiip ' - ' n~::~ilil kra dii 'b~ ' - ' 2.3 Ratchaburi province: tX1~::tJu hiia 'head' +sa nun ' - ' Auilu khii b~~n ' - ' cee tiia' - ' sam p~~ koiJ ' - ' 2.4 Phetchaburi province: ~::~1cy ra haan ' - ' ~::mruilu ra haan ' - ' + n5?Y 'small, little'
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~~\-\1~t\-\f\i ra haan' - '+ yay 'big, large' f\~~~1 kra ciw ' -' -.:j~"il.h" ca prooiJ ' - ' Gl1\-\'i tamru ' -' Gl1\-\'itU tam ru ' - ' + nay ' in'
tl~lJ khlup , - • tl~1[1~1ll~~1 plaay 'end; top, tip'+ sam rna laa' - '
U~lJ'lJ1[J sa mrere 'Aegiceras corniculatum; a small edible sea crab'+ chaay'
vjlJtl1 lJ thum khaam ' - ' ~UPI~lfl1 han ta phau ' - ' Om~nu plk tian ' - ' naGl\-\~ 1" klat luaiJ ' - ' t~6hu say daan ' - '
Ail ~~il illl kh:>:> 'neck' + la ?:>:>m ' - ' ~1 ~ll-1Gl sa ta het' - ' ~1u~"'i~" sam rna rooiJ ' - ' tiu~~ thin pu raa ' - ' ~1f" hua 'head' + raiJ ' - ' ~1ll~~1 sam rna laa ' - ' l~[J phia ' -' m.h.h~~uGi mrere 'mother, female, woman'+ pra can ' -, lU.IU~~~UGl ~1" mrere 'mother, female, woman' + pra can ' - ' + laaiJ 'lower' mhflil mrere 'mother, female, woman'+ bia' -' Ul.iA~llJ[J mrere ' mother, female, woman' + kha mdy' -' 2.5 Prachuap Khiri Khan province: 'i~"'1'S ra haan ' - ' 1~£J wa lay ' - ' L'iiGln1 khet kaa ' - ' ~~cHhl la b:>IJ ' - ' 'Li:ahv cha muaiJ ' - ' lJ'iCit11J m:>:> ra suap ' - , Gl1"'1 tam ru '-' 1~L1R£Jv wan priaiJ ' - ' fl£Jl.f~ kuy ' - ' + buri 'city' fi11J~Lc:tU kam rna seen ' - ' 1Rm1£l£J prii ' - ' + n:>Sy 'small, little' 2.6 Samut Sakhon province: "'in~nn~ntu krok kraak ' - ' + nay ' in' f\~::-ll1t111 kra saa' - , + khaaw 'white' n"~~" koiJ s iilo~ ' - ' 'li1fl"~ saa koiJ sii ' - ' 2.7 Samut Songkhram province: ~~ chuu ch.il ' - ' u~~ m:>:> ra dii ' - ' 2.8 Suphanburi province : ~1n~::1l" hua 'head' + kra baiJ ' - ' 58
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand nu1" kon 'bottom; base'+ wfu]' - ' -fli11 U'WHIGI riw 'mark; streak; stripe; line' + huay phr3:>t' - ,
-.:i~~~1" phuun ' - ' + liiaiJ 'royal' ~1JU su mon ' -' Gl::l~uA ta ph::>n khi1 ' - ' 'Vltl,'1l1~lh" th:>:>IJ 'gold'+ khaa yaaiJ ' - ' 1hmnauu paak 'mouth' + klian ' - ' Ruu"in kh:>:>n koo ' - ' (;l::~h takhaa'-' riw 'mark streak stripe· line' + krUut' - , 'hn!GI ' ' ' . '\AtlGil~GI sook taa cfit ' - , tl'5"::LlU1 kra siaw'-' tl11J::litU'5" kam rna chian ' - ' "11tl cha wahl<: ' - ' '11::'\uu cha ?ooy'-' ~tl"(;ltl" b:> IJ t:>:> IJ ' - , "i'Ll" chooiJ ' -' 'i-ii" khooiJ' - ' ~hlfh ca raa' - , + kau 'old' ~~1tmi ca dta ( - , + may 'new' n'5"::~u kra can'-' ....,, thiiJ ' - , ~1'5"'5"£U.GI::'t~ su wan 'gold (Pali)' + ta lay ' - ' \'illU tham nee'-' Gl::~uihu~rl ta lum 'footed tray' + baan 'village' + mfi ' - ' Rtu\1 khon thii ' - (Pali)' !'lGI59
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Satnut Sakhon
Samut Songkhram
Prachuap Khiri Khan
() 0
Map 1: The eight provinces in the western region
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N Major river N Perennial stream /\./Intermittent stream
Map 2: Geographical map of the eight provinces (the density of water ways in the region)
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Map 3.· Occurrences o f the. genenc. no un khb::>l.)
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baag 1Dot=1
Map 4: Occurrences of the generic noun baaiJ
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htlay 1 Dot = 1
Map 5: Occurrences of the generic noun huay
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1 Dot 1
Map 6: Occurrences of the generic n~5IJ
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Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region ofThailand above are village names in ethnic Noun locatives can occur before languages. Names in this sub• another generic noun in village category are: U'llfl /kh rek 'an names: G\u /ton 'classifiers for trees; Indian'/, ~lTf\1 /raaman 'a Mon'/, trunk, stalk; beginning, source'/, ~::i1 /la waa 'a lawa'/, '1i11mua tl~ltJ /plaay 'end, tip' I, YiltJ /thaay /chaaw 'inhabitant of, dweller in' - 'rear, end'/, ~u /rim 'edge, edging n-a 'north'/, n::Lt.-~~£h1"ltli.J /ka ria 'a rim'/, ~" /fa. 'shore, bank'/, 'llltJ Karen' - proo 'clear'/, uhn::m~u" /chaay 'edge, border'/, 'llillJ lkh:hp /kaw 'old'- ka ria 'a Karen'/. 'edge, rim'/, ;]1-.1 /khaa 'side'/, thu /faay 'side'/, vhn /raak 'side; shore, 5.3 Locatives or Directional Features. bank'/. Two sulr<:ategories are in this dimensions:
5.3.1 Noun locatives. Noun Examples are: tlelltJA~EI.J /plaay 'end, locatives are words that normally are tip'- khbo 'canal' I, V\1 mn1:: /thaay nouns. Body ·part terms are extended 'rear, end' - ko? 'island'/, ~lJA~EI.J to denote the shape and locations of /rim 'edge, edging rim' - khbo villages in relation to various 'canal'/, ~.Jlm::uu I ra 'shore, bank' geographical features or gathering - b? 'island' -bon ' upper'/, 'llltJ'VI::lel places. This is a metaphorical "(~"~" /chaay 'edge, border' - tha lee extension of the body-part terms to 'sea'- roo kG 'building+ shrimp'/, spatial relational uses, which is a 'llEilJ~lGl /kh:hp 'edge, rim' - laat common practice for village names of 'slant, slope'/, iil.JlGl /khaa 'side' - the eight provinces studied here. For wat 'temple'/, thuvh /faay 'side' - example: tl1n /paak 'mouth'/, Viav thaa 'port; pier'/, vJ1nt-~ua.J /raak /tMoiJ 'stomach'/, t.-~ih /naa 'face'/, 'side; shore, bank' - n:b 'swamp, "lt.-~~ /lay 'shoulder'/, AEI /kh:x> lagoon, large pool'/. 'neck'/, t-~~v /1 'back'/, ~1 lh a 'head'/, Ciu /tiin 'foot'/, as in: tl1n Directional nouns, such as mila /n-a A~Eivl'lll~u /paak 'mouth'- khbo 'north'/, tG\ /tay 'south'/, Gl::1uaan /ta 'canal'- kh w 'mountain'- din 'soil'/, wan ?:hk 'east'/, and 61::1UGlfl /ta wan Viav!o'jv /tMo 'stomach' - khu 'bend tok 'west'/, can also precede or of a water course'/, t-~th1Gl /naa follow the other noun morphemes in 'face'- wat 'temple'/, "lt.-~~til /lay village names or be a village name by 'shoulder' - naam 'water'/, AEI~l.J itself. For example: lkhoo 'neck' - raa 'rail'/, t-~~.Jl~vi\u lt-~ila1Gl /n-a 'north' - wat 'temple'/, /1 'back' - roo 'building' - hiip 1t-~limila /may 'new' - n-a 'north'/, 'press, squeeze, crush'/, ~11h lh a ihutG\ /baan 'a village' - tay 'south'/, 'head' - paa 'forest'/, Giulilu /tiin 'll~tG\ /khluu 'Pluchia indica' - tay 'foot'- n~:m 'hill'/. 'south'/, 1G\ Lt-~ila.J1t-~li I tay 'south' - mia 'mine'- may 'new'/. 5.3.2 Prepositional locatives. Locative words in this case are classified as plants. If there is a field prepositions. In village names that research for further study in these area of include prepositional locatives the Prachuap Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi and morpheme ihu /baan 'a village'/ is Ratchaburi, special emphasis should be on the origin of the morpheme 'yaa ' in followed by a preposition as in ihu village names of the three mentioned uan /baan 'a village' n5ok provinces. 'outside'/, ihutu /baan 'a village' - nay 'in, inside'/, iilUflell.J /baan 'a 45
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities 6.2. 2003 village' - · klaa 'in the middle'/. indicate the size, age, or some These prepositional locatives may indicate other states, such as depth, also follow or precede other beauty, etc. Examples are ii1uhui geographical terms or gathering /baan 'a village' -may 'new'/, ii1uiiv places, such as t.Ultl\J~::L6111JU /n5'J hn.i /baan 'a village' - biiJ 'swamp' - 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'- sa daw may 'new'/, ii1uuh I baan 'a village' 'Neem tree, Azadirachta indica'- bon - kaw 'old'/, 'Huh /ray 'field' - kaw 'upper'/, 61~161~1\1 /tah\at 'market' - 'old'/, vjvhuy /thu 'field' - yay laa 'lower'/, iivutln fbi 'large 'big'/, tX1ihiim.J lh a 'head' - paa swamp' - n:hk 'outside'/, tu~ /nay 'forest' - n::by 'little'/, tX1ihL~fl lh a 'in, inside' - khuu 'ditch'/, 1JU61tlU 'head' - paa 'forest'- lek 'small'/. /bon 'upper' - d'J'Jn 'highland'/. As one can see, most of the village 5.4 'Auspicious Features'. As mentioned names follow the basic noun phrase earlier, Pali and Sanskrit are the construction in Thai, i.e., with the languages of Buddhism and religious head noun followed by the qualifier. ceremonies. They are regarded by the However, there are some village Thai people as the languages names in which the qualifier precedes symbolizing good luck, prosperity the noun. In Nakhon Pathom and progress. Most of the newly province, the two frequently used coined village names are in either morphemes are hn.i /may 'new'/, LGiu Pali or Sanskrit. Some of the old /den 'dominant'/, as in: hn.i"l"Vi~~ I names may be changed from the may 'new' - phoo 'Bo tree' - s i original Thai names to either Pali or 'splendor, excellence, glory'/, hui Sanskrit. There are village names of ~Utl\J~n /may 'new' - n:b 'swamp, this sub-category in every province, lagoon' cik 'Indian Oak, for example: ~1 ll'AAfi'l'llJ /saa mak Baringtonia Coccinea' /, LGlUVl'l1£1 /den khii 'unify, harmony' tham 'dominant' - saay 'sand'/, LGlUlJ::'111lJ 'dharma, Buddhist teaching'/, ~i1\J /den 'dominant'- rna kh am 'tamarind'/. tl1'llJnl /sa waa 'light' - ?aa rom This fronted construction, the 'mood, emotion'/, ~Lilu\1 Is i construction with fronted descriptive 'splendor, excellence, glory' - mia qualifier, occurs as a basic form in 'city, town'I, ll5::'ll1ilu /pra chaa Thai when more emphasis is put on 'population' - chitn ' lively'/, ~·mm~tlJ the qualifiers. /silk 'happy' - ka seem 'merry, happy, joyous'/. There are also miscellaneous village 5.5 'Descriptive Features'. Adjectives names of unidentifiable or or adjectival verbs can occur alone as questionable origin. The meanings of village names, i.e., they modify the these names are unknown. Some generic name ii1u /baan 'a village'/, names may be from the dialectal or occur after the terms for other lexicon, some may have undergone geographical or non-geographical substantial change, and some may be features. 12 They are words that errors on the part of local officials. If further and more in-depth investigation is done in the field, all 12 These descriptive terms that occur of these miscellaneous items could be alone as the names of villages. are classified (See Appendix IID. Also, included in the unclassifiable group since several items that are already there are not many of them. classified may be classified in other 46
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region ofThailand ways. Finally, all of the categories village names for the eight provinces. above together with their frequency The first column is a list of semantic of occurrence in each province are domains from the highest frequency summarized in Table 1. of the generic noun morphemes of water, source of water, or section of Table 1 presents a frequency count of water to the lowest frequency for the semantic domains of generic those indicating opemngs or nouns used as the initial morpheme in passageways.
Table 1: Frequency count of semantic dimensions of generic nouns used as initial morphemes in village names for the eight Thai provinces13
!:::: Provinces: ...c:"' ~ 6 6 0 ·c !:::: "' ·c ..s::: :.2 0 :§ ;::l ..... ·c b£j ·c ;::l ::.c :§ ~ ·c II) ~ p... ;::l p.. 0 ;::l b£j ~ "' ...0 ...0 !:::: r./1"' r./1 .s ..s::: 0 ~ ..s::: "';::l ...... ~ Semantic domains: "'t) ..s::: "'t) ..s::: ;::l ;::l 5 :§ t) ..... (.) ..s::: ~ t) ~ ..... II) 6 6 "'0.. ..s::: "'I-< ;::l 0 '"'II) ~"' z"' p::;"' p... p... r./1"' r./1"' r./1 E-<- p... 1. Water or a source of water 372 319 J_~J 205 123 110 166 295---- 1------1,941 -----39.48 ~: Other g~~gr;-phl~~I~~~~i-=~~=--=~=~~= 122 91 1-;_89 _ _ 5?_ 32 15 10 l_Q_Q 516 10.50 3------. Elevated land areas------74 51 JQ§ 49 35 20 6 119 460 9.36 14. Plants 82 59 40 31 12 13 104 387 7.87 f..:-~------1--4§- e----- 1---- 1---- ~-Uncultivated or cultivated land 26 40 54 105 35 14 5 36 315 6.41 16.------·------1---- . Others* 35 59 23 34 33 15 55 310 6.30 ------·------·- 1-?_§_ 1------1------7. Unclassified items 37 80 34 48 18 12 11 67 307 6.25 ------·------·------!--'=------1----- 8. Locatives or directions 34 18 68 55 23 46 23 29 296 6.02 ------1------?_:_~~EStruct~ ~~j-~~-~~~J::~g_places 23 52 61 34 19 25 30 47 291 5.92 ------1------~- 10. Animals 2 5 6 3 2 3 2 11 34 0.69 ------1------31 ------31 0.63 11. Othe~- et~i.~J~l!.g_~~g~~------r----- 12. Openings or passageways 12 - 2 11 2 - - 1 28 0.57 Total 761 850 886 630 354 293 278 864 4,916 100 * That is, Numbers, Persons, Other ethnic groups, and Auspicious forms.
13 If the study includes the second morpheme of a village name, the frequency count will be different. 47
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From Table 1 we observe that the occur in the ninth ranked semantic three semantic domains with the domain with 291 names. Only 34 highest frequency belong to the village names include animal names domain of 'geographical features' . and this semantic domain is ranked That is, of the total of 4,916 village tenth. Village names from ethnic names 1,941 names have an initial languages rank number eleventh with morpheme that signifies water, a 31 villages, and all are in source of water, or a section of water; Kanchanaburi province. The twelfth 516 names signify other geographical and last ranked semantic domain areas, and 460 names signify elevated includes 28 village names with land areas. The fourth-ranked semantic morphemes signifying openings or domain belongs to the 'non• passageways. geographical features', with 387 village names in this category, the 6. Village names and spatial generic names for plants, plant names orientation. or parts of plants, to be more specific. fu Nakhon Pathom with a total of 850 Village names are closely related to villages there . are 26 village names the geographical features of the area with the .noun 'l.H I phay 'bamboo'/ as and ways of living. A few generic an initial morpheme in the names. fu nouns of water, section of water, or a Suphanburi with a total of 864 names, body of water can demonstrate the there are also 26 villages with the connection among linguistic forms, noun 'l.H /phay 'bamboo'/ and 22 village names, and the environment. villages with the noun "il'lB /phoo 'Bo The following discussion focuses on tree'/. The fifth semantic domain the four generic nouns chosen from includes generic nouns for the first seven, namely, ~H'Hh'l /khb:) uncultivated or cultivated land, and 'canal'/, mv /baa 'waterway, locality there are 315 village names in this along the waterway'/, MUehl /n3:) category. We may conclude that 'swamp, lagoon, large pool'/, and ~1u village names of the eight provinces /huay 'brook, stream, creek'/. Table 2 emphasize the salient geographical shows the number of occurrences of features of the landscape and tell us n5:) , khb:) , baa and hllay in the about the villagers' activities of the village names of the eight provinces. area.
Village . names in the sixth semantic domain include 310 names for numbers, persons, other ethnic groups, and auspicious terms. Unclassified items occupy the seventh semantic domain. As mentioned earlier, the village names included here are unidentifiable and have questionable ongms. Locatives and directional morphemes are in the eighth category with 296 village names from the total of 4~916. The village names that begin with morphemes signifying constructed objects or gathering places 48
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Table 2: Numerical distribution of terms of n5J , khbJ , baa and hu~ in eight provinces.
·c ·c s:: ;::! :.a 0 .J:J .§ •>::: ~ ro ·c ;::! :f.2 s ;::! .J:J 0.. ro ro s::ro .J:J ro ro U) ro 1l s:: ;::! ..s:: ro ..s:: 0 s0 () ..s:: () ..s:: s:: ;::! -~;::! 00 () ..s:: u ro - ~ s:: ..... 0.. Cl.) :f.a..s:: s s:: ..... ro e<:l ;::! ..s::- ro - c<:S..s:: sro ro o 0 ::.::: ~ U) p.. z~ ~::.::: Cl) Cl) Cl) E--< n5J 178 147 139 103 87 74 15 2 743 khbJ - 52 17 9 110 6 58 100 357 baa - 23 30 20 57 3 21 55 209 huay 30 39 15 15 23 17 - - 134
From Table 2 the four morphemes are Suphanburi, and none in ordered from the highest number of Kanchanaburi. The physical locations occurrences to the lowest. All four of villages that begin with the generic morphemes occur in the provinces of nouns khb~ and baa conform with Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, the main characteristics of the central Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, alluvial flatland area. According to and Suphanburi. Three morphemes, Ratchabandittayasathan (1982: 169, khb~ , baa and n:hn, occur in 467), both khb~IJ and baaiJ have Samut Songkhram and Samut some connections with rivers or seas. Sakhon, but only two, n:5JI) and May, occur in Kanchanaburi. Maps 5 and 6 illustrate the distribution of villages beginning Map 1 shows how the eight provinces with the generic nouns huay and are physically located next to one n:5JI). There are no villages with the another in the western region of generic noun huay in Samut Sakhon Thailand.14 Map 2 shows the main and Samut Songkhram. This is no waterways (/), the ones with water surprise since the definition of hday all year round (f) and those with no is that it flows from the mountains water during the dry season (/) (Ratchabandittayasathan, 1982:847), spread all over the region, especially and physically there are no hills or in Nakhon Pathorn, Samut Sakhon, mountains in Samut Sakhon and Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Samut Songkhram. Except for the Phetchaburi. In Maps 3 and 4, we see two provinces already mentioned, we the distribution of villages beginning see villages beginning with the with the generic nouns khbJ and generic nouns huay and n5JI) are · baa concentrated in the area of scattered all over the region. It can be Nakhon Pathom, Samut Sakhon, and pointed out here is that n:5JI) has the Samut Songkhram, but sparsely highest frequency of occurrence among distributed m some areas of the four generic nouns. Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and Ratchabandittayasathan (1982:831) defmes this word with just a 14 Thanks to the Ethnolinguistic Map synonym. This generic noun seems to Project, Mahidol University and Mr. signify neither a particular source, Isra Choosri for the six maps. section, or outlet of water, nor a
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In terms of linguistic structure, the village names in the eight provinces I would like to thank audiences of the of Thailand reflect very well the basic 11th Southeast Asian Linguistic characteristics of the Thai language: Conference (SEALS 11) and of the 8th the monosyllabic structure, the rich International Conference on Thai compounding, word order with the studies, especially Acharn Amara head noun followed by modifiers. On Prasithrathasint, for their suggestions. the basis of analysis using 'semantic
References
Boas, Franz. 1964. "On geographical Pranee Kullavanijja. 1992. Village names names of the Kwakiutl Indians" In in Quangxi Province and the Hymes 1964: 1964-1971-76 (and Northeastern Part of Thailand. 'Reference Notes' 17 6-81). Bangkok Chulalongkom University Department of local Administration. Press. (In Thai) 1992. Tham-niap Thongthii Royal Institute, The. 1982. 2535BC. Ministry of Interior. Potchananukrom chabap Gainey, Jerry W. 2527. Toponyms in Ratchabandittayasathaan 1982. / 51 Eastern and Southeastern edition. Bangkok: Thailand: a Preliminary study of Aksoncharoenthat. village names m chonburi, Sujaritlak Deepadung. 1999. The Mons: Rayong, Chantaburi and Trat. Social, Cultural, Continuity and l"'lMI{LLl1>ltnlfl 4.1-35. Change during the 200 years of Haas, Mary. 1964. Thai-English Rattanakosin. Bangkok : Duantula Students' Dictionary. Stanford: Publishing. (In Thai) Stanford University Press. __. 2001. "The nature of Thai village Hymes, Dell. 1964. Language in Culture names: a case study of and Society: A Reader in Kanchanaburi Province" Paper linguistics and anthropology. New presented at the 11th Southeast York: Harper and Row. Asian Linguistic Conference (SEALS 11 ). Bangkok, Thailand
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Appendix I
Keys to Code Letters and Numbers: Abbreviations for provinces /ot-lWl&l - CaiJ - wat/: fl";~ : fll{\j';ll.ll(i" (Kanchanaburi) U§ :UI'I'$":t.l§lJ (Nakhon Pathom) '$"ll:'$"11flj~· (Ratchaburi) ~u : w~1fnj~· (Phetchaburi) U";~ : :t.l')"~';l1llA"i-1i'ufi (Prachaub Khiri Khan) ~~=~l!Vl'$"~11'1'$" (Samut Sakhon) ~"' = ~l!Vl')"~""''$"llJ (Samut Songkhram) ~~ = ~~'$"')"ru~"t(Suphanburi) Thai alphabets for districts I iilLfla -?am - ph:}:}/ For example, there arell districts in Kanchanaburi province: n: Muang district ofKanchanaburi '11 : Thamaka 1'1 : Thamuang -l: Bo ploy ~: Pha nom thuan il: Sai yok 1!: Thong pha phum 'li: Sangkhla buri OJ: Lau khwan {\!: Sii sawat {1: Dan makham tia
Numbers for sub-district / Gi1u~ - tam- bon/ For example, there are 11 sub-substricts m Muang district of Kanchanaburi province: 1 : Gilll~\-\Utl-lU1 1 tam bon-n~HJ bua 1 2 : Gi lll~Ltn~~lh-l 1 tam bon-b sam rooiJ 1 3 : Gilll~\-\'lltl-l\-\rYl 1 tam bon-n5IJ yaa 1 4 : Gilll~lhmL~')"fl 1 tam bon-paak phnirek 1 5 : Gi1u~ihuui1 1 tam bon-baan kaw 1 6 : Gi l ll~i'"{ij" 1 tam bon-waiJ doiJ 1 7 : Gi1u~villJ~'llllJ 1 tam bon-thaa rna khaam 1 8 : Gi1u~~l&l\-\rij1 1 tam bon-laat yaa 1 9 : Gilll~21Cl-l~~ L &ll 1 tam bon-ch3l) sa daw 1 10 : Gilll~1-lL~u 1 tam bon-WaiJ yen 1 11 : Gill.l~LLfi-lL~tJu 1 tam bon-k&reiJ sian 1 Finally, the name of the village /1-\ljihu- muu- baan/ is put on the card: For example, there are 8 villages in Nong bua sub-district of Muang district ofKanchaburi province: ihuihu\-\atJnlu 1 baan-huay-h~5y-kaap 1 iil'll\-\l.ICl-lU1 1 baan-n5l)-bua 1 iilU\-\'lltl-lU1 1 baan-n5l)-bua 1 ii1uVi~'$"~ ' baan-phu?-phra 1 iill.IViL~uu ' baan-phu?-liap , iiluihul-lLiia 1 baan-paa-naalJ-Y~ 1 51
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ihuvp.J 'i::Gj 1 baan-phU?-pra-duu 1 UlUGI~\l~~GI\l 1 baan -ta li' g-drereiJ 1 Sample cards fl':l- fl -1
This card stands for the village name iilU~1tJ t.Hltlfll1J I baan-huay -h~5y kaap /, Nong Bua sub-district, Muang district of Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi provmce. fl':l - fl- 1
This card stands for the village name iilul'!th::Gj 1 baan-phu?-pra-duu 1, Nong bua sub-district, Muang district of Kanchanaburi, Kanchanaburi provmce.
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Appendix II
List of village names from other ethnic languages in Kanchanaburi province (their origins and meanings need further study). For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word ihu I baan 'village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. Si sawat District 1 ml £hl n -s:m111:: m?>IJ kra thre 2 thl\-1~ ?oiJ tu 3 ihl~GI lOlJ lf t Lau khwan District 4 u::~\ln1 ba laiJ kaa Sangkhla buri District 5 inn:: ni the 6 1"\ln:: waiJ ka 7 L'5tJFll~ wia khaa dil 8 'lfil \l n1L1 tJ s:>IJ kaa ria 9 ~ \l th coiJ ?ua 10 unhivi tl\l sa nee ph3IJ 11 n tl\lll tl\l111:: b:>IJ m3IJ tha 12 Lnl::~::L~\l b sa d~IJ 13 t~'ii lay wo 14 Vl'l~ill thi lay paa 15 ~::un ca krere Thong pha phum District 16 tlt'\lnl~ praiJ kaa sii 17 ~~tl\l ?uu l3IJ 18 'imitl\l boo ?~IJ 19 il~tln pi lSk 20 il~tlnel pi lSk khil 21 UllJt)tl naam kuy 22 t)tJU\-1£1 kuy yrere 23 'L-1ll il \ln::~l m5:>IJ ka laa 24 ~uriu lfn thin 25 fltlll\1 kuy maiJ 26 Ln~\ln-s::L'5tJ kr~IJ kra wia 27 '171Yi Ltl thi phu yee 28 Fl~&{ klitil Sai yok District 29 ilil\l&{UiltJ b3IJ til n:>Sy 30 il tl\l&{ b3IJ til 31 iltl\l~~l\l b3IJ til laaiJ
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Appendix III
Village names of unclassifiable or unidentifiable or questionable (the numbers of names listed below is not equal to the total count of unclassified names in Table 1 because some of them are used more than once) 1. Unclassifiable group includes those names that the meanings are known but they cannot be put together with the other categories or that the meaning of each word is known but the whole meaning makes no sense in Thai. For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word iilu /b~mn 'village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. 1.1 Kanchanaburi province: "1lJ gaam 'beautiful' lGiU den 'dominant' lfh kaw 'old' hn.i may 'new' 61~iu ta wan 'sun' A~ill'IUU khr::>::> 'a species of tree' + pha nan 'gamble, bet' lh'lGi" hila 'head' + toog 'extreme' lX1~" hila 'head' +rag 'nest' 61~"161 ta lui) 'shadow play; stake for tethering elephant' + tay south' 61~"l\-\Uil ta lui) 'shadow play; stake for tethering elephant' + nia 'north' ~uvt-1'~161 can 'moon' + laat 'tilt, slope' th3::> 'pipe, tube'+ kh3::>k 'pen, shed'+ wua 'cow' prOOIJ 'clean' GiuGin tiin 'foot, base' + tok 'fall' 'li1£J13tl chaay 'rim, border; base; blow softly' + thuup 'joss-stick' nil"l~11Jil(\J b::>IJ 'pile up, stack up' + sau 'post, pillar' + m::>::>n 'Mon' l~1\-\"cf sau 'post, pillar' + hoiJ 'swan' l15~-:i1"lil pra cam 'usually; permanent; regular'+ maay 'wood' plaay 'tip' +din s5::> 'pencil' s3::>g 'brothel; den, lair' khQo mat 'a name of one of the provinces in the north-eastern part of Thailand' lX1M161 hila 'head'+ kruat ' gravel' l~1'11l(\J lau '- ' + khwan 'morale; guardian spirit; crown of the head' tl1 noffGI\-\Uil"lh paak 'mouth'+ sat'-' + n5::>IJ 'mush, pool, swamp' + bua lotus' thap 'army'+ phra yaa 'a title of the Thai Royal Court in the older days' 1.2 Nakhon Pathom province: ~Vl\.-\~1" thap 'army' + liiaiJ 'royal' ~Vl£J1£Jii11 thap 'army' + yaay 'grand-mother' + thaaw 'a proper name' ~lJ£J1£Jl~il" thap 'house' + yaay 'grand-mother' + riaiJ 'a proper name' OUU'11161 tha non 'road' + khaat 'torn' G11nltG161 taak 'expose, dry in the sun' + dreret 'sun-light' \-\~nl1JGI5 lak 'pole' + meet 'metre' l-41" haaiJ 'far' iuA~ wan 'day' + khruu 'teacher' \-\ilFlilD h5::> 'tower' + kh::>::>y ' wait' 54
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fl tl\l b::>IJ 'heap, pile, stack' rilUVNlU~U kam phrereiJ 'wall' +siren 'one hundred thousand' ~lttsilJ ?uu 'garage; dock, shipyard'+ lorn 'mire, bog' ~lUfiA~a sam nak 'dwelling; place; office'+ kh6::> 'a species of tree'
U\-\~U\-\1£1 lreren 'javelin' + haay 'lose' l't~lU£1\l UGl fl pha niaiJ 'a large water pot' + trerek 'broken' fl\l~lGl koiJ 'wheel'+ laat 'tilt, slope' UfllJ ni khom 'settlement' 1Jij phuum 'earth' ~lllfll~ cap 'catch; hold' + k?> 'island; stick to' riu1n~u1 pm 'hair pin' + kliaw 'ply; spiral' l'tlGllt\lJtl\J phaat 'lean against' + m"5::>n 'pillow; sleeper' 'ltH-tvtru lJ prooiJ 'airy, bright and clear' + phrom 'God Brahma' 1.3 Ratchaburi province: tlttll may 'new' kaw 'old' drereiJ 'red' mfiaiJ 'purple, violet; mango' khaa 'get stuck; unsettled; shackles; imperata cylindrica' phleeiJ 'song' chrere ' dip, soak; dawdle; put off + hay 'earthen jar, jug' krerem 'cheek' +?on 'bamboo rat' Gll flllGl Gl taak 'expose, dry in the sun; dry in the air' + dreret 'sun-light' lfiuk 'child' + khwaaiJ 'hinder, obstruct ; stop, resist; perverse' thaa 'bet; challenge' + laay 'stripe; design; trick' cat san ' distribute; allot' fiak 'choose' sau 'post, pillar' + thOIJ 'flag' hiia 'head' + krUat 'gravel, rubble' s3::>y 'necklace' +faa 'sky' iflJlJl'nlJ sam maa raam '- (Pali)' 'ln~uu.1nuni ko sin naa raay '- (Pali)' 1.4 Phetchaburi province: tlttll may 'new' 111-t mfiaiJ 'purple, violet; mango' Al kham 'word; gold' fl')1 [J kruay 'funnel; cone' ~uih-t l''in 'tongue' + chaaiJ 'elephant' ..J ,.:; l't l~[J\l phil 'elder brother or sister' + liaiJ 'raise' lhfiJllJ paak 'mouth'+ IJaam 'fork, prong' OlJ thorn 'fill, cover; much, many; inscribe with sacred letters' ll'l~£1\l pbriaiJ 'shipworm, barnacles; do something in unison, as in phrS::>m pbriaiJ ' vt~lUU pha n::l::ln 'large hammer; piled up as in pha n::l::ln th:):)n thf k ' ~lW'-t lam phaiJ 'only; alone' 'lrhilu lay b1a 'find out; investigate' phet cha buun 'a name of one of the provinces in the northern part of Thailand' 55
Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities 6.2, 2003
rna nii 'jewel, gem (Pali)' + fian 'postpone' 1.5 Prachuap Khiri Khan province: tl-ui may 'new' khan 'separate, divide' + kra day 'ladder' Vll\lc:fl[J thaaiJ 'way'+ saay 'line, route' i\liit~u WliJ 'run' + n:J6y 'small, little'
~lJVlil6l mi:iu 'pig' + th3:Jt 'deep-fly' t.-iu~\lm: ~ hun 'image; model; figure'+ saiJ ka sii 'zinc' n~::hllVltl\l kra coom ' pavilion; tent' + th:J:JIJ 'gold' ~U6111J san daap 'combustion, lreren 'javelin' + haay 'lose' 1.7 Samut Songkhram province: n~::ut~n kra b:J2>k 'a section of thick bamboo; cylinder; Theretia neriifolia' ~TVI'l\[J hiia 'head' + saay 'sand' ~1nau hila 'head' + klap 'return; tum around; reverse' 56 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand lhflU~fl paak 'mouth'+ srerek 'barn owl: dividing way; bright' 11111 khaam 'fear, dread; respect' 111ll1Gl khaam 'fear, dread; respect' + tay 'south' Mtililu koiJ 'wheel; rib materials of a boat; bow of fluffing cotton' + kam pan 'sailing ship' ft il'll::u n ch1i 'name' + cha nok 'father (Pali)' ~hl'1VIil" sii 'colour'+ bua 'lotus'+ th~~IJ 'gold' Fll'l Ll'l ~\l sop 'corpse' + ph~~lJ 'fire' ~lJl.h phap 'fold; roll (classifier)'+ naam 'water' ""l'l~w1\l thap 'army' + luaiJ 'royal' ""l'lGl1LL'VIU thap 'army' + taa 'grand-father' + threren 'a proper name' ""l'l U1 UGl11J thap 'army'+ yaay ' grand-mother'+ daap 'a proper name' 2. Unidentifiable or questionable group includes those names that their meanings or parts of their meaning are unknown. For the analysis of meaning, the study emphasizes the first noun after the word UTU I baan ' village'I as an initial morpheme of a village name. 2.1 Kanchanaburi province: ~llGI~il mot 'use up, run out' + s5~ ' - ' ~t!u sa nun ' -, Gl1U~1L~\l taan 'keep off; resist' +sam rooiJ ' - ' hiia 'head' + phog ' - ' kra phr~Sy ' - ' + s5~IJ 'two' + khaam 'cross; pass over' 'ii1ll Lii(\jl'l1GI ben ya phaat ' - ' 'ln•ihu koo ' - , + saay 'left' Ltl~\lfi'VIfi1 preeg ' - ' + phut thaa ' - ' 2.2 Nakhon Pathom province: ri-JLfliSU1 pliJ ' - ' + kliaw 'ply; spiral' 'lmhun koo ' - ' + sam nak 'dwelling; place; office' n~::CiLCiU1 kra dii ' - '+ diaw 'single, sole; same, identical' ~16\~~::un raat 'sprinkle, pour' +sa 'pond' + krere ' - ' 'VI~\lAUil\l SOIJ kha m~IJ ' - ' ~lltl'V11U sam pa thuan ' - ' 1\ll'l1'VI WOIJ phaat ' - ' ~a1U1-Jl'l1'VI laay 'many, a lot' + wog phaat' - ' n~::~u kra tiip ' - ' n~::~ilil kra dii 'b~ ' - ' 2.3 Ratchaburi province: tX1~::tJu hiia 'head' +sa nun ' - ' Auilu khii b~~n ' - ' cee tiia' - ' sam p~~ koiJ ' - ' 2.4 Phetchaburi province: ~::~1cy ra haan ' - ' ~::mruilu ra haan ' - ' + n5?Y 'small, little' 57 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHuman ities 6.2, 2003 ~~\-\1~t\-\f\i ra haan' - '+ yay 'big, large' f\~~~1 kra ciw ' -' -.:j~"il.h" ca prooiJ ' - ' Gl1\-\'i tamru ' -' Gl1\-\'itU tam ru ' - ' + nay ' in' tl~lJ khlup , - • tl~1[1~1ll~~1 plaay 'end; top, tip'+ sam rna laa' - ' U~lJ'lJ1[J sa mrere 'Aegiceras corniculatum; a small edible sea crab'+ chaay' vjlJtl1 lJ thum khaam ' - ' ~UPI~lfl1 han ta phau ' - ' Om~nu plk tian ' - ' naGl\-\~ 1" klat luaiJ ' - ' t~6hu say daan ' - ' Ail ~~il illl kh:>:> 'neck' + la ?:>:>m ' - ' ~1 ~ll-1Gl sa ta het' - ' ~1u~"'i~" sam rna rooiJ ' - ' tiu~~ thin pu raa ' - ' ~1f" hua 'head' + raiJ ' - ' ~1ll~~1 sam rna laa ' - ' l~[J phia ' -' m.h.h~~uGi mrere 'mother, female, woman'+ pra can ' -, lU.IU~~~UGl ~1" mrere 'mother, female, woman' + pra can ' - ' + laaiJ 'lower' mhflil mrere 'mother, female, woman'+ bia' -' Ul.iA~llJ[J mrere ' mother, female, woman' + kha mdy' -' 2.5 Prachuap Khiri Khan province: 'i~"'1'S ra haan ' - ' 1~£J wa lay ' - ' L'iiGln1 khet kaa ' - ' ~~cHhl la b:>IJ ' - ' 'Li:ahv cha muaiJ ' - ' lJ'iCit11J m:>:> ra suap ' - , Gl1"'1 tam ru '-' 1~L1R£Jv wan priaiJ ' - ' fl£Jl.f~ kuy ' - ' + buri 'city' fi11J~Lc:tU kam rna seen ' - ' 1Rm1£l£J prii ' - ' + n:>Sy 'small, little' 2.6 Samut Sakhon province: "'in~nn~ntu krok kraak ' - ' + nay ' in' f\~::-ll1t111 kra saa' - , + khaaw 'white' n"~~" koiJ s iilo~ ' - ' 'li1fl"~ saa koiJ sii ' - ' 2.7 Samut Songkhram province: ~~ chuu ch.il ' - ' u~~ m:>:> ra dii ' - ' 2.8 Suphanburi province : ~1n~::1l" hua 'head' + kra baiJ ' - ' 58 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand nu1" kon 'bottom; base'+ wfu]' - ' -fli11 U'WHIGI riw 'mark; streak; stripe; line' + huay phr3:>t' - , -.:i~~~1" phuun ' - ' + liiaiJ 'royal' ~1JU su mon ' -' Gl::l~uA ta ph::>n khi1 ' - ' 'Vltl,'1l1~lh" th:>:>IJ 'gold'+ khaa yaaiJ ' - ' 1hmnauu paak 'mouth' + klian ' - ' Ruu"in kh:>:>n koo ' - ' (;l::~h takhaa'-' riw 'mark streak stripe· line' + krUut' - , 'hn!GI ' ' ' . '\AtlGil~GI sook taa cfit ' - , tl'5"::LlU1 kra siaw'-' tl11J::litU'5" kam rna chian ' - ' "11tl cha wahl<: ' - ' '11::'\uu cha ?ooy'-' ~tl"(;ltl" b:> IJ t:>:> IJ ' - , "i'Ll" chooiJ ' -' 'i-ii" khooiJ' - ' ~hlfh ca raa' - , + kau 'old' ~~1tmi ca dta ( - , + may 'new' n'5"::~u kra can'-' ....,, thiiJ ' - , ~1'5"'5"£U.GI::'t~ su wan 'gold (Pali)' + ta lay ' - ' \'illU tham nee'-' Gl::~uihu~rl ta lum 'footed tray' + baan 'village' + mfi ' - ' Rtu\1 khon thii ' - (Pali)' !'lGI 59 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofH umanities 6.2, 2003 Satnut Sakhon Samut Songkhram Prachuap Khiri Khan () 0 Map 1: The eight provinces in the western region 60 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand N Major river N Perennial stream /\./Intermittent stream Map 2: Geographical map of the eight provinces (the density of water ways in the region) 61 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of H umanztzes . . 6· 2' 2003 Map 3.· Occurrences o f the. genenc. no un khb::>l.) 62 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in th e Western Region ofThailand baag 1Dot=1 Map 4: Occurrences of the generic noun baaiJ 63 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumaniti es 6.2, 2003 htlay 1 Dot = 1 Map 5: Occurrences of the generic noun huay 64 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand 1 Dot 1 Map 6: Occurrences of the generic n~5IJ 65 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access