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TOPONYMS in the WESTERN REGION of THAILAND Sujaritlak

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TOPONYMS in the WESTERN REGION of THAILAND Sujaritlak TOPONYMS IN THE and 3) the village names to the western region of Thailand rely significantly WESTERN REGION OF on physical geography of the area. THAILAND 1. Introduction 1 Sujaritlak Deepadung The study of toponyms has attracted the interest of scholars such as Abstract linguists, anthropologists, etc. because toponymy or place names involves Village names or toponyms in the language, culture, history, geography, Western region of Thailand, i.e. ways of living, in other words a great Kanchanaburi, Nakorn Pathom, deal of knowledge about language Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, Prachuap and ethnic history of the geographical Khiri Khan, Samut Songkhram, Samut area in which they occur can be Sakorn and Suphan Buri, in this study obtained from the study. are drawn from a complete list of names in Thamniap Thongthii 2535 The author's interest m studying BC (Provincial Records 1992). The toponyms first came as the by­ aims of this study are: 1) to analyse product from one of the field trips for the linguistic structure of Thai village the "Field Methods in Linguistics" names 2) to set up dimensions for the course; in looking at various village­ semantic features of the village names name signs along the roads in in the western region of Thailand and Kanchanaburi province; I began to 3) to make a frequency count of the wonder how come I did not know the general names which are the first meanings of the village names. And it morpheme of a name. The result are became an attempt in trying to know as follows: 1) the linguistic structure the place and the people since of the village names is the same as that Mahidol University's new campus is of the grammatical word structure in in Kanchanaburi province. The study Thai 2) there are five major semantic of toponyms is the answer.2 Later the dimensions of the village names, study was enlarged to include the namely, the geographical features other seven provinces in the western which include water or sources of region of Thailand. water, elevated land areas and other geographical areas, the non­ The New Encydopedia Britannica geographical features which consist of (1992:849) defined 'toponymy' as plants, animals, uncultivated or the follows: cultivated land and profession, constructed objects, numbers, persons, Toponymy, taxonomic study of and other ethic languages, the locative place-names, based on or directional features which are etymological, historical, and divided into prepositional locatives geographical information. A and noun locatives, the auspicious features and the descriptive features, 2 This paper was presented at the gth International Conference on Thai Studies, 1 Associate Professor, Institute of Language Ramkhamhaeng University, NakhonPhanorn, and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol Thailand, January 8-12, 2002 University, Thailand Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 6.2, 2003 place-name is a word or words analyzed according to their linguistic used to indicate, denote, or structure and the motivation for that identify a geographic locality structure. The study has investigated such as a town, river, or the following aspects of Thai villages mountain... Toponymy is names: 1) the linguistic structure of concerned with the linguistic the names; 2) the cultural and evolution (etymology) of place­ geographical dimensions of village names and the motive behind the names; and 3) the relationships of naming of the place (historical village names to the physical and geographical aspects). geography of the area. Habitation and feature names are either generic or specific, or a 2. The Data combination of the two. A generic name refers to a class of The village names studied below are names such as river, mountain, or drawn from a complete list of names town. A specific name serves to in Tham-niap thong-thii 2535 BC restrict or modify the meaning of (2535, Provincial Records 1992).4 the place-name. Tham-niap thong-thii 2535BC listed That is, its evolution involves two the numbers and names of all the things: word formations and provinces in Thailand. For the eight geographical aspects. The present provinces in this study, the number of study is motivated even more by Franz villages in each proV1nce ts as Boas' statement that 'geographical follows: terminology does not depend solely 1. Kanchanaburi 761 villages upon cultural interests but is also (muu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:55-74) influenced by linguistic structure' 2. Nakhon Pathom 850 villages (Boas, 1964:171). Up to the present (muu bfum )(Tharn niap 1992:345- 361) time, there has been no study of 3. Ratchaburi 886 villages toponyms in Thailand, specifically (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:901-906) those concerning the village names of 4. Phetchaburi 630 villages 3 (rnuu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:737-750) the western region of Thailand • Thus, in this study the 4,916 village names 5. Prachuap Khiri Khan 354 villages of the eight provinces in the western (muu baan) (Tharn niap 1992:591-600) region (see map 1), Kanchanaburi, 6. Samut Sakhon 293 villages Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1090-1096) Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, 7. Samut Songkhram 278 villages Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram and (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1083- 1089) Suphanburi are classified and 8. Suphanburi 864 villages (muu baan) (Tham niap 1992:1140-1158) Total 4,916 villages 3 There was one study done by Jeny W. ainey All the village names of the eight on eastern and southern Thailand in 1984, provinces from Tham-niap thong-thii which has given a lot of useful guidance for 2535BC were entered manually on this study. The other study was conducted by Pranee Kullavanijya on the village names in Quangxi Province and the Northeastern Part 4 This is the 1992 edition, the latest is the of Thailand in 1992. This study on the 1998 edition. This study began before the Western region of Thailand was funded by latest edition came out. Mahidol University. 32 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access Toponyms in the Western Region of Thailand cards. One card is for one village Ratchaburi and Samut Songkhram, name together with a coding system and the coastal plains along . the of letters and numbers, representing coastline of the western region start in provinces, districts, and sub-districts Phetchaburi and ends in Prachuap (See Appendix n. Then, the data were Khiri Khan. classified and counted, again manually, on the basis of the meaning The four provinces m this study are of the first morpheme of the village located physically in the western names, so it is really a very slow regiOn. The other four, namely, process of classification, rearrangement Nakhon Pathom, Suphanburi, Samut counting and recounting.5 Sakhon and Samut Songkhram are geographically located in the central 3. Geographical features of region of Thailand.6 Nakhon Pathom Western Thailand is where the main campus of Mahidol University is situated. All these four According to Thai Cultural provinces are adjacent to the four Landscape (1996:259), the western previously mentioned. Most of the region of Thailand includes the central region is alluvial flatland. provinces of Tak, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and Prachuap 4. Linguistic Structure of Khiri Khan. The physical features of Toponyms the region mostly include mountains and valleys, and some areas are close In 'On geographical names of the to the sea. The Central Thanon Kwakiutl Indians' ( 1964: 171-176), Thongchai Range starts in the north, Boas examined the influence of passes through Tak province, and linguistic structure of the Kwakiutl ends at the east side of the Kwai Noi Indian language on the formation of River in Kanchanaburi. The Tenassarim geographical names. After giving Range starts out at the north of the examples of suffixation in Kwakiutl, Three Pagoda Pass in Sangkh1aburi he compared the structure of various district of Kanchanaburi and passes geographical names of several through Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi and American Indian languages, those that Prachuap Khiri Khan and ends in have a large number of suffixes, Ranong province. Big alluvial plains namely Kwakiutl and Eskimo, and are found in the western region, i.e., those that, in Boas terms, 'compound the Mae Klong alluvial plain along the with ease', e.g., Mexican Nahuatl, Mae Klong River in Kanchanaburi, Keresan, Zuni, etc. (Boas 1964:175). This led Hymes to state 5 Collation of the data is done manually so ... that cultural interests are the that all the village names will be studied major factor in terminology, but and analyzed along the way. A that the selectivity of linguistic computerized database is compiled after form affects the kinds of terms the studied is done in order to show the distribution of the villages and the that occur and their physical geography of the area, and to frequency ... (Hymes, 164: 169). make use of all the facilities available from the Mahidol Ethnolinguistic Map 6 See Thai Cultural Landscape (1996: 259, Project 311) 33 Downloaded from Brill.com10/11/2021 03:21:59AM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities 6.2, 2003 As ts well known, Thai is a 4.2. Names of two words. In predominantly monosyllabic language. this pattern both words are However, semantically unanalyzable monosyllabic nouns, the first word is polysyllabic words also exist. usually a geographical term, plant Moreover, word-compounding and name, or gathering place, and the reduplication are very productive second word may be a geographical processes in Thai. Modifiers follow term, plants, animal name, or a the words they modify and, of course, descriptive word: '-"t1tl-lV151£J (n'5~IJ the possessor follows the possessed. 'swamp, lagoon, large pool' - saay Thai also has prepositions. While Thai 'sand'), A~tlv£Jl1 (khb~IJ 'canal' - morphology differs from that of yaaw 'long'), L'I'IB1'-"f'\i (phoo 'Bo tree, English, the Thai sentence has the Ficus religiosa' - yay ' big'), Gl~lGI same basic word order as in English, A11£J (talaat 'market' khwaay i.e., Subject-Verb-Object.
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