Incentives for low carbon emission in : A Life cycle assessment approach

Shyam.S.Salim Principal Scientist SEETT Division ICAR- Central Marine Research Institute Cochin, , India -682 018 Climate Change & Emissions : India  Fourth largest greenhouse gas emitter accounting the global emissions (5.8 %).  Projection rate of emission growth about 85% by 2030.  As in Copenhagen Accord, India pledged to reduce its CO2 intensity by 20-25 percent by 2020.  Use of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF). Nature & Development at  Create an additional carbon sink of loggerheads 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest Taken at , Kerala and tree cover by 2030. Indian Coast: An overview

• Coast length : 8129 km peninsular country • India’s population: 1.28 billion • Coastal states population: 560 million • Coastal Geomorphology: 43% sandy beaches • Fisheries Retail centre value : US$ 9.67 billion • Biodiversity : Crustaceans (2934 species) : Molluscs (3370 species) : Fishes ( 2934 species) Marine fisheries Issues

• Over exploitation of resources • Targeted fishing • Capturing juvenile fishes • Lack of enforceable property rights regime • Degradation of habitats • Open access to the fishery • Climate change Marine Impacts of climate change Climate Change & Coastal Entity

GHG Emissions

Climate Change

Sea Level Rise 1m rise

1. Displacement: 7.1 million 2. Inundation: 5764 km sq 3. Landings , distributional and range shifts of fish species. Rationale: Why & How

• Most energy intensive food production method in the world. • Use of large amounts of fuel in activities such as fish catch, on-board processing, refrigeration and freezing of fishes results in considerable emissions • The fisheries sector is and will be impacted by the impending climate change • Possibilities of low carbon emissions mooting trade and carbon credits Objectives

• Identification of different constituent operations across the value chain • Estimate the carbon emissions across the value chain and assessing carbon emission across sector • Suggest policy measures for emission reduction such as highlighting carbon emission as a major driver in fish trade for the future. Data & Methodology

• Data set: Primary sources and secondary sources. • Secondary data - ground testing validation. • Data mining - standardised emission factors. • Case study approach - estimate the harvest operations such as fuel and ice requirement • Pre tested survey schedules were used. • Focus group discussions were held in select coastal villages • In places of missing data, realistic proxies were computed. • The primary data was collected during the period between June 2014 - May 2015. Contribution by sectors

Sector No. of people Landings Catch/Craft Catch/ involved (Lakh Tons) (Tons) ( Million) Fishermen (Tons) Mechanised 0.58 26.79 36.93 4.62

Motorised 1.43 8.38 11.74 1.17

Non- 0.25 0.75 1.48 0.30 Motorised Identification of different constituent operations across the value chain Pre- harvest

• All operations/ process leading to the manufacture of fishing crafts and gears. • Varied crafts and gears  Duration of operation  Depth of fishing Study Village: Elamkunnapuzha  Fishing ground and targeted resources. Harvest operations in India The Indian Crafts

Mechanised 72,559 • Trawlers, Gillnetters, Purse seiners, Dol-netters, Ring seiners and liners. • Life of 20 to 30 years

Motorised 71,313 • catamaran, dugout canoe, plank built boat, plywood boat, fibre glass boat, ferro cement boat, carrier boat and theppas (with outboard engine) • Life of 15 to 20 years Traditional 50,618 • Catamaran, dugout canoe, plank built boat, ferro-cement boat, thermocol boats, out rigger and masula • Life of maximum 10 years Computing emission indices

Emission (CO2 kg/ kg production of Material material) Nylon 5.43 Steel 1.80 Aluminium 1.50 Brass 6.70 Poly vinyl carbon (PVC ) 1.80 Copper 3.00 Glass 8.39 Concrete 11.30 Plastic 6.00 Thermocol 3.46 Wood: Carbon negative component

Height ( m) 20 Girth (m) 1

Spacing ( m) 5 x 5 Max growth age 20 ( years) Lifetime ( years) 350 Sequestration potential ( t/ha) 90.52

Cropping density 400 ( trees/ ha) 400 trees 90.52 1 tree 0.23 Catamaran: Wood based traditional craft 1 tree harvested at 20 years of age 75.9 Emission - pre harvest sector

Sector CO2 Emission per year per ton of fish caught (tons)

Traditional 0.09 Motorised 0.33 Mechanical 0.21 Harvest

• Two sub-operations - Cruising and towing. • Cruising - craft moves from the shore to the off shore • Towing- the gears are discharged and the catch is loaded. • Both operations can be done either manually or mechanically • Fuel consumption pattern - engine horse power, the navigation and towing speed and the distance travelled. • Emission calculation- Fuel consumed and ice required

Emission from 1 litreof diesel= 2.63 kg CO2 Emission from chilling 1 ton of fish= 4.11 kg CO2 Indian navigation and towing systems Emission in harvest sector

Sector Emission (Ton CO2/ Percentage Percentage ton) contribution contribution (Landings) (Emission)

Mechanised 1.43 79.51 85.78

Motorised 1.02 18.55 14.22

Traditional 0 1.93 0.00 Post Harvest

• Trade of fish from point of first sales to point of last sales. • Emission calculation- distance travelled by the fish, the mode of transport used and the ice required. Emissions – Post harvest sector – Modes of conveyance Vehicle Catch (%) Average C emitted distance travel (kg) (km) Cycle 2 2.5 Bike 4.5 20 1.15 Auto 11.0 50 3.945 Truck 11.5 100 15.78 Truck with 27.0 200 13.15 cooler Train 35.0 500 105.2 Ship 7.0 1000 487037.04 Emissions – post harvest sector Vehicle Traditional Motorised Mechanised

(kg CO2 (kgCO2 emitted) (kg CO2 emitted) emitted) Cycle 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bike 0.07 0.34 0.32 Auto 0.09 0.37 0.59 Truck 0.31 0.59 Truck with 0.31 0.98 cooler Train 0.49 3.13 Ship 0.01 Air 497.04 Transportation of Unit Ton of fish Sector wise emission during transportation

Truck Mechanisedwith Sector (kg CO2) Truck cooler Bike Auto 0% 0% 0% 0% Train 1% Ship 0%

Flight 99% Emission in post harvest sector

Sector Emission (Ton Percentage Percentage

CO2/ ton) contribution contribution (Landings) (Emission)

Mechanised 0.503 79.51 99.56 Motorised 0.002 18.55 0.39 Traditional 0.0002 1.93 0.03 Consumption

• Fish – majorly consumption and export; a meagre proportion for fish meal industry. • Per capita fish consumption 8 kg/year • The major percentage of catch (95%) is used within the country for both household as well as commercial needs. • Emission-type of dish cooked , type of fuel used for cooking . • Emission found to be 0.11 ton CO2 /ton fish Findings: Emission from the Marine fisheries sector

Preharvest- boat Consumptio No. of manufacture Harvest- Post- n- 1 ton fish people normalised by while Harvest- during Total involved life period of catching 1 Trading 1 Indian emission Sector No. of crafts (Million) the craft ton of fish Ton of fish cooking craft wise

Traditional 5050 0.252 0.09 0 0.0002 0.11 0.2002

Motorised 71378 1.427 0.33 1.02 0.002 0.11 1.462

Mechanical 72545 0.58 0.21 1.42 0.5 0.11 2.24

Total emission process wise 0.63 2.44 0.5022 0.33 Total emission from Indian marine fisheries

Craft Wise

Process Wise Way Forward

• On a global platform- India’s contribution to emission in marine fishing is meager • Green fishing – popularised and supported with incentive based policies. • Pricing the marine fish caught based on the method of fishing, and selling them with a green tag Green Fishing • Scale it up- Kyoto Protocol, where Annex I parties can pay in terms of CER (Certified Emission Reduction) to Annex II parties. Blue carbon • Leads to achieving a fishery induced economy blue carbon economy Blue carbon economy through green fishing practices Food for thought for all of us!