1349 N, ◦ D. suzukii specimens and collected 9 D. suzukii include the increased chronicles the invasion 8 c findings made from three 2011 Society of Chemical Industry c , San Michele a/A, Trento, Italy D. suzukii Drosophila by Hauser D. suzukii , to the North America mainland in In Focus E), and some larvae were detected in infested ◦ in the US mainland, with a feature on taxonomic Claudio Ioriatti, ¨ uhn-Institut (JKI) – Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants, ¨ uhn-Institut(JKI),Federal Research CenterforCultivatedPlants,Institute b Drosophila suzukii Correspondence to: Denny J Bruck,Unit, 3420 USDA-ARS NW Orchard Ave., Horticultural Corvallis, OR CropsE-mail: 97330, [email protected] USA. Research USDA-ARS, Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, USA Oregon State University, Crop and Soil Science, Corvallis, OR, USA FEM Center for Technology Transfer Julius K Institute for PlantGermany Protection in Fruit Crops andJuliusK Viticulture, Dossenheim, for National and International Plant Health, Kleinmachnow, Germany D. suzukii There are also recent ah, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, and Louisiana sferring information and technology quickly to user groups, ∗ ariety of commercial fruits. Subsequent detections followed c a e d b longitude 02–12 of characteristics. European countries (geographical coordinates: latitude 40–47 France in 2010. Misidentification ofled the to first a delaypaper of in this responding issue’s to reported infestations. The first raspberry fruits inmonitoring Trentino, of fruit Italy, damage throughout in the regioninfested September plantations, revealed both other 2009. of raspberry and Detailed blueberry. Subsequent surveys revealed that the fly was spread throughout Italy (Trentino- Alto Adige, Piemonte, Toscana,cherryandstrawberryinsouthernFrance(Montpellier,Languedoc- Campania). It was alsoRoussillon, found on Provence-Alpes-Cote-d’Azur, Corsica) ew region to educate and inform the public as well as formulate inputs, monitoring and other management tools) and crop loss. ram on an economic, social, and environmental level. As , 5–7 e D. suzukii D. suzukii requires proper taxonomic identification at the initial phase, understanding Amy J Dreves, 1–3 ∗ a D. suzukii was first reported from Hawaii exhibits a wide host range in its ; North America; Europe; Mexico Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Peter Baufeld d D. suzukii Denny J Bruck, : 1349–1351 www.soci.org D. suzukii a , across perspectives 67 2011; collection of papers has been gathered to provide an Drosophila suzukii Drosophila suzukii without raising much alarm. In August 2008, the first Infestations also occurred in parts of China, Korea and 4

1 In Focus

2011 Society of Chemical Industry In North America, c introduced and native range,cherries, infesting blackberries, peaches, blueberries, raspberries,table) strawberries, and grapes variousare (wine wild damaged, and dropped fruiting orgreenhouse plants, split mandarins, persimmons such as and as tomatoes. well apples, apricots, as loquat, fruits that detection from the mainland inas California caused the great fly concern, Subsequent detections was followed in found Oregon,and Washington, infesting British Florida strawberries ColumbiaCarolina, and Michigan in and Louisiana in caneberries. 2009; 2010; and in in Virginia,Wisconsin, Montana, Pennsylvania Utah, and New North Jersey Carolina, and Mexico South in 2011. In Europe, it has been detected in Italy and Spain in 2009, and in Pest Manag Sci basic biology and phenology, developing managementand tools, evaluating the tran impact of the research and extension prog

An effective response to the invasion of 1INTRODUCTION Unlike other vinegarnuisance, or pomaceis flies an economically that damagingserrated are pest ovipositor because enabling considered them the toharvest. females a infest Moreover, have ripening a fruit before suzukii In August 2008,California the caused first great concern, detection asin the of Oregon, fly Washington, the was Florida found and spotted infesting Britishin wing a Columbia 2010; in v drosophila, 2009; and in in Ut Virginia,detected Montana, in Wisconsin, Italy Pennsylvania, and New Spain Jersey,cost in Maryland of 2009 production and and (increased Mexico labor in in and France 2011. materials in In for 2010. Europe, chemical Economic it costs has to been the grower from continues to expand its range, steps must be initiated in each n Heidrun Vogt Abstract Jana C Lee, (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/ps.2271 In Focus: Spotted wing drosophila, management tactics suitable for the crops and growing conditions in each. Keywords: Mini-review Received: 10 March 2011 Revised: 24 June 2011 Accepted: 1 July 2011 Published online in Wiley Online Library: was first observed on cherries ininfestations 1916 had in Japan, worsened, and leading bybuyers. the to 1930s rejections of cherries by in 1980, in many new regions of the continentalthis United States and Europe, overview of some key aspectsimpact of and management, this and insect’s the biology,stakeholders about steps economic how to being respond to taken arrival to ofin this educate invasive some insect new regions of the world. Russia (southeast Siberia). With the recent detection of . 21 D. . et al et al -infested D. suzukii larvae or D. suzukii : 1349–1351 67 on the alert list -infested regions D. suzukii 2011; D. suzukii in California strawberries eggs or larvae (Miller JC, D. suzukii D. suzukii populations. For biological For mass trapping, placing distribution for better design 17 are being investigated to help 2 In this issue, Goodhue Pest Manag Sci D.suzukii D. suzukii While this labor-intensive approach 20 include yield losses, increased labor F for 96 h caused 100% mortality of D. suzukii ◦ D.suzukii 18,19 is reported in many regions of southern D. suzukii C/36 ◦ larvae, whereas crushing fruit is more effective D. suzukii predators of 6–2.2 . D. suzukii 1 Orius − D. suzukii adults find their way to the surface (Dreves AJ, unpublished While pesticides have been the focus in 2010 studies to provide cherries. These trials emphasizepesticides, that organophosphates, three pyrethroids classes anddemonstrated of spinosyns, good registered have contacta or pressing residual need activity, toare while identify few there more effective is organicand products alternatives, Mediterranean Plant available. as Protection there Organization Inpest (EPPO) risk made Europe, a assessment the (PRA)the European after result the first of detection the in PRA, Europe. the In EPPO put 24–40 traps per hectare (60–100 traps per acre) reduced field populations in China. 4 ECONOMICS Economic costs of present an economic analysis of and chemical input coststhe for loss monitoring of and foreign markets management, ifis and fruit banned from from trade.loss Based of on 20% 2008 could productionstrawberries, lead $US values, 56.7 to a million for $US yield blueberries, $US 33.4 156.6caneberries million million and $US for in 174.8 million revenue for cherries losses in California,and Oregon for Washington combined. would not benon-pesticide alternative possible for homeowners or for small-acreage farms. For most sanitation, growers, preliminary itthat small-scale bagging could trials infested in provide blueberriessolarizing Oregon a in fruit suggest piles clear/black with plastic tightlyeliminate bags sealed 1–2 or mm clear plastic can eggs and neonate larvae in Japan. growers with immediate chemicalpractices options, are other management critical to developing a sustainable and distributed a factDetection sheet of for all memberEurope, states and immediately. itcherry has growers become in the Italy.with first Besides vinegar traps the priority and monitoring for larval for for infestation ofcrops, soft adult the fruits activity extensive fruits of different field and evaluate and the laboratory insecticide efficacy. trials Efficacy trialsregistration were are of carried needed new for out pesticides. the Germany, In to official non-infested monitoring countries by such thestart as in Plant 2011. Protection Service will integrated pest managementis program. under Longer-term waytrapping,sanitation,semiochemicals,biologicalcontrol,landscape research on themanagement use and of post-harvestcovering treatment. other blueberries For methods, with cultural includingprovided a control, 100% mesh mass control with a in grid Japan. size of 0.98 mm under sunny conditions, andsuzukii burying fruit is notdata). In-field effective, sanitation as to limit the amountis of also fruit critical on the for ground mitigating control, projects incynipid the and United pteromalid States parasitic are wasps currently of evaluating pupae and Dreves AJ, Shearer PW andand Lee JC, habitat unpublished choices data). Landscape of understand movement and grapes is beingcherries studied at in California. Prior storage of infested of alternative managementdata). practices Furthermore, post-harvest (Dreves treatment for AJ, unpublished 2 2 F. ◦ www.soci.org JC Lee 8eggs . evaluate C/86 15 ◦ examined ± 15 . 2011 Society of Chemical Industry also provide in Europe, as 14 8 . . 5 c . life stages, host under constant et al et al et al is from the Japanese spp., wild blackberry, D. suzukii 7 and 3 respectively). are fecund and can lay In North America, the ,Bruck D. suzukii = Walsh 10 Females oviposit between 2 n D. suzukii 2 Lonicera withaveragesofbetween219 D. suzukii develops through three larval 1 oviposition and development D. suzukii In Focus ) (Grassi A, private communication, and will lay eggs in single clutches F, and from 21 days 8 h to 25 days 2 h ◦ evaluate pesticide efficacy in sweet 10 unknown). unknown). F, 16 ◦ . = and females start ovipositing between F or less. D. suzukii Female 17and17), = ◦ includes two laboratory studies on basic C/77 D. suzukii 1 2 ◦ n = n Adult activity is reduced above 30 et al exposed various fruit cultivars and ripeness adults in the laboratory. They demonstrated C/90 n F( 79). ◦ 56), C/45 ◦ 11 13 ◦ . = = describe the first records of In Focus n n C/41 et al 12 . F (number of individuals ◦ ◦ 9 eggs over a lifetime on cherries and 105 is primarily controlled by pesticide sprays on fruit . D. suzukii Fand32 ◦ et al 23 C/59 ± ◦ 1 C/50 . ◦ Considerable damage has been reported in the most relevant This issue’s 161 10 1 day and 4 daysof 1 20 day h 23 after h ( pupal emergence, with an average range, overwintering and degree-day modelsliterature based on and Japanese recentCalabria observations made in the United States. other information not described here on the overwintering survivorshiptemperatures in of laboratorypoor survival bioassays, at 7 and demonstrated very onConcordgrapes( pesticides for immediate andand field residual among activity small fruits: in blueberry,wine raspberry, the strawberry grapes. laboratory and Beers randomly on fruit. immediate management response toincluded this new monitoring invasive for pest adultvinegar has traps, activity monitoring fruit with for larval infestation yeast and application of or apple insecticides. cider In this issue’s wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps Effective management ofthe this wide pestD. host suzukii is range aat and challenge the short owing coloring generation stage to before time. harvest. In Japan, 3 PEST MANAGEMENT In Japan, only the adult stageor was leaves, starting noted in to late November, overwinter when in minimumfell pebbles temperatures below 5 Males court females by fanning their wingsMating and tapping ranges their legs. between 2of min and 26.6 min 1 h ( 25 min, with an average 2BIOLOGY Most of the known basic biology of from trap catchesValencia, Catalonia). in In addition, Spain infestations were confirmed (e.g.Mexico from in Rasquera, 2011. Barcelona, Malaga, soft fruit and cherry productionIn areas in Italy, Italy eggs and and Franceapricot, larvae in blueberry, were 2010. strawberry, detected raspberry, blackberry, in figgrape, fruits and and also of in wine fruits of sweet wild hosts cherry, ( 2011). Sambucus nigra, Frangula alnus instars, and development from egg to adult2 has h to taken 10 from days 8 3 days h at 25 and 563 eggs over afrom lifetime another among study ten ( generations on cherries stages to that the color-changing stagesraspberry of and blackberry, blueberry, strawberrymore cherry, in susceptible no-choice to and choice arenas are at 15 literature, as studies inrecently the been United initiated. States and Europe have only well as monitoring and biological observations. than the green and overripe stages. Dalton biology. Lee

1350 1351 . , , Proc et al et al ,2nd :205–209 Agricultural :1403–1410 61 ´ es sur cerises. Pest Man Sci 67 Pest Man Sci , A comparative , Field evaluation [Online]. Ministry Drosophila suzukii Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura). et al :1358–1367 (2011). et al Agric Policies Div Ext Plant Prot 67 ˆ ats observ :365–368 (2007). under simulated winter :1386–1395 (2011). (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in ´ eg 26 suzukii Pest Man Sci 67 ceris.purdue.edu/pestlist.php Primary Color Pest and Disease in berry crops. :5–8 (2010). ional Agricultural Pest Informa- ,in 13 management programs for sweet Pest Man Sci :233–237 (2006). Klick J, Kleiber J, DeFrancesco J :1368–1374 (2011). . Premiers d :1396–1402 (2011). species ovipositing on cherry fruits of 48 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ps 67 67 Pest Man Sci :179 (1983). :1–7 (2010). (Sophophora) 2 Drosophila suzukii Drosophila suzukii. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439.2010.01583.x (2010). :776–778 (2007). 24 Drosophila suzukii 22 J Mountain Agric Biol , injurious to blueberry. (Diptera: Drosophilidae): invasive pest of ripening ¨ achli G, Serra L and Pascual M, First records of the Popul Ecol Drosophila Drosophila suzukii :26–33 (2010). Pest Man Sci Pest Man Sci Drosophila suzukii Drosophila suzukii Drosophila Drosophila suzukii 266 ´ aca J, B Drosophila suzukii. J Appl Entomol , The susceptibility of small fruits and cherries to spotted-wing :1375–1385 (2011). :1352–1357 (2011). Laboratory survival of conditions of thein Pacific five Northwest primary and regionsUnited of seasonal States. small field and trapping stone fruit production in the Laboratory andinfestation field of comparisons of insecticides to reduce 67 Developing et al drosophila, cherry in the Western US. Drosophila suzukii Europe. (2011). potential pest species coordination, outreach and evaluation. (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)States, in the with67 continental remarks United on their identification. Infos CTIFL (2007). of different trapping methods of cherryJ Yunnan fruit Agric fly, Univ study on control effectsbayberry of orchard. fruit flies by different methods in red Hawaiian Entomol Soc Drosophila suzukii. [Online].tion Nat System.[8 Available: August 2011]. http://pest. des fruits: edition. Rural Culture Association Japan, Tokyo, Japan, pp.(2005). 489–492 clutch sizes of different stages. potential economic impact of a newly establishedand pest. Resource Economics Update Spotted wing drosophila Infestation ofraspberries: California strawberries economic and analysiscontrol costs. of potential revenue losses and Drosophilasuzukii soft fruit expanding itsJ Integrated geographic Pest range Manag and damage potential. Encyclopedia.Vol.2.Apples,Cherries,EuropeanPearsandWalnuts Instruction, distributedPrefecture (2005). at an extension meeting in Gunma of Agriculturecropprot/swd.htm and 8 August Lands. 2011. Available: http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/ Pest Tracker, Reported Pest Status of Spotted Wing Drosophila – Spotted Wing Drosophila (Fruit Fly) Pest Alert. 8 Hauser M, A historic account of the invasion of 9 Mandrin JF, Weydert C and Trottin-Caudal Y, Un nouveau ravageur 4KaneshiroKY, 5 Walsh DB, Bolda MP, Goodhue RE, Dreves AJ, Lee J, Bruck DJ, 7 6 3 Biology and control of 14 Dalton DT, Walton VM, Shearer PW, Walsh DB, Caprile J and Isaacs R, 15 Bruck DJ, Bolda M, Tanigoshi L, 16 Beers EH, Van Steenwyk RA, Shearer PW, Coats WW and Grant JA, 13 Lee JC, Bruck DJ, Curry H, Edwards D, Haviland DR, Van Steenwyk RA 17 Kawase S, Uchino K and Takahashi K, Control of cherry Drosophila, 12 Calabria G, M 22 Dreves AJ, IPM program development for an invasive pest: 18 Wu SR, Tai HK, Li ZY, Wang X, Yang SS, Sun19 W, Wu SR, Tai HK, Li ZY, Wang X, Yang SS, Sun W, 10 Sakai M, Cherry 11 Mitsui H, Kazui H, Takahashi M and Kimura T, Spatial distributions and 20 Bolda M, Goodhue RE and Zalom FG,21 Spotted Goodhue RE, wing Bolda M, drosophila: Farnsworth D, Williams JC and Zalom FG, D. in the D. suzukii D. suzukii Matsumura . An expert 2011 Society of Chemical Industry incursionsin c requiresproper D. suzukii D. suzukii D.suzukii D.suzukii Mats. Yamanashi Prefecture describes the formulation in 2010 concluded that the Drosophila suzukii 22 efecture Agricultural Experiment has been detected, high alert has D.suzukii , Dreves is already established. Drosophila suzukii D. suzukii : 1349–1351 In Focus 67 D. suzukii Introduction www.soci.org 2011; , put it on an alert list and elaborated a PRA. Part of the PRA Agricultural Experimental Station, Kofu, Japna (1939). (preliminary report). Yamanashi Pr Station, Kofu, Japan (1935). In Europe in 2010, losses of up to 80% occurred in strawberry In Europe, the EPPO reacted quickly to the introductions of Aneffectiveresponsetotheinvasionof 2KanzawaT,Studieson 1 Kanzawa T, Research into the fruit-fly Drosophila suzukii Pest Manag Sci REFERENCES With this high-priority invasive fruit pest,currently a being plethora conducted on of its research biology, is and phenology, distribution management. Ainformation critical and efficiently stepgroups. In disseminate is this issue’s it to to manage the all various the user new working group of the EPPO for potentialforeconomicconsequencesdueto Europe were ‘high’. The strongest factor determiningwas this the decision fact that there isyield already losses evidence where of extremely high crop 5 EXTENSION AND EVALUATION management well outweigh the costs of not controlling this pest. crops of the Alpes Maritimes regionP, of private communication, southern 2010). France Important (Reynaud cropin losses Italy (30–40%) were reported by the mostespecially significant growers association, on highbushBesides the crop blueberry, loss in blackberryoccurs the field, owing and an to additional raspberry. the economic cost-intensive impact storage secondary facilities after selection harvest,shorter of as shelf well fruits life as in of to fruit losses containing due eggs to of the and raspberries. Their analysis finds that the benefits of of outreach programs and events covering suzukii is pest risk management.are The described monitoring in and a general factgroup measures sheet of summarized the by thethe EPPO expert EPPO. that working This was wascountries, the issued and, trigger where for to the start monitoring member intensively states in by western United States. Therapidly accessible plan area-wide pest makes incidence data, useonline as information of well on as the monitoring digital and mapping management.including Information of several universitygrowers, websites, weekly hands-on updates workshops andfor for news agricultural releases professionals, arebackyard fruit Extension being growers, packers agents, tailored and the public. farmon Efforts are advisors, helping focused theseand main ultimately user increaseDeveloping groups adoption a to unified of understand the message recommended message for to the practices. stakeholders media alsodeveloping and became Extension important programs. managing priorities while been declared. Chemical treatmentsadult will flight be and made fieldefforts, according further scouting to specific investigations for for oviposition. Europewell are as In necessary, for spite as other non-endemic of regions. these taxonomic identification at the initialbasic phase, biology understanding of and its phenology, thetools, development the of transfer management of informationgroups and and evaluation technology of the quickly impact of to theprogram research user on and an Extension economic, social and environmental level.