AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL Public Disclosure Authorized STUDIES AND RESEARCH Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Govemorate
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS CDA Community Development Association CSC Construction Supervision Consultant EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency ER Executive Regulations EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESA Environmental Site Assessment ESIAF Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework ESMMF Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework FGD Focus Group Discussions FM Force Mains HAAS Haloacetic acids HCWW The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater ISSIP Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project ISSIP-I Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project Phase I ISSIP-2 Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project Phase 2 MWRI Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation MoH Ministry of Health MOHUD The Ministry Of Housing and Urban Development NGO Non Governmental Organizations NOPWASD The National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary Drainage PIU Project Implementation Unit PlUM Project Implementation Unit Manager PO Project Operator ppm Parts Per Millions PS Pump Stations PSC Project Steering Committee RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RSU Rural Sanitation Unit RSU-EE Rural Sanitation Unit Environmental Expert
2 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
THMs TriHaloMethanes WB World Bank WSC Water and Sanitation Company WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
Exchange Rate: $ / L.E. = 5.81 as of 22 December 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIA nONS ...... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 4 1. Introduction ...... 9 1. 1 Background ...... 9 1.2 Objectives of the Study ...... 10 2. Legislative and Regulatory Consideration ...... 12 2.1 Applicable Environmental and Social Legislation in Egypt...... 12 2.1.1 Presidential Decree 135/2004 ...... 12 2.1.2 Law 9311962 for Discharge of Wastewaters...... 12 2.1.3 Law 48/1982 for Protection of River Nile and Watercourses ...... 15 2.1.4 Environment Law No. 4/1994 as Amended by Law No. 9/2009 ...... 16 2.1.5 Law 38/1967 for General Cleanliness ...... 18 2.1.6 Law 117/1983 for Protection of Antiquities ...... 19 2.1.7 Engineering Codes of Practice ...... 19 2.2 World Bank Guidelines and Safeguard Policies ...... 20 2.2.1 OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment...... 22 2.2.2 OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources ...... 22 2.2.3 OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement ...... 22 3. Baseline Study ...... 24 3.1 Location and Land Use ...... 24 3.2 Climate ...... 26 3.3 Air Quality ...... 26 3.4 Geology ...... 27 3.5 Flora and Fauna ...... 27 3.6 Surface Water ...... 28 3.7 Groundwater ...... 31 3.8 Culturally Valuable Sites ...... 31 3.9 Water Supply and San itatian Services ...... 32 3.1 0 Villages Planning and Traffic ...... 34 3.11 Types of Structures ...... 35 3.12 Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators ...... 36 4. Project Description ...... 38 4.1 The Project Areas ...... 38 4.2 Existing Situation at the Project Areas ...... 39 4.3 Project Objectives ...... 42 4.4 Project Approach ...... 42 4.5 Project Components ...... 42 4.6 Estimated Costs ...... 46 4.7 Description of the Construction Activities and the Associated Environmental Aspects ...... 47 4.7.1 Construction of Wastewater Treatment Plants ...... 47 4.7.2 Construction of Pump Stations ...... 48 4.7.3 Construction of Force Mains ...... 48 4.7.4 Crossing Works ...... 48
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4.7.5 Construction of Collection Systems ...... 49 4.7.6 Construction of House Connections ...... 49 4.8 Description of the Operation Activities and the Associated Environmental Aspects ...... 50 4.8.1 Operation of Collection Systems and Rising Mains ...... 50 4.8.2 Operation of Pump Stations ...... 50 4.8.3 Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants ...... 50 5. Potentially Significant Environmental and Social Impacts ...... 52 5.1 Positive Impacts ...... 52 5.2 Potentially Negative Impacts during Construction ...... 52 5.2.1 Risks Associated with Waste Handling and Disposal ...... 52 5.2.2 Noise and Air Emissions ...... 53 5.2.3 Disturbance of Traffic and Difficulty of Access...... 54 5.2.4 Effects on Structures Integrity ...... 54 5.2.5 Risk ofInjuries to Construction Labor ...... 55 5.2.6 Risks of Improper Management of Culturally Valuable Sites ...... 55 5.2.7 Risks of damaging underground infrastructure ...... 56 5.2.8 Socioeconomic Impacts of Construction Works ...... 56 5.3 Potentially.Negative Impacts during Operation ...... 57 5.3.1 Risks Associated with Sludge Handling ...... 57 5.3.2 Risks Associated with Disposal of Final Effluent ...... 59 5.3.3 Nuisance from PSandWWTP ...... 61 5.3.4 Risks Associated with Handing of Hazardous Substances and Disposal of Hazardous Waste ...... 62 5.3.5 Risks of Clogging to the Shallow Sewers System ...... 63 5.3.6 Risks Associated with Passing Sewage Pipes over Watercourses ...... 63 5.3.7 Risks Associated with Handling and Disposal of Commercial Units, PS and WWTP Waste ...... 63 5.3.8 Air Emissions and Noise ...... 64 5.3.9 Socioeconomic Aspects for Affordability and Willingness to Pay Capital and Operational Costs ...... 64 5.3.10 Effects on Cesspits Evacuation Business ...... 65 6. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 66 6.1 No Project Alterative ...... 66 6.2 Alternatives of Included Villages in the Project...... 67 6.3 Alternatives of Piping Materials ...... 67 6.4 Alternatives to the Utilization of Sludge ...... 68 7. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework ...... 69 7.1 Objectives of the ESMMF ...... 69 7.2 Management and Monitoring Activities During Construction Phase ...... 69 7.2.1 Management of Waste Generated During Construction ...... 69 7.2.2 Management of Noise and Air Emissions ...... 71 7.2.3 Management of Traffic and Facilitation of Access ...... 72 7.2.4 Management of Structures Stability ...... 73 7.2.5 Enhancing Safety of Construction Labor...... 73 7.2.6 Management of Chance-Finds of Antiquity Objects ...... 74
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7.2.7 Management of Underground Infrastructure ...... :...... 74 7.2.8 Management of socioeconomic impacts during construction ...... 75 7.3 Management and Monitoring Activities During Construction Phase ...... 85 7.3.1 Management ofWWTP Sludge ...... 85 7.3.2 Management of Final Effluent's Quality ...... 86 7.3.3 Management of PS and WWTP Nuisance ...... 87 7.3.4 Management of Hazardous Substances and Empty Containers ...... 88 7.3.5 Preventive Measures for Sewers Clogging ...... 89 7.3.6 Preventive Measures for Crossing Works Leakage ...... 90 7.3.7 Management of Commercial Units, PS and WWTP Wastes ...... 91 7.3.8 Management of Air Emissions and Noise ...... 91 7.3.9 Management of Willingness and Affordability to Pay among Project Villages92 7.3.10 Management of Willingness and Affordability to Pay among Project Villages 92 7.4 Screening Criteria for Relevant Project Activities ...... 104 7.4.1 Screening Criteria for Selecting Locations of WWTPs ...... 104 7.4.2 Screening Criteria for Selecting Locations of PSs ...... 105 7.4.3 Screening Criteria for Selecting Sludge Reuse Options ...... 106 7.4.4 Screening Criteria for Selecting Materials and Equipment ...... 106 7.5 Institutional Framework for Implementation ...... 107 7.5.1 Existing Environmental Management Structure for the ISSIP-I ...... 107 7.5.2 Proposed Organizational Set-up for Implementing ISSIP-2 ...... 109 7.5.3 Required Human Resources and Training ...... III 7.6 Reporting of ESMMF Activities ...... 111 7.7 Estimated Budget for the ESMMF ...... III 8. Public Consultation ...... 113 8.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) ...... 113 8.1.1 Methodology ...... 113 8.1.2 Findings...... 113 8.2 Public Consultation Meeting ...... 114 Annex 1: Checklist for rSSIP-2 Environmental Screening ...... 117 Annex 2: Public Consultation Transcript, Photos, Invitation Letters, List of Attendees and Newspaper Article ...... 120
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Wastewater standards allowed for discharge in public sewers ...... 13 Table 2-2: Treated effluent standards for reuse in irrigation ...... 14 Table 2-3: Standards of sludge to be used in agriculture ...... 15 Table 2-4: Standards for treated effluent before being discharged to drains ...... 15 Table 2-5: Noise intensity and maximum exposure periods in working environment ..... 17 Table 2-6: Noise intensity and maximum number of intermitted impacts from heavy hammers ...... 17 Table 2-7: The maximum permissible limit for air emissions ...... 18 Table 2-8: The World Bank Safeguard Policies and their relevance to ISSIP-2 activities20 Table 0-1: Adminstrative structure of Menofeya Governorate Districts ...... 25 Table 0-2: Indicators Recorded in Shebin EI Kom and Kowesna Meteorological Stations ...... 26 Table 0-3: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya ...... 28 Table 0-4: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya ...... 31 Table 0-5: Services of Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 32 Table 0-6: Samples taken from drinking water facilities in Menofya during 2005 ...... 33 Table 0-7: Existing wastewater treatment plants in different Districts ...... 34 Table 0-8: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya ...... 36 Table 4-1: Clusters and villages that will be served by ISSIP-2 in Menofya Governorate ...... 38 Table 4-2: Population, water supply and sanitation characteristics of the project villages ...... 39 Table 4-3: Expected wastewater discharges from ISSIP-2 clusters by years 2030 and 2050...... 40 Table 4-4: Proposed ISSIP-2 interventions according to Scenario 1 (9 villages) ...... 44 Table 4-5: Proposed ISSIP-2 interventions according to Scenario 2 (11 villages) ...... 45 Table 4-6: Estimated Capital Costs for the ISSIP-2 interventions in Menofya ...... 46 Table 5-1: Egyptian and USEPA standards for Land Application of Sludge ...... 58 Table 5-2: USEPA Standards (Part 502.23) for Sludge Pollutants Concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) and Correspondent Buffer Zones from Disposal Site Boundaries (No Liner No Leachate Collection) ...... 58 Table 5-3: Suggested minimum buffer distances from treatment units for odor containment ...... 61 Table 7-1: Environmental Management Matrix during Construction Phase ...... 76 Table 7-2: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during Construction Phase ...... 82 Table 7-3: Environmental Management Matrix during Operation Phase ...... 93 Table 7-4: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during Operation Phase ...... J00 Table 7-5: Recommended training courses for ISSIP-I ...... 109 Table 7-6: Estimated Budget for the ESMMF ...... III Table 8-1: Main Issues raised in the Menofya Public Consultation Meeting and correspondent actions that need to be taken ...... 1 15
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 0-1: Location of Menofya Governorate in Egypt ...... 24 Figure 0-2: Districts of Menofeya...... 25 Figure 0-3: Geological Map of the Nile Delta ...... 27 Figure 0-4: Main Canals and Drains of the Delta Region ...... 30 Figure 0-5: Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Delta Monitoring Points (2002/2003) ...... 30 Figure 7-1: Proposed Environmental Management for ISSIP-l ...... 108 Figure 7-2: Environmental Management for Set-up for ISSIP after adding ISSIP-2 Menofya ...... 110
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1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Although drinking water supplies have been introduced to the rural areas in Egypt drinking few decades ago the sanitation services were not developed in parallel. Currently about 95% of urban households are provided with piped drinking water supply and coverage of sanitation services in these areas is about 84%. In contrast, about 70% of rural households have access to piped water supplies, while sanitation services are limited to about 26% of rural households across Egypt. This situation has resulted in many problems that could be summarized as follows: 1- Rural households use sewage cesspits septic that are often leaking sewage to the surrounding environment causing health risks to rural inhabitants 2- Sewage oftenly leaches to the groundwater raising the groundwater level, especially in northern parts of the country were groundwater level is relatively high. This, in addition to the associated risks of contaminated groundwater supplies, threatens the structural stability of many rural households, and 3- The absence of centralized sanitation services leads to discharging quantities of untreated sewage in irrigation canals causing organic and pathogenic contamination to surface water, and subsequently raising contamination risks to agriculture soil and crops.
Recently the Government of Egypt (GoE) has initiated an ambitious plan for providing sanitation services to rural areas in the country. The Ministry Of Housing and Urban Development (MOHUD) and its technical arm, the National Organization for Potable Water & Sanitary Drainage (NOPW ASD), have set a plan to cover all villages in Egypt with sanitation services by the year 2022 J. In 2004 a Presidential Decree has been issued for establishing the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) with mandate of managing and operating water and wastewater utilities. The establishment of HCWW comprised an important step for a reform program adopted by the GoE for the water/wastewater sector focusing on commercialization, privatization and regulation of its utilities. HCWW has consolidated 14 water and wastewater utility companies in the country under its supervision as affiliate companies.
In January 2009 HCWW, with support from the World Bank (WB), has initiated the Integrated Sanitation and Sewerage Infrastructure Project (ISSIP) which is providing deprived villages in Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr El Sheikh with sanitation services. The developmental objective of ISSIP is to improve health conditions of rural inhabitants in the project area and to improve surface water quality in selected irrigation command areas. The first phase of ISSIP (ISSIP-I) is implementing centralized sanitation systems in about 222 villages within 14 clusters2 and decentralized systems in about 120 villages with smaller populations. In order to widen the coverage areas of the ISSIP and to
I Source: website of MOHUD: http://www.housing-utility.gov.eg/waterplan.asp 2 A cluster contains a number of villages and -relatively highly populated areas that are closely located and could be served with a centralized wastewater treatment plant
9 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Gove.'norate increase number of beneficiaries HCWW is planning to implement a second phase of the ISSIP (lSSIP-2) in which geographic coverage of the project will be extended to another 2 Lower Egypt Governorates, namely Menofya and Sharkeya Governorates, and 2 Upper Egypt Governorates, namely Asyut and Sohag Governorates, The proponents of the ISSIP-2 are NOPWASD and HCWW, along with its the subsidiary companies in the new project areas. HCWW has requested the assistance of the World Bank for implementing the ISSIP-2.
Assessment of environmental and social impacts is a prerequIsite for implementing developmental projects both by the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and the World Bank. Accordingly this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework (ESIAF) has been prepared. This ESIAF has been prepared for the ISSIP-2 proposed interventions in Menofya Governorate, while other ESIAFs will be prepared for the other 3 project governorates.
Due to the extensive geographic coverage of the proposed project and the uncertainty of the exact development schedule of the utilities and infrastructure in all project phases, an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Framework (ESIAF), rather than a detailed site specific Impact Assessment, has been prepared. This ESIAF has been prepared following Terms of Reference prepared by HCWW, and cleared by the World Bank, aiming at providing an overview of the anticipated environmental and social safeguard issues associated with the ISSIP-2; and to develop environmental guidelines to be followed for the subsequent gradual phased implementation of the Project.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The aim of the ESIAF is to identify the potential environmental and social impacts of the ISSIP-2 in Menofya Governorate, and to develop an environmental and social management framework to be followed by the project stakeholders,
The specific objectives ofthe study are to: Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the project in the project areas; Compare the impacts in relation to relevant national and international requirements and guidelines; Develop screening criteria for acceptability of project intervention from environmental and social aspects Develop an environmental and social management framework for the mitigation of the potentiaUy negative impacts and for monitoring compliance with the relevant environmental laws and standards; Assess the capacity of the implementing agencies to implement the developed environmental and social management framework, and Develop a capacity building program to cover any identified gaps in the capacity of the implementing agencies regarding environmental and social measures
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It is worth noting that a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is has been prepared in parallel to this ESIAF. The RPF is addressing cases where involuntary resettlement may occur during the course of project implementation.
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2. Legislative and Regulatory Consideration
2.1 Applicable Environmental and Social Legislation in Egypt
2.1.1 Presidential Decree 135/2004
The Decree has established HCWW giving it the authority to collect, treat and safely dispose of wastewaters. Operational budget, properties and assets of water and wastewater utilities have been transferred from local authorities to HCWW, and its 14 subsidiary companies in some governorates.
2.1.2 Law 93/1962 for Discharge of Wastewaters
The law regulates the disposal of wastewater, and liquids at large, to the sewerage networks. The law has specified the procedures to be followed for establishing sewerage networks, house connections, licensing procedures for connecting different establishments to the sewers and the sampling/analysis responsibilities. The Executive Regulations ofthe law have been abrogated by Ministerial Decree 44/2000, which has set details for treated effluent standards and sludge standards for reuse in agriculture. The ISSIp·2 implementing agencies, and the project beneficiaries, should comply with the Law during the execution of the project. Following are highlights of the main articles that are applicable to the environmental and social performance of the ISSIp·2 project:
The sewers are to be established in public roads or private roads which are open for general traffic. In the event the sewers are established in private roads, which are opened for general traffic, the owner of said road shall not be compensated for the establishment ofthe sewers in his road. (Articles 1 and 2 ofthe Law) The buildings located in a specific road should be connected to the public sewer of said road. In said case the owner ofthe building, within two (2) months from being requested to connect to the public sewer; should (a) submit a request to the competent authority requesting connecting its building to the public sewer and (b) complete the "in house" connections. In the event the owner of the building failed to comply with the previous requirements, the competent authority may connect the buildings with the public sewer through administrative means with the expenses claimed from the buildings' owners. The owners could pay the connections expenses either on one batch or via monthly installments over twelve (12) months according to the discretion of the competent authority. (Article 3 ofthe Law and Article 7 ofthe ER). In relation to establishments that discharge wastewaters including high ratios of solids (such as bakeries, mills and animal barns),said establishments shall install settlement chambers to settle additional loads of solids prior to discharging wastewater to the sewer. In relation to establishments that discharge high loads of oils and fats in their wastewaters (such as car parks of more than four cars and services stations), said establishments shall install oil separators to remove the oil
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prior discharging the wastewater to the sewers. No flammable mat~rials should enter the sewerage system. It is prohibited to dilute wastewaters in order to avoid the previous loads (Articles] 0 and] 7 ofthe ER) Wastewaters should comply with the following standards, indicated in Table 2-1, before it could be discharged to public sewers. No Esther petroleum products, calcium carbides, pesticides, radioactive materials or any other material identified by competent authority are allowed to be discharged to sewers. (Article 14 of the Executive Regulations)
Table 2-1: Wastewater standards allowed for discharge in public sewers
Parameter Allowable Parameter Allowable limit limit pH, units 6-9.5 Settleable solids 15 (cm3!Liter)after 30 minutes Temperature,( CO) 43 Total heavy metals (mg!]) 5 BOD5 (mg!l) 600 Chromium +6 (mgll) 0.5 COD (mg!l) 1,] 00 Cadmium (mgll) 0.2 TSS (mg!l) 800 Lead (mgll) 1 Oil and Grease (O&G) 100 Mercury (mg!l) 0.2 (mg/l) Sulphate (mg/I) 10 Silver (mgll) 0.5 Total Nitrogen (mg/I) 100 Copper (mg!]) 1.5 Total Phosphorous (mgll) 25 Nickel (mg/]) 1 Cyanides (mg!l) 0.2 Arsenic (mg!l) 2 Phenols(mg/l) 0.05 Tin (mg/]) 2 Settleable solids (cm3!Liter ) 8 Boron (mg/]) ] after] 0 minutes
It is prohibited to re-use treated sewage in irrigation except after (a) obtaining the approval of (i) the Ministry of Health (MoH) and (ii) competent authorities determined by the Minister of Housing and (b) to prepare an environmental impact assessment in accordance with the requirements of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA). In all cases the treated sewage should comply with the standards indicated in Table 2-2 for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. (Article ] 5 of the ER). Decree 44/2000 has identified certain precautions that should be taken into consideration concerning types of crops, types of soils and methods of irrigation for each of primary and secondary treatment. These precautions have been later modified by the Egyptian Code for Reuse of Treated Sewage in Agriculture (Ministerial Decree No. ] 71 for the year 2005).
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Table 2-2: Treated effluent standards for reuse in irrigation
Parameter Primary Secondary Tertiary treatment treatment treatment 300 40 20 .gll)D (mgl1) 600 80 40 19/I) 350 40 20 O&G (mg/l) NI 10 5 Nematodes (no. of cells or eggs/ Liter) 5 I I Faecal coliform (MPNII 00 ml) NI 1,000 100 TDS (ppm) 2.500 2,000 2,000 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) 25 20 20 Chlorides (mg/I) 350 300 300 Boron (mg/l) 5 3 3 Cadmium (mg/I) 0.05 0.01 0.01 Lead (mg/I) 10 5 5 Copper (mg/I) NI 0.2 0.2 Nickel (mgll) 0.5 0.2 0.2 Zinc (mgll) NI 2 2. Arsenic (mg/l) NI NI 0.1 Chromium (mg/I) NI NI 0.1 Molid betrays (only green fodders) NI 0.01 (mg/l) Managanese (mg/l) 0.2 0.2 Iron (mgll) NI 5 ~ • Cobalt (mg/1) NI 0.05 0.05 Notes: NI: Not identified Table 2.2 is stated in Article IS of the ER.
It is prohibited to use sludge as organic fertilizers outside the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) except after obtaining the approval of (i) the competent administrative authority within the Ministry of Housing, (ii) the Ministry of Health and (iii) EEAA after preparing an EtA for the production, distribution, utilization and disposal process, if necessary. The sludge should be appropriately stabilized using aerobic, anaerobic, chemical, thermal or solar methods. The treated sludge should comply with the standards indicated in Table 2-3. Appropriate health precautions and buffer zones between lands conditioned by treated sludge and certain developments should be respected. The application of sludge should be within the following ranges according to soil type: 8-14 m3/feddan/year for thick soil, 10-16m3/feddan/year for medium soil and I 20m3/feddan/year for light soil (Articles 3 to 6 of Section 8 from the ER).
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Table 2-3: Standards of sludge to be used in agriculture
I Allowable Allowable Parameter Parameter limit limit Zinc (mg/kg) 2.800 Molybdenum (mg/kg) 18 Copper (mg/kg) 1.500 Selenium (mg/kg) 36 Nickel (mg/kg) 420 Arsenic (mg/kg) 41 ' Faecal Coliforms i Cadmium 39 (cells/g 1,000 1,000 (mg/kg) d~wt) Salmonella (cells/IOO Lead (mg/kg) 300 ml- 3 3 4% dry wt) Escharis eggs (live Mercury 17 egg/I 00 ml - 5% dry 1 (mg/kg) \\<1) Chromium Escharis 1,200 3 (mg/kg) (no of species)
2.1.3 Law 4811982 for Protection ofRiver Nile and Watercourses
Law No. 48 for the year 1982 and its Executive Regulation regulate the discharge to watercourses and groundwater. Said discharge shall comply with the standards of the law for relevant receiving media. According to Article 2 of the law, the ISSIP-2 shall obtain license from the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources prior discharging treated sewage to watercourse or groundwater.
According to Article 5 of the Executive Regulation, it is prohibited to discharge treated effluent of WWTP to freshwater canals but it could only be discharged to drains. According to Article 66 of the Executive Regulation, the treated sewage should comply with the standards indicated in Table 2-4 prior being discharged to drains.
Table 2-4: Standards for treated effluent before being discharged to drains
Allowable Allowable Parameter Parameter limit limit pH 6-9 Sulphates(mg/I) I Temperature 35 Cyanides (mg/I) - eC) BOD (mg/l) 60 Phosphates (mg/I) - COD (mg/l) 80 Nitrates (mg/l) 50 DO (mg/I) >4 Florides (mg/l) - 0&0 (mg/l) 10 Phenols (mg/I) - Total Heavy Metals TDS (mg/I) 2,000 I (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) 50 Pesticides Nil
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Allowable Allowable Parameter Parameter limit limit Colored Total Colifonns Nil 5,000 materials (MPN/IOOml)
It should be noted that the Executive Regulation have specified certain standards for ambient water quality in freshwater canals and in drains. The Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources is responsible for meeting such water quality objectives through controlling discharge penn its and mixing drains with freshwater bodies.
The ISS IP-2 shall comply with Article 2 of the Executive Regulation, which prohibits the usage of watercourses for the storage of waste or materials that could be dispersed except in areas licensed by the Ministry of Irrigation. The aforementioned are the articles relevant to waste from construction sites near the watercourses.
2.1.4 Environment Law No. 4/1994 as Amended by Law No. 9/2009
Environmental Law No.4 for the year 1994 as amended by Law No.9 for the year 2009 and its Executive Regulation ("Environmental Law") are the main legislation governing environmental protection in Egypt. The Environmental Law stipulates in Articles 19 through 23 that an environmental impact assessment should be prepared for development projects as a condition precedent for obtaining the license.
Article 20 of the Environmental Law states that "The competent administrative authorities or the licensing authority shall send a copy of the EfA mentioned in the preceding article to the EEAA, to express its opinion on the project and submit its proposals to be executed during the preparations to overcome the negative environmental impacts. Said authorities shall verify the implementation of the EEAA's proposals. The EEAA is required to furnish the competent administrative authority or the licensing authority with its opinion on the assessment within maximum thirty (30) days from receiving the assessment otherwise the assessment shall be deemed accepted by the EEAA".
In the event the project has been accepted, the Environmental Law obliges the project proponent to keep an environmental record to document the environmental perfonnance of the project. EEAA Guidelines of EIAs for "Wastewater Treatment Works" dated January 2005 have identified three categories for wastewater treatment works corresponding to different levels of details in the required EIA: The List A projects of WWTP serving 1,000 Population Equivalent (PE) or less. List A projecst only requires filling Form A EIA including basic project data and waste disposal locations. List B projects of WWTP serving 1,000 to 1 million PE, which will also be common for most of the centralized systems in the ISSIP-2. List B projects requires filling Form BElA which includes basic project infonnation, expected impacts and waste management procedures
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List C projects of WWTP and collection systems serving more than 1 million PE, or sludge handling location. List C projects require full EIA study.
According to the Amendment Law No.9 for the year 2009 "Any leakage, effusion, emission, draining or disposal of any kind of pollutants into the waters of the Nile river, the waterways, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone, the sea, taking into consideration the levels determined for certain substances in the executive regulations. These shall be determined by a decision issued by the Environmental Affairs Agency in agreement with the competent administrative authority".
The Environmental Law regulates in Articles 29 through 33 handling of hazardous substances and wastes as such handling should be performed after obtaining a license from the competent administrative authority. No extensive use of hazardous materials is expected in the project except for chlorine gas, fuels, lubricating oils and laboratory chemicals. Although the Ministry of Housing is not among the six ministries identified in the Executive regulations for providing lists of hazardous materials, chlorine is considered, in other ministries' hazardous materials lists, among Toxic and Highly Toxic materials that needs obtaining a license. Therefore, chlorine (CAS-No. 7782-50-5) that may be used in WWTPs is considered as a hazardous materials in this EIA, and used chlorine containers are considered as hazardous waste.
The Executive Regulation of the Environmental Law provides limits for noise levels in the working environment, which apply to ISSIP-2 excavation/construction activities, Pumping Stations (PS) and WWTPs operation. Tables 2-5 and 2-6 present allowable noise intensity, correspondent exposure periods, and correspondent numbers of noise impacts.
Table 2-5: Noise intensity and maximum exposure periods in working environment
Noise intensity level (LAeq) i 95 100 105 110 115 Decibel I Period of exposure - per hour 4 2 I 112 1/4
Table 2-6: Noise intensity and maximum number of intermitted impacts3 from heavy hammers
Noise intensity level (LAeq) 135 130 125 120 115 Decibel Number of permissible impacts 300 1000 3000 10000 30000 - per day I
Protection of air environment from pollution is governed by the Environmental Law from Articles 34 through 47. There are certain standards for ambient air quality and gas emissions from point sources for specific gases and particulate matter. All fuel combustion machines, such as generators in PS and WWTP should comply with emission standards indicated in Table 2-7.
] Impact is considered intermittent if the period between impacts is one second or more
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According to the Amendment Law no. 9 for the year 2009, it is prohibited to use machines, engines or vehicles whose release intensive smoke or exhaust emissions or annoying noise exceed the limits set by the Executive Regulations of the Environmental Law.
Table 2-7: The maximum permissible limit for air emissions
Allowable limit Allowable limit Parameter Parameter (mg/mJ) (mg/mJ) Aldehydes (measured 20 Hydrogen chloride 100 as Formaldehyde) Antimony 20 Hydrogen fluoride 15 Carbon Monoxide 250 Lead 2 Sulphur Dioxide 4000 Mercury 3 Sulphur trioxide in addition to sulphuric 150 Arsenic 20 acid
Nitric Acid from nitric 2000 Heavy 25 acid industry elements(total)
Hydrochloric Acid 100 (Hydrogen Chloride)
The Environmental Law also includes articles that control exploration works and corresponding exploration/construction waste disposal. Article 39 of the Environmental Law stipulates that developers carrying out exploration, drilling, construction or demolition works should take the necessary precautions of storage and transportation. These precautions, as identified in Article 41 of the Executive Regulation, are summarized as follows: Storage of excavation/construction waste from the aforementioned works should not cause obstruction to pedestrian and traffic movements. Wastes that are able to be dispersed in the air shall be covered to avoid air pollution Transportation of excavation/construction waste should be through licensed and sufficiently equipped vehicles with (i) a suitable cargo box or alternatively an airtight cover to prevent loose particles of waste and debris from dispersing into the air or dropping on the road, (ii) loading and unloading equipment and (iii) the vehicles be in a good condition Disposal of wastes and dusts should be in licensed locations determined by the local authorities. These locations should be at least 1.5 km away from residential areas, at a low contour level, and levele9 after being filled in with waste.
2.1.5 Law 3811967 for General Cleanliness
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This law regulates cleanliness of cities with respect to garbage collection and disposal, in addition to sewage cesspits evacuation and disposal. Articles I and 2 of the Law stipulates that it is prohibited for inhabitants, institutional entities and owners of businesses to dispose of the garbage in locations other than those identified by the local authority.
The Executive Regulations (Le. Ministerial Decree No. 134 for the year 1968) have further detailed the procedures for collection and disposal of garbage, technical specifications of waste containers, requirements of the disposal/composting area, specifications of cesspits or septic tanks and evacuation procedures.
The law also regulates the wastes resulting from construction. Article IS of the Executive Regulations stipulates that vehicles holding wastes resulting from construction shall have a tight cover to prevent the volatility or falling of its contents.
2.1.6 Law 11711983 for Protection ofAntiquities
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Jaw the antiquities are defined as "Each movable or immovable produced by different civilizations". The definition of antiquities includes arts, science, literature and religions from ancient ages up to 100 years ago. The definition also includes human corpses which have remained from the ancient ages. Pursuant to Article 12, antiquities shall be registered by virtue of a Ministerial Decree issued from the Minister of Culture, in which said registration implies certain standards and precautions for the protection of antiquities. Because none of the project areas in Menofya Governorate include registered antiquity site the only legal requirement that is relevant to ISSIP-2 activities, during the construction phase, is the chance-find procedures of possible antiquities. Article 24 of the law stipulates that each person who finds a movable antiquity or parts of an antiquity structure should notify the nearest administrative authority within 24 hours and should keep the antiquity in its discovered status. The antiquity becomes the State's property.
2.1. 7 Engineering Code~' ofPractice
The engineering design and construction specifications of wastewater collection and treatment utilities are regulated by several engineering codes of practice issued from the Minister of Housing. These codes of practice include some environmental conditions and specifications for different engineering works of wastewater projects. The relevant Codes of Practice are: Ministerial Decree No. 135 for the year 1999 concerning the Egyptian Code for Design and Execution of Sanitary Appliances in Buildings. The Code, in its second part, describes sanitation works for small communities and isolated buildings and necessary wastewater treatment stages Ministerial Decree No. 286 for the year 1990 concerning the Egyptian Code for Design and Execution of Water Supply and Wastewater Piping Networks. The Code describes basic design consideration for estimating wastewater flow rates,
19 ISSIP·2· ESIAF - Govel"nol"ate
hydraulic design, pipes foundation design, design of accessories such valves, manholes, oil traps ...etc Ministerial Decree No. 168 for the year 1997 concerning the Egyptian Code for Wastewater Pumping Stations. The Code gives guidelines for selecting locations of PS, hydraulic design, electromechanical design, construction design and execution aspects. The Code also identifies protection and control measures against hydraulic and electromechanical risks of the PS Ministerial Decree No. 169 for the year 1997 concerning the Egyptian Code of Practice for Wastewater Treatment Works. The Code details the hydraulic, construction and electromechanical design considerations. It also provides guidance for selecting WWTP locations and for its protection against hydraulic and electromechanical risks Ministerial Decree No. 139 for the year 2001 concerning the Egyptian Code of Practice for Soil Mechanics and Foundations Part 9 Earth Works and Dewatering. The relevant aspects to the environmental performance of the IS SIP 2 are the precautions identified for excavation works and dewatering to prevent possible effects on the neighboring constructions Ministerial Decree No. 334 for the year 2002 concerning the Egyptian Code of Practice for Sanitary Ware in Buildings. The Code provides the specifications of sanitary works and wastewater disposal in isolated areas. There are specifications for septic tanks, cesspits and oil/grease traps. The Code also provides guidelines for locating septic tanks and cesspits in isolated areas Ministerial Decree No. 171 for the year 2005 concerning the Egyptian Code of Practice for Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Agriculture. The Code provides specifications for treated water to be used in agriculture (as indicated in Table 2 3), some precautions and conditions for the correspondent types of plants, irrigation methods, personal protection from direct contact with treated wastewater, self monitoring and corrective actions to be taken. The Code has two annexes, the first provides guidelines for suitable tr~atment methods, irrigation and soil considerations while the second describes the methods of analysis for soil, plants and water.
2.2 World Bank Guidelines and Safeguard Policies
The World Bank (WB) has identified 10 environmental and social safeguard policies that should be taken into consideration in its financed projects. The objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to people and their environment during the development process. Table 2-8 lists these 10 safeguard policies along with their relevance to ISSIP-2 activities.
Table 2-8: The World Bank Safeguard Policies and their relevance to ISSIP-2 activities
Policy Policy objective Justification
20 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
I Policy Policy objective Policy J ustifica tion triggering • Environmental Improve decision making, to ensure that project • Triggered • Project meets the • Assessment options under consideration are sound and · policy criteria sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted Natural conservation of biodiversity, as well as the Not · No natural habitats Habitats numerous environmental services and products triggered are located in the which natural habitats provide to human society project area Forests reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental Not No forests are contribution of forested areas, promote triggered located in the afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage project area I • economic development I Pest reduces reliance on synthetic chemical INot No pests i Management pesticides, Introduce control methods to its triggered application among application and promote the use of biological • • project activities I pesticides i • Physical avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural Triggered I Possible chance-I • Cultural resources from development projects that the • finds Resources World Bank finances Involuntary avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent Triggered I Possible • Resettlement feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse · resettlement for social and economic impacts PSs and WWTPs construction ! Indigenous identify indigenous peoples, consult with them, Not No indigenous I People ensure that they participate in, and benefit from triggered people exists in the • Bank-funded operations In a culturally project area • appropriate way - and that adverse impacts on them are avoided, or where not feasible, minimized or miti ated . Safety of Ensure safe operation of darns which has Not No darns exists in Darns significant social, economic, and environmental triggered project area relevance International Avoid affecting the relations between the World Not I Not relevant to Waterways Bank and its borrowers, and between riparian triggered project activities states Dispute Areas A void affecting the relations between the Bank Not No dispute areas in and its borrowers, and between the claimants to triggered the project area the dis uted area
The Safeguard Policies that are triggered, as indicated in the above table, are discussed below.
21 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
2.2.1 OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment
The ISSIP-2 has been classified as Category B project, requtrlng an environmental assessment in accordance with the Banks Operational Policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Projects under Category B are defined as projects that could have potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas - including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats, these impacts are site specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases litigator measures can be designed. The environmental impacts that are likely to be caused by the project have been analyzed in this ISSIP-2 EIA report. Mitigation measures were identified for all expected negative impacts, along with an Env~ronmental management plan for implementation ofthese mitigation measures.
2.2.2 OP 4.11 - Physical Cultural Resources
Although there are no known physical cultural resources in the project areas, there is a possibility of chance-finding of such resources during the construction activities of the project. Therefore, the possibilities of triggering this policy are not known at this stage. In order to adequately manage this issue the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework (ESMMF) includes procedures to be followed in case of chance finds, these procedures are complying with the requirements of Law No. 117 of the year 1983 for the Protection of Antiquities aforementioned.
2.2.3 OP 4.12 -Involuntary Resettlement
According to the WB's safeguard policy on Involuntary Resettlement, physical and economic dislocation resulting from WB funded developmental projects or sub-projects
22 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
should be avoided or minimized as much as possible. Unavoidable displacement should involve the preparation and implementation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) or a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)4 to address the direct economic and social impacts resulting from the project or sub-projects' activities causing involuntary resettlement. There is little possibility that the ISSIP-2 will cause physical or economic dislocation of people, through locating Pump Stations and Waste Water Treatment Plant. Thus, an RPF has been prepared in order to outline a proposed approach and work plan to guide the implementation, handover and monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process, in case OP 4.12 is triggered at any point.
4 The RAP requires detailed knowledge about concerned interventions, while the RPF outlines overall resettlement objectives and principles
23 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
3. Baseline Study
3.1 Location and Land Use
Menofya is one of the Governorate of Central Delta, where it is located in the middle Nile Delta between the two branches (Rosetta and Damietta), a triangle-shaped head in the south and its base in the north, extending west of Rosetta branch to include Sadat City. Menofya Governorate, and its ancient capital city Menouf, is one of the oldest 2 governorates of Egypt. The area of Menoufia is about 2760 km . 2 The rural sector covers about 1773 km ( about 65% of the total area). The capital of the Menofya is Shebin Elkom City, which comprises departments of major government administration also has the Menofya University.
Figure 0-1: Location of Menofya Governorate in Egypt
24 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
Figure 0-2: Districts of Menofeya
Bertet Esaba '+
Shohada Shebin Kowesna Elkom
Menof Bagoor
Sadat
Ashmoun ,.
Figure 3-2 above is presenting the location of the three districts in which the ISSIP-2 interventions will be implemented (Kowesna, Shohada and Ashmon) while Table 3-1, below is presenting the administrative structure of Menofya districts.
Table 0-1: Adminstrative structure of Menofeya Governorate Districts
Shebein El-koum District Include (8) territories with (36) villages Berket El-Saba' District Include (6) territories with (21) villages Ashmoun District Include (14) territories with (54) villages Shohadaa District Include (6) territories with (27) villages ~ur District Include (12) territories with (47) vi II ages owesna District Include (7) territories with (47) villages Tala District Include (8) territories with (43) villages Menouf District Include (7) territories with (316) villages El- sadat District Include (2) territories with (9) villages Source: EnVironmental Profile of Menofya Governorate
25 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya GovernOl'ate
The land use in rural areas of the Governorate is mainly agriculture, especially in the three districts of ISSIP-2 in the Governorate.
3.2 Climate
The climate in Menofya Governorate is characterized by relatively warm weather getting cold with possibilities of rainfalls during winters and hot and dry summers. The spring is characterized by waves of sand storms (Khamasin) that effects air quality in the region. Table 3-2 presents monthly averages of some metrological indicators recorded at Shebin El Kom and Kowesna stations.
Table 0-2: Indicators Recorded in Shebin EI Korn and Kowesna Meteorological Stations
Temperature Atmospheric Wind speed Humidity percentage Rain quantity Months (0C) pressure (mb) (knots) (mm) Shebein Kowes Shebei Kowes Sheb Kowes Shebein Kowesna Shebein Kow na n na em na esna
January 13.2 18.8 1018.2 1019.1 4.3 3.7 68 2.7 72 3.5 2.4 2.2 February 14.1 13 1017.2 1016.8 4.6 4.6 63 3.4 64 5.4 2.3 1.9 Mars 16.4 15.7 1015.7 1015.8 5.2 5.6 60 4.3 62 6.6 2.1 2.2 April 19.5 18.8 1013.3 1012.8 5.2 6.5 54 5.8 58 9.2 1.9 2.2 May 23.3 22.6 1012.5 1012.5 5.2 6.3 49 7.1 51 11. 1.5 1.2 7 June 26.2 26.1 1010.9 1011.1 5.1 6.2 51 7.5 53 12. 1.6 0.5 2 July 27.2 26 1008.1 1008.8 4.5 5.5 58 6.2 65 9.3 0.8 0.8 August 27.2 25.6 1008.6 1009.3 3.8 4.8 63 5.3 58 8.1 0.9 0.9 September 25.6 24.6 1012.2 1012.4 4.1 5.0 62 5.0 65 8.4 0.08 0.8 October 23.2 21.9 1015.2 10 12.4 4.2 4.6 63 4.5 66 7.5 1.2 1.1 November 19.2 17.2 1017.2 1018.8 3.9 3.8 68 3.8 71 4.9 1.9 1.8 December 15 12.9 1017.6 1020.6 4.0 3.8 69 2.7 72 3.5 2.3 2.1 Source: Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate
3.3 Air Quality
The sources of air pollution in the governorate are mainly transportation, especially near main roads and in urban centers, in addition to emissions from industry and open burning of wastes.
The Cairo-Alexandria Agricultural Road passes through Kowesna District, which is one of the ISSIP-2 districts, forming one of the major sources of transportation air emissions. Industrial sources of air emissions are concentrated in industrial cities, such as Sadat City and Mubarak Industrial Zone. The open burning of agriculture waste is one of the major
26 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate contributors of air pollution, especially in the autumn season during the harvesting of rice crops where it is common to burn rice straw.
3.4 Geology
The central delta region has been subjected to major structural movements starting from the Jurassic and Cretaceous era. In the early Pleistocene Delta lands which were still under sea water, and it has been gradually elevated to be above sea level due to the Nile deposits made in the late Pleistocene sea for a distance of 90 kilometers north of the latitude of Cairo. In recent geological era since the end of Pleistocene sea continued to decline until it reached the maximum limit of 43 meters under the current sea level, which has resulted in forming the Delta in its current form after being subject to series of changes in which the Delta rocks is now consisting of sedimentary rocks of yellow deposits of coarse and fine sand, and gravel formed of quartz and metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Figure 0-3: Geological Map ofthe Nile Delta IV
Legend
_M'... T.~n _ C_IA,.V".,"'.. W ,vi" EIoi>tI PItU. Altoif"Hy"''' ~$~~~j~~___~_~ _ Mo rlmt .4fll(t,Sysiem ... C:J s..q b..", Altolfu .,,,,..
The surface soil in the Governorate is mainly formed from dark clay which has been formed from accumulation of Nile sediments. This clay soil, which dominates most of the project areas, is characterized by low permeability high alkalinity, and compact structure. The salinity of soil is low to moderate in southern parts of the Delta where Menofya Governorate is located.
3.5 Flora and Fauna
27 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Govel'norate
Other than cultivated crops (in which the most common are cotton, wheat, rice, com, and vegetables) in agricultural lands the governorate includes common plants of the region such as wormwood plant trees sycamore tree, acacia, eucalyptus and different palm plants which spread on the banks of canals and drains.
The dominating fauna in the area is farm animals and other species adapted to urban areas such as feral cats and dogs, rodents, lizards, bats and birds, which depend on waste for their nutrition. The surface waters of the Governorate (Rosetta and Dameitta Branches in addition to canals and drains) comprise common fresh water aquatic species. These surface waters are used for fish production in the governorate as indicated in Table 3-3.
Table 0-3: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya
Annual production Location species (tons) Tilapia Nilotica 4348 Catfish 2938 Whitefish 1600 Rosetta branch Showlfish 278 Allbisfish 181
Mabroukfish Damietta branch 155 Asalafr hashayesh Pharaonic sea 2675 silver mabroukfish Source: Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate after Fish Wealth Authority
None of 29 declared protected areas in Egypt exists in Menofya Governorate. The nearest protected area to the governorate is Lake Burrulus in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate (about 70 km to the north). Also among 34 important areas for birds (as declared by EEAA) none exists in Menofya Governorate.
3.6 Surface Water
The two Nile branches (Rosetta and Damietta branches) pass the governorate of Menofya as previously indicated. In addition to that, three main canals are passing through the governorate: EI Menofy Rayyah (canal) with annual discharge of about 1,346 million m3 of water from the Nile Barrage north of Cairo, and feeds 11 irrigation canals Nagayel Canal with annual discharge of about 168 million m3 of water from the Nile Barrage north of Cairo, and feeds 17 irrigation canals Darwa Canal with annual discharge of about 74 million m3 of water from the Rosetta branch, and feeds 3 irrigation canals
28 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
According to the Environmental Profile of Menofya the fresh water bodies and irrigation canals have relatively good water quality, but the water quality in irrigation drains, which receives wastewater discharges and solid wastes, are not good and generally they are not complying with the standards of Law 48/] 982 for ambient water quality standards for drains.
29 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
~f;~flI."....'f
f..'.i~~ ,ntm~' C~'l'l!QOm~l
Monitored feacal coliforrns in the Delta Region are generally by far exceeding Law 4811982 limits for ambient water quality as illustrated in Figure 4-3. Sewage discharges to canals and drains in the Delta Region is believed to be the major contributor to the deteriorating surface water quality.
Figure 0-5: Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Delta Monitoring Points (2002/2003)
., •
Fecal (MPN/100ml) o·5000 • 5000·20000· • 20000· 100000 • 100000·500000
30 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
3.7 Groundwater
The depth of groundwater table in Menofya Governorate is generally in the range of 3-5 meters. Raising of groundwater table due to inefficient urban drainage and lack of sanitation services especially in rural area.
The groundwater aquifers that yield major groundwater supplies in the Nile Delta, have depths ranging from 100 to 900 meters and salinity of 300 to 600 parts per millions (ppm). However, many households and farmers abstract groundwater from shallow depths to use the water for drinking and irrigation purposes. The quality of the shallow groundwater is affected, in many places, from surface pollution sources especially untreated sewage that leaches from collection cesspits; accordingly it is believed that many shallow groundwater wells pose health risks.
3.8 Culturally Valuable Sites
There are number of historic mosques, churches and cemeteries in the Governorate that are registered among antiquity sites, these sites are listed in Table 3-4. According to the Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate, these antiquity sites are suffering from rising groundwater table and urban expansion activities near to these sites.
Table 0-4: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya
I Name of site Location Year of foundation . Sidi Khaled AI Fateh Mosque Tokh Delka village Approximately 700 Tala District AD Omari Mosque Ashmon City Renovated 1152 AD Sidi Shebl Mosque Shohada City No data Tel Sersna Cemetery Shohada City No data Kfor EI RamI Cemetery Kfor EI RamI - Roman Era Kowesna District Abbasi Mosque Shebin EI Kom No data Sidi Khamis Mosque Shebin EI Kom No data Anba Sarbamon Church Batanon Shebin Approximately 300 EI Kom District AD Adra Church Tokh Delka village Approximately 1500 Tala District AD Mary Gerges Church Tokh Delka village Approximately 1000 - Tala District AD AI Malak Monestry Asterbay Shebin No data i EI Kom District • Tel EI Bendaria antiquities store Tel EI Bendaria - No Data Tala District Source: EnVIronmental Profile of Menofya Governorate
31 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governomte
The only sites, from the above list, that are located in ISSIP-2 districts are Omari Mosque, Sidi Shebl Mosque, Tel Sersna Cemetery and Kfor EI Rami Cemetery. All these sites are located in the center of the cities of Ashmoun, Shoada and Kfor EI Rami respectively, therefore they will be far from the project constructions in rural areas of the three ISSIP-2 districts.
3.9 Water Supply and Sanitation Services
According to the statistics of 2006 about 92% of the Governorate is covered by piped water supply services, the least coverage is in villages of Tala, Shohada and Berket EI Saba where the coverage ratio reaches 70% in some villages due to lack of capacities of water treatment plants and piping network. The average per capita consumption of water is 150 liter/capita/day in urban areas and 125 liter/capita/day for rural areas. Sources of water supply in the Governorate are from surface water bodies, where large water treatment plants serving urban areas as well as small mobile plants are abstracting water, and groundwater reservoirs which supply many rural areas. The water abstracted from groundwater reservoirs comprise about 77% from the water supply capacity of the Governorate. Table 3-5 illustrates the extent of water supply and sanitation services in the Governorate.
Table 0-5: Services of Water Supply and Sanitation
District % of Households % service coverage with piped water with sanitation Shebein El-koum Urban 100 99 Rural 100 8 Kowesna Urban 97 89 Rural 99 6 Ashmoun Urban 98.5 70 Rural 91.5 2 Bagour Urban 98 49 Rural 91 19 Tala Urban 96 2.5 Rural 83 9.2 Shohadaa Urban 100 9.9 Rural 91.4 4.06 Menouf Urban 99 31 Rural 86 59 Berket EI-Saba Urban 92 13 Rural 84 7.5 EI- sadat Urban - --- Rural 100 ---
Samples of drinking water is being regularly collected by MoH, these samples are taken from different locations in the network and reservoirs. The statistics taken during 2005 indicates that there is relatively large number of non complying samples especially in the
32 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
chemical tests. According to the Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate the main problems attributed to this are the old and inefficient parts of the nenvork, low operating budget of treatment plants, different urban pollution sources and lack of effective sanitation.
Table 0-6: Samples taken from drinking water facilities in Menofya during 2005
District Type of sample No. of % of non complying samples Samples Bacteriology Chemistry Shebein El . Outlet of treatment plants 102 6 17.6 koum Reservoirs 8 12.5 87.5 Filtered water 923 12.6 18.4 Groundwater supplies 677 10 75.9 ~owesna Outlet of treatment plants 163 9 1 1 ! Reservoirs - - - Filtered water - - - Groundwater supplies 100 8 29.4 Ashmoun Outlet of treatment plants 102 9 32.3 Reservoirs 3 0 0 Filtered water 178 7.8 35.9 Groundwater supplies 768 11 55.6 Bagour Outlet of treatment plants 55 2 12.7 Reservoirs 13 7.6 30.8 Filtered water -- - I Groundwater supplies 710 9 31.l Tala Outlet oftreatment plants 104 12 60.6 Reservoirs 14 28.6 57.1 Filtered water - - - I Groundwater supplies 85 13.6 88.1 • Shohadaa Outlet of treatment plants 2 0 0 Reservoirs - - - Filtered water - - - Groundwater supplies 631 9.9 53.7 Menouf Outlet of treatment plants 51 3 13.7 Reservoirs -- - Filtered water 197 7.6 6.1 Groundwater supplies 366 I3 63.4 ! I Berket EI- Outlet oftreatment plants 45 9 13.3
• Saba Reservoirs 32 9.3 31.2 i Filtered water -- - Groundwater supplies 546 8.4 28.7 EI- sad at Outlet of treatment plants - - - i Reservoirs -- - Filtered water - -- Groundwater supplies 213 11 13.2
33 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
District Type of sample No. of % of non complying samples Samples Bacteriology Chemistry Total Outlet of treatment plants 624 8 24.3 Reservoirs 70 12.8 41.4 Filtered water 1298 12.6 18.9 Groundwater supplies 5920 10.3 50.6 Source: Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate
Concerning sanitation services, Table 3-5 clearly indicates that the coverage of sanitation services is far behind the coverage of piped water supply services especially in rural areas. This situation, as earlier indicated in Chapter 1, this situation has led to many environmental and health problems due to improper drainage and sanitation of water.
Currently there are 43 WWTPs with total capacity of 126,750 m 3/day as indicated in Table 3-7, in addition to 22 plants were under construction during the preparation of the Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate in 2007. These existing WWTPs are discharging their final effluent to agriculture drains that ends, in most cases, to the two Nile branches.
Table 0-7: Existing wastewater treatment plants in different Districts
District Number ofWWTP Capacity (m3/d) Shebein El-koum 17 41000 Menouf 4 45000 Kowesna 5 10000 Shohadaa 2 750 Bagour 6 8000 Ashmoun 2 1500 Tala 4 8500 Sers El-Layyan 3 12000 Berket El-Saba I ----- El- Sadat Data not available Data not available Total 43 126,750 Source: Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate
In many cases, especially in villages, sewerage networks do not end in one of the WWTPs in the Governorate, but rather discharge co llected sewage to one of the irrigation drains without prior treatment. This particularly applies to villages which has established their sewerage network by the inhabitants own resources.
3.10 Villages Planning and Traffic
Typical overall planning of vi Ilages in the project area has the following characteristics:
Villages main landmarks are the main street, Maier residence, Health Center, Service Police Center, and Social Unit.
34 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate
Radial Planning starting from the village center is often encountered and transformed to a strip pattern at the outside boundaries Extensions in typical rural type occurs when family members (suns/daughters) are married, and new rooms are built adjacent to the same unit, leading finally to informal blocks and distorted access roads and services. Roads network, comes after the planning of urban zone, as it extends following the previous extension of residential buildings according to the radial type. Usually one main street is crossing the central part of the village, mostly having the main entrance to the village (typically asphalt road 10 m width), other roads may be 4-6 m width and are of earth Road networks in the old part of the village are characterized by dead ends and possibly no access to further areas. This may have an impact on the need for land acquisition to provide sewerage system and other services. There are usually vacant land inside the urban zone (leading to increase of roads lengths and other networks relative to the real residential areas), however, population densities (capita/hectare or feddan) are considered to be high in villages and may reach 250 capita I feddan in some cases. Boundaries of villages include new buildings, urban type, where concrete and brick are used, sometimes high rise buildings are found. Central services, following the type of planning, are usually within minimum walking distance, such as primary school, possibly preparatory and religious institute. While, secondary schools and technical institutes are concentrated mainly in mother villages. Villages are usually located near regional roads and rai Iways providing easy access to the mother villages and to other cities relying on agriculture industries and products. Extension areas of these villages are commonly concentrated across the regional road first behind the old areas, then further expansion may extend beyond and the other side of the highway causing traffic problems.
3.11 Types of Structures
Rural villages in Egyptian Delta region have a mixture of different buildings types, as the characteristics of households types evolutes with the increase in population activities thus enhancement in the standard of living and income of residents. Different household types can be viewed as follows:
Typical rural type: which is concentrated mainly in the central part of the village characterized by old housing types from mud walls, timber roofs (covered with agriculture residues - typically weed and rice straw), small openings, mixed use for personnel and their livestock (e.g., cows and pOUltry) either used in field or for household raising (for commercial purposes). Modern rural type: The main characteristic of this building is the separation in function and use for residents and livestock. Quasi-urban type: reflected in the new buildings (built at the late 1970s) extensively using newly and durable materials for construction (e.g., red brick, bearing walls, etc.). The buildings thus allow for vertical extension typically of
35 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
one additional floor with more use of balconies and wider openings that matches with the durability ofthe structure ofthe buildings. Urban type: this type is usually found at the boundaries of the village as a natural extension due to population increase. In which type, more advance use of construction material as reinforced concrete - is practiced, and the typical height of the buildings is from 3 to 4 floors. Ad-hoc type: this type is mainly spread on the agriculture lands (private ownership). Buildings are typically of ground floor only (with limited number of rooms), the building's owner commonly have their main household within the boundary of the village, and using this ad-hoc type of building while working at field.
3.12 Demographic and Socioeconomic Indicators
According to Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate the popUlation of the governorate was 3,365,057 capita in January 2006. Urban population was 25,665 capita while rural population was 2,697,032 capita. Table 3-8 presents population data in different districts of the governorate.
Table 0-8: Indicators of Fisheries production during 2005 in Menofya
District Males Females total Ashmoun 339391 312523 651914 Bagour 160814 151519 312333 EI- sadat 62248 53792 116040 Shohadaa 137710 129849 267559 Berket EI-Saba 125507 119476 244983 Tala· 163724 158334 ·322058 Sers EI-Iayyan 27411 26550 Shebein El-koum 285921 275492 W!3 Kowesna 198861 189112 387973 Menouf 229880 216943 446823 Total 1,731,467 1,633,590 3,365,057
Ratio of education in Menofya Governorate is relatively high in comparison with other Delta governorate. About 16,800 people were recorded in illiteracy classes during 2006. The number of students in elementary eduction (prior to university education) is 714,281 in 2004/2005 and number of students in universities was about 71,000 students in 2003/2004.
The main economic actlVlty in Menofya Governorate is agriculture production and related activities such as animal, poultry, milk and dairy production. The main economic activity in Sadat District, which is a relatively newly established west of the Delta Region, is industrial activities. Although the governorate includes plenty surface water bodies, as previously indicated, fish production is not dominant activity in the governorate as there are limitations on fish farms due to limited land availability. The
36 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate average per capita income in Menofya Governorate (according to Egypt Human Development Report 2005) is L.E 3,668.5/year.
According to the Environmental Profile of Menofya Governorate there are 71 Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) that are active in different fields including environmental and cleansing services, women and child, hand crafts, healthcare services, religious education and services ...etc. Usually some of the active NGOs in the field of environmental services and cleansing provide the service of sewage evacuation from cesspits in households.
37 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
4. Project Description
4.1 The Project Areas
The ISSIP-2 will be implemented in the districts of Kowesna, Shohada and Ashmoun of Menofya Governorate. The proposed project interventions will be within four clusters, each cluster form a centralized system serving scattered low population areas. The four clusters will include a number of main villages as indicated in Table 4-1.
The exact number of villages is not finalized at this stage, as the engineering consultant for the project has recommended two scenarios for the villages to be included in the project. The first scenario is to include 9 villages while in the second a village will be added to cluster 1 and another village will be added to cluster 3, as indicated in Table 4-1. The rationale behind adding two villages in the second scenario is the spatial relation between these villages and their neighbors and the possibility of adding them to the cluster infrastructure with limited additional costs in addition to their suitable locations for constructing WWTPs.
Table 4-1: Clusters and villages that will be served by ISSIP-2 in Menofya Governorate
Governorate District Cluster Village 1 Kafr Abo-Hassan 2 Kafr Elmanshy 1 Kowesna 3 Kafr Taha Shoubra 4 Tanbasha (proposed in Scenario 2) 2 5 Manshyat Elarab EI-Menoufiya 6 Beshtamy Shohada 3 7 Zawyat Elbaqly 8 Dansour (proposed in Scenario 2) 9 Alkawady Ashmoun 4 10 Alarous 11 Alranya
Cluster 1 is located at the west of Quesna district, which is located at the north east of EI Menoufyia Governorate. Cluster 2 is located at the east of Quesna district. Cluster 3 is located in Ash-shuhadaa district which is located north west of EI-Menoufyia Governorate. Cluster 4 is located in Ashmoon district at the south of EI-Menoufyia Governorate. Figure 4-1 illustrates the locations of the four clusters.
38 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate
4.2 Existing Situation at the Project Areas
The population of the main villages and existing water supply and sanitation situation is summarized in Table 4-2. Future population could be estimated using mathematical equations for envisage future sewage discharges during the project targeted duration.
Table 4-2: Population, water supply and sanitation characteristics of the project villages
Population Population Existing Inhabited By Local By Source of Nearby I District Villages ! Sanitation Area units CAPMAS water Drain Applied (current) (2006) Kafr Taha Kafr Al- AI-Atf 50 5580 4208 Shobra cesspool Manshay Drain Process ! Kafr Taha KafrTaha AI-Atf 24.83 3488 3168 Shobra cesspool i Shobra Drain Process Kowesna i Kafr Taha Kafr Abu AI-Atf 66 6253 5638 Shobra cesspool AI-Hassan Drain Process Waseef Monshaat Damhoug 30.9 3231 2779 Mosque cesspool AI-Arab Process Drain Beshtamy Menof Beshtamy 97 9708 8121 Process + cesspool Drain Shohada Sahreeg Zaweit AI Donshway 129 12695 10721 Sahreeg cesspool Bokly Drain AI AI- Al- 99 7118 6836 Baraniyyah Ghonaeyah cesspool Kawady Process Drain AI- Maniyyl Ashmoun 61 6850 6982 Baraniyyah Aros Process AI AI- Al- 117 19132 17981 Baraniyyah Ghonaeyah cesspool Baraniyyah Process Drain
The wastewater generated from the four clusters is expected to reach a total of about 41,000 m3/day by the year 2030, and is expected to reach about 59,000 m3/day by the 5 year 2050 • However, not all the villages located in these clusters will be served by the ISSIP-2. In the first scenario, in which 9 villages will be included in the project, the amount of wastewater that will be handled by ISSIP-2 is expected to be about 11,000
5 The project is proposed to provide the sanitation services for the targeted villages up to year 2030 and in a second phase to provide the sanitation services up to year 2050
39 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
m3/day by 2030 and about 16,000 m3/day in 2050, these figures will increase in the second scenario to be about 15,000 m3/day and about 21,000 m3/day by years 2030 and 2050 respectively. This is further illustrated in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3: Expected wastewater discharges from ISSIP-2 clusters by years 2030 and 2050
,. <...... Village Discharge (m3/d) ':,\", .... District Served Villages Situation Remarks
2030 2050 ...
Kafr AI-Manshay 1857 1187 ..._.._._._._._._._._._.._-_._.._...... Scenario 1 • Proposed Kafr Taha Shobra 776 523 ..._-_._-.-.__._._...-_._.._...... WWTP 10,000 1------1Kafr Abu AI-Hassan ...... -...... ...... ...... -_.-.-._-974..-.-.-._.. _._--...... 657 m3/d Quessna 1------1Tanbasha ...... Scenario- ...... 2 ---.-.-.-.--3370...-.-.-.-...._.-.-._.- ...... 2278 . • 2 lines each of Ash-Shaheed A.Reyad X 321 223 5,000m3/d to Meet Abo Shekha X 1025 711 serve scenario 1 Ad-Dabaiba X 3447 2216 Monshaat AI-Arab Scenario 1 489 736 1------1...... _...... _...... -..-.-.-......-.-...._.....--.-_.---. WWTP Shobra Bakhoum Served 2861 3884 • 15,000m3/d at
Baqsa X ...... _._.__._._437.. _._._._..... __._._._-_. 682...... 2050 Bert AI-Agouz X 729 1141 Existing Quessna • WWTP 1------1Meet Al-Abs ...... X ...... -_.-.-.-.---.-.-.-.-174.... _.-_._.-...... 270 . Kafr Meet Al-Abs X 262 933 10,000m3/d ...... __._._._._...__._._....._.__._-_...... Enough to year Meet Bera & Kafr Ash Served 3874 5832 2030 Shahidy
40 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
Beshtamy 1173 1601 Scenario 1 "'__"""~"K'W_"""" __"_ Zaweit AI-Bokl 1549 2113 • WWTP Danasour Scenario 2 1313 1792 ... ,,---,--, 15,000m3/d at Kafr As-Sawalmi ah X 727 992 2050 (3 lines) Ash- ...... ,...----,- ' Kafr Ash-Shaba' X 815 1112 • Proposed Shohadaa '_'_""~'W'_'_" __'~_'_'_ . Abshad X 469 640 WWTP . "-""--.--*.~"--~.-.....-.-.-..-. 5,000m3/d to 806 1100 Abo-Kelles X ,_~. ~· ,_... __.__.....w._.w._.. serve Scenario 1 X 1881 2566 '''"''''''"'*._._,.,.._.... _..... _.... ~.~.'w. X 1060 1447 " "'_·K'~_._·___~,_·_· '" X 529 722
AI-Kawady 2869 4251 • WWTP 20,000m3/d at Scenario 1 .--.--,,~--,-~~- 1114 1651 2050 "'~-'--"-'~'-"---'-- 1591 1616 • Existing ...... _.. n_'~._._.. ~. __""_.__,__ , ...... "'... " ...."'.. ""'"''''~''''''''' WWTP X 740 1096 ".~.. -.~.-.-.-,..,,--.-.-....-.-.-.--.... , 10,000m3/d Ashmoun Kafr Mansour X 1131 1676 .····_.··.~. __n·.·w._·_·~·····_·_·_··_· • To serve Talia Talia Served 5153 7636 ,--.~-----..-.--..... -.~.. and HCWW AI-Khour X 1249 1846 villages only, --.-.-.-.~-.--..... -.--.~,.-. proposed Kafr Aoun x 182 270 WWTP 5,000 m3/d
Two of the proposed ISSIP-2 clusters contains existing wastewater treatment facilities, Talia (Cluster 4) and Meet Bera (Cluster 2), with current capacities of 10,000 m 3/day for each treatment plant. During the preparation works for ISSIP-2 feasibility study and preliminary designs the two WWTPs were assessed for possible use in the project. It was found that Talia existing WWTP of capacity 10,000 m 3/day will not be enough to receive wastewater discharge from AI-Kawady, Maniyl Aros and AI-Baraniyyah as an additional capacity of 1O,000m 3/day is needed for this WWTP to accommodate the new discharges until the year 2050. While the capacity of Meet Bera WWTP was found enough to receive the cluster discharge until 2030, but needs to increase its capacity by another 5,000 m3/day so as to receive the wastewater discharge from the whole cluster until the year 2050.
41 ISSI P-2 - ESIAF Governorate
4.3 Project Objectives
The main objective of the project is to provide the targeted population in Menofya Governorate with sanitation services which will improve the hygiene and health conditions at these locations.
The development objective outcome will be measured by the following indicators: Increased number of people with access to improved hygiene and sanitation services in the project areas Reduction in domestic pollution loads from the project areas entering water courses Improved capacity of project implementing agencies to design, implement, operate and maintain project infrastructure
4.4 Project Approach
The targeted communities ISSIP-2 are relatively small communities in rural areas with population varying from few hundreds to few thousands capita. These communities are scattered in each cluster of the ISS IP II over a radius of 5 to 10 km. This entitled several problems due to the increased number of pump stations and force mains to link the scattered communities to a centralized treatment plant. This also entitled problems due to the increased number of crossings to be constructed. These problems will impact the construction and operational costs.
In the centralized systems, each community or few lapping communities will have its own gravity sewers, pump station and force main. The collected sewage from all communities will be treated at a centralized treatment plant for all communities in each cluster of the ISSIP-2, in some clusters these WWTPs already exist while in other clusters WWTPs will be constructed.
Selection of clusters and villages that will be served by ISSIP-2 was based on the following factors: Maximizing the use of existing WWTP which already exists Maximize number of served population with optimum facilities and minimum interventions Maximize environmental benefits through reduction of sewage pollution loads to land, surface waters and groundwater
4.5 Project Components
The main components of the sanitation systems that will be provided by the ISSIP-2 are: Gravity sewers and the associated house connections. The sewers network will be laid under roads in the villages and will end in pump stations. It is worth noting that the main villages, previously indicated in Table 4-1 will also receive wastewater from smaller settlements nearby that could be served with the same pump stations.
42 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
Pump Stations (PS) which will be located at low elevations, relative to gravity sewers. PSs will include submersible pumps that will transfer the sewage to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) Force Mains (FM) which are pressurized pumps that transfer sewage from PSs to WWTPs Crossing works in which the force mains cross a road, a railway line or a water course. Generally crossing works should be avoided for minimizing project capital costs as well as minimize disturbance to crossed ways WWTPs which provides secondary treatment to the sewage before being discharged to irrigation drains. Cluster 2 will depend on existing WWTP that is currently working under capacity, while in Cluster 4 the existing WWTP wi II be doubled in capacity (to reach 20,000 m3/day) in order to handle new discharges. In Clusters I a new 10,000 m3/day WWTP will be constructed, while in cluster 3 a new 15,000 m3/day WWTP will be constructed.
The proposed project interventions according to the Scenario I (9 villages) and Scenario 2 (11 villages) are illustrated in Tables 4-4 and 4-5 respectively.
..3 ISSIP~2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
Table 4-4: Proposed ISSIP-2 interventions according to Scenario I (9 villages)
.. :t>: .... ; <.:> I .': .. Network Length FMLength District .. " Served Villages Discharge Point Crossi~g (m) Pump station WWTP (Km) (Km)
.\ < ..... ::.... :: :. .... ):;: ':/'...... • NewWWTP Kafr AI-Manshay Kafr Abu AI-Hassan 5 2 - 1 at Tanbasha
_ ...... ------" ,'", ,.,··,·,~.~,_·~' __'_m_·__·__··_·~, __._·_ ,. ,'e . .. Quessna ...... Village Kafr Taha Shobra Kafr Abu AI-Hassan 3 2 1 . . ._~_.. _ ... ,~*."'" ,.~,~ .,,_,,~."'"' .. '.".M.~· .. , --_.______._---. ------."".. ~~"'~ ,.,,,,,,~,, ...,,, ...... , - ...... Kafr Abu AI-Hassan WWTP 6 4 f • I Use the existing Quessna Monshaat AI-Arab Shobra Bakhom 6 6 t • 1 Meet Bera WWTP Ash- NewWWTP Beshtamy Zaweit AI-Bokly 10 3 r. I Shohadaa ,- " ...... , ..,...""" ,··~,_,~,_· __·,··_····__.. ·· __ ·~_·.·.·'''·''.N.~ at Dansour Zaweit AI-Bokly WWTP 13 4 "\ . I Village AI-Kawady Double the AI-Baraniyyah 16 4 r. 1 capacity of Ashmoun Man iY)lI_~ros --'."'- ·1· ..·· existing AI-Baraniyyah WWTP 23 3 "\ . I Talia WWTP
44 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Table 4-5: Proposed ISSIP-2 interventions according to Scenario 2 (II villages)
iNe~rk
~lf{Km).":.. ,<,' :«<;/<\<'. " / ······'l '-'J-<//
Beshtamy Zaweit AI-Bokly 10 3 ,.. ~NeWWWTP ...... at Dansour Ash-Shohadaa Zaweit Danasour 13 2 'i • 1 Village .·_.~"'·_.. m.~~.~'_~.,.,~~.~ __ ~·~ ,_.¥___ ~'-"""'-"" Danasour WWTP 8.5 2 30 1
-~~~~- ..-~ AI-Kawady ,.. Double the AI-Baraniyyah 16 -1 4 capacity of Ashmoun Mamyyl Aros r existing Talia AI-Baraniyyah WWTP 23 3 'i • WWTP
45 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - l\1enofya GovernOl'ate
In addition to the infrastructure improvement (which is the hardware component of the project) the project will also include an awareness component for improving hygiene practices and utilization of new systems, a monitoring component for selected water bodies to monitor the environmental benefits of the project and an institutional 'development and capacity building component for the implementing agencies.
4.6 Estimated Costs
The total budget of ISSlP-2 for covering the four governorates (Menofya, Sharkia, Asyut and Sohag) is US $ 315 Millions. Budget for infrastructure interventions is US $ 300 million, while budget for the awareness component, the monitoring component and institutional development components is US $ 5 million for each.
The capital costs estimated for the infrastructure according to Scenario I is US $ 44.66 million, and this cost will be 54.4 million for Scenario 2 as illustrated in Table 4-6.
Table 4-6: Estimated Capital Costs for the ISSIP-2 interventions in l\1enofya
Estimated Cost Estimated Cost District Village Name Procurement Packages Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Million US $ 6 Million US $
Kafr Abo Al 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for Kafr Abo AI Hassan, Value 16.56 M.L.E. Hassan i« 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for Kafr AI. Kafr Al-Mansha, Value 11.8 M.L.E. Quessna Mansha 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for 10.86 17.66 Kafr Taha Kafr Taha Shobra, Value 9.72 M.L.E, Shoubra 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for Tanbasha, Value 25.45 M.L.E. (Scenario 2) Tanbasha I WWTP Package, Value 25 M.L.E. Monshaat AI- l Network,Pump Station and FM package for Quessna 2.85 2.85 Arab Monshaat AI-Arab, Value 16.56 M ..LE.
Beshtamy I Network, Pump Station and FM package for Ash- Beshtamy, Value 20.88 M.L.E. 12.28 15.22 Shohadaa Zaweit AI- l Network, Pump Station and FM package for Bokly Zaweit AI-Bokly, Value 25.44 M.LE ..
-----~-----
6 The cost figures presented by the engineering consultant were in Egyptian Pounds, for consistency ofthe ESIAF cost calculations it has been transferred to us $ using a rate of transfer of 5.81 EGP for each us $
46 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Estimated Cost Estimated Cost District Village Name Procurement Packages Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Million US $ 6 Million US $ 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for Danasour Danasour, Value 17.35 M.LE. I WWTP Package, Value 25 M.L.E. I Network, Pump Station and FM package for AI-Kawady and Maniyl Aros, Value 47.04 M.L.E. Ashmoun AI-Kawady 18.68 18.68 1 Network, Pump Station and FM package for AI-Baraniyyah, Value 36.48 M.L.E. I WWTP Package, Value 25 M.L.E.
al 44.66 54.40
4.7 Description of the Construction Activities and the Associated Environmental Aspects
The construction of the sewerage system should have a time schedule so that the construction of the project components is completed in the following order: • WWTP before or in parallel with the PSs • Force mains with the PSs • PSs before or in parallel with sewer collection pipes • Sewage collection system before house connections
If the construction of a component of the project is completed before another component, it should not be operated unless the construction of the whole project is completed. This will reduce any problems associated with the operation of a component before the other is completed. For example, if the house connections and the sewage collection system are completed and operated before the completion of the pump stations and the WWTP, the disposal of the collected sewage will cause an environmental problem. Also, if the construction of the house connections and the sewer lines are completed and not operated for long time, clogging of the sewers and the associated problems will be the issue
4.7.1 Construction of Wastewater Treatment Plants
Construction activities include preparation and leveling of the site, excavation works for the sumps and reactors, civil works for buildings, transportation and fixation of heavy equipment (generators, transformers, pumps, steel bridges over reactors and tanks), and testing for water proofing and for electromechanical equipment.
47 ISSIP-2 - [StAr - Menofya Governorate
The construction of inlet works, reactors and possible sumps may require major dewatering and driving down of prefabricated units in the soil. There will be a need for establishing temporary offices, workshops and housing units for construction labours.
As a result of WWTP construction, large amount of soil may be produced due to excavation and leveling works. In addition, at areas of high groundwater tables, a significant amount of water due to dewatering may be produced. Solid waste and sewage will be generated from the construction labours. Solid wastes and liquid wastes will also be generated from the construction of the WWTP and the associated administration building, workshops, and installation of equipment. The handling of these wastes is further discussed in Chapter 5 and 7.
4.7.2 Construction ofPump Stations
The PS used in the project will be the conventional type which consists of a receiving inlet chamber, a receiving sump including the pumps, outlet force main, flow meter, control room, administration buildings, transformer rooms, generators room and fuel tanks. The construction activities of such PS includes site preparation, site leveling, removal of bulk materials, excavation works for the sumps, civil works for buildings, transportation and fixation of heavy equipment (generators, transformers, pumps, tanks, and undertaking testing for water proofing and for electromechanical equipment.
Due to the relatively high groundwater table in the project areas, groundwater will be encountered during excavations for the PS sumps. Therefore the construction of the sumps will require major dewatering works. Sumps constrl!ction will require driving of the sump frame deep into the ground to reach the desired level, the process may require application of weights (vertical force) or hammering which may cause soil vibrations.
There may be a need to establish temporary units in the construction sites, such as engineer's offices, workshops and accommodation units for the labours, and for the site guard, which will be associated with waste generation that should be properly managed as indicated earlier.
4.7.3 Construction ofForce Mains
Force mains are constructed in trenches, however, since It IS under pressure and according to the site conditions it might be constructed above ground at certain sites. Construction steps includes excavation of a trench, leveling of trench bed or land, fixing pipe foundation, laying pipes, connecting/welding pipe stretches, fixing of thrust blocks, testing the line and then filling the trench.
4.7.4 Crossing Works
A voiding crossing works, as much as possible, is strategically adopted by the engineering consultants of the project, AI-Dar Consulting Engineers, through selection of WWTP
48 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate locations. However, because of the nature of the project area and the excessive number of watercourses, small roads and railways, crossing works could not be completely avoided.
Crossing works for watercourses are normally undertaken over piles that are driven into the canal bed through auguring or impacting. This is done only in the non navigational canals, which applies to the majority of canals in the project areas. For navigational canals, the crossing is undertaken either though the side or piers of an existing bridge, or through tunneling a culvert under the canal. However, it is believed that crossing through tunneling could be avoided, because of its relatively high costs.
Crossing of roads is normally undertaken through cross excavation of the road, placing of a concrete, or steel, culvert which will contain the crossing pipeline, and then filling over and repaving the road. Sometimes the Traffic Department refuses to obstruct major artery roads in order to keep the traffic flow. In such cases a tunneling technique should be adopted to pass the pipe culvert.
The same two methods, cross excavation and tunneling, also apply for crossing railways. However, it will be more common to use the tunneling technique for crossing railways to avoid delays in trains' traffic.
4.7.5 Construction ofCollection Systems
The sewage collection system that will be implemented in the project is a shallow system. The public sewers are constructed in trenches normally located middle of the roads. Construction steps includes excavation of a trench, leveling of trench bed, fixing pipe foundation, laying pipes, connecting/welding pipe stretches, testing the line and then filling the trench. Construction works will also include installation of manholes and catch basins for rainwater collection, according to the line design.
Most of the roads in villages are compacted siltey clay or sand. Accordingly, except in some main roads, there will be no need for asphalt demolition. The excavation works shall mainly be undertaken using mechanical excavators, but in some cases the excavation will be manual, especially in narrow streets which do not allow for excavator's access.
Because of the relatively high groundwater table in most of the villages of the project areas, it might be necessary to undertake dewatering from trenches. The dewatering could be manual, if amount of water is relatively low, but in most cases will be through submersible pumps or deep pumps.
4.7.6 Construction ofHouse Connections
The construction of house connections will be carried out by the project, in order to adhere to the technical specifications of the collection system, avoid uncontrollable delays, and operate PSs and WWTPs at optimum capacities.
-19 ISSIP-2 - ESIA.F- Governorate
The construction of such system will include excavation of roads in front of houses; possible introduction of plumbing modifications to the sanitary facilities.
The excavated soil is normally being filled, after constructing the connection, from excavated soil, however sometimes there will be a need for using extra filling soil if the existing cesspits is removed or demolished.
Units that generate oily wastewater or high solids content, such as restaurants, bakeries, mechanic workshops, service stations, ., .etc. will need to install oil traps, or interceptors to retain unacceptable oil/solids loads from entering the sewerage system.
4.8 Description of the Operation Activities and the Associated Environmental Aspects
4.8.1 Operation ofCollection Systems and Rising Mains
Wastewater shall be collected in the public sewers, through house connections, where it flows by gravity to PSs then to WWTPs. The interceptors and oil traps, which shall be fixed in some households and commercial units, should be cleaned frequently from separated oils and settled solids, to maintain their performance as designed.
Because of the selected type of gravity sewers, the shallow system, there should be regular maintenance and removal of clogging. Maintenance is could be undertaken by local CDAs or Project Operator (PO) assigned by the WSC, which should take necessary measures for prevention of clogging through regular inspection, flushing and cleaning of individual oil traps and interceptors.
There may be a need for repair works during the operation stage for possible damages in the network resulting from accidents during excavations for underground utilities, such as water pipes natural gas pipes and telecommunication lines. The repair of such damage should be prompt to prevent negative environmental impacts.
4.8.2 Operation ofPump Stations
Collected wastewater is discharged through the gravity systems to the PS sumps, which will be equipped with level controls to operate the pumps when sewage level in the sump reach certain levels. The PS will be equipped with screens to separate impurities and large solids, in order to prevent pumps clogging; these screens should be cleaned frequently to maintain its efficiency.
The operation of PS will require utilization of ancillary facilities such as the power generators, diesel tanks and transformers. Generators will work in cases of power failure.
4.8.3 Operation ofWastewater Treatment Plants
50 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - 1"leln0I1,a Governorate
The technology of activated sludge will be used in the WWTPs serving the different Clusters. Raw sewage passes through screens which remove large objects from sewage. Then, it passes through the grit removal channel to remove grit and sand from sewage to avoid abrasion of the downstream units and mechanical equipment due to sand. The effluent of the grit removal enters a primary sedimentation tank to remove suspended solids that are easy to settle. Then the wastewater flows to the activated sludge process. The activated sludge process is a secondary biological treatment. It consists of aeration 7 tank supplied with air using blowers , or alternatively this aeration could be undertaken 8 through the Rotary Biological Contactors process , followed by a final sedimentation tank. The aeration is used to provide the necessary oxygen to the microorganisms in the sewage which will degrade the organic matter in sewage and will transform it to biomass (sludge). The effluent will then pass through a secondary sedimentation tank to remove the biomass. The removed sludge from secondary sedimentation is partially pumped to the drying bed for volume reduction (through drying). According to further analysis in this ESIAF, it has recommended to chemically stabilize sludge inside WWTPs, using lime, to minimize odors generation and vectors attraction. After stabilization and drying the sludge will either be used in agriculture or safely disposed off in land according to a screening criteria detailed later in the ESMMF.
The effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank is to be disinfected before its final disposal into the closest drain. The disinfection process includes mixing of chlorine gas with the effluent in a contact tank for 30 minutes before final disposal. In order to prevent production of harmful chlorinated products, it has been recommended in the ESMMF to undertake de-chlorination, after completion of disinfection process, using sulphur dioxide or sodium thiosulphate. A more detailed discussion about this issue is presented later in this ESIAF.
The start up of the WWTP will require time to fill up the treatment tanks. After that more time will be needed to establish the biomass required for treatment. This would be done through controlling the sewage flow and the sludge age in the bioreactors of the WWTP to avoid biomass washout. During the start up, the effluent quality may not comply with the standards. Regular maintenance schedule, repair or replacement of equipment should be undertaken during low peak periods. During repair, maintenance or replacement of equipment, the treatment unit might need to be out of operation. Therefore, every WWTP should have at least two parallel treatment lines, so that influent would be directed to one of them during maintenance and repairs in the other.
7 According to the conventional activated sludge process depending on suspended growth of microorganisms 8 Accordingto the attached growth system of microorganisms where these species grow on the rotating areas
51 ISSIP-2· ESIAF Menofya Governorate
5. Potentially Significant Environmental and Social Impacts
5.1 Positive Impacts
The aim of the ISSIP-2 is to achieve environmental improvements in the project areas through providing sustainable safe sanitation services to areas which were deprived from these services. The following are the main environmental and social benefits expected from the ISSIP-2: Reduction of health risks associated with exposure of vi lIagers with improperly drained sewage in their surroundings Reduction of water borne diseases resulting from possible microbial pollution of drinking water obtained from shallow contaminated wells, or through suction of contaminated water in water supply pipes through accidental negative pressures in water pipes Improve water quality in drains and irrigation canals and water intake facilities, which currently receive raw sewage evacuated from individual cesspits and collected from private sewerage networks in some villages Improve groundwater quality through preventing infiltration of sewage from porous cesspits Alleviate high groundwater table problem in the project areas Improve quality of life for targeted villagers through achieving the above environmental benefits, upgrade their real estate values and contribute in alleviating poverty conditions through work opportunities in construction and operation of the project Achieve economic benefits by saving some healthcare expenses, improving people's productivity and improving water resources management Strengthen community participation in environmental protection through involving CDAs in project operation and social mobilization activities
5.2 Potentially Negative Impacts during Construction
5.2.1 Risks Associated with Waste Handling and Disposal
The waste that would be generated during construction could be categorized to the following categories:
Excavation waste, which is usually inert if the construction site is free from land contamination. However, there might be cases where contaminated areas are selected for PSs and WWTPs. The possibilities for encountering such situations could not be assessed at this stage as the exact locations of PSs and WWTPs have not been finalized. Given that most of the rural areas lack solid waste management services, many empty lands in villages are used as waste dump sites, which increase the possibilities for encountering such situations during construction. The impacts of improper handling/disposal of removed waste depend on the type of waste. Clean soil could be used as filling materials or could
52 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF 'VI An.,..,,,.. Governorate
be disposed in assigned locations, according to Law 4/1994 and 38/1968, with minimum impacts, which will be only visual and could be controlled by following organized disposal procedure. On the other hand ifthere are sites which have been used for disposal of chemical/industrial waste, or sites contaminated with hydrocarbons leaks from ASTs or USTs the environmental risks of improper handling/disposal will be high. Mitigation measures and screening criteria to prevent such impacts are detailed in the ESMMF.
Water removed from excavated areas through the dewatering process is an environmentally important issue. It is expected that appreciable quantity of groundwater wi II be encountered during excavation, especially deep excavations of PS sumps and WWTP reactors, because of the relatively high groundwater table in project areas. Open land disposal of this water could also cause significant nuisance if it was not properly drained, as it could develop ponds of water which could generate smells and encourage breeding of insects. Mitigation measures for controlling the disposal of removed water from trenches have been considered in the ESMMF.
Old cesspits which shall be demolished, if not utilized, during the fixation of new house connections. There will be a requirement to evacuate the remaining sewage in these cesspits by tankers, which should be discharged to the nearest WWTP. Measures have been taken in the ESMMF to prevent other means of disposal, which could have negative effects on receiving drains/canals.
Human wastes generated by construction labor, including sewage and garbage collected from labor camps in PS and WWTP locations. Disposal of sewage and garbage generated from construction labor, if not transported to adequate sites, will be a continuation of the existing sanitation situation and contribute, although to a relatively low extend, to the deterioration of water quality. The ESMMF has recommended measures for sound management of such waste.
Normal construction waste including wasted concrete, steel, bricks, wood ... etc, which is chemicalIy inert, therefore the associated environmental risks with improper disposal of such waste is the limited to aesthetic effects on disposal site. By following relevant Articles in Law 4/1994 and Law 38/1962 concerning construction waste management these limited aesthetic effects wiIl be minimized. Although the asphalt wastes, which could have some hazardous components, the solid nature of such waste minimizes the transport risk of these components to the environment. Therefore, disposal of asphalt waste to a construction waste disposal site is common practice in Egypt, which is normally not associated with significant environmental risks.
5.2.2 Noise and Air Emissions
The excavation of top soil in construction sites will cause dust emissions that will vary according to the type of soil and the excavation technique. The dust emissions result in
53 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate temporary raise in particulate matter in ambient air near construction sites. Also there are other, relatively minor sources of air emissions, such as construction trucks and power generators.
Law 4/1994 has specific standards to preserve the air quality; however there are no specific standards for dust emissions from diffuse sources. In controlling dust emissions from excavation activities, the Law has identified certain measures to be implemented during excavation, soil stockpiling, soil haulage and control of exhaust of fuel combustion machinery.
Noise will also be associated with construction activities, especially those associated with using heavy machinery for demolition, piling, tunneling, use of cranes, heavy trucks and generators. The noise of these equipment vary from continuous sources, such as cranes and trucks, to intermittent impacts, from piling and demolition. The most effected people of noise impacts are the construction workers, then the neighboring residential areas. Law 411994 and 9/2009 have specified certain standards for noise intensity and exposure duration for the working environment, which should be respected during construction. The mitigation measures recommended in the ESMMF for control of noise and air emissions are based on compliance with the Law.
5.2.3 Disturbance of Traffic and Difficulty ofAcce.~s
The main impact on roads traffic will be during possible lying of transmission mains along, or cross main roads. Longitudinal excavation will cause narrowing of the excavated road for relatively long period, while the lateral crossing of roads may cause blocking of the road, but for relatively short period, possibly few hours.
Crossing works of transmission mains can also intersect with railways, which may also require blocking the railway, for few hours, until the line has crossed. In many cases the Traffic Department or the Railway Authority refuses cross excavation of roads and railways due to the heavy traffic on them. Accordingly the crossing should be done through tunneling, which does not cause traffic disturbance. Because the control of traffic impacts is undertaken by the Local Traffic Department and Railway Authority, the ESMMF has focused on establishing coordination between the ISSIP and the two authorities to prevent unacceptable traffic delays.
Excavation in villages' roads will cause minimum impact to vehicles traffic, as most of villages roads are mainly used for pedestrian and field animals traffic. Therefore, the blockage of villages' roads through excavation will cause access problems to pedestrians, and possibly to riders of animals and agriculture tractors. This access difficulty will have more impacts on elderly people, handicapped and children, who may accidentally fall in open trenches or make tedious long cycles before they reach their targeted locations. The ESMMF includes mitigation measures to be taken during construction to minimize such effects.
5.2.4 Effects on Structures Integrity
54 ISSIP~2 ~ ESIAF - ,,,,pn,,,.',,,, Governorate
Weak structures are very sensitive to differential settlement, which can affect its stability. The differential settlement could be associated with dewatering activities, if groundwater table is lowered than the foundation level for surrounding bui Idings, voids may be created in the soil under neighboring buildings and differential settlement occurs accordingly. This particularly applies to PSs where relatively deep excavation and dewatering will take place during the construction of the sumps. Furthermore deep excavations could cause soil movements that could also result on differential settlements for adjacent sites, while piling, especially for PS sumps, could cause violent vibrations that could also cause effects on the surrounding sites.
The construction of pipeline trenches will require much less dewatering, compared to PS sumps, especially that the shallow system sewers will not require extensively deep excavations. The clay type of soil which dominates the project areas reduces the radius of influence for groundwater depression cone, and hence reduces risks on buildings near the trench. However, because that villages and Izbas in the area are characterized by narrow streets, the houses will be relatively close to trenches. Therefore, it has been recommended in the ESMMF to confine the lowering of groundwater in trenches by applying deep wood sheets to confine lowered groundwater table to the sides of the trench.
The risk associated with dewatering works in WWTPs on neighboring building is considered negligible, because there will be buffer zones, according to the ESMMF screening criteria, between the WWTP and nearest buildings. The radius of influence of any dewatering activities in the WWTP is expected to be much less than the recommended buffer zones, especially in the clay soil dominating the project area.
The Egyptian Code of Practice for Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Decree 139/2001, has identified specific measures to be applied during excavation and dewatering for safeguarding possible effects on surrounding structures stability. These measures have been considered in the ESMMF.
5.2.5 Risk ofInjuries to Construction Labor
Injury to construction labor might occur during construction works through falling into open trenches, collapse of old walls, falling from heights, falling of hoisted objects, injuries during hammering, welding ...etc. Normally construction workers are trained to avoid such accidents especially those who work for large construction companies which adopt strict occupational health and safety measures. The ESSMF includes measures to ensure adoption of sound safety measures by construction contractors.
5.2.6 Risks ofImproper Management ofCulturally Valuable Sites
Because no antiquity sites exist in the project area, as previously mentioned in Chapter 3, the only risk on culturally valuable sites is the possibility for chance-finds of unregistered antiquity objects during excavation works. Finding such objects may, if not properly
55 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate managed, risk their loss or damage during handling/storage in construction site. The ESMMF has defined procedures for managing chance-found antiquity objects.
5.2.7 Risks ofdamaging underground infrastructure
During excavation for laying the sewerage pipes there are risks of damaging underground potable water pipes, or telecommunication lines. Although having sewers normally laid in the middle of roads, while water pipes and telecommunication lines, if it is underground, normally laid on road sides will reduce damage risks, most of these infrastructure lines were laid long time ago without adherence to their normal locations.
Damaging water pipes will cause water leaks and ponds in the trench, which may cause, if left for long period, nuisance and insects breeding. Damaging telecommunication lines will be mainly associated with cutting the services until the line is repaired, which will lead to limited socioeconomic impacts to households and small business units. In the public consultation, the participants suggested that the contractor should use data available from information technology center prepared by the governorate in regards to infrastructure underground network (drinking water, electricity, and telecommunication) which has been recommended in the ESMMF.
5.2.8 Socioeconomic Impacts ofConstruction Works
Construction of piping network will cause traffic delays, which may impact the lucratively of microbus and small carts owners. Also there may be delays for employees, merchants and entrepreneurs reaching their works.
Normally such impacts are minor and could be tolerated by inhabitants of rural area, who commonly walk for long distances before reaching the main road where they can find their targeted means of transportation. In case of construction works in a certain road, it will still be convenient for villagers, in most cases, to walk the same distance to reach another part of the road that does not have traffic congestions.
On the other hand, the scale of such impacts could be raised if the construction works lasted for long times. In the public consultation, it was suggested that the contractor will be advised to arrange with the society NGOs the schedule of excavation and take the sensitivities about vital and important roads into his account during construction works. This has been reflected in the ESMMF.
56 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
5.3 Potentially Negative Impacts during Operation
5.3.1 Risks Associated with Sludge Handling
Sludge management is one of the most important challenges facing WWTPs, because of the large amounts of sludge that constitute high concentrations of pollutants separated from the treatment process. The sludge which is separated from settlement tanks has physical properties of liquids, (specific gravity of about 1.01 compared to water), therefore it needs to be dewatered and dried, in order to manage it as a solid. The standard WWTP process as identified by the engineering consultants includes sludge gravity thickening tanks, where the solids is more concentrated and supernatant is returned to biological treatment, followed by drying b.eds that depend on solar/atmospheric drying. Dried sludge will either be used as organic soil conditioner/fertilizer or disposed in disposal sites.
The following main environmental impacts are associated with sludge handling: Bad odors and insects which are expected to be generated around sludge thickening tanks and drying beds. The effects of odours and insects are expected to be in the areas surrounding sludge tanks inside and outside WWTP. Odors and insects that may be generated in sludge storage sites, land application sites or disposal sites. These impacts will be reversely proportional with the degree of sludge stabilization achieved before land application. Odors and insects that may be generated in sludge storage sites, land application sites or disposal sites. These impacts will be reversely proportional with the degree of sludge stabilization achieved before land application. Risks of pathogens transfer to workers who shall handle and transport sludge from drying beds to storage, land application, or disposal sites Possible risks associated with the absorption of heavy metals, in edible agricultural products, from the sludge used for land conditioning.
Sludge drying beds will achieve partial stabilization of the sludge, which wi I[ be more efficient in summer hot and dry weather. Because the generation of sludge is a continuous process in WWTP, there will always be un-stabilized sludge placed in the open drying beds causing nuisance to neighboring areas, and biological risks to workers that might be exposed to the sludge during handling and lying. Accordingly, the application of lime has been recommended to provide a more rapid rate of sludge stabilization, to mitigate impacts inside WWTPs. The application of lime has been recommended by the Executive Regulations as one of sludge stabilization alternatives, and also by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) as one of 12 options for vector attraction reduction9 and minimization of odors. Lime stabilization has also the advantage of being relatively cheap and easy to apply, therefore it has been recommended in the ESMMF.
9 Source: EPA Implementation Guidance of40 CFR 503 Subpart D
57 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate
If the generated sludge is applied to agricultural land without being sufficiently stabilized, there will be risks for contaminating agricultural products with heavy metals, in addition to the same nuisance and biological risks to farmers. The Executive Regulations 44/2000 has identified specific standards for the application of sludge to agriculture land, these standards are similar, except for molybdenum and selenium concentrations, to the USEPA threshold concentrations of heavy metals of sludge to be applied to agricultural land. However, the USEPA application rates depend on certain limits for cumulative pollutant loading rate on a specific land, rather than certain sludge yearly loading rates as stipulated in Decree 44/2000. The USEPA standards, which are shown in Table 5-1, were based on the results of an exposure risk assessment study that has evaluated 14 pathways of exposure.
Table 5-1: Egyptian and USEPA standards for Land Application of Sludge
Parameter Concentration limit C<)~te.ntration limit Cumulad.ye.~91~ut4~:t .,I (D~l'. 4412000) .. (USEPA Part$ft3.13) :i1Joa,lmgRItte (USEPAP.rt 503.13) .i " '. Zinc 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 mg/kg 2,800 kg/ha ! Copper 1,500 mg/kg 1,500 mglkg 1,500 kglha Nickel 420 mg/kg 420 mg/kg 420 kglha • Cadmium 39 mglkg 39 mg/kg 39 kg/ha Lead 300 mg/kg 300 mg/kg 300 kg/ha Mercury 17 mg/kg 17 mg/kg 17 kglha Molybdenum 18 mg/kg Deleted in 1994 Deleted in 1994 Selenium 36 mg/kg 100 mglkg 100 kg/ha i Arsenic 41 mg/kg 41 mglkg 41 kglha
Accordingly, it is recommended that in addition to complying with Decree 44/2000 threshold concentrations and yearly application rate, the safe application rates should consider cumulative specific heavy metal loading rate advised by the USEPA as not to exceed thresholds based on risk assessment. This is further elaborated in the ESMMF. It is worth noting that the sludge biological standards of Decree 44/2000 correspond to Class A sludge of the US EPA, which is not associated with any buffer requirements, crop type, crop harvesting or site access restrictions.
Concerning land disposal of sludge, Decree 44/2000 stipulates that if the sludge does not qualify for use in agriculture, if should either be landfilled or incinerated. The lime stabilization, suggested to be applied in WWTP, will significantly reduce risks at the disposal site. The USEPA has recommended certain buffer zones between the cell, where the sludge will be disposed of, and the boundaries of the disposal site, to avoid risks of contaminants transport. These buffer zones were identified· for landfills without a liner and a leachate collection system, which is the case in most of landfills in Egypt. They are function of sludge concentration of arsenic, chromium and nickel.
Table 5-2: USEPA Standards (Part 502.23) for Sludge Pollutants Concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) and Correspondent Buffer Zones from Disposal Site Boundaries (No Liner No Leachate Collection)
58 ISSIP-2 - ESIAf- Govel'DOl'ate
Pollutant Mln.~ piS~nees.toSite ll·ouJld$ies:!xn~ters) .. > 150 t$0;.125 125-100 100-7S 75 ..50 50-25 25-0 Arsenic (mg/kg) 73 62 53 46 39 34 30 Chromium (mg/kg) 600 450 360 300 260 220 200 I Nickel (mg/kg) 420 420 390 320 270 240 210 I
The USEPA did not regulate biological standards for the sludge to be disposed, except the immediate cover of disposed sludge with inert soil. The mitigation measures and screening criteria in the ESMMF have considered these specifications.
The expected environmental impacts associated with sludge handling, if combined with proposed mitigation measures in the ESMMF, will be significantly lower than the existing impacts of the current situation, where septage is evacuated from cesspits and evacuated in surface water and empty lands. Even if no mitigation measures were implemented the risks associated with ISSIP-2 handling of sludge will be limited to few locations over the project area, which is much better than the current situation where septage is evacuated all over the project areas.
5.3.2 Risks Associated with Disposal ofFinal Effluent
The proposed secondary treatment followed by disinfection in the WWTPs will normally qualify the final effluent for meeting Law 4811982 standards. However, there are possibilities that some operational problems may cause non compliance with these standards. These problems could be: Overloading of existing WWTP with wastewater collected from project clusters. When the WWTP receives loads above its design capacity the quality of the effluent will be affected accordingly. However, safeguarding against this possibility has been already undertaken by the engineering consultant of the project as previously mentioned in Chapter 4. The disposal of animal waste, which contains higher contents of suspended solids and organic content, along with sewage from households: This may result in the clogging of sewers, which might not be designed to carry flows with high solids contents. This is in addition to increase the organic loads on the WWTP, which will affect the treatment performance and therefore, the final effluent quality Discharge of shock loads from septage and sludge of un-served areas and Izbas, where cesspits septage will be evacuated in the working PSs and WWTPs. This could lead to effects similar to those discussed above, therefore operational procedures for WWTPs should be able to confront such situations Discharge of raw sewage directly to the receiving drain through the bypass line, in case of emergencies in the WWTP units. The existence of this bypass line is considered a necessity for the hydraulic protection of the WWTP, therefore it is an engineering requirement in the Engineering Code of Practice in Decree 16911997. Accordingly the risks of using this line will be an environmental issue. Although the possibilities may be law, the environmental consequences will be acute. Therefore the mitigation measures in the ESMMF have concentrated on reducing these possibilities to the minimum.
S9 lSSIP-2 - ESlAF GovernOl'ate
Occurrence of maintenance problems, unavailability of spare parts, and absence of necessary repairs, especially for electromechanical equipment. Such factors could have effects on the final effluent quality subsequent to reduced treatment efficiency,
The production of chlorination byproducts is another environmental issue, in which the most environmental concerns comes from trihalomethanes (THMs)lo and haloacetic acids (HAA5)l! which results from the reaction of chlorine with the organic matter in water. The issue of THMs and HAA5 risks are more commonly related to drinking water supplies, in which the disinfectants react with the organic matter in the water source and produces THMs and HAA5. According to the USEPA 12, there are debates in the scientific community about the health effects of THMs and HAA5. Although there is no concrete proof on the health effects of these products, the USEPA believes that there are enough evidence to regulate THMs and HAA5, these evidence advise that they could be carcinogenic and could have reproductive and development effects. Therefore the USEPA has regulated the disinfection process in water supplies so as THMs and HAA5 concentration should not exceed 80 and 60 parts per billions (ppb) respectively as an annual average in drinking water.
The application of chlorine to wastewater final effluent is expected to produce more THMs and HAA5, than the produced quantities in water supplies, because of the relatively high organic matter in final effluent. However the risks associated with chlorinated final effluents are significantly less than those associated with drinking water supplies in terms of oral exposure of people, On the other hand, THMs and HAA5s may have effects on aquatic life, but the toxisty data and transport routes through the food chain are not quite clear.
THMs and HAA5 are not regulated in Law 48/1982, and the safe threshold concentrations in final effluent are not clear. Also the effects of THMs and HAA5 are secondaryl3 in terms of human exposure, therefore these effects are expected to be minor because there will be significant dilution of these products before they could reach drinking water intakes. The mitigation measures of the ESMMF includes performing de chlorination, to eliminate free chlorine after achieving the bacteria kill, to prevent further production of harmful chlorinated products as result of reaction of free chlorine with drains' organic matter l4,
10 THMs are a group offour main substances which are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform 11 The five haloacetic acids ofconcern are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, mono bromo acetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid 12 Source URL :llwww.epa.gov/enviro/html/icr/dbp_health.html 13 The effects are considered secondary because they could pause risk ifabstracted from receiving water bodies in drinking water supplies 14 It is worth noting that Article 67 of the Executive Regulations of Law 48/l982 requires, based on the advice ofcorrespondent health authority, that the chlorination of wastewater should be performed so as a 0,5 mg or residual chlorine should be maintained, It is believed that this article should not be in contrary with the recommended de-chlorination process for two reasons, the first is that the high organic loads in the project area drains will immediately deplete the free chlorine and cause production of harmful chlorinated products (such as THMs and HAA5s), the second is that free chlorine will not be useful for disinfection of
60 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
5.3.3 Nuisance from PS and WWTP
The operation of PSs and WWTPs is normally associated with generation of odors and vectors. The odors will be mostly generated from sludge handling units, inlet open channels and screens. The biological units will also generate odors if it is overloaded or not provided with sufficient aeration.
The odors are generated from wastewater handling facilities due to decomposition of organic matter. The odor generating gases related to wastewater are mainly hydrogen sulphides (H2S), ammonia, amines, mercaptans, organic sulphides and skatole.
The impacts of odors are subjective; it could vary from one person to another according to the background odors in the area. Also people tolerance of odors differs according to their exposure for similar odors. For example in WWTPs the staff working at the plant are normally more tolerable to odors than inhabitants of neighboring residential areas. Even odor measurements are done through applying different folds of dilution to the odorous material, and check the odor detection by a number of persons, which is a subjective means of measurements. Therefore the best impact evaluation of unsatisfactory odors generated from PSs and WWTPs is complaints from neighboring areas.
The PSs will be less odor generating and vectors attracting, because most of the sewage is being handled inside the PS constructions. The odor generating areas in the PS will be limited to the inlet chamber and the screens.
In WWTPs the inlet chambers, screens, grit removal, sludge pumping stations, sludge thickening tanks and sludge drying beds are the major sources of odor generation. In terms of strength, sludge tanks will generate the strongest odors and will attract most of vectors. As mentioned earlier, the application of lime to the sludge before being placed in drying beds is expected to significantly reduce generated odors from drying beds.
The feasible methods for controlling odors is through maintaining high performance of biological treatment of wastewater and chemical treatment of sludge as indicated in the previous two sections. Other means of mitigation is to be as far as possible from odor recipients, which could be done through the selection of PSs and WWTPs locations, and keeping some buffer zones between odorous units and neighbors. An example of such buffer distances that have been applied by New York State Department of Environmental Conservation are illustrated in Table 5-3.
Table 5-3: Suggested minimum buffer distances from treatment units for odor containment 1~
IBufferdistan¢e(ft) 1J3uIf'er d~Stance (m) the drains ambient pathogens, because the dose of free chlorine could be neglected with regards to the drain's volume 15 Source: George Tchobanoglous, Franklin L. Burton, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Third Edition, McGraw-Hili, Inc.
6J ISSIP-2 - [SIAF- Governorate
Treatment process unit Buffer distance (ft) B"lJffer distance (m) Sedimentation tanks 400 122 Trickling filters 400 122 Aeration tanks 500 152 • Open sludge drying beds 500 152 • Covered sludge drying beds 400 122
! Sludge holding tanks 1,000 305 Sludge thickening tanks 1,000 305 I Sludge land disposal 500 152
It should be noted that buffer distances are not standard for all cases, as it depend on metrological conditions and topographic factors; therefore it has been recommended in the ESMMF to model odor dispersion through appropriate air dispersion modeling technique.
5.3.4 Risks Associated with Handing of Hazardous Substances and Disposal of Hazardous Waste
The hazardous substances that would be handled in WWTPs include chlorine gas, diesel for standby generators, lubricating oils and laboratory chemicals.
Chlorine gas is heavier than air, very toxic and cause suffocation, if inhaled. It is also highly corrosive. According to Annex 8 form the Executive Regulations of Law 4/1994 the concentration of chlorine in the working environment should not exceed 1.5 mg/m 3 for 8-hours exposure, and should not exceed 2.9 mg/m3 for short period exposure. The Egyptian Engineering Code for Design and Execution of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Decree 16911 997, has set certain precautions for safe storage which should be considered in designing chorine buildings. This has been considered in the ESMMF. It is expected that utilized steel chlorine cylinders will be returned to the vendor for refilling, therefore no risks are expected for disposal of empty chlorine cylinders.
The diesel in PSs and WWTPs will be stored. The main environmental risk associated with diesel storage is leakage. The ESMMF includes measures to minimize leakage risks and containment of any leakage ifoccurred.
Lubricating oils that could be used in PSs and WWTPs workshops may have some hazardous, especially toxic, properties, however, normally the risks in both possibilities and pathways are minimum with handling such oils as the labor normally have high handling awareness. Higher risks will be associated with disposal of empty containers, which should be collected and sent to back to vendors.
Laboratory chemicals can also include different hazardous substances; however the expected risks are relatively low, because of the low quantities and low exposure possibilities. Again higher risks could arise from improper disposal of empty containers, which should be collected and sent back to vendors. The ESMMF includes details about the suitable mitigation measures to minimize such risks.
62 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
5.3.5 Risks ofClogging to the Shallow Sewers System
The shallow sewerage system selected for the project, although achieves benefits of low cost construction and significantly less construction waste production, is characterized by low pipes slopes and, accordingly higher risks of clogging.
Clogging of the sewers could be caused by obstruction of solid objects, solid particles or oil and grease. Sewers clogging may result in wastewater flooding from manholes if not promptly dealt with.
The ESMMF has addressed sewers clogging risks through two main strategies: the first is through checking and maintaining the performance of individual solids/oils separation units, fixed for some commercial units, and pipeline maintenance, while the second is through prompt response to any clogging incidents.
5.3.6 Risks Associated with Passing Sewage Pipes over Watercourses
There may be necessary crossing for rising mains above surface water bodies, which are either supported on piles or on piers of existing bridge. The environmental risk is associated with possibility of leakage from the rising mains directly to the water. Such risk is relatively low, because of the low possibilities, especially during the first years of operation, and because normally the leaking quantities are quite low. However, the ESMMF has identified measures to detect leaks and undertake regular maintenance.
5.3.7 Risks Associated with Handling and Disposal of Commercial Units, PS and WWTPWaste
These wastes include separated solids and oils from commercial units interceptors, screens of PSs, grit removed from WWTPs and oil traps.
The separated solids from commercial units interceptors, except from interceptors of petrol stations and mechanic workshops, normally have the properties of normal sewage sludge, and therefore will cause environmental impacts in disposal sites similar to those impacts discussed earlier in sludge management of WWTPs. All such separated solids should be collected and discharged to sludge pumping stations in WWTPs; accordingly these solids will pass through sludge stabilization processes discussed earlier.
Screened solids from PSs normally are large objects, relative to settled solids from wastewater, which could be categorized under domestic solid waste, such as tin cans, bottles, food remaining ... etc. Such waste is normally inert and could be disposed in normal domestic waste disposal areas.
Grit separated in WWTPs normally contains sand, gravel and some relatively large solid particles that have settling velocity less than normal settleable solids. The separated grit should be placed in drying beds to dry, and then it could be disposed in domestic waste
63 ISS1P-2 - F.:SIAF - Menofya GOVHnorate disposal site. Because wet grit could generate odors and attract insects, it has been recommended in the ESMMF to stabilize it with lime, before it is placed in drying beds.
Oil separators receiving wastewater from mineral oil sources, such as petrol stations and mechanics workshops, will have hazardous oil that should be safely transported to a hazardous waste facility.
Measures for adequate management of such waste streams are detailed in the ESMMF.
5.3.8 Air Emissions and Noise
WWTPs that work with the activated sludge process, and use surface aeration system, will generate fine spray droplets from the aeration tanks, these droplets could be dispersed for long distances, especially during periods of strong winds. These droplets will contain relatively high consternations of pathogens existing in the aeration tank, and hence could cause infection risks to neighboring areas. The ESMMF includes measures to minimize these risks to the WWTP workers and the neighboring community.
Other than odors and microbial spray, the only source of air emissions during the ISSIP operation are the diesel generators in PSs and WWTPs. The impact of such air emissions are considered minor, because the diesel generators are only expected to operate temporary during power cutoffs. The compliance of generators emissions with Law 411994 standards will be sufficient to safeguard against unacceptable air emissions impacts to the neighboring areas.
Noise generating sources in the project are pump rooms in PSs and WWTPs, however, the impacts are expected to be minor, or even negligible, to the neighboring sites because normally those pumps are contained inside building. A relatively higher impact will be on the PS staff, which may be exposed to intermittent pumping noise, caused by intermitted pumps switching controlled by level control. This may be uncomfortable to PS staff. Measures for compliance with Law 411994 noise standards, especially for the working environment, have been recommended in the ESMMF.
5.3.9 Socioeconomic Aspects for Affordahility and Willingness to Pay Capital and Operational Costs
Recovery of house connection costs and project operation costs is a key issue for the project sustainability. The provision mechanism of these costs was not finalized before the preparation of this ESIAF. If the villagers will have to pay for their house connection and for maintenance and operation of the project facilities willingness and affordability issues will be raised. In the current situation villagers are already paying for evacuating their cesspits on regular basis, it would be expected, in general terms, that they will tolerate paying for operation and maintenance for the sewerage system if the cost will be almost equal to what they are paying currently, especially that a sewerage system is a much better service than sewage tankers. The exact socioeconomic impact of this issue
64 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate can be adequately assessed if a willingness to pay study is undertaken for the proposed villages, which is a recommended measure in the ESIAF.
5.3.10 Effects on Cesspits Evacuation Business
The currently active cesspits evacuation business will suffer from gradual reduction of number of customers as the ISSIP-2 coverage extends. The cesspits evacuation is currently practiced by two main service providers:
The first is the people who work in the Local Councils, who are mainly governmental employees, and accordingly the Local Councils will relocate them ifthe need ofthe business is reduced. The second is those who work privately. These private contractors are not currently clearly defined in terms of numbers and business modes.
The private contractors will be more impacted, but because the cesspits evacuation business basically depends on renting the tankers, many other applications could use these tankers in serving un-covered villages by the ISSIP-2. Also these tankers could be employed in some activities of the ISSIP-2 such as evacuating existing cesspits before construction of house connection and contracting local CDAs in cleaning some of the interceptors of some commercial units. Therefore such impact is considered minor.
65 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
6. Analysis of Alternatives
The objective of analyzing different project alternatives is to evaluate some project options, which have not been decided before the preparation of this ESIAF, from the environmental and social perspective. This analysis of alternatives shall help project stakeholders in reaching some strategic options for the project design.
Because that the exact development of the project has not been identified at this stage, many important alternatives could not be evaluated in this ESIAF, such as site alternatives for PS, WWTP, routing of rising mains, selection of discharge points in drains, locations of waste disposal sites, ., .etc. Therefore a screening criteria, later presented in the ESMMF, shall provide guidelines for the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) to weigh different alternatives, in due time, and reach adequate environmentally sound selection of such alternatives.
6.1 No Project Alterative
The ISSIP-2 is expected to result in significant environmental improvement in the project areas. The existing situation, in which target areas are deprived from sanitation services, leads to major environmental and health problems to inhabitants. Even though there are some impacts associated with ISSIP-2 construction and operation as previously indicated, the overall environmental impacts are expected to be positive. This conclusion IS reflected on the views of project stakeholders as the main concern was the delay In project implementation where they can get use ofthe important project benefits.
Environmental improvements expected from the ISSIP-2, over the existing situation include: Improving surface water quality in the project areas. Although there are risks of discharging noncompliant effluent to drains as discussed earlier, overall the pollution loads received in water courses will be significantly reduced, because currently large ratio of generated sewage is discharged by tankers to drains. Although the rate of sewage generation could increase as a result of the project, due to expected increase of water consumption as reaction to the availability of sanitary drainage, the better effluent quality discharged will make the received load of each pollutant much lower. Improve the quality of groundwater and the high water table in most of the project areas, through preventing infiltration of sewage to groundwater Although there may be odor problems associated with operation of WWTP and PSs, the impacts of odors and vectors problems are expected to significantly improve. In the existing situation the infrequent evacuation of cesspits and land discharge of sewage makes the odors/vectors problems much more acute and disperse than the expected impacts around WWTPs and PSs. The socioeconomic benefits of the project significantly overweigh the expected impacts. The ISSIP-2 shall upgrade the quality of life of inhabitant, through improving public health, reducing water borne diseases, improving psychological
66 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
stress resulting from odors, vectors, stagnant water, unavailability of appropriate urban drainage, ...etc. Although there may be few economically effected groups such as inhabitants of neighboring lands to WWTPs and PSs and cesspits evacuation contractors, much more groups will gain economic benefits such as workers in construction and operation and owners of served areas with the sanitation services, in which real estate prices are expected to raise.
The impacts expected by the ISSTP-2, which are not materialized in the current situation include: All impacts expected during construction Risks associated with handling of chlorine, and ASTs Air emissions of standby generators in PSs and WWTPs
The overall environmental and social advantages are believed to significantly overweigh the disadvantages, especially when the recommended mitigation measures are implemented.
6.2 Alternatives of Included Villages in the Project
The Engineering Consultant of the project has presented two alternatives for the number of villages to be included in the project as previously indicated in Chapter 4. The first alternative is to include 9 villages in four clusters, while the second is to add two more villages which are the village of Tanbasha in Cluster 1 and the village of Dansour in Cluster 3. The main reason for adding the two villages, as another alternative to the project, is that the technical and the feasibility study of the project recommended using the two villages as locations for constructing 2 new WWTPs for serving the two clusters.
As previously indicated in Chapter 4 the estimated budget for the first alternative is US $ 44.66 mill ion and for the second is $ 54.4 million, which is the only advantage of the first alternative over the second. On the other hand, locating WWTP in a village to receive sewage of other villages while the WWTP village is not even provided with sanitation services is absolutely rejected as this could raise tensions between cluster villages.
Accordingly, the first altemative should be completely excluded, and if the available budget does not allow for going to alternative 2, then the two WWTP villages should replace another cluster village.
6.3 Alternatives of Piping Materials
There are no direct preferences for piping materials from the environmental and social point of view related to the direct impacts of the ISSIP-2. However, the preferences will be based on the life cycle analysis of these piping materials.
The screening criteria in the ESMMF has included complete ban of using asbestos pipes in the ISSIP-2, due to the problems associated with its disposal during the project
67 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate operation. The ban of asbestos and awareness of its dangers is growing in Egypt; however, this is not yet officially reflected in available Laws and Codes of practice.
6.4 Alternatives to the Utilization of Sludge
The sludge generated from WWTPs shall be utilized in conditioning agricultural lands or disposed in landfills.
The utilization of sludge on agricultural land is the preferred option from an environmental point of view, provided that there are safe concentration levels of heavy metals, safe biological properties, and safe land application rates followed according to the specifications of Decree 44/2000 and the guidelines of USEPA. The reason for this preference is that volume of waste received in disposal sites will be reduced and an equivalent quantity of chemical fertilizers, associated with an environmental cost for its production, will be saved.
On the other hand, the sustainability of using sludge as a land conditioner will be doubtful if the costs for sludge quality monitoring are not covered by revenues from sale of the sludge. In other words if revenue from the sale of sludge does not cover the extra WWTP operating costs resulting from monitoring activities recommended in the ESMMF, it will be better to go for the disposal alternative.
The PIU should assess whether it is feasible to sell the sludge as land conditioner after implementing recommended quality control measures, before starting the project operation.
If reusing the sludge is not a feasible option, then the PlUM should plan for sludge disposal in landfills.
68 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate
7. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework
7.1 Objectives of the ESMMF
The objectives of this Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Framework are to initiate a mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for expected negative impacts and to monitor the efficiency of these mitigation measures based on relevant environmental indicators. The ESMMF identifies certain roles and responsibilities for different stakeholders for implementing, supervising and monitoring the environmental performance ofthe project.
7.2 Management and Monitoring Activities During Construction Phase
The overall environmental management of the ISSIP-2 will be the responsibility of the Project Implementation Unit Manager (PlUM) 16 who will supervise the environmental aspects of the project, in addition to his role in overall management and monitoring of the project. The PlUM will be supported by Environmental Experts in the Rural Sanitation Units (RSU) of Menofya Water and Sanitation Compan'y (RSU-EE). The EIAs for WWTPs and collection systems as well as specialized work required for the implementation of ESMMF measures will be undertaken by consultants assigned by the PIU. The implementation of most of ESMMF measures during construction will be undertaken by the contractor and will be supervised by Construction Supervision Consultants (CSC) assigned by NOPWASO for WWTPs and by WSC for collection systems. The distribution of tasks for EsMMF measures during construction are explained below according to this general setting. More details about the environmental institutional structure of the ISSIP-2 is given in Section 7.4.
7.2.1 Management of Waste Generated During Construction
Mitigation measures:
The following mitigation measures are recommended for controlling the impacts associated with waste generated during construction activities: 1. Selected sites for PS (along with the associated collection networks) and WWTP should be environmentally assessed prior to starting construction activities. An Environmental Consultant should be assigned to undertake Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAs) as required by Law 411994. The EIAs will identify the degree of contamination and the costs for adequate waste management associated with site preparation. The PlUM will then evaluate whether it is feasible to using the site, given the waste management costs, or it is better to move to another site,
l6 The PIU which has been formed for ISSIP-l will also be responsible for ISSIP-2 as further explained in Section 7.4
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2. Contaminated sites, which will be found feasible to comply with waste management procedures, should have certain areas for stockpiling waste. For general domestic waste (garbage) waste stockpiles should be hauled at the end of each day to approved solid waste disposal sites by the local authority. If the encountered waste is hazardous, such as contaminated soil with hydrocarbons, industrial waste or healthcare waste the following steps should be followed: All workers in cleaning the site should wear protective gear identified by the ESA depending on the type of waste. At minimum the protective gear should include safety shoes and anti puncture gloves in case of healthcare waste The waste should be hauled to the nearest approved hazardous waste disposal facility, which should be notified about the waste type and estimated quantity before site clearance begins The previous measures should be undertaken by the construction contractor and supervised by an environmental consultant assigned by the PIU. 3. There shall be no land disposal for water removed from construction sites. Based on geotechnical investigations that will be carried out during the design phase, the design engineer should estimate volumes of dewatering liquid, and dewatering schedule and the proposed methods for discharging this water to a sewer, an agricultural drain or recharging to the groundwater, so no ponds of stagnant water would be left behind. The PlUM should make sure that discharging this water to the sewer should be undertaken in coordination with the Water and Sanitation Company (WSC), and that discharging this water to agricultural drains or recharging it to groundwater should be approved by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI). Adequate dewatering practices will designed by the design consultant, undertaken by the contractor and supervised by CSC. 4. Sewage/septage remaining in cesspits, which will be bypassed or demolished during construction of house connections, should be removed by tankers and disposed in a PS, WWTP, or a city sewer. This should be undertaken by the construction contractor and supervised by the CSC. The CSC should make sure that the contractor has coordinated with the WSC and is actually implementing this on ground through random inspections. 5. Contractors should allocate certain areas within the construction site for the offices/camps of the construction staff. There should be collection tanks for receiving wastewater from these offices/camps, which should be tightly closed and evacuated frequently to operating PSs, WWTPs or city sewers. There should also be covered bins for the collection of solid waste and the construction contractor should make arrangements with the local authority or a solid waste collector to frequently remove this waste from the site and to dispose it in an approved disposal sites. This should be undertaken by the construction contractor and supervised by the CSC who should make sure that the contractor has coordinated with the WSC and the Local Authority, for disposal of sewage and garbage, and is actually implementing this measure on ground through random inspections. 6. Inert construction waste in PS and WWTP sites should be collected in designated areas inside the construction site and hauled frequently to approved disposal sites
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by the local authority. This should be undertaken by the construction contractor and supervised by the ese.
Monitoring Activities:
1. Observation of accumulated waste, in terms of waste stockpiles and waste bins. This monitoring activity will be undertaken at the end of each business day by the ese and reported in monthly reports 2. In case of contaminated sites with hazardous waste the environmental supervising consultant should monitor quantities of delivered hazardous waste to appropriate facilities through reviewing delivery manifests.
7.2.2 Management of Noise and Air Emissions
Mitigation measures:
1. During excavation in sandy soils, which will lead to dense dust emissions, the soil should be sprayed with water. Excavated soil stockpiles and stored sand should be located in sheltered areas. Stored fine sand should be covered with appropriate covering material, such as polyethylene or textile sheets to avoid soil dispersion. The transportation of excavation/construction waste should be done through licensed and sufficiently equipped vehicles with a suitable special box or with a cover to prevent loose particles of waste and debris from escaping into the air or dropping on the road. 2. Air emissions of construction machinery should be within the standards of Annex 6 of the Executive Regulations of the Environment, which have been presented earlier in Table 2-7. This could be achieved by including this requirement in the tender document for construction works, and reviewing of contractor documentations about construction machinery exhaust emissions. The PlUM, assisted by environmental consultant if needed, should make sure these measures are included in the tender document and in contractors bids. 3. Minimization of exposure of construction workers to different noise levels and noise impacts according to the Law standards mentioned in Tables 2-5 and 2-6 in Chapter 2. This could be achieved through adjusting working hours, breaks, and exposure duration to be within permissible limits. Also construction workers should be provided with ear muffs, if needed, especially for those working near piling machines. 4. Minimize construction through nighttime whenever possible to reduce disturbance to residential areas
The implementation of field work mitigation measures shall be the responsibility of the contractor, while ese shall provide field supervision and document the contractor's compliance with the above measures in monthly reports.
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Monitoring activities:
1. Noise Monitoring will be undertaken to check that noise levels and noise exposure are within the permissible limits of the Law. Point sources noise monitoring should be undertaken beside noisy machinery in locations of workers' exposure. Ambient noise measurements should be taken at neighboring sites of the construction activities. A noise meter will be available to the PIU in which the RSU-EE should take these measurements 2. Noise complaints from neighboring locations should be registered by the ese. When complaints are received they should be recorded and documented in monthly progress reports.
7.2.3 Management of Traffic and Facilitation of Access
Mitigation Measures:
1. Because the control of traffic and railways is the responsibility of the Local Traffic Department and the Railway Authority, respectively, all mitigation measures for safeguarding long delays of vehicles and trains traffic will be undertaken by them. The role of the project management will be focused on involving the two authorities in the project planning process, to identify the type of crossing works, and to take their permission for the duration and method of execution for specific crossings. The responsibility for having approvals of both authorities during planning phase will be on the PlUM, while taking specific excavation permits during construction will be carried out by the RSU-EE. 2. During the excavation of roads in villages, there should be a wood or metal bridge for pedestrians' access over each opened trench. Pedestrian paths beside or across trenches should be as flat as possible, and clearly marked with warning signs that are visible at night. In all cases the maximum length of an open trench in certain 17 road should not exceed 500 meters • This measure should be implemented by the contractor and supervised by the ese 3. The contractor should assign at least one worker, or guard, on duty at the construction site overnight, to help people access the paths and bridges, and to respond to any falls or accidents. 4. Alternate access routes should be identified and communicated with the residents before starting construction. This will be implemented by a suitable eDA who shall be nominated and supervised by the PIU/RSU.
Monitoring Activities:
1. The monitoring of traffic flow on roads and railways shall be undertaken by the Traffic Department and the Railway Authority. The monitoring activities that should be undertaken by project include recording and documenting the contractor's access facilitation adequacy and possible, complaints from residents and falling accidents.
17 This condition has been recommended by the HCWW
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7.2.4 Management of Structures Stability
Mitigation measures:
1. During the geotechnical investigations for PS sites, prior to dewatering or deep excavation, the effects of dewatering, hammering and earthworks on surrounding buildings should be investigated. The geotechnical report should include certain measures to be followed by the contractor according to the proximity of surrounding buildings,. and the expected features of dewatering and earthworks. The PlUM should make sure, through reviewing geotechnical reports, that the geotechnical engineering consultant has fulfilled these requirements. 2. During construction the CSC should ensure that the contractor is accurately implementing the recommendations of the geotechnical reports, for PS locations. Among the measures that could be employed: Apply the recommended time schedule for dewatering and piling machines, and the safe excavation slopes recommended by the geotechnical report. For confining dewatering process in PSs a suitable piling curtain should be fixed (such as secant piles or sheet piles) according to the recommendations the geotechnical report For providing protection against vibrations around PS locations, the geotechnical report may recommend establishment of cutoff barrier through a vertical trench, whenever needed, to absorb vibrations. 3. For dewatering from trenches in narrow streets, there should be wood sheets driven in the soil at the edges of the trench to keep groundwater table unchanged under existing bUildings. The geotechnical report should identify suitable safe slopes and buffer distances to houses during trench excavations, and CSCs should ensure implementation of these slopes
Monitoring activities:
1. The CSC should document his observation on the buildings stability, as well as any complaints or suggestions from residents.
7.2.5 Enhancing Safety of Construction Labor
Mitigation measures:
1. During tendering phase the PlUM should make sure that the tender documents include requirements for contractors to submit their safety plan among their technical offers. The tender evaluation should have suitable scoring for better safety plans. 2. During construction the CSC should make sure that the contractor is adhering to the safety plan prepared for the site. Any comment on noncompliance with safety
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measures should be reported by the CSC and should be reflected in the invoices that are settled for the contractor.
Monitoring activities:
1. Documenting number of accidents, and analyzing reasons that led to the accident and updating procedures to avoid future accidents. The CSC should undertake this documentation and report it in monthly progress reports.
7.2.6 Management of Chance-Finds of Antiquity Objects
Mitigation measures:
3. In case of finding a suspected antiquity object during excavation the CSC should order immediate cessation of excavation works, leave the object exactly on its found location, taking photographs to document time and status of the object, assigning guards to watch the found antiquity and contacting the Supreme Council of Antiquities to handle the site.
Monitoring activities:
2. Chance find objects will be documented by the CSc. The documentation should include date, time and exact location of the found object, in addition to the followed procedures until the object has been handled by the Supreme Council for Antiquities.
7.2.7 Management of Underground Infrastructure
Mitigation measures:
1. Collecting the most accurate maps for infrastructure routes from WSCs and Governorates information centers, and making such data available to the contractor prior to commencing the works. This should be undertaken by the RSU-EE prior to construction works 2. Excavating manual trial pits in each street to locate the infrastructure pipes before using mechanical excavation. This should be undertaken by the contractor and supervised by the CSc.
Monitoring activities:
1. Monitoring activities for such risks, will be documenting number of accidents, and analyzing reasons that led to the accident and updating procedures to avoid future accidents. The CSC should undertake this documentation and report it in monthly progress reports.
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7.2.8 Management of socioeconomic impacts during construction
Mitigation measures:
I. The contractor should clearly identify the schedule of implementation for each stage of roads excavation, including the time when normal traffic conditions will be resumed. This schedule should be communicated to the local community, through the RSU-EE and local CDAs, and clearly displayed on the construction site, mentioning dates and times where the construction works will be finalized. Any delays to the schedule should be also clearly displayed with the reasons given for such delay. The inhabitants of the neighboring areas should be encouraged to comment on the schedule, provide infonnation about certain roads sensitivities and provide their views for possible modifications on the plan. 2. The contractor should be penalized for any unjustified delays in implementing the project. The PlUM should supervise the adherence of the contractor to the time schedule and if a specific item has been delayed an immediate notification should be sent to the contractor
It is worth noting that PSs and WWTPs should be constructed on state-owned lands unless a reasonably justifiable factor leads to use privately owned land. For dealing with such cases a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared parallel to this report.
Monitoring activities:
I. Monitoring of residents complaints, about construction delays and possible socioeconomic effects, should be done by the CSC along with the measures taken to respond to such complaints.
Tables 7-1 and 7-2 summarize the mitigation measures and monitoring activities that should be implemented during the construction phase.
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Table 7-1: Environmental Management Matrix during Construction Phase
Institutional ResponsibUity Rationale for estimated Proposed Mitigation Responsibility Means of Potential Impact Project Phase ofl)irect Cost ofImplementation I Measures for. Supervision Supervision ...... Supervision ...... ImplemeDtation Risks of improper Undertake EIAs (with Planning - - Environmental PlUM Review of $ 115,000 handling of waste odor modeling) for conceptual consultant consultants (2 WWTP, one WWTP generated during WWTP sites, networks design assigned by PIU reports extension and 11 networks) construction and PS sites to evaluate site contamination status In clearing contaminated Construction - Construction Environmental Field supervision Included In Project's sites workers should use Contractor consultant Budget proper PPE, non assigned by hazardous waste should PlUM be properly stockpiled and disposed in approved location by local authority, and hazardous waste should be hauled to approved waste facility
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Institutifma,l Ratio.ale for estimated .. ResponslliiIity Respon#~lity·.·...... Mea. of PotentialIlIlpaet Proposed Mitig\~n I Project Phase C(Jst·ofltnplementatio1l:1'> Measn~0 for;,.·· ofDireef Supervision IlIlp f!lII SnperviSHm.> ·.··SUpervision 1 eJlti.. JID . C Prior estimation of Preconstruction Design - PlUM for - PlUM to review Dewatering disposal dewatering liquid volume and consultant for preconstruction consultant's included in project's budget and arranging disposal of construction for identifying arrangements reports obtaining - PIU management cost or in nearest sewers liquid volume and - CSC for field approvals normal CSC price18 agriculture drains, or suitable disposal supervision - CSC for field recharged to groundwater methods during supervision aquifer after consent Construction construction from MWRI Contractor for implementation Evacuation of wasted I Construction Construction I CSC Field supervision, - Contractor cost in normal household cesspits and to Contractor review WSC bid price sewer, PS or WWTP approvals and - Normal CSC price random ins~ections Evacuation of I Construction Construction I CSC Field supervision, - Contractor cost in normal construction site sewage Contractor review WSC and bid price and proper collection and local authority - Normal CSC price disposal of construction approvals and site's garbage random
L. Lif1~pectiS>t1s
18 PIU management costs are further detailed in Section 7-5 where the required human resources and training needs are detailed. While normal prices for contractors and consultants means that the additional costs for them carrying out mitigation measures are either zero or negligible according to their normal expected activities in the project as defined in the cost estimate prepared by the Engineering Consultants
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---- .. .< In$t~*~.al ...... I Responsib:.ilitY " Rationale for estimated Proposed l\fitigation .... Means of Potential Impact ProjeclPb_ R~~DSihility ofDirect Cpst of Imp1emf.':lltation I Measures '. " for Su.perviSioll " I "'Supervision Supervision P·Implemelltation Proper stockpiling, . Construction I - Construction CSC Field supervision - Contractor cost in normal haulage and disposal of Contractor bid price non-hazardous, normal - Normal CSC price construction waste and asphalt waste Noise and air Soil spraying (in sandy Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision - Contractor normal bid emissions soil) , Sound storage, price tran s po rtati on and - CSC normal price disposal of stockpiles Ensure that air emissions Tender and Contractor PlUM Review vehicle - Contractor normal bid of construction preconstruction exhaust certificate price machinery within legal - PIU management costs standards Controlling nOIse Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision - Contractor normal bid exposure of workers by pnce adjusting working hours - CSC normal price and using ear muffs
------_ ..._--_.. ------Avoid night nOIsy Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision - Contractor normal bid works whenever possible pnce - CSC nor),}l..}1 price ~-.....-. ------
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InstitutiOnal aespo~!~~ji~~, .~.~n~;fot·e.mmatetf iotential Impact Proposed .Mi~atiO'n' ...R~pij~S!bility Measur~\ ....•~••.. ·< ... ···.·..... ·10'.- O'fDir~\;· Cbst~f·I,UIP~-lltatioll·1 SuperviSi... ·/.·S~rvisioft . H.C .lmpletnentatiO'n Disturbance of Obtain permit from Planning and PlUM for PlUM Review of RSU and PIU management traffic and access Traffic Department and pre-construction approval during required permits costs difficulty Railway Authority on planning on planned crossing works once RSU-EE for crossing works during design and specific approvals planning and once again right before prior to commencing construction work to ensure approval on work schedule ~.. _ .H--,-___ -- I Place suitable warning I Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision I - Hardware costs to be signs, pedestrian bridges, covered by project's budget pathways that should be - CSC normal price visible at night. Open trench in certain location should not exceed 500 m Assign one worker to be Construction IContractor lese 1 Field supervision 1=-_ Cost of worker to be I present 24 hours for covered by contractor from helping people with project's budget difficulty in access or - CSC normal price respond to falling accidents 'I>rovi-d-e-a-w-a-re-n-e-s-s-to----t-P-r-e-co-n-s-t-ru-c-tl-·o-n-t-C-D-A-s------i-P-I-U-M~··and IReVieW quarterly ~CDA expenses are part of residents about and RSU-EE reports awareness budget alternative access and construction - PIU and RSU mgt costs take their views in site planning
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IDStituul . Responsibility ltationalefor estimated Proposed Mitigation Respolisili· Means of Potentiarlmpaet Project Phase ofDirect <::'!JstoflmplemJ}lltation I Measures for Supervision Supervision I ... ··Supemsion Implementation Effects on I Investigate effects of I Preconstruct ion Geotechnical PlUM Review technical Geotechnical investigations structures dewatering, hammering consultant reports produced included in the project integrity and earthworks on assigned by the by the consultant budget surrounding structures as PIU part of the site geotechnical report Implement I Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision - Tools to be employed by recommendations of the contractor will be geotechnical report included in normal bid prIce - CSC normal price Provide wood sheet Construction Contractor CSC Field supervision I - Wood sheet curtains curtains on trench edges included in project's budget in villages narrow streets - CSC normal price and a I safe slo es Safety risks to Tender Preconstruction HCWW nl PlUM Review tender I PIU management costs construction labor construction works documents, should include technical scoring requirements for and technical submitting safety plan proposals from contractors Implementation of I Construction Contractor CSC Field observation I - Contractor normal bid approved safety plan price - CSC normal price
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Institutional n·· .... ·..:.~n n:,,;,4.i::':' .•· fo' • ~.I.; Mj'ti'" ti·;··, R' .::1.. 'lity' ~e$P~~~~~l1ty . '. ~~1lIt e r estlmat~ ...... Propose. d ga on ...... p...... , .·t·. Ph esponSB11 . '•. rtU'.\f·;··. "t" Ii".~i '~.';J:_ .. I tati· "1/: Potential Impat;t ··roJec . ase ··ot:\.\l.r~.~~.. o.l.:u.up.lemen on f '. Measures .. 1'1 for tan...•.... $u~~jOn . Sppervision lit "men o.n .. \...... J Risk of improper Apply chance finds Construction CSC who will PlUM Review Possible delays management of procedures to found order immediate documentation of construction works to be culturally antiquity objects stopping of chance find covered from project's valuable sites excavation procedures budgetl9 - PIU management costs - CSC normal-.£fice Risk of damaging I Acquire infrastructure I Preconstruction RSU-EE PlUM Review progress 1- RSU and PIU infrastructure maps from WSCs and reports management costs Governorates information centers Carry out trial pits prior I Construction Contractor CSC Field Supervision I- Contractor normal bid to excavation price - CSC normal price I Socioeconomic Communicate I Construction RSU-EE and PlUM Review progress 1- Included in project impacts construction schedule local CDAs reports budget transparently with and RSU inhabitants management costs Penalize contractor for Construction RSU-EE PlUM Review progress - PIU and RSU unfu~~ifie~ delays reports mal1a&ement costs Ensure market price Planning WSC pricing PlUM - Review reports 1- WSCU and PIU compensations for land committee And WSC-ERO of pricing management costs acquisition committee
19 In case of chance-finds the construction work will be stopped until the Supreme Council for Antiquities clears the site. This will involve extra costs related to rental of unused equipment and unaccounted for mobilization and demobilization. Because these costs will be borne by the contractor for reasons beyond his control, he will be expected to claim it back from the project budget
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Table 7-2: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during Construction Phase ,. Ration.ale for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Potentiallmpaet Estimating Indic$tor Location Frequency ReSponsibility Methods Monitoring Cost Risks of improper Accumulation of I Construction Observation, Daily field CSC normal CSC handling of waste waste sites documentation observation and price generated during documentation construction reports Amount of I Construction Manifests review I Daily during - Environmental - Environmental delivered sites site preparation consultant consultant costs hazardous waste with assigned by PIU included in his to approved documentation to supervise management costs facility in monthly clearance of reports contaminated sites Noise and air I Noise intensity, I ~onstruction Onsite nOise Once quarterly I Contractor us $ 5,000 for emissions exposure SIte meter during noise meters for durations measurements construction the PIU from representative locations at construction sites Complaints from I Construction Record and Recording to be I CSC normal CSC residents site document once complaint pnce complaints is received. received from Documentation residents shall be in reports
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lUtionale for Monitoring iMo'-.toring MonitOring M~~it9rini ··l\f~!~!~tillg ~stilliatinJ tndicator ~~ir'" Methods ...... Frequency.··. R~~ij~"ilitY . ,'. ' .." • ",., Ii ...... MOIJitOPn2'CQst Accidents, Construction Record and Recording to be CSC - CSC nonnal complaints and site document once complaint pnce Disturbance of remarks from complaints IS received. traffic and access residents received from Documentation difficulty residents shall be In mol1thly re Effects on complaints and Construction Record and Recording to be 1 CSC 1- CSC nonnal structures remarks from site document once complaint pnce integrity residents complaints I is received. remarks received Documentation from residents shall be in I mont~ly! of . Construction Safety risks to Number trio~;;;;;~ntation of To ~e 1 CSC 1- CSC nonnal construction labor accidents and site accidents documented In pnce reasons for them monthly reports In case of accidents Risk of improper Date, time, Construction IToc~mentation of In case an 1 CSC 1- CSC nonnal management of locations and site chance-find object has been price culturally status of chance procedures found valuable sites finds Risk of damaging Number of Construction Documentation of To ~e 1CSC 1- CSC nonnal infrastructure accidents and site ' accidents documented In pnce reasons for them monthly reports In case of accidents
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---- \ Ratioo:ale for Moniforing Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring I Potenti;J\';~lJIPaet Estitnating Indicator Location Methods Frequen~ Respo~ibility Monitorin:g Cost Socioeconomic Complains from Construction Receive and Complaints to CSC - CSC normal impacts local community document be recorded pnce complaints once received. Documentation to be in monthly reports
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7.3 Management and Monitoring Activities During Construction Phase
The maintenance and operation of the collection networks, PSs, rising mains and WWTPs will be undertaken by the WSC, either directly or through assigning a private Project Operator (PO) against special contract. Accordingly the ESMMF roles and responsibilities were assigned in the following sections.
7.3.1 Management of WWTP Sludge
Mitigation measures:
1. Lime stabilizations should be undertaken through the application of lime to the sludge removed from thickening tanks, before being spread onto dry beds. The details of lime application, type of lime, preparation and dosing system will be identified in the detailed design of the WWTPs. The system should be able to maintain the sludge pH at a minimum of 12 for 2 hours, and a minimum of 11.5 for two days2o. The application of lime to the sludge will be undertaken by the PO and supervised by the RSU-EE 2. The PO should instruct workers handling sludge, or working near sludge tanks in the WWTP, to wear suitable gloves and boots. Hygiene instructions should be disseminated to workers, before they start working. These instructions should be clearly illustrated in posters placed in the offices and rest rooms of workers. 3. Mature dried sludge should be analyzed against the standards of Decree 44/2000, as shown in Table 2-3, and according to sampling analysis procedure. If the sludge is within legal limits it could be reused as an organic fertilizer. Land application limitations, presented in Table 5-1, cannot not be guaranteed by the PO as this will rather be the responsibility of purchaser of the sludge. The PO shall sign a contract with purchaser that should include the sludge analysis, as an attachment, the yearly loading rate for different types of soil, and the safe cumulative loading rate, according to the limits as previously identified in the USEPA risk assessment. 4. If the mature sludge batch cannot be analyzed, the analysis were above Decree 44/2000 standards, or it needs to be removed from the WWTP because no further storage space was available, then the sludge should be safely disposed in land. Disposal sites for sludge should be approved by the Local Authority according to the guidelines mentioned in Table 5-2. If the disposal site will be a controlled landfill, an agreement will be signed with the landfill operator, whether the City Council or private operator, about the suitable location of sludge cells within the landfill and the requirements of sand cover. The disposal procedures will be undertaken in this case by the landfill operator, and wi II be supervised by the City Council.
20 Source: Vector Attraction Reduction of EPA 40 CFR 503 Subpart 0
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Monitoring activities:
1. The PO should undertake continuous monitoring of pH of immature sludge drying beds. Logs of pH values should be used for controlling the lime dosing 2. If mature sludge will be used in agriculture, it should be sampled each 6 month, which is the estimated period for sludge maturation, and analyzed against the parameters mentioned in Table 2-3. 3. A periodical medical check for the workers of the WWTP should be undertaken to detect any related disease.
7.3.2 Management ofFinal Effluent's Quality
Mitigation measures:
1. Evacuated sludge and septage from cesspits, septic tanks or animal slurries in Izbas and un-served villages, should be discharged to sludge streams in WWTPs rather than to wastewater streams. The implementation of such measure will require these tankers to sumps of sludge pumping stations in WWTPs, which should have an appropriate capacity to receive removed sludge from secondary sedimentation tanks, and setptage from tankers. The WWTP designer should include allowance for this in the design, and the PO should organize receiving of tankers at certain times in the WWTP. 2. Implement preventive maintenance Program to all structures and electromechanical equipment in PSs and WWTPs. The supplier of each equipment should provide a preventive maintenance schedule for supplied equipment. Implementing this schedule should be part of the WWTP and PS operational manual. 3. In order to reduce the possibilities for using the WWTP bypass lines, the following measures are recommended: The PS sumps should be designed to receive stormwater based on meteorological data of maximum stonn during the design period Each WWTP should have at least two parallel lines. During maintenance/repair of one line the influent should be bypassed to the other line. Bypass lines should be facilitated from different points in the WWTP, so as to have maximum flexibility. In addition to the bypass from the intake works, there should be a bypass line after secondary settlement in case there are repairs in the disinfection unit. A preventive maintenance program should be preplanned annually before the start of the fiscal year. Maintenance in WWTPs should be planned during lowest peak hours (such as overnight) and months of lower sewage discharge. In case the influent is totally bypassed to the receiving drain, the PlUM should be immediately be notified with the reasons, durations and applied control measures for such event. The PlUM should directly notify the MWRl (through the PSC) and EEAA with the incidents. After returning to normal operation mode, reasons for using the bypass line should be analyzed to prevent repeating these incidents in future.
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4. Chlorination should be followed by de-chlorination of the final effluent by applying sulphur dioxide or sodium thiosulphate21 to at the outlet of contact tank, to reduce free chlorine in receiving drains and to avoide producing further chlorinated products in the surface water. The design engineer should consider that de-chlorination will consume some of the dissolved oxygen in the final effluent, and will re-raise the COD and BOD and possibly reduce the pH. Therefore designs of biological treatment should take this into consideration.
Monitoring activities:
1. PO should undertaken continuous monitoring of PS and WWTPs incoming and outgoing discharges. Daily averages should be calculated and documented 2. Daily monitoring of influent and effluent water quality at WWTPs should be undertaken. The daily monitoring should include analysis of COD, TSS, TKN and total P. 3. Monthly monitoring of full Law 4811982 parameters mentioned in Table 2-2
7.3.3 Management ofPS and WWTP Nuisance
Mitigation measures:
1. Undertake air dispersion modeling for odors as part of the design and ElA process to ensure that strong odors will not reach residential areas 2. Maintain efficient performance of biological treatment efficiency and lime application to sludge as mentioned in the two previous sections. Any complaints due to unacceptable odors should be confronted by identifying the source of the odor, evaluating the reason for odor emission, and improving the efficiency of the identified unit that caused the odor. 3. Apply screening criteria, further discussed in Section 7.3, to select best locations for the PSs and WWTPs in order to maintain suitable buffer zones that will lead to minimum nuisance to neighboring sites. The EIA process for WWTPs should include air dispersion modeling for odors to ensure that strong odors will not reach residential areas 4. Locate administration buildings, and areas where WWTP staff are mostly exposed to, upstream of the prevailing wind direction, whenever possible, to minimize nuisance to the WWTP staff. 5. Establish close communication with the neighboring areas, and assign a staff member in the WWTP to receive odor complaints. This could be done through posters and the distribution of brochures that illustrate the right to complain, and the contacts information of the responsible staff, and the RSU officer assigned to supervise the plant.
21 Another possible means of dechlorination is using activated carbon, which is believed to be unfeasible
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Monitoring activities:
1. Record odor complaints received from neighboring areas. The record should include name of the person who has made the complaint, time of complaint, time and duration of unacceptable odor. Complaints records should be reported in monthly reports. The RSU should analyze odor complaints on monthly basis and document how each complaint was confronted
7.3.4 Management ofHazardous Substances and Empty Containers
Mitigation measures:
1. According to The Egyptian Engineering Code for Design and Execution of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Decree 16911997, the location of the chlorine building should be in the southern part of the WWTP, away from workers offices and any source of ignition. The chlorine cylinders store should be right next to the processing area. The chlorine building should possess the following properties: The storage area should have a capacity for storing sufficient chlorine cylinders for 10 days operation. The cylinders should be stored horizontally in 2 rows or 4 rows. The cylinders should be stored over steel supports with a minimum distance between cylinders' axis of 1.1 m, while the steel supports should have a minimum distance to nearest wall of 1m. The processing area should be at least 3.5 m high. The area should be sufficiently large for placing evaporators so that the distance between evaporators and injection machines should not be less than 1 m, the distance between evaporators/injection machines and nearest wall should not be less than 1.75 m and the minimum length of the room should be 5 m It is preferable to provide a mechanical handling system for chlorine cylinders, in such case the handling shall be done with top crane winches capable of accessing storage rows and areas for chlorine trucks unloading Chlorine buildings should be airtight and equipped with leak detectors and neutralization basins which should be equipped with caustic soda sprays. Any cylinder suspected to be leaking should be transferred to the neutral ization tank until leaked chlorine has been neutralized. The store and processing area should be well ventilated and away from direct sunlight so that the maximum temperature shall not exceed 45°C. There should be mechanical ventilators fixed at a height not less than 50 cm from the building floor. Each ventilator should have an opening of at least 35cm x 35 cm, with a maximum spacing between ventilators of 2 m. There should additional emergency mechanical ventilators provided with ducts to collect any chlorine leaked to the neutralization tank. The emergency ventilators should be controlled by leak detectors that will automatically operate if chorine leakage is detected22
22 This automatic control ofthe emergency ventilators is not specified in Code 169/1997
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2. Empty chlorine cylinders, lubricating oil containers and laboratory chemicals containers. should be collected at a certain location inside the chlorine building before being returned to the supplier. The vendor who will supply the WWTP with chlorine cylinders should take waste cylinders back on the same truck. This process should be documented in manifests that should be signed by the vendor. 3. Diesel tanks should be surrounded with impermeable bund with a capacity equal to the tank capacity. Any leaked diesel from the diesel tank should be pumped to diesel trucks until the leakage is repaired. No USTs should be used in the project.
Monitoring activities:
1. Chlorine leak detectors with continuous sensors should be provided for chlorine detection. Any leakage incident should be documented by the WWTP operator in the monthly reports along with taken measures and the adequacy of the emergency ventilation system. 2. Leaks from diesel tanks will be detected through visual observation. Any leakage should be documented in monthly reports, along with measures taken by the operator to contain the leakage. 3. Records of empty containers returned to vendors should be kept in the WWTP, along with signatures of vendor's representative on waste manifests acknowledging receipt ofthe containers.
7.3.5 Preventive Measures for Sewers Clogging
Mitigation measures:
1. All commercial units that have high solids/oil contents in their wastewater, such as restaurants, bakeries, mills, barns ...etc. should install suitable solids/oil separation units so as not to cause problems to the collection network. Although this is the responsibility of the commercial units according to Law 9311962, it will be necessary to properly install such units, according to the engineering specifications of Egyptian Code 33412002 for sanitary ware in buildings. During the design phase the engineering consultant will provide the most suitable design for such units according to the type of commercial units in served villages, and the implementation of these units will be undertaken by the contractor as part of the house connections construction activities. 2. Regular inspection and cleaning of these solids/oils separators should be undertaken by local CDAs upon consent from the WSC and agreement with beneficiary commercial units. This set-up could be made at the beginning of the project operation as the commercial units should have a maintenance contract with a CDA as a pre-requisite for his sewer connection, and this contract should be renewed as a pre-requisite for operating license renewal of the commercial unit. The design consultant of the collection network will prepare an operational manual that should clarify how often these separation units should be cleaned and the local CDA should implement this manual under supervision of the RSU-EE.
89 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
3. Gravity sewers should be regularly flushed by flushing tanks installed at high gradient points. The Egyptian Code 28611990 for designing sewerage systems specifies that the volume of the flushing tank should be equivalent to the volume of 50 meters length of the pipes, and it should be equipped with floating level control to automatically fill it when it is emptied. The flushing should be undertaken once or twice daily. The design engineer will specify in the operation manual how often the system should be flushed by the WSC, or its assigned PO of the network. Small bore sewers that would be used in relatively small streets will require special measures for frequent clearing to prevent clogging; such measures should be identified by the design engineer and followed by the PO. 4. Each PO should have a trained technician (plumber) to undertake urgent repairs resulting from clogging. If the PO cannot effectively repair the clogging he should arrange for quick intervention from the WSC emergency department
Monitoring activities:
1. Monitoring indicators for sewers clogging will be number of clogging incidents, and the applied repair works by the PO.
7.3.6 Preventive Measures/or Crossing Works Leakage
Mitigation measures:
I. The integrity of the crossing pipe should be checked by detecting pressure difference during commissioning. 2. Minor leaks in the rising main will be detected by recording differences between the discharges recorded out of the PS and in the WWTP23. The PO should detect both discharges daily, and in case of unusual differences in discharge, the PO should promptly undertake visual inspection at the crossing pipe and to repair any detected leak 3. Crossing pipelines should be regularly maintained according to the timetable identified by the design consultant in the operation manual to ensure their integrity, regular observation of the integrity of joints and elbows should be undertaken by the PO.
Monitoring activities:
1. Recorded discharge from the outlet of PS and inlet discharge in WWTP should be recorded daily along with difference between them to detect leakage in rising mains
23 The standard design ofPS and WWTP will include discharge measurement tools
90 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
7.3.7 Management ofCommercial Units, PS and WWTP Wastes
Mitigation measures:
1. The management of separated solids from commercial units interceptors will be undertaken regularly by the CDAs as mentioned earlier. The generated sludge from these units, which does not have mineral oils of flammable liquid, should be discharged to sludge pumping station of the corresponding WWTP. The process should be documented through signing forms by served commercial units and receiving WWTP. 2. Separated solids from PS screens should be collected daily in a covered bin inside the PS location, until they are delivered to the solid waste contractor for disposal in domestic solid waste disposal sites. The disposal process should be documented in a contract with the waste contractor indicating disposal location, and should be checked with the local authority 3. Separated grit should be stabilized by lime to prevent the possible generation of odors, and then left to dry in a separate drying bed. Dried grit should be collected by a solid waste contractor, and disposed of at an approved site according to a documented procedure as illustrated above 4. CDAs should de-sludge oil traps receiving wastewaters with mineral oils from petrol stations and mechanic workshops according to the design schedule. The oil should be dispose of at an approved hazardous waste facility. Waste removal/disposal should follow documented manifest system having signatures of operator of the receiving hazardous waste facility.
Monitoring activities:
1. Monitoring of solid waste transferred to appropriate disposal sites will be through auditing waste delivery manifests available with POs and CDAs.
7.3.8 Management ofAir Emissions and Noise
Mitigation measures:
1. Cultivate intensive wind barrier trees around aeration tanks that use surface aeration, so that droplets of aeration tanks are not spread around the area. 2. Ensure compliance of standby generators in PSs and WWTPs with Law 4/1994 emission standards by including certificates of emissions standards provided by the generator supplier 3. Noise at administration areas of PSs should be within the noise standards of working environment illustrated in Tables 2-5 and 2-6. If case higher continuous or intermittent noise intensities were encountered the PO should use acoustical . tools and ear muffs to reduce noise exposure to workers.
91 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Monitoring activities:
1. The PO should monitor exhaust emissions from standby generators against the stipulations of Law 4/1994 for carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and total hydrocarbons. The monitoring is to be performed once during the normal operation of the generators. 2. The PO should monitor noise intensity at locations of workers in PSs during. The measurements are to be undertaken annually under normal PS working conditions.
7.3.9 Management of Willingness and Affordahility to Pay among Project Villages
Mitigation measures:
1. The PlUM should assign a social consultant to undertaken willingness and affordability to pay survey for the 11 nominated villages. If the survey resulted that the willingness and affordability of people do not indicate that the project operation could be fully financed from the beneficiaries, the social consultant should recommend alternative methods of finance that should be employed before the project construction.
7.3.10 Management of Willingness and Affordahility to Pay among Project Villages
Mitigation measures:
1. Make private contractors for cesspits evacuation aware of the available business opportunities using their tankers, such as serving uncovered/latterly covered areas, opportunities during ISSIP-2 construction and operation. 2. Construction contractors, POs and CDAs carrying out different activities of ISSIP-2 will be provided with contact details of local private tankers. It is believed that those local private tankers will be cheaper than other tanker owners who will need to travel to reach local sites; therefore local tankers will offer better prices for ISSIP-2 stakeholders.
Monitoring activities:
I. The business status of private contractors could not be accurately assessed, except they provide accurate data on their business which is doubtful. Therefore the construction contractors and CDAs will keep records of numbers of times they used private tanker owners in the ISSIP
The mitigation measures and monitoring activities recommended during the operation phase for centralized systems are presented in Tables 7-3 and 7-4 respectively along with the institutional responsibilities for implementation and supervision.
92 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Table 7-3: Environmental Management Matrix during Operation Phase
Institutional . .: •...... Rationale fD,.timated ' Responsibility .•. R~p~.i~ility Meansof .. Potential Impact It-ropqS~ ~tig~tl.1l Project Phase Cost o'lmplem~ntatioll:l Measllr~ .. for ·•.. Ofaff~ supervision Implementation·.supeirlrision supervision Risks of improper Design and implement Planning and I Design -PlUM - PlUM through - Normal design costs handling of lime dosing system for operation consultant for the - RSU-EE review of designs PIU and RSU sludge raising pH to 12 for 2 system design RSU-EE management costs hours and to 11.5 for 2 - PO for operation through Review - Costs of lime to be days of monthly included in project's budget reports and occasional field inspections Provide workers with I Operation PO RSU-EE - occasional field I - PO normal costs protective gear and inspections - RSU management costs hygiene instructions Analyze sludge and I Operation RSU-EE PlUM Review of 1- PO normal costs decide accordingly procedures in - RSU management costs whether the sludge could progress reports be used in agriculture and how is it going to be applied Dispose unused sludge in I Operation Landfill operator 1- City Council City council - Sludge disposal costs to controlled landfill if or Waste RSU-EE through regular be included in project's existing contractor inspections budget assigned by PO RSU through - PO normal costs documents review - RSU management costs and occasional field inspection
93 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Institutional .R~(Jnsibility ..··lt~!ignaleforestimated .;:~ ..... [. froposed.. ···· ..M...... i~iJtion I. Projeet Phase R~DSibllity ~6f Potential Impact. Measures Qfdirect t ··~~onmplementatio.J for s~pervision supe..-viJion . . Superrision lIIlplementati9n Risks associated enable sludge pumping IDesign and I - Design PlUM and I - PlUM to ensure I - Normal costs of design with disposal of stations to receive waste operation consultant for RSU-EE inclusion In I engineer final effluent from interceptors and inclusion In design - Normal PO price septic tanks, facilitate design RSU-EE to 1- PIU and RSU access of tankers PO for revIew PO management costs facilitation and performance, record keeping records and occasional visits Preventive maintenance Pre operation - Supplier to 1- PlUM and I - PIU to review - Normal costs for supplier of structures and and operation provide RSU-EE schedule and PO equipment maintenance - RSU to inspect - PIU and RSU schedule PO management costs PO to implementation implement Desi.gn PSs sump to I Desig~, and I - Design - PlUM during - PlUM to review - Design consultant normal receIve stormwater, I operation consultant to design and designs and price design WWTPs with at include RSU-EE during schedule - Normal PO price least two parallel lines, requirements In I operation RSU-EE to - PIU and RSU facilitate several inlets to design and to review PO management costs the bypass line, schedule provide records maintenance during low maintenance peak hours/months, use schedule one line during - PO to operate maintenance/repair of other line, and report total influent bypass incidents
94 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Institutional '. Responsibility @_ilAlecfotestimated ResponsibilitY ·.Meansof Rotential'm~tl< •• ~Ji'OpUsed Mitigation ProjeC(Phase of'diree:t CO$t,tJf((~ile~ntation I for supervision <;p;:l);Measures superviSion '. \ '~up#~Qn Implemeutation Design and install I Design, and I Design 1 PlUM and I - PlUM to review - Dechlorination system sUlphur dioxide or operation consultant for RS U-EE design and and extra aeration sodium thiosulphate designing suitable RSU-EE to requirements to be dosing unit for de dosing unit, and inspect PO included in the project chlorination and extra aeration in budget safeguard against biological - Normal design consultant possible raise In treatment cost BOD/COD. - PO to operate PIU and RSU costs Unacceptable Maintain high efficiency Operation PO RSU-EE - Review of 1- Included in above items odors and I of biological treatment monthly reports - RSU management costs nuisance and lime application to and occasional sludge field inspections Provide suitable buffer Planning ErA consultant prUM - Review of ErAs I - included in EJA prices zones around PSs and - PIU management costs WWTPs locations as part of the ErA to cause minimum odor impacts Locate admin buildings I Design Design consultant I prUM - Review of plant I - included in Design in upstream wind layout consultant price direction - PIU management costs Establish communication I Operation RSU-EE I PlUM Review of - Communication with with neighboring areas means of neighbors included in communications awareness budget RSU and PIU management costs
95 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
Institutional H,f!$po.udbility Rationale fores~bnated Responsibility .'Means of Potential Impad 'rop~secl Mitigation ProJeetPhase Cost of ImplementationJ ·'Measures for •.·...... ·•·.•ofdirect superVision ····supervision SnpervisioD Im~ementation Risks of handling IDesign precautions of I Design Design consultant PlUM Review of I - Nonnal design consultant hazardous chlorine building design reports pnce substances 1--______~t_-~llJll1anagement costs Empty chlorine IOperation PO RSU-EE Review of - PO nonnal costs cylinders, oil containers cylinders - RSU management costs and lab chemicals manifests containers to be returned to vendors Adequate maintenance IOperation PO RSU-EE Review of I - PO nonnal costs and repairs of diesel maintenance, I - RSU management costs tanks repairs and documented leak response measures Risks of sewers I Design and installation of I Design and I Design - PlUM for - PIU review of - Costs of separators are clogging engineered solids/oils construction consultant for the design design included in the project separators at design supervision CSC field budget correspondent - contractor for - CSC for supervisIOn - Nonnal design consultant commercial construction construction and CSC price supervision PHT and RSU management costs Regular ,inspection and IOperation - Local CDA 1- RSU-EE Review of 1- CDAs costs for separators cleaning of solids/oils contracts with cleaning to be paid by separators CDAs beneficiary commercial documentation I units and occasional - RSU management costs site visits
96 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Institutional .<~ ~~-~:,,-; ;':' : - ,,: 4 R~ponsibility cRationale for estimated Propo~ed Mitigation Responsibility Means:of Potential Impact Project Phase ~iOfcdiJ.ect Costio(J:&nplem,entation / c:Measures for supervision csupervision cSupervision Implementation ecce," Maintenance, cleaning Operation -PO - RSU-EE - Review of - Normal PO operational and flushing of gravity documentation costs sewers and small bore and occasional - RSU management costs sewers site visits Prompt repair of Operation -PO - RSU-EE - Review of - Normal PO operational clogging documentation costs and occasional - RSU management costs site visits Risks of rIsmg Ensure the integrity of Construction Contractor - CSC - Field - Contractor normal bid mam leaking to crossmg pipes before supervisIOn price crossmg operation - CSC normal price watercourse Prompt response to Operation PO RSU-EE Field supervision - Normal PO costs leakage - RSU management costs Regular maintenance of Operation PO RSU - Document - Normal PO costs pipelines review and field - RS U management costs observation Risks of improper Implement designed Operation CDA - RSU-EE - Documents - CDAs costs for separators management of schedule for solids and review and cleaning to be paid by commercial units, oils removal from occasional site beneficiary commercial PS and WWTP commercial units supervisIOn units wastes interceptors and - RSU management costs discharge it to WWTP sludge pumping stations Daily removal of PS Operation PO RSU-EE - Documents - Disposal costs included in screens waste to review and project's operation budget domestic solid waste occasional site - RSU management costs disposal sites supervision
97 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate
InstitutioDal a _ "bOI' . ""'~. ti I ~ .··ti"~~, Prop:(Js!~'l\1itigation R . onsibility>i:~Po~sl I Ity'Meit' of .~a{)Da e ,lor es '.~~'r" Potential Impact Projtct Phase esp ~'. ofdirect . . . . . D~ 0 . Cost of Implement;d~,,1 'M~ures ,lor ...... supervlSlon S.0, '. . I.' . tati .supervISiOn ...... ".. ' upervlsloIJ I m. lemenon . ... Stabilizing separated grit Operation PO RSU-EE Documents - Lime cost included in with lime, dry it in review and sludge stabilization separate drying beds and occasional site - Grit disposal costs dispose dry grit in supervision included in project's domestic solid waste operation budget disposal sites - RSU management costs Remove oil from oil Operation CDA RSU Documents - CDAs costs for separators separators in petrol review and cleaning to be paid by stations and workshops occasional site beneficiary commercial and dispose it in supervision units hazardous solid waste - RSU management costs disQosal sites Air emissions and Cultivate wind barrier I Operation PO RSU-EE - Field VISItS foll- US $ 5000 for 4 WWTPs noise trees around aeration WWTPs Iand 11 PS tanks - PO normal price for irrigation and care Supplied standby I Construction Supplier CSC Review I-Normal supplier price generators to PSs and certificate for WWTPs should be tested emIssIon for emission standards standards from an air quality lab fUUseacoustical tools and IOperation PO RSU-EE Review of I - PO normal price ear muffs to reduce noise procedures exposure to PS workers if reports required
98 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Institutional .ResponsitJility Rationale. for esti~at~ Ptope>sed Mitigatie>n ResponsibilitY Means of Potential Impact Project Phase ofdirect Cost of Impl~mentation I . Measures for supervision supervision Supervision . .... ;. Implementation ;. .. Affordability of Categorize the Preconstructi on Social Affairs RSU-EE - Review - Cost by Social Affairs poor people to community according to Departments categorization Departments participate In affordability to pay reports - RSU and PIU project costs management costs Effects on Provide awareness to Preconstruction CDAs RSU-EE Review reports of - Awareness included in cesspits private contractors about and number of awareness budget evacuation other business construction interviewed - RSU management costs business' opportunities contractors Provide construction Construction RSU-EE PlUM Review - PlUM and RSU contractors, POs and and Operation correspondence management costs operating CDAs with and contact lists contact details of local private contractors
99 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya (;overnorate
Table 7-4: Environmental Monitoring Matrix during Operation Phase
0' • Estimated , ' :Mo~itorillg . Monitorittg ~8nit{)riDg MOl,liroriog ...... ••M·~~ltOrlDg " M.. °t • Potenttallmpad, ·....•....:.,...... ·hili.*,~.A/ 001. onng I~tJbtor Location Methods .Freq"e'Il~ '.R "esponsl .'~~'. Cost Risks of improper pH of fresh WWTP drying I Continuous pH Continuous for IPO PO nonnal handling of sludge beds sensors two days after costs 24 sludge laying fresh sludge in drying beds (2 days average to be documented) Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, I WWTP drying Taking Once each 6 I PO PO nonnal Pb, Hg, Cr, Mo, beds representative month, or costs 25 Se, As, faecal sample and whenever colifonns, analyze it sludge is being salmonella and according to sold escharis eggs requirements of Decree 44/2000 ---+------1------~------~ Water borne Identified Medical Quarterly PO To be included diseases for medical center examination and in project's WWTP workers lab analysis operation budKet Risks associated Discharge rate of PS and WWTPs - Fixed flow - Continuous, I PO PO normal with disposal of influents meters and weirs average flow to costs final effluent be recorded daily
24 WWTPs are nonnally equipped with water laboratory therefore the analysis costs are assumed to be part of the project budget 25 As above
100 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
Estimated Monit~ring .Monitoring Monitoring Monit9ring Monitoring Potential Impact Monitoring I Indicator Location Methods Frequency Responsibility " ... Cost COD, TSS, TKN WWTPs - Sampling and - Daily PO PO normal and P influent and analysis In costs 26 efflueht WWTP lab Full Law 4811982 WWTP effluent Sampling and - Monthly PO PO normal parameters analysis In costs WWTP lab Unacceptable Neighbors PSs and Record keeping - Record once a - RSU-EE RSU odors and complaints WWTPs of complaints complaint lS management nUisance received costs - Analyze and document In monthly reports Risks of handling Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine - Continuous -PO PO normal hazardous concentration In building In detectors leak detection costs substances alr WWTP - Leak incidents to be documented In monthly reports Integrity of diesel WWTP Visual - Daily -PO PO normal tanks observation - Leak incidents costs to be documented In monthly reports
26 As above
101 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate
.. . ,'. " . .. / f', EstiDlated ~onitC)fing Monitoring Monitoring Potential Imp_ct M~nito..g :MollitC)ring '" .••. Monitoring 102 ISSIP-2 - ESIAI<' - Menofya Governorate Estimated M:t?llitf;l('jng Mo~.itoring Monito:riug .:ecdt~dd~iImpaet I: !Y~I!~~~~~g. ~p:liitoting ··MonitoJ'ing ·1"j.4JAd-'n~ ···Loeation Methods R($poDSibility Freq~. Cost Affordability of % coverage of RSU premises Prepare statistics Quarterly RSU-EE RSU poor people to house of covered house management participate III connections of connections costs project costs different among non- socioeconomic affordable and categories affordable cate ories Impacts on Number of Construction Review records Quarterly RSU-EE RSU cesspits tankers rentals in contractors, for each management evacuation ISSIP-2 activities POs and CD As contractor costs business 103 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate 7.4 Screening Criteria for Relevant Project Activities The screening criteria presented below have been prepared to help the ISSIP-2 PIU for making environmentally sound decisions during planning, construction and operation. A checklist summarizing the screening process is given in Annex 1. 7.4.1 Screening Criteria/or Selecting Locations 0/ WWTPs The following environmentally related conditions have been identified for selecting the location of WWTPs by the Egyptian Engineering Code 169/1997 for Wastewater Treatment Works: 1. The location should at least I km away from the urban zone of the nearest city or village 2. There should be an access road with suitable width and bearing capacity. 3. The location should be downstream of prevailing wind direction relative to the served population 4. The location should be free from any gas pipes, high tension lines, closed drainage lines, or other obstacles. 5. Whenever possible, the WWTP should be near to the final effluent discharge point 6. Whenever possible, the WWTP should be constructed on poor lands or desert lands to avoid using productive agriculture land. If all the above conditions are fulfilled, the location will automatically comply with buffering zone conditions set for sludge handling facilities, as early illustrated in Table 5 4. On the other hand if above conditions 1 and 3 were not satisfied, the buffer zones of Table 5-3 should be respected as a minimum requirement, if the Local Authority approves overcoming those two conditions. Conditions 5 and 6 above are not decisive, as they are preferable options. Therefore, conditions 5 and 6 should be used for comparing between different options if all other technical and financial factors are equaL In addition to the above conditions, the following questions should be addressed by the PlUM in selecting WWTP sites, to ensure implementation of appropriate site mitigation measures during construction: 7. Does the proposed site include visible wasted materials (such as garbage, empty barrels, empty containers, scraps ... etc.)? 8. Has the proposed site been used for previous development? If yes, was this development an industrial facility, a commercial facility that uses chemicals, a workshop, a healthcare waste facility, a petrol service station or a disposal site? The PlUM should undertake site visit to the proposed site, take photographic documentation for the site and include these photos in his quarterly reports to support his answers to question 7. If the answer for the above questions is no, then no further environmental screening conditions are required. If the answer to any of those questions 104 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Menofya Governorate is yes, then the site EIA should include an environmental due diligence assessment of the site, and clean-up costs, which should be considered by the PIU in deciding site's feasibility. 7.4.2 Screening Criteria for Selecting Locations ofPSs The Egyptian Engineering Code 10 111997 for Wastewater Pumping Stations does not identify exact buffer distances between the nearest developments, it only mentions that the site should be far enough from existing constructions. The Code specified two main related environmental conditions for site selection: I. The location should be free from any gas pipes, high tension lines, closed drainage lines, or other obstacles 2. Whenever possible the site should be owned by the GoE to avoid possible ownership changing procedures Because there may be parts of the PS exposed to open air, such as inlet chambers and screens, it wiIl be required to leave a minimum of 100 meters from sewage open channels 27 and nearest development in downstream wind direction • This condition is reflected in the following criteria questions, which need to be addressed: 3. Does the PS have open channels? 4. Is there development in the south and southeast direction of the PS? If the answer any of questions 3 and 4 is no, then no buffer zones are required for the PS, if the answer to both is yes, then a minimum of 100 meters should be maintained between the open channel and nearest development from the south or south east. Furthermore, the PIU should address the following questions: 5. Does the proposed site include visible wasted materials (such as garbage, empty barrels, empty containers, scraps ... etc.)? 6. Has the proposed site been used for previous development? If yes, was this development an industrial facility, commercial facility that uses chemicals, workshop, a healthcare waste facility, a petrol service station or a disposal site? 7. Do properties right adjacent to the proposed site include, or historically included, one of the above mentioned facilities? Again the PlUM should undertake photographic documentation for the site and include these photos in his quarterly reports to support his answers to the above screening questions. If the answer to questions 5, 6 and 7 is no, then no further environmental screening conditions are required. If the answer to any of them is yes, then the project EIA should include environmental due diligence of the site and clean-up costs, which should be considered by the PIU in deciding the site's feasibility. 27 This zone is based on Table 5-3 recommended buffer zone from sedimentation tanks, which contains raw sewage in open air as the case ofopen channels in PSs, however the smell strength in PS will be much lower than regular sedimentation tanks, because of the less exposed area. Therefore the buffer zone requirement is believed to be only critical in the down wind direction of the PS 105 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF iVlPnnf'vQ Govel'norate 7.4.3 Screening Criteria for Selecting Sludge Reuse Options One of the mitigation measures for sludge management is to decide whether it could be . utilized in agriculture. The analysis of sludge management alternatives, discussed earlier in this ESIAF, have recommended that the reuse in agriculture is the preferred alternative, if two conditions were satisfied: the first is that the ISSIP-2 will ensure its compliance with Decree 44/2000 regulations and safe application in land by the end user, and the second is that the extra sludge analysis costs could be recovered from sludge selling revenues. Accordingly the following screening questions have been formulated to help the PIU reaching appropriate decision about reuse of sludge: 1. Is the analysis of sludge within the standards of Decree 44/2000? 2. Is the revenue from selling each cubic meter of sludge recover the sludge analysis costs? 3. If the purchaser is a fertilizer distributor does he have valid license for handling sewage sludge from relevant local authority? 4. If the answer to the previous question is yes, does the distributor keep records of the farmers purchased the sludge and their information about locations and areas of lands receiving the sludge? 5. If the purchaser is a farmer, does he have records of locations and areas of his land receiving the sludge? 6. Does the records, available at the WWTP, show that the cumulative sludge application rate in a requested farm within the safe standards? 7. Does the purchaser accept signing a contract with the WWTP, including analysis of sludge, yearly rates of application, and maximum cumulative rate of application in years? 8. Have the local authorities (Directorates of Health and Agriculture) received copies of such contracts? If the answer to any of the above questions is no, then the sludge should be safely disposed in land, in a cell that is 150 meters away from any development along with immediate coverage with sand. If the answer to all questions is yes, without any objections received from the local authority the reuse option could take place. 7.4.4 Screening Criteria for Selecting Materials and Equipment The following materials and equipment should not be used by the ISSIP-2: 1. Asbestos pipes 2. Underground Storage Tanks for diesel or other hydrocarbons Any supplier/contractor offer contains the above items should be disqualified in the tendering procedure. 106 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate 7.5 Institutional Framework for Implementation 7.5.1 Existing Environmental Management Structure for the ISSIP-1 Implementation of ISSIP-) has started in January 2009, and the project is working in the Governorates of Gharbya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh. A Project Steering Committee (PSC) has been formed for the overall supervision and guidance for the project implementation and to ensure coordination between different stakeholders. The PSC is headed by the minister of Housing and Urban Development and includes representatives from NOPWASD, HCWW, the three WSCs of ISSIP-), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Health and Population, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Social Affairs and Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs. A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) has been formed within HCWW for the overall management of the project implementation. The PIU currently includes 7 full-time technical staff members which are: The PIU Manager (PI UM) Financial Specialist Procurement Specialist Monitoring and Reporting Specialist Construction Monitoring Specialist Information Technology Specialist Sanitation Engineer The PIU is also getting assistance from different consultants on "as needed basis", including environmental consultants, social consultants, sanitation engineering consultants and water quality consultants. The three WSCs of Gharbeya, Beheira and Kafr EI Sheikh, governorates of ISSIP-), includes Rural Sanitation Units (RSU) which have been formed for supervising rural sanitation projects implemented in their correspondent governorates. Each RSU have one Environmental Expert (RSU-EE) who liaise between different environmental management and monitoring activities undertaken at the local level, and the PlUM The organizational setup for implementing the ESMMF of ISSIP-I is according to the following: The PIU have overall supervision responsibility for the environmental performance of the project. The PlUM is the overall Environmental Manager of the project. In addition to supervising environmental performance of the project, the PlUM is also responsible for assigning specialized environmental experts for specific tasks, such as preparing EIAs and performing certain specialized reports. The PlUM is also responsible for liaising with the PSC for support from other ministries and project counterparts. The tendering for WWTP works is undertaken by NOPWASD, who grant the works to the contractor with the most advantageous offer and also assigns Construction Supervision Consultants (CSCs) to supervise construction 107 ISSII>-2 - ESIAF Governol'ate contractors. The assigned construction contractors will have the responsibility for implementing most of the field measures of the ESSMF during construction under the supervision of CSCs, both contractors and CSCs are committed to undertake these tasks as part of their contracts with NOPW ASD. PlUM provides CSCs with checklist of items to report on environmental measures taken during construction. Tendering for collection systems, PSs and FMs are undertaken by local WSCs, therefore the same procedures for assigning contractors and CSCs mentioned above will be also followed, but the assigning of works will be from the WSC rather than NOPW ASD The operation of the sub-projects will be carried out by the WSCs, either directly or through an assigned Project Operator (PO). Therefore most of the ESMMF measures that will be taken during operation will be undertaken by the operating body of the systems (PO) and supervised/documented by RSU-EE. The organizational setup for the ISSIP and the input of the environmental management team is illustrated in Figure 7-3. Figure 7-1: Proposed Environmental Management for ISSIP-I Project Steering Committee I Project ISSIP Unit impelementaion Unit Monitoring and (NOPWASD) (HCWW) Evaluation Unit r-- - (HCWW) CSCs PIUM I I Gharbeya Kafr EI Sheikh Beheira WSCq-EE .WSCl.J-EJl WSCU-EE Pool ofconsultants .·Pool <>t~tants Pool oJconsultants The implementation of ISSIP-l has suffered from some delays due to very high bid prices of works, as bid prices were based on preliminary designs rather than detailed designs. This PIU is planning to overcome this obstacle in implementing ISSIP-2. The delay in project implementation has also been reflected on the ESMMF. During the preparation of this ESIAF two of the WWTPs have been already tendered, one in Gharbeya and one in Beheira, in which two EIAs have been already prepared for them by an external consultant according to the requirements of the ESMMF. As the construction 108 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate phase has not been started, the implementation of correspondent ESMMF measures for construction works has not been started as well. The ESMMF of ISSIP-I has identified a number of training courses to be provided to different project stakeholders, these courses are presented in Table 7-5. Table 7-5: Recommended training courses for ISSIP-I Training Contents Type of Particpants Proposed course trainin ScheduUn Tailoured - Project features Classroom - PIU staff Once before training on - Legal aspects with field - WSCU staff project ESMMF - Environmental impacts and visits and - NOPWASD, i implementation mitigation measures exercises . HCWW technical - Monitoring and evaluation i staff i - Templates for required reports - IIIMP PIU Environmental - Types and processes of Classroom - PIU staff Once before aspects of treatment with field - WSCU staff project wastewater - International environmental visits and - NOPWASD, implementation engineering standards for WWTPs exercises , HCWWand - Water quality objectives WSCs technical . - Sludge management staff Solid and hazardous materials - IIIMP PIU management -EEAA - Odour control -MWRI , Environmental - Environmental auditing Classroom - PIU staff Once before Auditing and techniques - WSCU staff operation and i Inspection - Auditing checklists - POs . then once every , - Environmental auditing reports -CDAs • two years Social 1- Communication skills Classroom - PIU staff Once before assessment and ,- Mass communication with field - WSCU staff operation and communication - Social surveys and sampling visits and - POs then once every with the society exercises -CDAs two years Basics of Solid ' - Components of solid waste Classroom - PIU staff Once before Waste management - WSCU staff operation and I Management i-Attribution of solid waste - Local councils , then annually I management to deterioration of staff surface water qaulity -CDAs During the preparation of this ESIAF, two of the above courses were already delivered: a course about wastewater engineering and another about environmental auditing and legislation. 7.5.2 Proposed Organizational Set-up for Implementing ISSIP-2 As the ISSIP-2 will build on the experience of ISSIP-I, the same organizational set-up for the project will be maintained along with adding an RSU for Menofya WSC, as well as WSCs in the other three governorates, and recruiting RSU-EE to handle the related 109 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate ESMMF tasks. Accordingly the modification on the organizational set-up for the project will be as presented in Figure 7-2. Figure 7-2: Environmental Management for Set-up for ISSIP after adding ISSIP-2 Menofya Project ISSIP Unit Impelementaion Unit Monitoring and (NOPWASD) (HCWW) Evaluation Unit (HCWW) CSCs PIUM Gharbeya Kafr El Sheikh Beheira New Menofya Unit WSCU-EE ·WScti..EE WSCU~EE~ ~ :-:~~:~Y;i:'~;:) Pool ofconsrutants Pool of cons~anis Pool O£cMsRttants~: • Tendering procedures, assigning of contractors, CSCs and POs described for ISSIP-l will continue in ISSIP-2. PlUM will have among his responsibilities for ISSIP-) the overall responsibility of implementing ISSIP-2 and will be assisted in Menofya Governorate by Menofya RSU-EE, and the pool of consultants according to the need. The RSU-EE will follow-up and supervise the day to day implementation of different ESMMF measures, as previously indicated in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Matrices (Tables 7-1 through 7-4), while the pool of consultants will undertake specialized tasks that could not be efficiently undertaken by the RSU-EE. Example for that is preparing EIAs, which will need experienced environmental consultants that will undertaken site reconnaissance and identify different sensitiv ities and analyze the impacts accordingly, therefore such task will be outsourced to external Environmental Consultants that will be assigned by the PlUM, while the implementation of site specific measures will be followed-up by the RSU-EE. It is worth noting that the responsibilities of implementing some of recommended measures in the ESMMF are assigned to the engineering consultants who will prepare the detailed designs of PSs and WWTPs, therefore, the P IUM should coordinate the inclusion of these measures with the engineering consultants in due time. These coordination tasks include: Coordinating with the Geotechnical Consultant adequate methods of dewatering so that the integrity of neighboring structures wiIl be maintained and the water drainage will be effective 110 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Coordinating with the Engineering Consultant performing the detailed design of WWTP suitable methods for sludge stabilization, receiving septage from un served areas, design of de-chlorination units, operation during high loads, shock loads and equipment maintenance, and locating administration buildings downstream of prevailing wind direction. 7.5.3 Required Human Resources and Training RSU-EE for Menofya will be recruited on full-time basis for the project. All other PIU staff and pool of consultants will support the implementation of ESMMF in Menofya according to the assigned tasks in the ESMMF matrix presented in Tables 7-1 through 7 4. Counterparts from Menofya Governorates will attend training courses that are already included among ISSIP-I activities. In case the number of attendees in a course exceeded 20 persons, the course should be repeated so as not to exceed this number. The two courses that have been already given to ISSIP-l stakeholders should be repeated to ISSIP-2 counterparts. 7.6 Reporting of ESMMF Activities The PlUM will receive monthly reports from RSU-EE and CSC including the ESMMF activities, during different project phases. These monthly reports should include the activities undertaken during the month with regards to environmental mitigation measures and monitoring activities. The PlUM will prepare quarterly reports, based on received monthly reports from RSU-EEs and CSCs, in addition to reports received from specialized consultants assigned for different tasks in the project. The quarterly reports will be submitted, after clearance from the PlUM, to the PSC. At the end of each fiscal year, the PlUM will summarize results of four quarterly reports and submit an annual report to the PSc. It is recommended to send copy from annual reports to EEAA, and to disclose a non-technical version to the local community. It is worth noting that the PO will prepare an official Environmental Register for the WWTP that will include monitoring data and any reporting on implemented mitigation measure in the WWTP. 7.7 Estimated Budget for the ESMMF Because the ISSIP has environmental and water quality objectives, most of the mitigation measures recommended in the ESMMF will be included in the project's budget, while the budget for the remaining mitigation measures and monitoring activities is illustrated in Table 7-6. Table 7-6: Estimated Budget for the ESMMF IActivity I ESMMF Issue Budget (USS) III ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate · Activity ESMMFl$sue ··lludl~ I ·ii .. (US.;· I Items that are specific for Menofya · Governorate I EIAs for new WWTP including odor Ensure application of ESIAF 60,000 i modeling issues to local conditions in WWTP site I EIAs for sewerage networks and associated Ensure application of ESIAF 55,000 iPS and RM issues to local conditions in PS/network sites I Allowance for air quality monitoring by Implement monitoring program of 5,000 ! external party the ESMMF Wind barriers around surface aeration tanks Preventing aerosols from 5,000 migrating to neighboring areas Budget for awareness campaigns and social Raising awareness of local 100,000 mobilization inhabitants regarding environmental and social aspects I Salary of RSU-EE Overall responsibility for follow 50,000 ! up mitigation measures, monitoring activities and reporting ! Disclosure of annual Environmental Reports Ensure communication with local 5,000 community ... / ... . . SUlJ,{,OTAL .... 28f),(JQO ! Items that are specific for the 4 Governorates Tailored training on ESMMF Capacity building of stakeholders 10,000 Training on environmental aspects of Capacity building of stakeholders 5,000 wastewater engine~ring Training on environmental Auditing and Capacity building of stakeholders 15,000 Inspection Training on Social assessment and Capacity building of stakeholders 15,000 communication with the society Noise meter to serve the 4 governorates Implement monitoring program of 5,000 the ESMMF Allowance for Environmental Safeguards Supporting PIU when needed 100,000 Consultant Allowance for Environmental Safeguards Supporting PIU when needed 100,000 · Consultant I SUBTOTAL 25()lJ()() The proposed budget of ISSIP-2 that are needed for the ESMMF implementation in Menofya Governorate is US $ 280,000 while the budget for other items that could be shared between the four governorates such as training courses, noise meter and the allowance for external consultants is US $ 250,000. 112 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate 8. Public Consultation 8.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) 8.1.1 Methodology Four FGD were held in Menoufia. The objective of conducting these FGD was to get a social profile of the area of the project and to understand the people's perceptions towards the project and their willingness to participate. The villages were selected in two different districts that are apart from each other in order to get a clear idea of the people's perceptions in two distant areas. A total of24 males and 25 females attended the FGD. The age group of the participants was 40-50 years. Women were all illiterate and were mainly housewives. Men were farmers or employees. In addition 90 in-depth interviews were conducted on a random sample in the governorates of Menofya and Sharkeya to get a detailed knowledge of the areas of the project. 8.1.2 Findings Main economic activity in the two villages was farming but not the only activity due to the small landholdings. Heads of families have to work in another job besides farming to make ends meet. Men and women participate in agriculture works. Women again bear the burden of double work in the domestic and public sphere but there is less dairy production in Menofya. Unemployment rate is high especially among women: Some women depend only on the low monthly pensions (SO/month) and these will not afford participating in the project. Gender norms were more pronounced in Menofya villages as women declared that men are not supposed to help in any domestic work and that men are the main decision makers in all household matters. The omda ( village head) and the local unit employees as well as key members of the community are influential and must be approached once the project starts to ensure the buy in of the local residents. Sewage problems are similar in Menofya, with severe contamination of ground water causing people to dig artesian wells to get relatively clean water. Houses that are near the canal mostly dispose of the sewage into the canal while those that are far from the canal throw the sewage in the streets when they can't afford the regular evacuation of their septic tanks. In Menofya, 70% of women still wash dishes in the canal to save on the evacuations costs. There are CDAs in the villages and they have mostly charity activities. Participants said that they need the project badly and are willing to donate land if needed ( cost of I feddan was estimated to be LE 250,000). However, they voiced their concerns regarding the required costs and said that they won't be able to pay more than LE 20/month. They 113 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate suggested forming a committee to identify those who won't be able to pay in order to pay on their behalf. Women are the mostly affected group because they are the ones responsible for cleaning and fetching clean water. They said that they will make the needed money available if their husbands cannot. PAP could not be clearly identified at this point but would generally include small farmers who might lose their land and tenants who lease lands. All participants said that they will pay the affected persons the needed and proper compensation because the project will benefit the whole village 8.2 Public Consultation Meeting The Public consultation was held on Monday 22 of November, 2010, at the Local Public Council Conference Hall in the city of Kowesna, Monofeya Governorate, at 10:00 AM. The meeting was announced in Al Ahram newspaper a week earlier. The minutes of the meeting, and attendance sheets are attached in Annex 2. Official invitations by the governorate and the HCWW were directed to representatives from Local Units, Local Public Council, Directorates of Health, Departments of Environment and NGOs. In addition to that, the governorate invited a group of local residents as representatives from each targeted village. The meeting was attended by 130 members, among which were 20 women, including representatives from: City council Local Public council HCWW (PIU members) Heath Directorates in the Governorate Environmental Department in the Governorate Local NGOs Local press Community people (representatives from 9 different villages) The meeting included following presentations by the following key people: Major general Taha Zaghloul - Secretary general of Monofeya governorate Major general Aymen Abdel Qader - Chairman of Monofeya Holding Company for Water and Waste Water Major general Mohamed Ezzat Fath EI Bab Chairman of the city council of Qoyesna Major general Ismail Mokhtar - Chairman of the city council of Ashmoun Mr. Abdel Moniem EI Ashmone - Chairman of the city council of EI Shohdaa During the opening discussion the following points were raised: The objectives of the project, and the actual funding of the project that is primarily from the World bank and the implementation by th e HCWW. The money will be provided in the form of a loan. The procedures for the monitoring of the implementation by the contractor, to ensure safety of the local inhabitants. 114 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governol"ate Previous studies that were conducted at other villages (EI Barania), it may save time and effort to build upon their results. Some ofthe local commercial facilities will not be connected to the network, such as slaughterhouses, chemical substances, hospitals, and gas stations. They need to be connected to special treatment facilities. Wastes remaining from such facilities require special treatment available only at industrial zones. These wastes can cause severe damage to the treatment facilities. Providing job opportunities for people who will loose their jobs as a result of the project. It was explained that this is a major concern for the WB In addition the participants in the public consultation raised the following issues: Some local areas suffer from the sewage problems as a result of the local practices. These include factories that cause problems to the sewage network causing flooding to surrounding areas. Removing potable water pumps, is a decision of the Governor, it was removed at all areas except in barns. Inquiries about the land that will be used by the project, whether it will be in agricultural or industrial land. It was explained that owners will be compensated if privately owned. There will be no problem with the public owned land. The clear consent based on the will of the owner is required for any private land that will be used. Some villages will also participate by providing the land on voluntary basis for the project. Concerns that excavations may lead to raising the level of ground water beneath the houses. It was indicated that field visits will be conducted to take into consideration any septic tanks with loose grounds. There was a general consensus that the whole village is willing to participate in every possible way to ensure the successful implementati on of ~he project. Table 8-1 presents the main issues raised during the Monofeya Public Consultation and the correspondent actions taken by the ESIAF team. Table 8-1: Main Issues raised in the Menofya Public Consultation Meeting and correspondent actions that need to be taken Raised issues Actions to be taken Ensuring safety of the community during Contractor will provide a plan to monitor the implementation by the contractor safety issues • Ensuring no damage will be undergone Close supervision will be conducted during i during excavations period of construction Land that will be used will be given by the Temporary expropriated land will be community ensuring the will to provide the documented by HCWW social specialist • land and proper compensation should be immediately disbursed 115 ISSI P-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Raised issues Actions to be taken Removing water pumps at the areas as a HCWW to Coordinate with governor's governor decree, to avoid any contaminated office to remove remaining pumps water Non municipal buildings are not permitted HCWW to coordinate with governor's to connect to the network, they can be office to resolve this issue connected only at industrial zones 116 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Mcnofya Governorate Annex 1: Checklist for ISSIP-2 Environmental Screening 117 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Checklist for Screening ISSIP Environmentally Related Activities s~~~~ Screening QuestiOJl$ Yes ···.~~L· . .• i N()i»l 1. Screening WWTP Locations 1.1 Is the proposed location away from nearest urban zone in a city or a village by Ikm or more? 1.2 Is the location downstream of prevailing wind direction, relative to served population? i• If the answer 0 ques Ions lIdan I 2 IS yes t hen please go dIrectIIY t0 questton I 7 1.3 Does the Local Authority approve overcoming the 1 km buffer zone and/or I being downwind the served population? 1~ocation and design allow for minimum distance of 305 m ludge pump station! thickening tanks, and nearest residential area 1.5 Does the location and design allow for minimum distance of 152 m between aeration tanks / drying beds, and nearest residential area 1.6 Does the location and design allow for minimum distance of 122 m between sedimentation tanks, or trickling filters as appropriate, and nearest residential area 1.7 IS mere an access road of minimum width of 6m that has bearing capacity for receiving suppliers' trucks? 1.8 Is the location free from any gas pipes, high tension lines, and closed drainage lines? 1.9 Is the WWTP near to the final effluent discharge point? 1.10 Is WWTP location avoided productive agricultural land? 1.11 Is the proposed site free from visible wasted materials (such as garbage, empty barrels, empty containers, scraps ... etc.)? 1.12 Has the proposed site never been used historically as an industrial facility, a commercial facility that uses chemicals, a workshop, a healthcare waste facility, a petrol service station or a disposal site? - If the answer to all questions is yes, then the site is suitable. If the answer to any of questions 1.1 to 1.8 is no then the suite is not suitable If the answer to questions 1.9 and 1.10 is no, then the extra piping costs and land price respectively should be compared in terms of feasibility with other sites - If the answer to question 1.11 or 1.12 is no, then an environmental consultant should be contracted to undertake due diligence assessment to the site and estimate possible clean-up costs, these costs should be considered amon construction costs and com ared in terms of feasibilit with other sites. 2. Screenin PS locations 2.1 Is the location free from any gas pipes, high tension lines, and closed draina e lines? 2.2 Does the PS have 0 en channels? 2.3 If the answer to an of uestions 2.2 and 2.3 is no, lease 0 direct! to uestion 2.5 2.4 Does the location and design allow for minimum distance of 100 m between the 0 en channel and nearest residential area? 2.5 Is the proposed site free from visible wasted materials (such as garbage, em barrels, em ty containers, scra s ... etc.)? as the proposed site never been used historically as an industrial facility, commercial facilit that uses chemicals, a worksho ,a healthcare waste 118 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate Serial No No. ,a etrol service station or a dis osal site? 2.7 Have properties right adjacent to the proposed site never included one of the above mentioned facilities? If the answer to question 2.1 is no then the suite is not suitable If the answer to questions 2.2 or 23 is no and the answer to question 2.4 is also no, then the site is not suitable Other than the above two conditions the site will be suitable If the answer to question 2.5, 2.6 or 2.7 is no, then an environmental consultant should be contracted to undertake due diligence assessment to the site and estimate possible clean-up costs, these costs should be considered among construction costs and compared in terms of feasibility with other sites. . 3. Screening Sludge Reuse Options 3.1 Is the analysis of sludge within the standards of Law 93/1962? 3.2 Is the revenue from selling each cubic meter of sludge recover the environmental control net cost? 33 If the purchaser is a fertilizer distributor does he have valid license for handling sewage sludge from relevant local authority? 3.4 If the answer to the previous question is yes, does the distributor keep records of the farmers purchased the sludge and their information about locations and areas of lands receiving the sludge? i 3.5 If the purchaser is a farmer, does he have records of locations and areas of his land receiving the sludge? 3.6 Does the records, available at the WWTP, show that the cumulative sludge application rate in a requested farm within the safe standards? 3.7 Does the purchaser accept signing a contract with the WWTP, including analysis of sludge, yearly rates of application, and maximum cumulative rate of application in years? I 3.8 Have the local authorities (Directorates of Health and Agriculture) received copies of such contracts? - If the answer to any of the above questions is no, then the sludge should be safely disposed in land, in a cell that is 150 meters away from any development along with immediate coverage with sand. - If the answer to all questions is yes, without any objections received from the local authority the reuse option could be approved 4. ScreemD Cntena for Matenals and E UJ ment 4.1 Is asbestos within ro osed i in materials in contractors' tender? 4.2 Is the contractor plans to build underground storage tanks for diesel or other h drocarbons? If the answer to any of the above questions is yes then the contractor's proposal should be refused. Otherwise n~ decisive limitations on materials and _eq-<-u_iLpm_e.n_t'--______--' 119 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governo.oate Annex 2: Public Consultation Transcript, Photos, Invitation Letters, List ofAttendees and Newspaper Article 120 ISSIP-2 - ESJAF- Governorate The Public hearing session was held in Monofeya governorate. The session was attended by representatives from the nine target vi llages. The meeting was attended by the following representatives: Major General Taha Zaghloul: Secretary General of Monofeya governorate. Major General Ayman Abdel-Qader: HCWW representative Major General Syed Salim: Governor advisor for water and waste water. Major General Mohamed Ezzat Fath EI Bab: Head of Quesna city council. Major General Ismail Mukhtar: Head of Ashmoun city council. Mr. Abdel Mohsen EI Ashmone: Head of EI shohadaa city council. Media representatives: Mr. Hamdy Handal: Senior Editor El Gomhuria newspaper, and editor in chief for Monofeya newspaper Mrs. Seham Fuda Director of Akhbar EI Y oum newspaper Office in the governorate. In addition to that, the meeting was attended by 130 participants from the local inhabitants, The meeting started with a speech by Professor Dr. Magda Ebeid, Vice Dean Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, the speech included: Briefing about the Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, pointing at previous studies conducted by the institute in the field of EIA. The institute in collaboration with the Dar-engineering consulting firm, with its wide expertise in the field of engineering will be supervising the implementation of the project. Concerning the project funding, it will be financed by the World Bank and the Egyptian government. the World Bank will provide $ 200 million in the form of a loan and the Egyptian government will allocate $ 100 million for the project. The project will improve the living conditions at target villages, and will relieve the burden of the traditional sewage alternatives. The meeting is aiming mainly to discussing the social and environmental aspects of the project and not the technical aspects. The meeting should involve discussion about the compensation for resettlement activities in case of the use of private properties. As well as identifying the problems related to sewage especially for women. Who have and important role either as a housewife or as a working woman. Women have a very effective role in the success of the project. Finally the project aims at improving the health conditions and prevention of epidemic diseases prevailing at target villages. Discussing the opinion of the local community 12] .. ISSIP-2 - ESIAF Governorate concerning the project will prevent any obstacles the community may during the implementation of the project. Dr. Mahmoud Allam EEAA representative, discussed the following main points: The project will lead to reducing the negative impacts of the project to ensure sustainable development to guarantee the rights of current generations without compromising the chances of future generations to benefit from available resources. The main points discussed in this session will toenable decision makers to know the risks and make decisions about any current environmental issues that may be raised. Indicating that community participation since the design stage, is a key to project success. The issues raised by the community will be taken into consideration during the design and construction. Dr. Taha Abdel Azim, Assistant Professor of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Basic Science in the Institute of environmental studies and research: Discussed the benefits from the sewage project, since the Egyptian villages suffer from the leakage of sewage to ground water. The main aim of the project is to provide adequate infrastructure to the local. community. This gap has occurred as a result of the introduction of potable water to houses prior to providing sewage system. The project will lead to reducing the rate of infection with diseases. In addition to that Improving the waterways conditions (canals and drainage) will also reduce the rate of infection with water transmitted diseases. Throwing wastes at waterways leads to blocking them. The problem of sewage leads in addition to that to the spread of unpleasant odors caused by lack of proper management of waste water. The local community has a role in cooperation, which is a basic for the proper implementation of the project. Cooperation from the community will reduce foreseen costs and will minimize the time needed for construction. This will also facilitate the activities of the contractor. Dr. Ahmed Shafik EI Gendy, Assistant professor of environmental engineering, Institute of environmental studies and research: indicated that the pipes of the project, which will be installed very close to the land surface to avoid. any damages to the buildings during excavations. 122 • ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Community should participate if possible by providing the land to facilitate the implementation of the project. The project will provide four treatment stations, using dual treatment system where it will not be possible to throw wastes at the drainage. Dr. Ahmed Fakhry, psychology consultant Indicated that this meeting aims at assessing the social impacts of the project before, during and after implementation. Taking into consideration the living conditions at target village. The impact on the health and living conditions, should be taken into consideration during design, and implementation of the project. Necessary awareness to issues related to maintenance of the project should be discussed with the community. This should be through addressing the community leaders, to prepare the community with the needed awareness. Unemployment and labor and the role of unemployed youth who can cooperate with the contractor. Community participation will provide the basis of prevention from any problems caused by the project and avoid any negative situations Major General Taha Zaghloul- Monofeya Governorate Secretary General: Cooperation from the local community is major aspect to success, the required cooperation during the phase of the EIA is to provide all clear data about the social and environmental aspects in the during the study and defining of the villages where the in the nine target villages. He conferment that community participation to all popular projects, can help providing direct solutions to all points of disagreement from the local communities. Questions raised during the discussion: Question: The source of funding and when IS the foreseen date for the start of implementation of the activities? Answer: Funding is provided from the WB to the HCWW, the project is expected to start within 6 months. Government of Egypt has allocated $ 100 million for the project, the WB has allocated $ 200 million (the equivalent of nearly a billion and a half billion pounds). The project includes the following governorates EI Sharkia, Menoufiya, Sohag, and Beni Suef. After finalization of the EIA report, it will be submitted to the WB, which in turn will provide the loan. The community members must cooperate, providing the land for the pump stations may lead to accelerated implementation. 123 • ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Question: I hope that the maps of villages that will be used for the design are an updated version, so that no parts of the villages are missing in the design. He added that the implementation of the project must end at the earliest period of time and that the concerned bodies must monitor the contractor to ensure implementing all items included in the TOR. Answer: the most updated maps will be submitted to the HCWW. Concerning the monitoring, the proper procedures will be used. Answer: The institute will prepare a framework study for assessing the environmental and social impact of the project. The second step will be conducted by the Consultant Office which is monitoring the implementation of the project, but basically there is a great responsibility lies on individuals, a role in monitoring the success of the project in addition that the local councils and the local units are responsible also. Question: In a previous studies for the village of EI Barania the location for the pump station was determined, so in order to save efforts and time please do not conduct this studies again and he asked also whether it is possible to take advantage of these studies and not to do it again or not. Answer: Of course, if this study have already been conducted, then it is not necessary to do it again. We are aware if any study has been conducted before and it will be present at the HCWW. The villages identified for the WB project are not listed for the construction of sewage. Question: Slaughter houses are not accepted to be connected to the network, how can they be developed for this purpose? Answer: Each type of building has its own nature, so special treatment is necessary along with sewage activities. Factories in Mubarak Industrial City are required to construct special treatment plants. Therefore to avoid this type of wastes to be thrown in the drainage, a special treatment station is needed. Facilities that do not follow the regulations and laws of the environment will immediately be closed (in case of violation of environmental laws). Answer: Sewage treatment plants are designed to treat only domestic waste. The waste water from the treatment plants transferred to be water resulted from non-conforming it not be suitable for using it as drinking water. Wastes of slaughterhouses, chemicals, healthcare units, petrol stations, therefore are required to be part of the industrial waste treatment facilities. Dumping of such wastes in sewage network, will lead to damage of pumps and pipes. Warnings will be sent to the factories and petrol stations to adjust their environmental situation 124 ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate Animal wastes as well can not be discharged into the sewerage system because the remnants of one cow is equal to about 20 humans. The treatment plant is not designed for this capacity. This will all lead to blocking of the stations and would lead to filling the streets with waste water. the World Bank takes into its account that the people who are forced to leave their jobs must be employed as a number ofjob opportunities wilt be supplied. Question: AI Khaddr for drainage and EI Tasalsol AI Abbasi leather factory causes drainage problem, and causes damages to the sewage networks. Answer: Disposal of sludge is important. There is a need to remove the water pumps because the community draw water from a shallow depth, the HCWW had to remove the pumps. Answer: banning usage of water pumps was a decision of the governor. This potable water is unsafe. All pumps will be removed with the exception of barns services. Two treatment plants will be constructed at industrial zones with a cost of 15 million pounds. This treatment plant will be concerned with industrial waste which will be completed in end ofJune 2011. Then the industrial wastewater will be treated separately from sludge. Answer: If the sludge contains metals it can not be used as fertilizer but it has other several uses as bio gas and in the production of gas lighting and other domestic uses. Question: The land that will be used in the project is it agriculture land or from the industrial block? Answer: the law stipulates that if the pump station will be constructed on private land, land will purchased from the owner. If the land is a property of state, then there is no problem. With regards to the governor instructions, he recommended that it is preferred to establish all projects on public land. Except in case of purely technical, and engineering considerations. In this case, the land will be purchased from the owner by mutual consent and based on the decision of the area authority the price will be determined. Answer: choosing the location for the pump station is the responsibility of the Consultant. Based on the water flow, land decline. The expropriation procedures usually takes the longest periods. So it's better not to use this solution. EI Menoufiya differs in its geographical location between the two branches of the Nile, which led to the raising the level of ground water. Community complaints that the drinking water is mixed with sewage water. Question: will the contributions with the land be an advantage for the community to accelerate the implementation of project as required? 125 ISSIP-2 - [SIAF IV....""",, Govel'norate Answer: WB is persistent that the land should be purchased willingly and voluntarily. Answer: - Participation always makes the project successful. Answer: All land that will be expropriated will be through the legal ways but the problem is it takes a very long time and these constraints inhibit the project. Question: Who is responsible for determining the place of the land, where the project will be the constructed? Answer: The engmeerIng and the technical study provided by the Engineering Consulting Bureau in charge. Question: will the village that donates the land, have the priority in sewage project? Answer: of course, it will have priority. Question: high levels of ground water, indicates that the excavations should be performed close to the ground surface, about 0.25 m. will this cause threatens to houses. Answer: a field visit to the villages will be conducted, to take these issues into consideration. As well as there are tanks without bottom or sides in about 2000 house and that led to the high level of ground water. Question: - There is a Canal begins at the entrance of EI Atfain its beginning it is supported by a metal net where all garbage come together where dead animals are on the sides of the road and lead to a very bad smell Answer: - this subject will be considered. Q: The local unit does not provide licenses, in many cases Question: There is a village before has donated three acres for the sewage project, but the project stopped. Answer: This village was not in the design although the project stopped due to lack of funding. Target villages have now the necessary fundinf, as well as the plan is put forward now is to minimize the negative impacts and if there is any damage the contractor will reform it if he found anything that is not reformed. Question: the cesspits we have found that the evacuation vehicles removes wastes to the streets causing a complex drainage garbage problem. In addition to this when the cesspits are filled, they over flow to the streets. Answer: we have provided 10 evacuation vehicles, also 300 000 pounds have been spent for repairing these vehicles. 126 - ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate Q: we have sent a note because there is a great need for manholes but the authority refused and pointed out that they require 5000 pounds, and there was a lot of complicated procedures so please avoid such complicated procedures as when I went to pay they refused Question: Member of the local council (Quesna): - Is it possible for the three villages to be connected as one village, with only one pump station In Kafr Abu Hassan? The Omda and Engineer Sayed Mohamed Zaky are ready to donate the land and help in any other required form. Answer: The consultant is responsible for determining whether the village needs one station or three. Answer: The coordination between contractors and engineering management is necessary. There are some slum areas that needs special techniques during excavations not to damage the houses. The project will not suffer any delay as long as the funding is available. There will be a written report to indicate that the activities match the designs. The time plan is prepared also by the consultant, indicating the time period and the constraints that may cause cancelling the project. Answer: Any problems or complaints that are reported will be considered if there are any complaints, please contact HCWW hot line- number 125. The meeting ended by an impressive word from one of community members, a journalist named Amina she said: "We the sons of the village, from the smallest (youngest) child to the oldest man are ready to provide all the necessary efforts and participation with our own hands in the project, men and women we will donate all the land for this project. As Thi.s project was a dream for all of the sons of the village so we want it to become reality" The session ended with an applause, which emphasizes the desire of everyone to participate actively in the project. 127 - ISSIP-2 - ESIAF- Governorate Annex 3 128 - ISSIP-2 - ESIAF - Menofya Governorate 129 -