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Theology and Practice of Ann Hasseltine Judson and the American Baptist Mission to Burma, 1812-1826

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Theology and Practice of Ann Hasseltine Judson and the American Baptist Mission to Burma, 1812-1826 Leaving Home and Finding Home: Theology and Practice of Ann Hasseltine Judson and the American Baptist Mission to Burma, 1812-1826 by Laura Rodgers Levens Divinity School Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Curtis Freeman, Supervisor ___________________________ Laceye Warner, Supervisor ___________________________ Yaakov Ariel ___________________________ Willie Jennings ___________________________ Grant Wacker Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2015 ABSTRACT Leaving Home and Finding Home: Theology and Practice of Ann Hasseltine Judson and the American Baptist Mission to Burma, 1812-1826 by Laura Rodgers Levens Divinity School Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Curtis Freeman, Supervisor ___________________________ Laceye Warner, Supervisor ___________________________ Yaakov Ariel ___________________________ Willie Jennings ___________________________ Grant Wacker An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Divinity School of Duke University 2015 Copyright by Laura Rodgers Levens 2015 Abstract This dissertation is a historical and theological investigation of one of the first American missionary women, Ann Hasseltine Judson. This project follows the recent historical shift in international and mission history toward questions of engagement, agency, and exchange to elucidate shifting identities and relational negotiation along the lines of gender, nationality, and community. Ann Judson engaged in a process of detachment and identification, or uprooting and replanting, from her formative context in the United States to her new home in Burma. Ann Judson used devotional habits and theological rationale to uproot herself from the United States and create a critical distance in order to open herself to replant in her new mission field. Her preparations to uproot guided Ann toward the type of mission Burma might offer, and included a shift in her religious tradition from Congregationalist to Baptist. Ann’s change to the Baptists widened her circle of supporters, as she added a network of women’s societies, congregations, and the newly formed national Baptist Triennial Convention. Methodological tools of sociological identification, gender history, women’s history, and practice theories assist to elucidate Ann’s personal agency, organizing principles, and efforts to encourage the agency of others within the American Baptist Mission to Burma. Ann engaged in her context and social relations to construct and shape mission practices. She extended formative knowledge into complex practices of home- and church-making. Ann’s organization of practices focused on her two goals: to establish a stable life in Burma and to participate in the birth of the Burmese church. As a foreigner, Ann sought good civic relations and the ability to openly spread Christianity with her practices of household economy and missionary diplomacy. As a missionary, Ann fashioned the practices of iv catechesis and community cultivation to connect and guide religious inquirers, and enable the agency and responsibility of Burmese converts within the congregation. Her theology of redemption and religious affections tinted every attempt to make sense of her environment, experience, and encounter, and she also crafted a theology of mission for the West in her historical account of the American Baptist Mission to Burma. v Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... viii Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Argument .................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Historiography .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Life of Ann Judson and the American Baptist Mission to Burma ................................................... 9 Chapter Two: Leaving Home: Contextual Uprooting and Replanting ....................... 15 2.1 Preparations to Uproot, Expectations to Replant ............................................................................ 19 2.2 Searching for a New Home .................................................................................................................. 27 2.3 Subject to a New Government ............................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Speaking a New Language .................................................................................................................... 42 2.5 Immersed in New Religion: Becoming Baptist and Exposure to Burmese Buddhism .............. 48 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter Three: From Hasseltine to Judson: Western Partnerships in Mission ......... 66 3.1 Formative Relations: Mission Enablers In Bradford, Massachusetts ............................................ 71 3.2 Mission Support: Triennial Convention, Female Societies, And Missionary Magazines ............ 79 3.3 Close Partner in Mission: Adoniram Judson ..................................................................................... 91 3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 97 Chapter Four: Home-Making: Practices of Household Economy and Political Diplomacy ................................................................................................................... 99 4.1 Contextual And Relational Practice .................................................................................................. 101 4.2 Formative Knowledge I: New England Households and the Serampore Baptist Mission ...... 107 4.3 The Practice of Missionary Household Economy: Domestic Arrangements and Relations ... 113 4.4 Formative Knowledge II: Learning Diplomacy in Burma ............................................................ 118 4.5 The Practice of Missionary Diplomacy: Securing Life in Rangoon ............................................. 123 4.6 The Heroic Home-Maker: Household Economy and Diplomacy During the Anglo-Burmese War ...................................................................................................................................................... 132 4.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 142 Chapter Five: Church-Making I: The Practice of Catechesis ................................... 145 5.1 Corporate and Constitutive Practice ................................................................................................. 149 5.2 Formational Knowledge: New England Congregationalism And Burmese Buddhism ........... 152 5.3 The Practice of Catechesis .................................................................................................................. 161 5.3.1 Materials Of The Faith: Translation Of Scripture And Composition Of Theology ......... 164 vi 5.3.2 Communicating the Faith ........................................................................................................... 170 5.3.3 Habits of Faith: Prayer, Reading, and Self-Examination ....................................................... 178 5.4 Indigenous Agency or Cultural Imperialism? .................................................................................. 186 5.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 190 Chapter Six: Church Making II: The Practice Of Community Cultivation .............. 194 6.1 Creative and Communal Practice ...................................................................................................... 198 6.2 Formational Knowledge Contested: Bradford Congregationalism and the Judsons’ ‘Change Of Sentiment’ ........................................................................................................................................... 202 6.3 The Practice of Community Cultivation .......................................................................................... 207 6.3.1 Seeking Faith: A Community to Encourage Conversion ...................................................... 208 6.3.2 A Community Tested: How Public Must the Mission Be? ................................................... 217 6.3.3 Cultivation of Community Together: The Early Rangoon Congregation .......................... 228 6.4 Educating America: Ann Judson’s Appeals for Mission Support and Female Education in The United States .....................................................................................................................................
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