RUEDERSD0RF OPENCAST LIMESTONE MINE - A GEO-HIGHLIGHT NEAR BERLIN, GERMANY

Aerial view of the opencast mine Compiled by J. H. Schroeder from East to West [Phot.: Published by Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e.V. CEMEX Zement GmbH 2009]

Ruedersdorf Opencast Limestone Mine - A Geo-Highlight near Berlin, Germany

Looking back in earth history >> about 245 Million years

Compiled by J. H. Schroeder, Technical University of Berlin assisted by B. Dunker (art) & M. Thiel (PC-systems-technique) Publication & Copyright: Selbstverlag Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e.V. 2015 ISBN 978-3-928651-18-9

Table of Contents 7 Middle Muschelkalk 7.1 Outcrop 27 Copyright: Purpose - Why Highlight? - Acknowledgements 1 7.2 Evaporite Sedimentation 29 2015 1 Ruedersdorf: Position and Information 2 7.3 Gypsum 30 Geowissen- 2 Geological Context 7.4 Mud Cracks 31 schaftler 2.1 Time 4 7.5 Fossils 32 in Berlin und 2.2 Paleogeography - Middle Triassic 5 8 Upper Muschelkalk Brandenburg e.V. 2.3 Salt Structures in the Subsurface 6 8.1 Outcrop 33 Berlin, Germany 2.4 Generalized Section Across the Salt Structure 7 8.2 Petrographic Features 34 2.5 Saltstructure of Ruedersdorf 3D 8 9 Quaternary Any part of this 3 Stratigraphy 9.1 Glacial Geomorphology in the Region 35 compilation may 3.1 Generalized Section across the Opencast Mine 9 9.2 Glacial Geomorphology in the Ruedersdorf Area 36 be used for 3.2 Columnar Section of Triassic Layers 10 9.3 Glacial Striations and Potholes 37 teaching and 4 Carbonate Sedimentation 11 9.4 Subglacial Channels 38 other non-profit III 5 Lower Muschelkalk - Wellenkalk 9.5 Lake Laach Volcanic Ash 39 purposes provided 5.1 Outcrop 12 10 Applications the source in 5.2 Bedding 13 10.1 Use of Mineral Resources from Ruedersdorf 40 general, the 5.3 Erosional Channels 14 10.2 Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk used in Ruedersdorf 42 source of the 5.4 Storm Deposits 16 10.3 Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk used in Berlin 45 particular part 5.5 Fossils 17 10.4 Gas storage in Ruedersdorf 46 and the author of 5.6 Trace Fossils 18 11 Ruedersdorf for Visitors that part are 5.7 Early Deformations 19 11.1 Museumspark Ruedersdorf 47 mentioned. 5.8 Secondary Minerals 20 11.2 Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks 51 Beyond that 6 Lower Muschelkalk - Schaumkalk 11.3 The Otto-Torell-House of Rocks 54 exception all 6.1 Outcrop 21 12 References rights are 6.2 Ooids - Oolite - “Foamstone” 22 12.1 Selected Newer References 55 reserved; 6.3 Geopetal Structures 23 12.2 Guidebook: Schroeder, J. H., ed., 1993 57 the general rules 6.4 Fossils 24 & Student projects of international 6.5 „Maggot Layers“ and Hardgrounds 25 12.3 Proceedings Symposium: Schroeder, J. H., ed.,1995 58 copyright apply. 6.6 Stylolites 26 13 The Publisher 59

Purpose to local upward movement of Upper Permian salt, which formed structures such as pillows and diapirs; in the process of formation they This compilation was assembled at the suggestions of Open Univer- pushed the overlying rocks upwards. sity student Gisela Lunkwitz. It is intended to offer a general geological In Ruedersdorf the rocks of Mid-Triassic period were lifted. In and more specifically a sedimentological introduction for professio- this way a welcome resource of building material came to the surface. It nals and students of geosciences, hobby-geologists, and for visitors with has now been mined for over 750 years, first in small quarries by hand, interest in geology who come to see this unique opencast mine. This is today in the large opencast mine - an area of about 4 x 1 km and about not a field guide leading the visitor from outcrop to outcrop nor is it a 100 m deep - using big machinery. With the advancing faces of mining review of existing scientific work. It is meant to provide an overview and a three dimensional picture developed. As byproduct, a paradise for show specific features of particular interest, selected subjectively by geologists was created - a very special geo-highlight. the compiler on the basis of many visits to the mine in nearly 25 years. Several of the structures or fossils shown are found at several stratigra- Acknowledgements phic levels, not only where indicated in this compilation. Thanks are due to the CEMEX Zement GmbH for permitting this All visitors must keep in mind at all times that they visit a fully ope- compilation and for contributing to it. 36 colleagues/authors contributed rational mine and that the operating company - CEMEX Zement GmbH to an earlier field guide (Schroeder, 1992/1993; see 12.2) and the pro- - is obliged to enforce strict safety regulations. There is only one very ceedings of a Symposium on Ruedersdorf held in 1991 (Schroeder, 1995; 1 simple rule: It is strictly prohibited to enter the mine without see 12.3). As editor I benefitted immensely from their knowledge; nine prior permission and without guidance of authorized staff. Various types students and young geoscientists at the Technical University of Berlin of trips into and around the mine and other information are offered by the contributed theses and/or publications (12.2) Museumspark Ruedersdorf (MPR; see section 11.1). In particular Prof. K.-B. Jubitz (†) led the way into the mine, to its Why Highlight? work, its history, and into scientific research. In addition over the years

Geomorphology and near-surface geology of Berlin and the sur- A.G. Cepek (†), A. Düring, K. Else, A. Koszinski, and H.-J. Streichan rounding State of Brandenburg are determined by processes of depositi- generously shared their experience on various aspects and/or facilitated on and erosion in the glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary; my work for science and for the public education. Several collectors, in general the upper 50 to 100 m of the substrate were formed in this way. among them E. Barsch, C. Donner, A. Düring, and H.-J. Streichan, Below follow Tertiary deposits including lignite layers; they are up to 200 gave permission to present fotos of their specimens. Information was m thick. Further down follows a Mesozoic sequence of terrestrial and provided or confirmed by H. Hagdorn, J. Hofmann, R. Kienitz, M. marine sedimentary rocks deposited in the Central European Basin. Meng, and M. Menning. This compilation was substantially supported This sequence of up to 2.900 m thickness is well known from boreholes by B. Dunker (art) and M. Thiel (PC techniques), both TUB. E. Biele- drilled in a comprehensive oil and gas exploration program. Outcrops feldt, J. Hofmann (MPR), G. Lunkwitz (OU), G. Schirrmeister, and are extremely rare; where they occur - as in Ruedersdorf - they are due P. Whiteley (OU) as native English speaker corrected the proofs.

The Municipality of 1RUEDERSDORF:POSITION AND INFORMATION Ruedersdorf near Berlin Fig. 1.1Lo cation of andRoutes to Ruedersdorf Position / Coordinates: 52°28‘ N; 13°47‘ E B2 Elevation: 62 m above sea level A10 Surface Area: 70,11 km2 A 111 Bernau Parts of the Municipality: Ruedersdorf (including B96 Tasdorf and Kalkberge), Hennickendorf, Herzfelde B158 and Lichtenow N Inhabitants: 15.093 (31.12.2012) River Ecomomy / Enterprises: Havel Strausberg Cemex Zement GmbH (Cement) Fels-Werke GmbH (Lime Sandstone, Fertilizer) A10 L 303 BERLIN DHL (Postal service); Immanuel Hospital GmbH 2 B2/5 Berolina Metallspritztechnik Wesnigk GmbH B 1/5 Cultural Activities: Rueders- „Kulturhaus“ (Theater, Concerts, Exhibitions etc.) Museumspark (Mining, Geology; Exhibitions & B1 dorf B 96a Monuments; see section 11.1) History: Fuersten- 1235: Founded by the clerical order of the Cister- A115 River walde cians; remains under the authority of that order Teltow Spree A10 1308 - 1319: Ruedersdorf first mentioned in history B96 1557: R. taken by the Duke of Brandenburg A12 1618 - 1648: Destroyed during the 30-years-war Further development: Growth as mining activities A10 10 km Koenigs Wusterhausen responded to the need of construction material, especially in Berlin. Federal State [ A r t : 1992: „Amt Ruedersdorf“; official incorporation A10 Autobahn B96 L 303 D u n k e r ] Highway Highway 2003: Municipality receives present configuration Fig. 1.2Opencast Limestone Mine of Ruedersdorf 33L andSu rroundings [ Contribution: Schroeder,art:Dunker] Exit Seesection 11.1 fordetailed map Berlin- L 303 of theMuseumspark(SW portion). Hellers- Tas- dorf dorf Stienitz-see

23L L 233 N B 1/5 L 30 Herz- A10 Kriensee felde 3

Exit Opencast Limestone Mine

Rueders- fliess Muehlen- Museums- 500 m dorf Strausberger park Kessel- Heinitz- see OpencastMine straße L 302 Museumspark Hohler Residential & See Rueders- Public Area Kalkgraben dorf Industrial Area Forest Base:O: penStreetMap; Kalk- OLicensepenStreetMap; CC-BYSA20 see Tram 88 Stop Presence Time Period 2 Geological C ontext 66 Cenozoic Meso- Quaternary Fig. 2.1TIME-The Ageofthe L ayers C e n o - 2,6 z oic in theOpencast M ine of Ruedersdorf 252,6 z o i c T ertiary - Time:Millions of Y ears- 66 Paleo- Subdivisions TriasssicLayers zoic C retaceous of the in the 541 Triassic 239,3* Opencast Mine 201,5 145 of Ruedersdorf ( scaledtoti me) Jurassic T

N e o - M e s o z o i c 201,5 U pperT. U pper

proterozoic Triassic 1.000 =Ke uper M uschelkalk 33m 4 252,6 242,9* P ermian Middle 65m 299 M uschelkalk 244,2* Carboni- 239,3* M iddle T. L ower S chaum- M e s o - ferous 73m =Mu schel- M uschel- kalk 361 245,5* proterocoic kalk kalk 246,3* Wellenkalk 66m 1.600 Devonian LowerT. 246,3* Röt=Upper 418 =Bunt- 14m S ilurian 252,6* Buntsandstein

P a l e o z o i443, c 5 sandstein T-Thicknessofthe layer Ordo- (not to scale) vician Note: Subdivisions and timesrefer to the;“GermanTriassic” 2.000 485,5 P a l e o - they differfromthose a ppliedelsewhere in Europe. Cambrian

proterocoic (Sources: StratigraphischeTabelle vonDeutschland 2 015

PROTEROZOIC 541 &*M enning u.a.,2 016) [ Contribution: Schroeder] Fig. 2.2 Paleogeography of Central Europe F enno- N during the Middle Triassic Period scandian

(= Muschelkalk; 246,3 - 239,3 Million Years ago) Land R.F.H. 100 km Distribution of Land and Sea [After Wagner, 1960; Ziegler, 1980; Jubitz, 1989; Faupl, 2000; contribution: Schroeder; art: Dunker]

Ruedersdorf is/was located in the Central European Basin; Rueders- Hamburg dorf during Muschelkalk time it was generally a shallow sea. Its Berlin Warsaw morphology was complex including swells and basins, ridges C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n and grabens. Some of the shallower parts were exposed when 5 the sea level was low, also some parts were barred by ridges Amsterdam thus had a restricted water circulation. B a s i n Bohemian The sediments were mainly limy sands and muds, lar- M. gely formed from skeletal particles or their fragments; the Brussels Massif Malopolska

composition varied with depth and other ecologically relevant Rhenish Prague factors. In areas with restricted circulation and evaporation, M. dolomites, gypsum/anhydrite and various salts were de- posited. In Ruedersdorf the entire suite of sediments from coarse to fine carbonates and the suite of evaporites from Munich Vienna carbonates to sulfates are represented.

Gallian M. Close to landmasses clastic particles = sand to clay High T e t h y s derived by weathering from various rocks at the land surface Vindelician O c e a n were carried into the sea and mixed with carbonate materials in various proportions; however, due to its distance from land- shallow marine basin R.F.H. = Ringkǿbing-Fyn-High masses only fine clastic materials reached Ruedersdorf. landmass during Muschelkalk period M. - Massif 2 River Fig. 2.3 Salt Structures in the Subsurface Havel 1 Branden- of Berlin and Surrounding Regions N o r t h - in the State of Brandenburg G e r m a n 4 6 Structures As in the North German Lowland 3 1-Flatow* generally,inEastern Brandenburg 5 the geology is characterizedby struc- 2-Prenden Rueders- tures of Permian Zechsteinsalts. River 9 3-Schoenwalde* Due to their lowdensitiy thesalts Spree dorf 4-Schoenfliess -mainly anhydrite and halite-respond 7 8 5-Schwarzenbeck to thepressure of overlying strata by 6 Berlin 6-Proetzel moving upwardwhere and when these 7-Berlin-Spandau strata permit. 8-Ruedersdorf* Differences in load/thicknessmay in- 10 9-Buckow* ducethe upwardmovement of thesalts in certain locations.The movement is L o w l a n d 10 -Kleinmachnow significantly enhanced by fractures. 12 burg 14 11-Blankensee* Structures vary in shape: Salt pillows 13 12 -Mittenwalde assume theshape of bulges,while 11 13 -Friedersdorf saltdiapirs form vertical plugs;the 14 -Spreenhagen* overlying strata are deformedasthey Salt Pillow Salt Diapir are pushed or dragged upward; diapirs *closely related may penetrate overlying strata and in [Fig. a fterStackebrandt &Beer,2002; to fractures this way reachthe surface. m odified by Schroeder,2014; art: D unker] N Salt Structureof S Fig. 2.4Generalized S ection Ruedersdorf Across theSaltStructure 0 of Ruedersdorfand the Neighbouring Depressions R esulting from Compensation 1000 [AfterHo rst&Küstermann,1 995; Horstmann&Seitz,2 006; Schroeder,2010; art: D unker] Thesection shows that salts were 2000 not only moving upward, but also sidewayssothat thematerial could form bulges such as pillows and diapirs.Wheresalts were dimini- 7 3000 shed or depleted, depressions of m compensation wereformed; over- lying strata were deformed and 0 510 15 20 25 km may havemoved downward. At the surface basins may have develo- Middle&Lower Keuper Cenozoic =Upper Triassic ped and accommodated thicker layersofsubsequent sediments Muschelkalk Upper Cretaceous Stratigraphic than in areas without structures. =Middle Triassic Boundary Further,saltsrarelymoved all the Buntsandstein Dogger/Malm way up at once, but often in twoor =Lower Triassic =Middle &Upper more stepsat diffent times. As a Jurassic Fault result,inagiven position strata of Zechstein Lias = Lower Jurassic different ages may have been =Upper Permian affected in different waysand For r espective timecontext of u nitsrefer to f ig. 2.1 different intensities. Fig. 2.5 N mNN Salt M I N E Structure of U 0 M Pleisto- Ruedersdorf k a l k * OPENCAST

M u s c h e l - L Kessel- Rueders- cene in 3D see dorf 200 Keuper U VtownV 400 Zechstein s alt p illow M overlain 600 by deformed Triassic 8 L Buntsandstein 800 s edimentary rocks NW 1000 in and below 2 5 0 m theopencast A n h y d r i t e /2Z 5 0 e 0 c m h R s o t ce k i Sn a l t limestone m ine; originally allhas been covered U-Upper by P leistocene M-Middle 5 0 0 m L- L ower deposits. *Detailed information on Muschelkalk SE [AfterWagenbreth& Steiner,1982; unitsincolumnar stratigraphic section 3.2 m odified by Schroeder,1993&2014; art: D unker] 3 STRATIGRAPHY Fig. 3.1Generalized S ection a cross the Opencast M ine of Ruedersdorf: Sequenceand DipofLayers-FloorsofMining

N Pleistocene Cover Original S Land Surface

+35m Floors**inthe Upper +5m Muschelkalk

Röt Lower Muschelkalk (mu) Middle Muschelkalk Upper Muschelkalk (so3 ) W ellenkalk (mu1 α ) Schaumkalk(mu1β) (mm) (mo) Karlstadt Heilbronn Diemel Trochiten-Meißner Röt* Jena Formation* Ruedersdorf Formation* VV Fm V Fm* Formation* Fm*VkalkFm* Fm* 246,32<< m illions 45,5 of y ears>> 244,2 Time nottosc ale 242,9 A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T Geochemically - technologically defined units of Ruedersdorf** 14 m 66 m 73 m 65 m 33 m 10 < 0 m 50 100 150 200 237 m >

*Terminology of the Lime- Dolo- Dolomitic Lime Dolomite Marl Gypsum GermanStratigraphic Rocks stone mite Limestone Marl Marl Commission; Subcom- mission Permian /Triassic **The geochemically-technologically defined units are characterizedonthe basis of their composition, particularly thecontents of CaO,MgO and(Na22O+K O) (Schwahn&Böttcher,1974; Walter,1993).The variations are of importancefor each specific useofthe rawmaterial: Rocks from particular units are takenselectively and/or mixed withthosefromothersto obtain the bulk composition required foragiven product. For example, the limestones forcement aretaken from up to sixlocations /units. 4 CARBONATE Fig.4.1De position in Shallow M arine Environments During SEDIMENTATION P eriods of L owerMu schelkalk [AfterSchroeder,2010; Grafik:Dunker]

SHOAL PLATFORM DEPRESSION ENVIRONMENT withsandbars INNER RAMP BASIN OF D EPOSITION (seefig.6.2-2b) very s hallow gradually d eeper high energy d ecreasing energy low energy SEALEVEL

8-15 m WAVE BASE 11 STORM 15 - WAVE BASE 20 m O oids Carbonate S ediment Skeletal P articles Mud Oolitic Dense, f ine g rained, p artly m arly SEDIMENTARY Coarse ,bi o-calcirudite to calcarenite* LIMESTONE ROCK 100s m, km,10s km EXTENSION Schaumkalk W ellenkalk PERIOD * Distinguished by grainsize: arenite=0,063-2mm;rudite<2mm 5 LOWER MUSCHELKALK - Wellenkalk - General Characteristics Medium to fine grained limestone to WELLENKALK 5.1 Outcrop marl; layers of mm to few tens of cm thick- ness vary significantly in composition (clay contents of 15 - 35 weight %) and hence in hardness. Various bivalve shells up to several centi- meters in size are the most abundant skeletal materials = fossils; they either form coquinas (a kind of shell hash) and thus coarse lime- stones, pavements on the bedding planes, or float in finer material.

12

Fig. 5.1 - 2: Fresh outcrop of Wellenkalk, clo- ser view; the variations in hardness are readily apparent. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] Fig. 5.1 - 3 Wellenkalk in color: Fresh rocks exhibit various shades of grey; where water is Fig. 5.1 - 1 Fresh outcrop of Wellenkalk; present either moving along joints (as in this example) or from the surface, iron oxides produce shades of rusty red: Fig. shows bedding surface bordered by joints. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] general view [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014]

5.2 Bedding The name „Wellenkalk“ refers to the uneven horizonal surfaces separating the layers; in vertical section (Fig. 5.2 - 1) they remind one of waves (= „Wellen“ in German, hence the name). However, as Fig. 5.2 - 3 shows there is no preferred orientation as in waves, but an assemblage of irregularly shaped and distributed depressions and bumps, both from cm to few dm laterally, and cm vertically. These are not primary sedimentary structures, but formed after depo- sition in sequences of sediments with various densities due to mineral composition and water content; in response to gradually increasing overburden lateral variations lead to differetial thickening and thinning of layers. The resulting bumps and depressions may become more pro- nounced in the course of further lithification 13 and alterations, and flasers or nodules may Fig. 5.2 - 1 Horizontal surfaces = bedding „planes“ in Wellen- be formed. kalk shown in vertical section appearing wavy [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] << Fig. 5.2 - 2 Bedding sur- “waves” f lasers faces in Wellenkalk: range of configurations; most common are „waves“ and flasers [After Zwenger, 1993; <> Schroeder, 2014; art: Dunker] <> <> >> Fig. 5.2 - 3 Horizontal bedding surface in Wellenkalk

plane beds plane beds showing irregular arrangement of nodular fabric nodular fabric 20 cm depressions and bumps [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] 5.3 Erosional Channels top Many bedding surfaces of the Wellenkalk exhibit erosional cast = ridge channels. The top surfaces of beds are marked by excava- tionc i.e hollows, the bottom surfaces bear ridges which are the fillings of channels of the next bed below. C 5.3-1 ErosionalChannelsonBedding Surface: C Formation andPreservation [ Contribution: Schroeder;art:Dunker] a top > b Fig. 5.3 - 2 Cast (C) of a small channel formed by water currents on/in the bed- ding surface of Wellenkalk a: Level of bedding surface at top; b: Top-down-view to show cast as ridge. [Coll. Hartfeldt; Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] 14 Fig. 5.3 - 3 >>> top Erosional channel 2 3b filled with coarse bioclastic material carried in during an . . . intermittent high en- . .. ergy regime, possibly . . . . a storm; later the ...... filling and adjacent . . . bedding surface were ...... covered by „normal“ ...... 1 3a fine sediments in a low energy regime. 1: D eposition of s ediment 2: Erosion=Fo rmation of c hannels [Coll. 1993 + Scan. 3: F illing by r enewed d eposition of s ediment=Pr oduction of casts 2 cm 2014: Schroeder]

A storm deposit results from and < E 5 5.4 Storm Deposits records a single event: A storm hits TOP the shallow marine basin. With its high < E 4 < N V TOP V energy it churns up the bottom, picks

< N up the sediment and keeps it in sus- pension in turbulent water of high en- < E 3

< S ergy. Sediment is eroded; a more or < S < E less scalloped surface (E) cuts into the older sediments. Skeletal material such as bivalves or snail and/or semi- consolidated sediment forming clasts < E 1 cm < N as well as surrounding fine materials [After Seilacher, 1991] < N are removed and kept in suspension. When the storm recedes the material < E 2 Fig. 5.4 - 1 Storm deposit composed mainly of shell material is dropped, the coarsest first with finer

[Coll. 1990 + Phot. 2006: Schroeder; art: Dunker]

15 V V components mixed in; there is no time

for thorough sorting. Upward the finer < N TOP components dominate. The thickness < N of such storm deposit (S) generally < E 1 < S is in the range from mm and to about < S 10 cm. Thereafter under „normal“ con- ditions the usual finer sediments (N) 1 cm are deposited.

< E It is fascinating to consider the rates of < E < N deposition: The average rate for 139 m Fig. 5.4 - 3 Sequence of [After Seilacher, 1991] < N thick deposits during 2.1 Million years closely spaced storm depo- of Lower Muschelkalk amounts to about sits in Wellenkalk; variations while the in shape, thickness and grain- Fig. 5.4 - 2 Storm deposit composed mainly of lithoclasts 0.7 mm per year; in contrast recess/decline of a storm lasts, i.e. in a sizes reflect different regimes [Coll. 1990 + Phot. 2006: Schroeder; art: Dunker] period of hours or at most days centi- [Coll. 1992 + Scan 2014: N - Normal fine grained sediment; E - Erosional surface; S - Storm deposit meters of sediment were deposited. Schroeder] 5.5 Fossils Fig. 5.5-1 Shallow Marine Organism Assemblage of theWellenkalk (Lower Muschelkalk) 2 [Contribution: H. Hagdorn, 1992; adaption: Schroeder; art: Dunker] 3 On the sediment surface live the pelecypods Plagiostoma lineatum (g; Fig. 5.5 - 2), the wide shell of which protects it from sinking into the mud, and Entolium k discites (h), smaller individuals of the latter l are attached by the byssus to algae. Gas- tropods such as Loxonema obsoletum (i), j Omphaloptycha gregaria (j; Fig. 5.5 - 3), Polygyrina sp. (k) and Worthenia leysseri Fig. 5.5 - 2 Shell pavement Plagi- h (l) are feeding on microbial mats and algae. sp. on bedding surface 16 stoma 2 Above follows a layer of carbonate mud [Coll. Düring; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] enclosing organisms living within the se- Fig. 5.5 - 3 Omphaloptycha sp.; diment, among them the pelecypods Myo- g gastropods with shells dissolved, but phoria incurvata (a), Myophoria vulgaris (b; sedimentary filling preserved [Coll. g Fig. 5.5 - 5), Palaeonucula goldfussi (c), Streichan; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] Hoernesia socialis (e; Fig. 5.5 - 4) and the i 3 scaphopod Dentalium torquatum (d); the tubular bioturbation Rhizocorallium irre- Fg F gulare (f; Fig. 5.6 - 1, - 2, - 3) was formed c e f in soft mud; it offered shelter and feeding d 12 to an arthropod. aa bbB 1 The lowest unit shown is a storm deposit = tempestite of coarse grained bioclastic 1 3 cm 1 material topped by a pavement of bivalve 5 mm shells (see section 5.4) << Fig. 5.5 - 4 Pavement of the pelecypod Hoernesia socialis in Wellenkalk [Coll. Streichan; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] Fig. 5.5 - 6 Ammonoid >> cephalopod Beneckeia buchi from the Wellenkalk: Note large living chamber on top and crin- kled septa (= Partitioning walls between chambers) called suture line. The details of these lines with their lobes are characteristic of different ammonoid groups. 1 cm [Coll. Barsch; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 17

<< Fig. 5.5 - 5 Pelecypod 1 cm Myophoria vulgaris Wellenkalk; casts of the 5 mm inside [Coll. 1 cm Streichan; Fig. 5.5 - 7 Tooth of the shark Phot.: Schroe- 1 cm Hybodus multiplicatus [Coll. Fig. 5.5 - 8 Brittle star Aspidurella streichani from der, 2004] Barsch; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] Wellenkalk [Coll. Streichan; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 5.6 Trace Fossils R R Numerous organisms live either on the bottom of the sea or below it within the v v uppermost decimeters of soft sediment. They leave tracks on or burrows in the R sediment; the burrows may be filled after use and form spagetti or sausage like v bodies. Many trace fossils cannot be attributed to a particular organism; therefore R paleontologists have developed a specific classification of trace fossils. v In the Wellenkalk Rhizocorallium sp. is common: The burrow is U-shaped and R was formed probably by an arthropod, moving ± horizontally between beds. v

>>Fig. 5.6 - 2 >> Vertical outcrop with subcircular sections 3 cm of Rhizocorallium sp (R) fillings in Wel- 18 lenkalk. Note also alternating hard and soft layers. [Phot.: Schroeder, 1992] >>Fig. 5.6 - 3 >> Complex burrow of Rhizoco- rallium sp. with branching U- shaped portions from the Wel- lenkalk; the small bent ridges (B) between the outer casts indi- cate the gradual advance (>) of burrow in direction to the U. B >> For details see Helms, 1995. [Specimen found in Ruedersdorf by Granat in 1978; kept in the Fig. 5.6 - 1: Rhizocorallium sp. fillings on the top of Naturkunde Museum Berlin, << B a Wellenkalk bedding surface. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] Phot.: Kleeberg,1993] In the Wellenkalk deforma- 5.7 Early Deformations tions of sediments start im- B mediatey after deposition when the mud is still soft; higher contents of water and clay minerals promote early deformation; further a slope of the bottom is conducive, also triggering mechanisms such as storms or earthqua- kes. B Sliding is the first process to become effective; layers may be folded and wrapped Fig. 5.7 - 3 Slab joints in vertical section of a layer; note that the like a piece of wet cloth gli- bedding surfaces (B) above and below are hardly affected. 19 Fig. 5.7 - 1 Sliding folds on a bedding surface ding down on a slope. Sli- [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] in Wellenkalk [Phot.: Schroeder 2014] dings can be seen on the Fig. 5.7 - 4 bedding surface (Fig. 5.7 - 1) Slab joints in and in vertical sections (Fig. vertical sec- 5.7 - 2). tion of Wel- Slab joints ( = also: „sigmoi- lenkalk; some dal joints“) are interpreted to layers show result from forced expulsion textbook ex- of water from the sediment amples of the triggered by earthquakes. typical sigmoi- In sequences of layers slab- dal configura- joints may form selectively in tion; others in some, but not in other layers, between are Fig. 5.7 - 2 Sliding folds and warping depending on water and mi- not affected. in soft sediment shown in vertical section neral contents. For details [Phot.: Schroe- of Wellenkalk [Phot.: Schroeder, 1992] see Dualeh, 1995 a & b). der, 1993] 5.8 Secondary Minerals Fig. 5.8 - 3 Pyrite precipi- Secondary minerals are formed later than the tated along rock enclosing them. joints [Photo: Pore water is the decisive agent in the process of Schroeder, 2004] Fig. 5.8 - 1 formation: its composition - components and acidi- Blue ty -, the rate of water movement as well as the phy- Celestine sico-chemical environment in the rock determined (SrSO4) by temperature and presssure. from Composition of minerals is determined by disso- Wellen- lution of primary or earlier secondary components, kalk or by import of ingredients from outside the present 5 mm [Coll. + Phot.: rock. Düring, 2014] Space: Primary pores between grains and cement 5 mm or secondary pores formed by dissolution of pri- 20 mary components or of secondary minerals formed Fig. 5.8 - 4 Pyrite along joint - detail earlier as well as joints resulting from structural de- [Coll. & Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] formation. The spatial relationship of different se- condary minerals (A sits on B) provides information on the sequence of formation = relative age. Timing: Starting immediately after lithification over millions of years to the present day such minerals may be formed in several phases or generations: The time/age of any phase of mineralization is rare- ly assessed; sometimes it can be related to phases of structural deformation providing space in joints. 1 cm In Ruedersdorf the Wellenkalk is particularly rich in secondary minerals; most abundant are celesti- 1 cm Fig. 5.8 - 2 Celestine from Wellenkalk; red ne (SrSO4; also called celestite), calcite (CaCO3), color due to intergrown fine hematite crystals pyrite (FeS2) and marcasite (FeS2). For details see Fig. 5.8 - 5 Marcasite in nodular [Coll.:TU Berlin Mineralogie; Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] Bautsch & Damaschun, 1993 & 1995). growth [Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 6 LOWER MUSCHELKALK - Schaumkalk: SCHAUMKALK 6.1 Outcrop General Characteristics These rocks are well sor- ted grainstones; the do- minant particle diameter is about 0.2 - 0.5 mm, the maximum is about 2 mm. The major components were originally ooids (see part 6.2); using a handlen- se one notes immediately that mainly molds of the orginal grains make up the rock. (Details: Friedel, 21 1995 a) It should be no- ted, though, that in many Fig. 6.1 - 2 Schaum- layers of the Schaumkalk kalk outcrop in ooids or their dissoluti- close-up view; the on vugs are absent. The distinct layers in cm non-carbonate portion is to several decimeters less than 3 %; as result the thickness are readily rock is much harder than apparent [Phot.: the Wellenkalk.The color Schroeder, 2014] of the fresh rock is light to Fig. 6.1 - 3 >> yellowish grey or beige. Cross-bedding in The layers of cm to sever- Schaumkalk, part of al dm are distinct; internal- a sandbar system Fig. 6.1 - 1 Fresh Schaumkalk outcrop in overview; ly they frequently exhibit (See Fig. 6.2 - 2 b) north-central part of the opencast mine crossbedding with bed dip- [Phot.: Schroeder, [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] ping 12 -15° and channels. 2014] 6.2 Ooids - Oolite - “Foamstone” (= ”Schaumkalk”) 2 mm

Fig. 6.2 - 1 >>> Vertical section of a “Schaumkalk” rock showing the pores due to dissolution of ooids = the bubbles a of the “foam” Phot.: Schroeder, 2015]

<<< Fig. 6.2 - 2 [After Zwenger, 1993; Schroeder, 2012] a Ooids are grains up to 2 mm in size formed in very shallow marine high-en- 22 ergy environments. As nuclei particles are kept in motion and/or in suspen- sion: each is encrusted by successive layers of calcium carbonate, that is of crystals of the minerals aragonite or calcite precipitated from sea wa- ter; the resulting fabric is comparable to successive peels of an onion. The shape of the grains is spherical to ellipsoidal = egg shaped, hence the name b ooid (derived from the greek word „oon“ = egg).. b Once grains become too heavy or the energy moving them decreases, they are deposited, characteristically in a series of sandbars with cross-bedding as typical sedimentary structure. c Oolite, the rock composed of ooids, is formed by precipitation of carbo- nate cements = crystals in various shapes and sizes in the space between the grains. d At an undeterminable time after lithification the ooids may be dissovled by c pore waters leaving cavities in shapes of spheres or eggs rendering the d appearance of foam (= “Schaum” in German), hence the name Schaumkalk.

6.3 Geopetal Structures Fig. 6.3 - 1 6.4 Fossils Geopetal structure in Schaumkalk, a fossil spirit level indicating the original horizontal orientation 1 cm [Phot.: Schroe- der, 2012]

Fig. 6.3-2 Geopetalstructure-indicator of originalhorizon- tallevel formed in theprocess of embedding bivalve shell [AfterSchroeder,2012; adaption Schroeder,art Dunker] 23

GP

2 Fig. 6.4 - 1 Gastropod Undularia scalata from the Schaumkalk; the shell has been dissolved, a cast of the internal sedi- ment is preserved. [Coll.: Barsch; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 1a 1b

1 a+b:A shell is deposited on thebottomofthe seainside down. Fig. 6.4 - 2 Grinding tooth of >> 2 During subsequent sedimentation theshell protectsthe spacebe- Placodus gigas, a marine reptile; low (GP)whichmay remain emptyor-inthe course of diagenesis - teeth resemble paving stones maybefilled partly or completely by crystals of various minerals. [Coll.: Barsch; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 1 cm Fig. 6.4-3 Organism Assemblage o faHardground in theSchaumkalk Fig. 6.4 - 4 ( Lower Muschelkalk) Deformed [ Contribution: H agdorn,1992; crown adaption: Schroeder,art:Dunker] and part of 3 Hardgrounds are formed during periods the stem of of no sedimentation; the fossil record the crinoid consists mainly of sessile organisms, Chelocrinus sp. for example crinoids, calcareous tube [Coll.: Barsch; worms, and the oyster-like Placunopsis, Phot.: Schroe- in addition to traces, burrows and bo- der, 2004] rings. 3 At the highest tier above the hard- ground live filter-feeding crinoids, among others Encrinus brahli (g1); often the ba- 24 g1 f sal disk is all that is preserved (g2) d 2 On the sea bed the brittle star Aspidu- rella streichani (Fig. 5.5 - 8), the pele- 2 cypod Placunopsis (d) and the tentaculid Microconchus valvatus (e), formerly er- e 5 cm roneously identified as Spirorbis. Among c the freely moving grazing organisms is g2 the gastropod Undularia scalata (f; Fig. 6.4 - 1) 1 Within the rock, the tube of Balano- 1 glossites triadicus (a, Fig. 6.5 - 2 and -3) b was formed by a worm in firm, but not yet 1 cm lithified sediment; in contrast the small a tubes called Trypanites weissi (b, Fig. Fig. 6.4 - 5 Stem and stem segments e 6.5 - 3 and - 4) were bored after lithifi- of crinoid Chelocrinus sp. cation. [Coll.: Donner; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] or else remained empty and are preserved as tubes. In the process 6.5 „Maggot Layers“ and Hardgrounds Schaumkalk de- position was repeatedly interrupted; during these breaks sediment of of burrowing and filling the sediment surface became irregular and the top 5 - 10 cm was subject to intensive bioturbation. The irregularly marked by craters and bumps. winding = maggot-shaped tubes probably burrowed by worms into the Some of these layers were lithified and became hardgrounds; burrow- soft carbonate sand were about 0.5 - 1 cm in diameter and in the ing in the soft sediment was followed by boring in the hard rock: Tubes order of 10 - 20 cm long. In trace fossil nomenclature they are called 1 - 2 mm in diameter and a few cm in length were formed; they are Balanoglossites triadicus.They were either later filled with sediment called Trypanites weissei. Fig. 6.5 - 3 >> < M 5 Hardground in Schaumkalk; < M 4 V< M 4 horizontal surface

< M 2

< M 1 H < M 3 Fig. 6.5 - 4 >> Hardground in Schaumkalk; vertical broken Fig. 6.5 - 1 Series of „maggot layers“ in Fig. 6.5 - 2 „Maggot layers“ in face with borings Schaumkalk (M 1 - 5) shown on exhibit G Schaumkalk: H = horizontal surface of Trypanites 1 in the Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks with craters and bumps; V = Vertical [Phot.: Schroeder, 1 cm (see 11.2) [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] section [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] 1996]

a 6.6 Stylolites a Fig. 6.6 - 3 > Fluted Stylolites (from the Greek: columns stylos - pillar and lithos - V from a stone) are contact surfaces stylolite in marked by irregular and in- Schaum- terlocking penetration of the kalk 10 two sides with columns, cm [Coll.: on one side pits and teeth Geology TU fitting into the counterparts b Berlin; Phot.: on the other side; the dimen- 5 cm H Schroeder, sion of interpenetration is 2011] >> mm to cm. Fig. 6.6 - 2 Vertical Stylolites in Stylolites are formed in the 3 cm Schaumkalk in outcrop course of diagenesis when a on vertical fracture surface (V) 26 2 carbonate is dissolved b in horizontal section cross cutting cm at points Fig. 6.6 - 4 Two cross cutting under pressure stylolitic columns (position: H in of grain-to-grain contact. stylolites in Schaumkalk in a Fig. a) [Phot.: Schroeder 2004] c The direction of contacts vertical section [Coll. + Phot.: Friedel, 2014] depends on the prevailing 3 cm pressure regime, which may b be caused by overburdening << Horizontal or structural tensions.

<< 10 Insoluble residues, for ex- cm ample of clay or iron oxide, V ertical provide black, gray or rusty- Fig. 6.6 - 1 Stylolites redish color to the thin line a & b vertical c hori- of contact. More details offer zontal [After Friedel, Friedel (1993, 1995) and 3 cm 1995; art: Dunker] Dualeh (1995). 7 MIDDLE MUSCHELKALK 7.1 Outcrop

27

Fig. 7.1 - 1: NS section of Middle Muschelkalk as studied in 1993 by Lorenz; at that stage of exploitation the entire stratigraphic sequence was exposed. Due to the low du- Fig. 7.1 - 2: Closer view of outcrop in a sequence rability and variation lithology this part of the Triassic profile is rarely exposed in Central of alternating strata from the Middle Muschel- Europe: Jubitz called it „The section of the century“. By 2014 mining operations have kalk showing variations in thickness and hardness removed this section. Do not look for it! [Phot.: Schroeder, 1993] of layers. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] Middle Muschelkalk - Fig. 7.1 - 3 Measured Columnar Profile of the Middle Muschelkalk Section Shown in Fig. 7.1 - 1. At pre- General characteristics sent only various small portions of this section crop out at the northern slope of the opencast mine, however, Three marine carbonate sections all are in the no-go-area [After Lorenz, 1994; adapted and slightly generalized: Schroeder; art: Dunker] are separated by two sequences of alternating strata consisting of Upper S equence Upper dolomitic marls, up to 90 % do- of Alternating Strata Carbonate lomite, and - increasing umward P Q - gypsum layers. The sequences 30 40 m 50 contain few fossiliferous carbo- nate layers. The section reflects two cycles of a shallow marine environment gradually beco- ming more and more restricted and evaporitic, and then gradu- ally returning to normal marine 28 conditions. The general picture Lower S equence M iddle Carbonate becomes more complicated by Lower Carbonate of Alternating Strata “Felsmauer “ intermittent fluctuations of sea L M N O level (see Fig. 7.2) as indicated 0 10 m 20 by fossiliferous carbonates in the sequences of alternating strata. While the thickness of Middle Muschelkalk rocks in the subsur- face boreholes is about 80 m, in near surface profiles and in out- crops the gypsum deposits have Marl- Marl- been removed by solution, thus Limestone, Lime- Dolomite, Dolo- Lime- Dolo- Marl the thickness in the opencast mi- Marly Marl Marly mite- ne has been reduced by 15 to 20 Limestone stone Dolomite Marl mite m (Lorenz, 1994; 1995; Jubitz, L - Q: Geochemically-geotechnically defined units of Ruedersdorf (see Fig. 3.2) 1996). Fig. 7.2EnvironmentofDe position of E vaporitic Salts 7.2 Evaporite Sedimentation ( Carbonatesand S ulfates) as Formed During thePeriod of M iddle Muschelkalk [AfterSchroeder,2010; art: D unker]

No or s ubordinateinput of e olian or f luvial c lasticsediment Intensive evaporation No or littleinflow No or littleinflow of s eawater due to h igh depending of freshwater temperatures from l and on sealevel 29 High s alt c ontent, adverse to marine life

Precipitation

Depending on temperatures and positions of sea level /seawater inflows,conditions mayrange from highly restricted/ evaporitic to normalmarine. Correspondingly,inagiven location s edimentsfromgypsumtoshallow marine biogenic carbonates maybe deposited; particular types of s ediment recur withtime, t hat is in vertical profile. Characteristic s equences or cycles of s ediments and rocks record thecourse of environmental c hanges. Depending on morphology, input, and other c onditions similar variations may develop in horizontal direction. 7.3 Gypsum Virtually no primary < E evaporitic gypsum has been preserved - notice- able few in near-surface occurrences or outcrops. E After several stages of dissolution precipitation of E several forms followed, e.g. crystalline or fibrous < G gypsum. (For examples see exhibits N 1 and N 2 on the Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks; see section 11.2.) < G b 5 cm a Fig. 7.3 - 2 Gypsum filling solution ca- < G 5 cm a vities a empty (E) and full ones (> of the section, particularly in Middle cracks from the and Upper Muschelkalk; they are Upper Muschel- also observed at the present sur- kalk; top side of face on the floors of the opencast layer; exhibit in To- 31 mine, demonstrating: Observations rell House of Rocks of present processes provide the [Coll.: Streichan; key for understanding past processes and their products. Phot.: Schroeder, 2010]

Fig. 7.4-3 Formation andpreservation of mudcracks [AfterSchroeder,2012; art: D unker]

deposition exposure, drying, coverbysediment,filling Fig. 7.4 - 4 Mud cracks from the present a of sediment b shrinkage&cracking c cracks, forming casts floor of the opencast mine [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014]

7.5 Fossils During much of the Middle Muschelkalk period

conditions were adverse to marine life. However, there were in- 1cm Fig. 7.5 - 2 tervals with very favourable conditions. Such conditions are Nothosaurus recorded by fossil-bearing horizons described by Picard (1916). marchinus, The fauna is very similar to that of the Lower Muschelkalk. In ad- lower jaw dition, spectacular vertebrate fossils were found here. [Coll.: Barsch; Phot.: Schroe- a der, 2004]

<< Fig. 7.5 - 1 32 Nothosaurus rabii Schroeder*, an amphibean reptile a Fossil skeleton from the underside.

10 cm b Reconstruction of the skeleton by P. Dienst & F. Neugebauer. Both fossil and recon- struction are on exhi- bit in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. [Phot.: a Schroeder, 2004; b: Kleeberg,1992] * No relation to the Fig. 7.5 - 3 Coprolites = Fossil excrements of b present compiler saurians [Coll.: Barsch; Phot.: Schroeder, 2004] 8 UPPER MUSCHELKALK 8.1 Outcrop Upper Muschelkalk - General characteristics Normal marine conditions returned to the basin once regional passages were opened, and a sequence of marine limestones was deposited. Some Ti l l o f v e r t i c a l & of the beds are characterized by special fossils (e.g. Myophoria sp.), Saale-Glaciation << horizontal s t y l o l i t e s others by special structures (hardgrounds, intraclasts, mud cracks) or by glauconite,scant mineralogical features such as chert nodules or glauconite contents. shellbeds,intraclasts glauconite,abundant r u b b l e c o v e r

1m intraclasts G l a u c o n i t e chertnodules L i m e s t o n e - l e h c s u M S << >>

r e p p U 33 0 k l a k h a r d g r o u n d intraclasts m u d c r a c k s t r a n s v e r s a B e d s v e r t i c a l R 1 m Fig. 8.1 - 1 s t y l o l i t e s Upper Muschelkalk at the northern rim of the opencast mine (western portion) [After Jubitz,1993; Fig. 8.1 - 2 Outcrop of the Upper Muschelkalk located north of the open- adaption: Schroeder; MiddleMuschelkalk cast mine outside the mining operation area, accessible within the art: Dunker] Upper Carbonate Q Museumspark (see 11.1) [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014]

As in the formation 8.2 Petrographic Features 8.2.3 Glauconite of the deposit shown 8.2.1 Intraclast Limestone Limestone 5 mm in Fig. 5.4 - 2, in this I I a V TOP V case a storm tore up a mud layer and picked Glauconite refers up clasts; however, to a group of Fe-Al- G here the matrix was sheet- silicate mi- < coarser grained, thus nerals with varying it was hydromechani- potassium contents. cally much closer to They are alteration the clasts; as a result products of other clay the clasts are not minerals, e.g. biotite, < G grading upward, but and are formed by 1 cm floating in the matrix. weathering in marine environments. 34 Fig. 8.2 - 1 Storm 8.2.2 Silicified Limestone deposit with mud clasts Fig. 8.2 - 3 floating in sandy matrix Glauconite limestone from b [Coll 1992 & Scan 2014: the Upper Muschelkalk < G Schroeder] a Vertical section, polished Chert nodules are found in surface; bivalve shells and distinct beds of the Upper fragments thereof are embed- < G Muschelkalk. SiO2 derived ded in limemud; green ellipse- either from seawater or from shaped glauconite grains biogenic sources such as marked by

W 2 P 13° W2P Szczecin 15° (Stettin) 9 QUATERNARY Fig. 9.1 Glacial Geomorphology in the Region of Eastern Brandenburg, Berlin, and Odra Western Poland: Terminal Moraines and Pradolinas Pyrzyce [After Liedtke, 1969, 1980, 2003; Piotrowski, 2002; Schroeder, 2003;

Havel adaption: Schroeder, art: Dunker] Welse 53° Near-surface geology of Berlin and Brandenburg, indeed of northern Germany and northern Poland, is dominated by glacial geology: During the Pleistocene WW2P 2 P time large sheets of inland ice advanced from Scandinavia in southerly and Eberswalde Toruń southeasterly directions, shaped the surface and left deposits, each with its own W 1/2 F Oder /Odra GorzówWlkp. series of glacial geomorphological features and corresponding deposits: 1 Terminal moraines = ridges of poorly sorted clastic sediment = till containing eratic boulders of decimeter and some meters size BERLIN Warta 2 Outwash plains with sand deposited by melting waters Rueders- 35 Warszawadorf W 1/2 F 3 Pradolinas = wide valleys draiing melting water toward the North Sea 4 Ground (= basal) moraine = plateau at the rear of the terminal moraine composed of poorly sorted clastic material deposited by the inland ice Frankfurt Berlin Nine major glacial advances - and numerous minor ones - have shaped the W 1 B region during the last about 600,000 years; the earlier ones reached farthest- Spree south, the later ones less and less. Of these, seven have crossed the Rueders- Glogów - dorf area. The map (Fig. 9.1) shows two advances which crossed - Warta 52° W 1 B (S III W; about 135,000 years ago) and Brandenburg (W 1 B; 21,000 years ago) - Odra S III W and two which did not: Frankfurt (W 1/2 F; 18,400 years ago) and Pommeranian- B a r u t h Nysa (W 2 P; 15,200 years ago). Pradolina A variety of glacial deposits including those left by Elsterian and early Saalian Cottbus Neisse advances have been found in and around the Ruedersdorf structure; they were S III W studied in great detail by A. G. Cepek (among others 1993; 1995). In view of 20 km spectacular Peistocene morphology and outcrops elsewhere in Brandenburg, Terminal Direction of 13° 15° Moraine IceMovement 14° the Quaternary section of this compilation is limited to three special aspects. Fig.9.2 Glacial Geomorphology in the Area Surrounding Ruedersdorf

[AfterLiedtke,1969, 1 980, 2 003; P O L A N D Schroeder,2003&2014; N < art: D unker] E b e r s w a l d e W 2 P Ebers- To r u ń walde W 1 / 2 F M ajor Weichselian IceMargin P r a d o l i n a (Te rminal Moraines) of Stages W 1/2 F -Fr ankfurt W2P-Po mmeranian G lien B a r n i m

36 M ajor Direction of Respective BERLIN Ruedersdorf IceMovement Wa r s z a w B a e r l i n Pots- MINE W 1 / 2 F dam L e b u s Moraine Te l t o w P lateau Frankfurt/ P r a d o l i n a Oder P radolina withFlow- 10 km Direction 9.3 Glacial Striations and Potholes << Fig. 9.3 - 2 The location of Ruedersdorf is of eminent importance for the Potholes in lime- understanding of Pleistocene advances of inland ice. In 1875 MM stones on top of the the swedish geologist Otto Torell investigated glacial striations Middle Muschelkalk and potholes on the top surface of the limestone layers; re- outcrop in 1991 - 1995 ported before by Sefdorn in 1836. They clearly indicate that the with well rounded ice did not swim, but was pushed across the underlying rock abrading pebbles (PE) surface. These features were exposed again 1991 - 1995 and found in the holes found by K.-B. Jubitz and H.-J. Streichan. [Phot.: Schroeder, 1995] Striae are grooves scratched by rocks which were frozen in the ice at its base and moved across a rock surface below the ice. Potholes are more or less cylindrical cavities formed under- neath the inland ice: Depressions in the substrate were enlar- ged and deepened by subglacial meltwater eddies containing sand and pebbles as abrasive agents. PE 37 << Fig. 9.3 - 1 Glacial striae (= MM scratch marks) in limestones on top QC of the Middle Muschelkalk (MM) out- crop on the „Felsmauer“ (see Fig. 7.1 - 3) of 1991 - 1995 [Phot.: Schroeder, 1995] MM Fig. 9.3 - 3 >> K.-B. Jubitz on the top surface of the Middle Muschelkalk limestone (MM) exposed in the course of mi- ning operations and visible 1991 - 1995; in the background remnants of the Quaternary cover (QC). [Phot.: Schroeder, 1995] 9.4 Subglacial Channels Subglacial channels are formed in the rock underneath the inland ice by meltwater descending through crevaces and cracks in the ice and flowing below the sole of the ice. In the rock below, faults and joints provide the nuclei for the exca- vation of channels. The abrasive agents are sand and pebbles carried by the water. Course: The opencast mine is crossed in NS direction by the „Kreuzbrueckenspalte“ (= KBS; the name refers to a bridge connecting northern and southern rim of the mine from 1840 - 1974). The more spectacular southern portion of KBS was removed in the course of mining. Morphology: The KBS extended in NS direction for about 1000 m across the opencast mine and cut through some Middle Muschelkalk, but mainly thorugh Schaumkalk and Wellenkalk, and further down into the Upper Buntsandstein. Depth reaches to 50 m under the Triassic surface. Width and shape of cross- Fig.9. 4-3 Subglacial “ Kreuzbruecken- section depended on lithology: In the Gorgeinthe Opencast spalte”

Fig. 9.4 - 1 Glacial gorge „Kreuzbruecken- Wellenkalk (Fig. 9.4 - 1) the walls of Mine of Ruedersdorf 40 spalte“ southern portion - view to the north the gorge were steep; some steep-sid- (Generalized

3-D-view) 38 [Phot.: Schroeder, 1990] ded U-valleys were merely 5 m wide. 30 In the Schaumkalk at present (2014) 0

Fig. 9.4 - 2 Glacial gorge KBS, northern end Cover of seen at the northern side of the mine - 50 - view from the south [Phot.: Schroeder, 2006] N Pleistocene a wide open V-is characteristic (at the m deposits 90 top about 50 - 80 m wide; Fig.9.4 - 2). or waste from The rocks in the walls were smoothed 50 Schaum- mining kalk

and laterally excavated by abrasion. 50 30

10

Fill: Mainly Pleistocene sands, among 10 30 them some coarser layers with pebb- 40 0 Upper Buntsandstein les and finer ones with silt and clay melt- Wellenkalk water (for details see Hoffmann, 2004). 50 m Amber also was found in the fill. [AfterPutscher, The Kreuzbrueckenspalte was and still Bachmann, Else,1975 &Schroeder,1995; is a textbook example of a subglacial adaption:Schroeder, channel (Schroeder, 1995). art: Dunker] 9.5 Lake Laach Volcanic Ash A remarkable phenomenon found in the Quaternary deposits is the layer of Lake Laach Volcanic Ash (= Tephra) in the outcrop called Paddenluch, located at the northern rim of the opencast mine (part of the „No-go“ area). It has been studied in great detail by Strahl (2005) and Kossler (2010). The small depression of 750 m length and 65 - 125 m width was cut < VA by the mining operations: An E - W section of 10.56 m in height was opened above limestones of Middle and Upper Muschelkalk age. The depositional environment was a lake, formed in Late Weichselian time and gradually filled from Late Weichselian time (~ 16,000 years ago) to medieval times.

Fig. 9.5 - 2 Lake Laach Volcanic Ash layer in outcrop (< VA, light yellowish) between lacustrine sediments [Phot.: Schroeder, 2000] 39

W E

Fig. 9.5 - 1 Outcrop Paddenluch [Phot.: Schroeder, 2000] This volcanic ash is remarkable because Lake Laach is part of the Eifel Mountains located near Bonn, that is about 500 kilometers away from the Paddenluch. The Eifel area is known for its Quaternary volcanic ac- tivity of the last 700,000 years. Six phases of activity are recognized, the Fig. 9.5 - 3 Lake Laach Volcanic Ash layer in the central part of the last one was caused by the eruption of Lake Laach Volcano; the ash was outcrop deformed by subaqueous gliding [Phot.: Schroeder, 2000] spread by wind over a very large area. The age is about 13,000 years (dis- cussed in detail by Kossler, 2010). While near Lake Laach the thickness In the Paddenluch outcrop this layer - as the over- and underlying of the ash layer reached more than 50 m, in the Paddenluch it is only 1 - 2 lacustrine sediments - has been plastically deformed in some cm. Nevertheless it is a dated marker bed of Mid-European importance. places by gliding. 10 APPLICATIONS Fig. 10.1 Use of Mineral Resources from the Ruedersdorf Mine Lower Muschelkalk Röt Middle Upper W ellenkalk Schaumkalk Muschelkalk Muschelkalk

Historic Clay Stones for Dimension Gypsum Dimension Use for dry stones for stones for ceramics masonry c onstruction c onstruction and and < 35 mm and and 35 - 120 mm decoration

fine fraction bricks pavement decoration coarse fraction 40 s labs ( 10.2) Further processing Hydrated F ine ground Historic in otherplants Cement high- high-calcium or companies and c linker c alcium lime P resent rockmeal lime (< 0.1mm) F ertilizer M ilk of Lime Use for Sand-lime Plaster --Neutralization bricks of eff luent Mortar Autoclaved -- Purification of aerated c oncrete exhaustgas Company CEMEX --Rehabilitation ZementGmbH Fels-Werke GmbH of c ontaminated Internet www.cemex.de/ Limeplant R uedersdorf sites site ZementwerkRüdersdorf.aspx www.fels.de/en/ i ndex.html Table 10.1 History: Selected Data on *Mining, **Processing and ***Transportation in Ruedersdorf 1220 - 1250 *Beginning of limestone quarrying 1952 / 1956 / 1966 **Cement plants 2 / 3 / 4 1250 - 1804 *Quarrying on the +35 m floor 1990 Readymix GmbH takes over mining operation 1550 ***Construction of Woltersdorf Lock 1991 - 1993 *Reconstruction of the opencast mine > connection to Spree-Waterways 1995 **New shaft kiln (DC current - inverse flow regenerative kiln) 1768 - 1806 Boom of Ruedersdorf limestone 1999 Fels-Werke GmbH takes over lime plant 1801 - 1804 ***Construction of Heinitz Canal including tunnel 2000 First certification of environmental managing system 1804 - 1863 *New method of exploitation: Fracture and fall 2005 Cemex OstZement GmbH takes over operation using blasting powder and (since 1831) slow matches 2007 *Hydraulic saddle block excavator in operation 1776 **Construction of 2-chamber-kiln Main sources: Wendland, 1993 & 1995 1802 **Construction of Rumford kiln (Type in operation until 1875) Rüdersdorfer Zement GmbH, Ed., 2004: 750 Jahre Kalksteinbergbau 1815 - 1816 ***Construction Bülow Canal including tunnel Gemeinde Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Ed., 2010: 775 Jahre Rüdersdorf 1828 Construction of Belltower (destroyed 1975, rebuilt 2005) 1833 - 1844 *Lowering the mine floor to groundwater level 1864 - 1950 *Mining on 2. floor (30 m below groundwater level) 41 1869 - 1872 ***Connection to the external railsystem 1871 - 1877 **Construction of a battery of 18 shaft kilns, in operation Fig. 10.1 - 1 1885 **Beginning of cement production \ till 1967 Opencast 1888 **Production of hydraulic lime mine of 1905 -1906 **Construction of annular kiln (extended 1913) Ruedersdorf 1913 **Production of sand-lime bricks as shown in 1925 **Production of bagged lime a lithograph 1935 **Production of crushed rocks from 1858 1940 **Production of reinforced concrete (prefabricated parts) [Artist unknown; 1945 -1947 **Dismantling and removal of vital machinery to the producer/ Soviet Union as reparations publisher 1947 - 1952 **Rebuilding various processing plants of lithograph: 1950 - 1991 *Mining down to 60 m below groundwater level J. Stentz, Berlin; subsurface drainage system taking water to Kriensee Phot.: Schroe- 1953 *Large borehole shooting (lateral removal of slices) der, 2014]

10.2 Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk Used for Construction or Decoration in Ruedersdorf

Church 29 J u g e nKalkberg d e N S t r a ß e d e r Market- 10 Buildings exhibiting

H a n s -S erti g e sl k- Si rta ß e Ruedersdorf place Muschelkak 1

D rW. hl i e ml -K üz l -S rat ß e 1a s t r a ß e Sun- 3 dial

5/6 42 P u s c h k i n - - Town- H Nuschke Straße hall Tram 88 stop O t t o - Rathaus

Fig. 10.2-1 Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk used forcon- struction or decoration in the centerofRuedersdorf 6 Schulstraße [ Contribution: Schroeder & 50 m K ienitz; art: Dunker]

For building purposes Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk mainly was taken from Schaumkalk (in much smaller quantities from Upper Muschelkalk). High CaCO3 contents as well as thickness and continuity of layers ensure relatively high quality. In view of much poorer quality material from Wellenkalk was used for dry masonry walls, pavement for footpaths and places, locally also for stables.

Fig. 10.2 - 3 Church of Kalkberge a The outer walls exhibit Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk 43 Examples of many structures to be seen, e.g. F> b Stylolites and cross bedding c Mud pebbles [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] 2 cm c P

Fig. 10.2 - 2 Straße der Jugend 29; Rueders- dorf Muschelkalk used for the plinth (P) and as decorative elements in the entrance area, at the corners of the house (C) and marking the bor- der between first and second floor (F) a [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] P S S

F T B Pi Pi P P Pi Pi Pa 44 a b c Fig. 10.2 - 4 Ruedersdorf Townhall entrance a Door frame (F), plinth (P), pillar (Pi) and party-wall b Party-wall with pillars (Pi), tops of pillars (T), bench (B), spheres (S) and pavement slabs (Pa). A search for sedimentary structures and fossils is worthwhile: Details from the plinth: c Geopetal structures = Fossil spirit levels d Crossbedding with geopetals (in the wall upside down) [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] d

Fig. 10.2 - 5 >> 10 cm Puschkinstr. 3, party-wall [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014] 10.3 Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk Used for Construction or Decoration in Berlin From the middle ages to the early 16th century glacial era- tics and bricks were the major building materials used in Ber- lin. Starting in the 14th centu- ry Ruedersdorf Muschelkalk was the only quarried limes- tone used, although not in lar- ge quantities. From the 16th century onward increasingly b sandstones from Saxony and other relatively nearby areas were brought in. Fig. 10.3 - 1 b „Cross of Atonement“ and In the 19th century with the a 45 plinth frame of Ruederdorf Muschelkalk development of transport fa- c Fossil gastropods Undularia scalata in Fig. 10.3 - 2 Ruedersdorf Muschel- cilities more and more stones plinth frame [Phot.: Schroeder, 2000] kalk at the Ludwig-Erhard-Ufer (For from elsewhere became avail- additions/ repairs Elmkalk was used.) able; c Ruedersdorf Muschel- a Embankment wall, general view was unable to compete kalk b block with stylolites 2 cm with Triassic and Jurassic li- < P a [Phot.: Schroeder, 2005] mestones from various parts Fig. 10.3 - 1 a of Germany and neighbouring b St. Mary`s Church: countries; it was used mainly as Ruedersdorf Muschel- filling material in foundations. kalk is used for the light Nowadays no stones from colored part of the stee- Ruedersdorf are used for ple and as frame for the construction in Berlin. Instead plinth (< P). cement and other processed [Phot.: Schroeder, 2000] materials come. << Fault plains in caprock; 10.4 Gas Storage in the Ruedersdorf Salt Structure 1 - 4 sequence of formation Operated by EWE GASSPEICHER GmbH

Although gas storage is only indirectly related to the opencast mine, as an important geo-application of the salt structure it must be men- tioned at least briefly in this context. The caverns used for storage were produced by dissolving defined volumes of salt. Presently EWE operates two caverns of about 130 mio. m3 in depths of about 1,000 cavern m, the first since 2007, the second since 2010. With the gas stored EWE is in the position to supply customers in Bran- denburg for 4 months; in this way Ruedersdorf provides increased supply security to the state of Brandenburg. Geological framework: In our region deposits of Upper Permian / 46 Zechstein age (257,3 - 251 million years) consist of five marine/evapo- borehole ritic sequences totaling about 1,000 m in thickness. Each sequence grades upward in order of increasing solubility from carbonate through gypsum and halite to potassium salt. There is a Zechstein - undifferentiated considerable variation in thickness between the Aller and Ohre Sequences sequences; they were deformed during and after formation of salt structures. Main Anhydrite of Leine Sequence Potash Salt of Stassfurt Sequence Table 10.4 - 1 Gas Storage in Ruedersdorf Working Gas Volume: approx.130 mio. m³ (Vn) << N S >> Kieseritic Transition Layers to Withdrawal Capacity: approx.140,000 m³ (Vn)/h Top Salt of Stassfurt Sequence Injection Capacity: approx. 60,000 m³ (Vn)/h

Main Salt of Stassfurt Sequence Reference gross calorific value: 11,100 kWh/m³ (vn = volume; h = hour) Fig. 10.4 - 1 Gas storage caverns in the salt structure of Ruedersdorf - 3D section Data from http://www.ewe-gasspeicher.de/english/ [From Schroeder, 2006; re-use kindly authorized by EWE Gasspeicher GmbH] gas-storage-ruedersdorf.php]

11 RUEDERSDORF FOR VISITORS 11.1 Museumspark Ruedersdorf Opening hours of the The „Museumspark Ruedersdorf“ was founded in 1994 to present geo- Museumspark: logical aspects as well as history and development of mining to the April -October: public. For more than 750 years the limestone has been mined, and daily 10.00 - 18.00 according to present calculations mining probably will continue until November - March: 2062. Inside and around the opencast mine many constructions and daily 10.30 - 16.00 buildings were erected to handle and process the broken stone. The Museumspark therefore offers a splendid opportunity to discover lime- Three walking routes covering various aspects are suggested: stones, their exploitation, processing and use. - to Geological Stops At its entrance the Museumspark offers a leaflet - to Stops of Manufacturing „map of the area Museumspark Ruedersdorf“ in English. - to Stops of Transporting Limestone and Historical Monuments Independently the visitor obtains geological information at the „Jubitz 47 Place to Experience Rocks“ (11.2) and in the „Otto-Torell-House of Rocks“ (11.3) The Museumspark offers three guided tours: Fig. 11.1 - 1 Landrover Tour: Adventurous drive along the opencast mine (1 hour) A landrover Geologic Tour: Experience geology in the quarry (2 hours) tour along Historic tour: Enjoyable journey through time (optional 1 - 2 hours) the rim of Information on costs and dates the opencast as well as advance registration (required!) mine is the Phone: 03 36 38 – 79 97 97 Fax: 03 36 38 – 79 97 99 best way to get E-Mail: [email protected] a feeling for its Office Contact: Rüdersdorfer Kultur GmbH overwhelming Heinitzstraße 41, 15562 Ruedersdorf bei Berlin dimensions. Monday to Friday, 07.30 – 16.00 [Phot.: Phone: 03 36 38 / 79 97 – 0 Fax: 03 36 38 / 79 97 – 19 Museumspark] Internet: www.museumspark.de Fig. 1 1.1- 2 Ruedersdorf Museumspark: Access, Entrance and Attractions in its W estern Part [ Contribution: Schroeder; Bergbrück art: D unker]

( Wa t e r w a y ) Bülow Canal & M u s e u m s p a r k Strausberger MühlenfliessTicketOffice Tunnel LimeDepot: Information Jubitz Heinitz Welcome Center Entrance Coffe Shop Canal r e d e ß a r t S (under and Placeto Experience & construction) Exhibitions Tunnel Rocks 48 s t r a ß e

H e i n i t z - Bell Tower Tram Stop Otto- Torell- “Heinitz- Chamber Rumford straße” Kilns Houseof d n e g u J Kiln H Rocks Opencast (Geological P Exhibition) N Limestone Mine 50 m Historical Monuments

a Fig. 11.1 - 3 a Chamber Kiln (1766) 49 Fig.11.1 - 3 b Rumford = Ruedersdorf Kilns During the period of 1802 - 1840 6 kilns were built. c e Fig. 11.1 - 3 c Lime De- pot = „Magazingebäude“ (1666); clock tower (1830) Fig. 11.1 - 3 d Buelow- >> Canal Gate (1815 - 1816) Fig. 11.1 - 3 e Bell Tower (1828, rebuilt 2002 - 2004 using recycled stones Note: All buildings of Ruedersdorf Limestone 1817 1804 Surfaces: a - d sawn c - in part plastered e - roughly hewn b [All Phot.: Schroeder] d

nation to thousands of bats. Molluscs of the Ruedersdorf area have Nature in and around the Opencast Mine attracted malacologists since 1850; 1993 Haldemann reported his count of 104 species. Bird watchers find their own paradise (Koszin- Of course, quarrying and mining operations over the centuries - espe- ski, 1993) as many birds take wide open mine as refuge area. The cially since 1850 - have markedly changed the scenery of the region. flora offers a variety of attractions: 372 fern und flowering plants were That applies to morphology: depressions and mounds, channels and found and identified in 2000 by Schulz & Rebele (2003) in the area cliffs were formed. Obviously the substrate was altered: Instead of gla- of the museumspark. There is a lot to discover: Hopefully one day cial gravel, sand and/or clay there are solid carbonate walls and floors professional and hobby biologists will publish a compilation comple- as well as carbonate rich dumps. Accordingly, particular elements of mentary to this one: „Biological highlights in and around the Ru- plants and animals with respective preferences arrived and thrived. edersdorf opencast mine“. But even without one: The area is a very For example, the cliffs and tunnels of the mine offer places for hiber- popular destination for all friends and observers of nature!

<< Fig. 11.1 - 4 Sallow thorn bush at the southern rim of the 50 opencast mine: This plant favors carbonate- rich substrate. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014]

Fig. 11.1 - 5 >> Lake Kettle = Kessel- see (see map 1.2): Located immediately south of the open-cast mine, this lake offers a surprisingly beautiful and peaceful scene. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2006] 11.2 Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks minerals in cracks and cavities. With the information provided on the boards next to each exhibit and in the accompanying flyer you will ap- The first nine sections of this compilation should have convinced the preciate the respective features. potential or actual visitor that the opencast mine offers many very Prof. Dr. sc. Karl-Bernhard Jubitz (1925 - 2007) was an eminent re- interesting geological features. They are distributed all over the mi- gional geologist; before his retirement he worked at the (East-)German ne; a visit is very much worthwhile. However, as pointed out: Ongoing Academy research institut „Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde“. He was mining operations require safety regulations that can be summarized a member of several international commissions and working groups. in one single very simple rule: Do not enter the opencast mine! (ex- Active in Ruedersdorf from 1950 to his last days, he is probably the one cept when guided by authorized staff). geoscientist most intensively involved in research of the mine and its surroundings. Moreover, he shared his knowledge and enthusiasm with The Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks was conceived to give visi- many geosciensts and geo- tors a chance to meet a variety of Triassic rocks from the mine, hobbyists. but meet them outside the mine. That is the simple basic concept of

This place bears the name of N !

this place. Several specialists have been permitted to seek and select O

D e K.-B. Jubitz to make us gratefully ! c o a variety of rock types from different stratigraphic horizons, and the h k a remember his involvement and to a l n c m o Museumspark has offered this central location for their presentation. p o r 51 honor him for his contributions m s t e i t a n y to science and public education! r i n t h k e a As a visitor you can inspect them from all sides - except HELP PRESERVE THE SITE! for the bottom - and you can touch them: In this way you Please, do not take any hammer

to this place. L ! G come to know and under- o ! o s e k t g stand them: Their respective Please, do not remove a n y rocks k c i n a r o t h e l components, the fossils and from the site! ...not even loose ones! t t h e e f e the sedimentary structures, Climbing the rocks is prohibited for example the bedding. because of the danger to people, You also learn to appreciate

N

especially to children, and to avoid ! some of the later history of o damage to the rocks exhibited. e d c Fig. 11.2 - 1: Visitor exploring the rock, for example defor- a N ! o l exhibit N 2 with eyes and mation, dissolution of it or of Dogs - with and without leash - o g g s p c l i b i n i n t h i s hands [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] its parts, precipitation of are not allowed in this place. m [AfterSchroeder,2010, Fig. 1 1.2-2 Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks: Map of Exhibits art: Dunker] OTTO-TORELL- N <

Distributor G3 to of Electricity Tunnel leading S1 3a B1 opencast mine Drill core

K1 B2 Wall 52 Access N2 with to geological Heinitz N1 section tunnel G1 To Bell Tower K211 G2 I1 M1 Access 5m K3 Entranceto Street Latern Side walk Museumspark 150 m Route Wall Heinitzstraße B1 to S1 =Number of Exhibit =RockSample; seefig. 11. 2-3 Fig. 11.2 - 3 Jubitz Place to Experience Rocks:Exhibits in Stratigraphic Sequence Lower Muschelkalk Upper Röt Middle Muschelkalk W ellenkalk Schaumkalk Muschelkalk A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T

B1+2 G1-3 I1 K1-3 M1 N1+2 S1 Fig- 11.2 - 3 Jubitz Place to Experience < S 1 Rocks: 53 1 m a Position of < N 2 < G 3 stones exhibi- < K 1 ted in columnar N 1 > section < M 1 (Fig. extracted < K 2 from Fig. 3.2) G 1> b General view < G 2 showing most << Wall stones [Phot.: Schroeder, 2012] with A - T 1 m geochemically- K 3 > Geological technologically defined units of Section Ruedersdorf; see Fig. 3.2 11.3 The Otto - Torell - House of Rocks A permanent exhibition on the geological aspects of the opencast mine Ruedersdorf was opened in this building in 2000. It presents posters, diagrams and photographs with texts in combination with rock specimens and fossils. The bulding honors Otto Torell (1828 - 1900), the swe- dish geologist, who in 1875 saw and reported on the glacial striations and potholes on top of the Ruedersdorf structure (see section 9.3).

<< Fig. 11.3 - 1 The Otto-Torell-House of Rocks - built 1997 -1999, Architect: W. R. Ernst outside view [Phot.: Schroeder, 2004]

Fig. 11.3 - 3 The Otto-Torell-House of Rocks can be 54 V used as an external class room for students of V various schools and levels. [Phot.: Schroeder, 2014]

<< Fig. 11.3 - 2: Inside the Otto- Torell-House the visitor is lead through the exhibit along a route defined by the geological sequence of events. [Phot. Schroeder, 2014]

(For quotations of 1993 and 1995 refer to p. 57 & p. 58) 12 REFERENCES GEOLOGY 12.1 Selected newer references (Italics: In English) Cepek, A.G., Hellwig, D., & Zwirner, R., 1995: B 11: Quaternary of Note: Very little geological information on Ruedersdorf is availab- Rüdersdorf and Otto Torell - Quaternary fieldtrips in Central Europe le in English. Considering the history of the past 60 years that is XIV Internat. Union Quaternary Research, XI Internat. Congress in easily understood. Until 1990 Ruedersdorf was part of East Germa- Berlin - München (Pfeil) p. 1103 - 1106 ny, where English was not the most favored language. Although in- Dualeh, A.H.A.,1995: Kinematic development of some Zechstein teresting and „classical“, the region did not fit into the then fashionable cored salt structures of Eastern Brandenburg, Germany with com- context of global tectonics. Further, it was a spot of economic interest; plementary investigation of slab joints and horizontal stylolites of therefore results of research were largely confidential. the Rüdersdorf Muschelkalk - Ph.D. Dissertation - Wissenschaftl. Schriftenreihe Geologie u. Bergbau, Berlin, v. 3, 96 p. The opening of the wall was decisive for scientific exchange: Espe- cially in the early 1990s the doors were wide open, and our East Ger- Hoffmann, T., 2004: Die Kreuzbrückenspalte-Nord (Rüdersdorf bei man colleagues readily shared their knowledge ...and they had a lot Berlin) - Sedimentologische und petrographische Profilaufnahme der to tell! However, very few dared say it in English, let alone to publish pleistozänen Füllung einer subglazialen Rinne - Diplomarbeit Hum- boldt-Universität zu Berlin, 74 p. in English. In Berlin and Brandenburg the exchange between geolo- 55 gists became intensive. Gathering as much regional information as Jubitz, K.-B. (Coordinator), 1989: Lithologic-paleogeographical possible was considered an important joint task. A first step was a little map Muschelkalk 1 : 1.500.000; International Geol. Correlation Pro- gramme Project 86 - Berlin (Zentrales Geologisches Inst.), 2 sheets. guidebook published in two editions (Schroeder, 1992, 1993; p.57). Zur Regionalstellung der Rüdersdorfer Schaum- After a very informative symposium in 1991 the material was assem- Jubitz, K.-B., 1994: kalkfazies im ostelbischen Unteren Muschelkalk Brandenburgs – bled in a proceedings-volume (Schroeder, 1995; p. 58). The tables of contents are included here to gratefully remember the scientists invol- Brandenburg. Geowiss. Beiträge v. 1, p. 121-126 ved and to offer access to the variety of topics included. Jubitz, K.-B., & Göllnitz, D., 1996: Geotopschutz im Tagebau Rü- dersdorf bei Berlin - Brandenburg - Geowiss. Beiträge, v. 3, p. 97 - 110 After 1990 it was possible for students from universities of the re- Jubitz, K.-B., & Wasternack, J., 1998: A5 Struktur Rüdersdorf - Klas- gion to work in and around the mine. In this way a variety of special siche Kalklagerstätte (Mittlere Trias, Muschelkalk) im Postsalinaren topics, for example various parts of the profile, were covered in project Deckgebirge Ostbrandenburgs - GeoBerlin 98, Exkursionsführer, Ter- reports, MSc theses and a doctoral thesis (p. 56), the latter in English ra Nostra 98/4, p. 35 - 48 by a Somali scientist (Dualeh, 1995). Some other scientists became Kędzierski, J., 2002: Sequenzstratigraphie des Muschelkalks im involved, because the outcrops were simply fantastic. Others - among östlichen Teil des Germanischen Beckens (Deutschland, Polen) – them the elder „geo-statesmen“ - kept sharing their experience - how- Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, Reihe B Geologie, Palä- ever, mostly in German. ontologie, Mineralogie, Beiheft 16, p. 1 - 52 Kossler, A., 2010: Faunen und Floren der limnisch-telmatischen mental statement - Beckum and Rüdersdorf Plants, 48 p & The pro- Schichtenfolge des Paddenluchs (Brandenburg, Rüdersdorf) vom aus- cess of the cement production in the Ruedersdorf plant (leaflet) 14 p gehenden Weichselhochglazial bis ins Holozän - Berliner Paläobiolo- Köhler, E., 2002: Zur Geschichte der Kalkerzeugung in Rüdersdorf gische Abhandlungen, v. 11, 422 p. + Appendix / The history of lime production at Ruedersdorf (bilingual!) - Ze- Kramm, E., & Hagdorn, H., in prep.: Der Muschelkalk in Brandenburg ment-Kalk-Gips / Cement-Lime-Gypsum International, No. 5/2002, p. und in der Lausitz - in: Deutsche Stratigraphische Kommisssion, Hrsg.: 33 - 43 Stratigraphie von Deutschland - Muschelkalk (Red. Hagdorn, H. & Si- Nozon, G., 2000: Geschichte der Rüdersdorfer Kalksteinbrüche mon, T.) - Schriftenreihe Deutsche Ges. Geowissenschaften und weiterverarbeitenden Betriebe bis zum Jahre 1945 - Rüdersdorf Lorenz, S., 1994: Sedimentologie des Mittleren Muschelkalks von Rü- (Bergbauverein) 76 p. dersdorf (Brandenburg) - Diplomarbeit (= MSc-thesis), Inst. f. Geologie Rüdersdorfer Zement GmbH, 2004: 750 Jahre Kalksteinbergbau in & Paläontologie,Technische Univ. Berlin, 64 p. Rüdersdorf - Rüdersdorf (Selbstverl.) 112 p. Menning, M., Gast, R., Hagdorn, H., Käding, K.-C. & Simon, T., 2016: LOCAL HISTORY and NATURE Radio-isotopische und Zyklostratigraphische Kalibrierung der späten Bachstein, P., & Homann, P., 2003: Kalksteintagebau Rüdersdorf - Dyas und Germanischen Trias in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Erfurt (Sutton Verlag) 95 p. Deutschland 2015 – Z. Dt. Ges. Geowiss.,Stuttgart, Bd. 167: S. XX–XX Gemeinde Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, 2010: Festschrift 775 Jahre Rü- 56 Schroeder, J. H., 2010: Jubitz-Stein-Erlebnis-Platz, Rüdersdorf bei Ber- dersdorf 1235 - 2010 - Rüdersdorfer Heimatblätter, Sonderausg.,96 S. lin (Leaflet) - Berlin (Geowiss. Berlin Brandenburg, Selbstverl.) 12 p. Köhler, E., 1994: Rüdersdorf - Die Kalkhauptstadt am Rand Berlin - Strahl, J., 2005: Zur Pollenstratigraphie des Weichselspätglazials von Berlin (Stapp Verl.) 191 p. Berlin-Brandenburg - Brandenburg. Geowiss, Beiträge v. 12, p. 87 - 112 Rüdersdorfer Heimatblätter, 2008, 2009, 2011/2012 2014/2015: Thiergaertner. H., 2002: The limestone deposit Ruedersdorf - Geo- Zeitschrift mit Informationen zur Ortsgeschichte - Hrsg. Rüdersdorfer logy, mining history, reserve estimation - Fieldguide for the Annual Heimatfreunde e.V. Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology. Schulz, A., & Rebele, F., 2003: Zum Wandel der Flora auf dem Ge- - Berlin (H. Thiergärtner) & Ruedersdorf (LiveMap Ltd.) 15 p. lände des Kalksteinbruchs und Museumsparks Rüdersdorf - Natur- Zwenger, W., & Koszinski, A., 2009: Die lithostratigraphische Gliede- schutz & Landschaftspflege in Brandenburg, v. 12, p. 4 - 12 rung der Unteren Trias von Rüdersdorf bei Berlin (Mittlere Trias, Anisi- RUEDERSDORF IN THE INTERNET an) - Brandenburg. Geowiss. Beiträge, v. 16, p. 29 - 53 www.bergbauverein-ruedersdorf.de -- www.cemex -- MINING and PROCESSING www.ewe-gasspeicher.de/english/gas-storage-ruedersdorf.php Bothe, R., 1992: Die Bauten in den Kalksteinbrüchen - Technologie www.fels.de -- www.museumspark.de -- www.ruedersdorf.de -- Transfer und Architektur nach 1800 - Brandenburgische Denkmalpfle- www.ruedersdorfer-heimatfreunde.de ge, v. 1, part 1, p. 55 - 74 htttp://kanalmusik.de/wordpress%202/?p=2282: CEMEX West/Ost Zement GmbH, 2013: 2013 Consolidated environ- Brandenburg: Rüdersdorfer Muschelkalkfenster 12.2 Guidebook Schroeder, J. H., ed., 1993: Die Struktur Rüdersdorf 2. edition, Führer zur Geologie von Berlin 6. Umfeld und Umwelt und Brandenburg Nr. 1, 164 p. Berlin (Published by Selbstverlag 6.1. Botanische Besonderheiten Ziebarth, R. 131 Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg) 6.2. Schnecken im Bereich des Tagebaus Haldemann, R. 132 6.3. Die Vogelwelt im Tagebau Koszinski,A. 137 6.4. Fledermäuse in Rüdersdorf 139 Inhalt Jubitz, K.-B. 6.5. Umweltgeochemie Rentzsch, J. 140 Geleitwort Schwab, G. 1 7. Geschichte und Technische Denkmale Wendland, F. 143 1 Einleitung Schroeder, J. H. 3 mit einem Beitrag zur Gewinnung Streichan, H.-J. 2 Praktische Hinweise für den Besuch von Rüdersdorf mit einem Beitrag zur Geothermie Kühn, P., & Toleikis, R. Streichan, H.-J., Jubitz, K.-B., & Schroeder, J. H. 6 8. Auswahl-Literaturverzeichnis Wendland, F. 155 3 Geologischer Rahmen: Überblick über die Struktur Rüdersdorf und 9. Fachausdrücke kurz erklärt Müller, M. 159 deren Stellung im geologischen Umfeld Ostbrandenburgs Jubitz, K.-B. 14

mit Beiträgen von Ahrens H., Beutler, G. , Cepek, A. G., Katzung, G. Reports on student projects at the Technical University Berlin Lotsch, D., Schwab, G. , Tessin, R., & Walter, R. 57 4 Die Schichtenfolge: Muschelkalk einschließlich Röt Buschkühle, B., 1994: Sedimentologie und Ökologie der Mikrobenstotzen aus 4.1 Sedimentologie - Stratigraphie - Paläontologie Zwenger , W. H. 37 den Myophorienschichten des Obersten Buntsandstein von Rüderdorf in Bran- mit einem Beitrag zum Röt Jubitz, K.-B., & Wendland, F. denburg - Studienarbeit, Inst. f. Geologie & Paläontologie,Technische Univ. und Ergänzungen Friedel, C.-H., Hagdorn, H., Schroeder, J. H. Berlin, 41 p. 4.2.Rohstoffcharakteristika der Rüdersdorfer Kalksteine Walter, R. 80 Spahn, A., 1994: Mikrofazielle Untersuchung des Mittleren Muschelkalks von 4.3 Wichtige Aufschlüsse Jubitz, K.-B., Schroeder, J. H., Streichan, H.-J. 84 Rüdersdorf bei Berlin mit dem Übergang zum Oberen Muschelkalk - Studienar- 4.4 Stylolithen Friedel, C.-H. 94 beit, Inst. f. Geologie & Paläontologie,Technische Univ. Berlin, 41 p. 4.5 Mineralvorkommen im Muschelkalk von Rüdersdorf Stöwer, M., 1994: Mikrofazielle Untersuchungen in den basalen Schichten des Bautsch, C.-H., & Damaschun, F. 100 Oberen Muschelkalkes (mo1) (Transversa-Schichten) in Rüdersdorf bei Berlin. 4.6 Hydrogeologie und Wasserhaltung der Lagerstätte Koszinski, A. 106 - Studienarbeit, Inst. f. Geologie & Paläontologie,Technische Univ.Berlin, 38 p. 4.7 Gewinnung, Förderung und Aufbereitung des Rohkalksteins About the publishing association Koszinski, A. 110 4.8 Nutzung des Rüdersdorfer Kalksteines als Werksteine Walter, R. 113 Thieke, H. U., 2010: 20 Jahre Geowissenschaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg 5 Die Schichtenfolge: Pleistozän (GBB) e.V. - Bilanz und Ausblick - Brandenburg. Geowiss. Beitr., v. 17, p. 3 - 17 Ablagerungen und Erosionserscheinungen Cepek, A. G. 118 mit einem Beitrag zur Glazialmorphologie Behrendt, L. 12.3 Proceedings of Symposium: Schroeder, J. H., ed., 1995: Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rüdersdorf. - Berliner Geowissenschaft- Partikelgenese und Diagenese des Schaumkalks von Rüdersdorf liche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Band 168, 377 p. (Trias, Unterer Muschelkalk) Friedel, C.-H. 191 Contents Stylolithen im Rüdersdorfer Schaumkalk – Wechselwirkung zwischen Geleitwort: Rüdersdorf – eine klassische geologische Lokalität sedimentärem Gefüge und Spannung Friedel, C.-H. 219 Deutschlands heute – Geleitwort Jubitz, K.-B., & Schwab, G. 1 Sedimentologie des Mittleren Muschelkalks Lorenz, S. 237 Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rüdersdorf – Vorwort Schroeder, J. H. 3 Charakteristik, Entstehung und geologische Bedeutung der Querplattung I Regional-geologischer Rahmen und Entwicklung im Wellenkalk von Rüdersdorf Dualeh, A. H. A. 249 Prä-Zechstein in Zentral- und Ostbrandenburg Katzung, G. 5 Über den Cölestin von Rüdersdorf Bautsch, H.- J., & Damaschun, F. 259 Das Zechsteinprofil der Struktur Rüdersdorf Jagsch, R., & Knape, H. 23 Paläontologie Der Einfluß der Mitteldeutschen Hauptabbrüche auf die Mächtigkeits- Die Mikroflora des Muschelkalks von Rüdersdorf bei Berlin Schulz, E. 271 entwicklung der Trias Beutler, G. 31 Fuchs, A., & Zwenger, W. H. 287 Zur Entwicklung des Raums Rüdersdorf im Jura Tessin, R. 43 Mikrobenstotzen den Myophorien-Schichten (Oberster Buntsandstein) Zur Entwicklung der Kreide in Ostbrandenburg Jubitz, K.-B. 55 von Rüdersdorf Buschkühle, B. E., & Schroeder, J. H. 293 Die Entwicklung der Struktur Rüdersdorf und ihrer Umgebung im Ein mehrfach verzweigtes Rhizocorallium aus dem Wellenkalk von 58 Känozoikum Ahrens, H., Lotsch, D., & Tessin, R. 79 Rüdersdorf Helms, J. 301 Stratigraphie und Inlandeisbewegungen im Pleistozän an der Rohstoff – Naturstein Struktur Rüdersdorf bei Berlin Cepek, A. G. 103 Der Schaumkalk von Rüdersdorf: Brennverhalten und Branntkalk- Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Messungen im Bereich der Eigenschaften Ellmies, R. 306 Struktur Rüdersdorf Horst, W., & Küstermann, W. 135 Rüdersdorfer Kalksteine als Baumaterial – Porositätseigenschaften und II Die Trias von Rüdersdorf Verwitterungsverhalten der Werksteine des Belvedere auf Geophysik und Geochemie dem Pfingstberg in Potsdam Fitzner, B., & Kownatzki, R. 323 Beiträge der Bohrlochgeophysik zur Geologie der Muschelkalk- III Rüdersdorf und seine Umwelt lagerstätte Rüdersdorf Volkmar, E. 147 Der Einfluß der Rüdersdorfer Kalk-(Zementstaub-)Emission auf die Wald- Laterale Veränderlichkeit der tonigen Komponente im Rüdersdorfer naturräume der Umgebung Kopp, D., Schübel, G., & Schöneich, J. 341 Muschelkalk Thiergärtner, H., & Walter, R. 165 Die Belastung des Bodens im Raum Rüdersdorf mit anorganischen Sedimentpetrographie – Tektonik – Mineralogie Schadstoffen und anderen Spurenelementen. Sedimentologie des Unteren Muschelkalks von Rüderdorf Rentzsch, J., Rauch, U., & Birke, M. 349 (Zusammenfassung) Zwenger, W. H. 175 IV Rüdersdorf in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte Die Kreuzbrückenspalte von Rüdersdorf – Subglaziale Erosion im Geschichte des Bergbaus sowie der geowissenschaftlichen Erforschung Wellenkalk Schroeder, J. H. 177 und Erkundung von Rüdersdorf Wendland, F. 361

13 THE PUBLISHER: Selbstverlag Fig. 13. 1 Fieldguides to the Regional Nr. 1: Die Struktur Rüdersdorf - 2. ed., 1993 Geowissenchaftler in Berlin und Brandenburg e.V. Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg [Contribution: Schroeder; art: Dunker] out of print! Geoscientists in Berlin and Brandenburg Nr. 2: Bad Freienwalde - Registered Non-Proft Association OST- 13° UCKER- 14° Parsteiner See - 2.ed., 1994 PRIG- MARK A 11 NITZ- Nr. 3: Lübbenau - Calau, 2 53° Unification of Germany and specifically of the city of Berlin in RUPPIN 1995 1989 provided for geoscientist of the region an incredible chan- A 24 OBER- B A R N I M POLAND Nr. 4: Potsdam und . - 2. ed., 2001 ge in professional work and contacts, exchange and perspective HAVEL Umgebung When the Berlin wall came down, everybody realized extent, variety Nr. 5: Nordwestlicher and quality of the Geo-Community in the region, and general as well A10 Havel Barnim - Eberswalder Urstromtal - Naturpark as highly specific geo-knowledge was freely shared among colleagues HAVEL- 5 MAERKISCH- Barnim, 2004 in the East and between East and West. Our Association of present- LAND ODERLAND 6 1 Nr. 6: Naturwerksteine in ly about 250 members in various institutions and companies – many 9 active, others retired - became a welcome vehicle for activities and B ERLIN Architektur und Bauge- Rueders- FRANK- schichte von Berlin - 59 exchange: Individual lectures and joint symposia as well as fieldtrips POTSDAM dorf FURT A 2. ed., 2006 to this day offer chances to present and to receive knowledge on a 2 A10 A 12 on Oder Nr. 7: Frankfurt (Oder) - wide variety of geo-topics. 4 P OTSDAM ODER -SPREE Eisenhüttenstadt, 2000 In ten “Fieldguides to the Geology of Berlin and Brandenburg” pub- MIT- Spree Nr. 8: Geowissenschaftliche lished the association offers geo-information on various areas/topics A 9 TEL- TELTOW- 7 Sammlungen in Berlin MARK DAHME- of Berlin and Brandenburg in a style understandable to the public (see FLA EMING 52° und Brandenburg, 2002 map on the right). Public education and geo-conservation (geoto- SPREEWALD Nr. 9: Oderbruch - Märkische pes, national geoparks) continue to be areas of concern and joint acti- S A X O N Y - SPREE- Schweiz - Östlicher vities. In addition, the association provides a network with useful links; A N H A L T Barnim, 2003 OBER- COTTBUS it helps in obtaining information and solving various regional problems. Nr. 10: Cottbus und Land- 3 A15 SPR EE- kreis Spree - Neiße, 2010 [Adapted from Thieke, 2010] DISTRICT S A XO N Y boundary ELBE- NEISSE WALD Detailed information Contact: Professor J. H. Schroeder, editor, manager, distributor ELSTER 10 including tables of contents Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. ACK 9, Ackerstrasse 76, Area covered LAUSITZ by guidebook SAXONY www.geo.tu-berlin.de D 13355 Berlin, Phone 049(0)30/314 24424; Fax: 049(0)30/314 79471 0 10 20 km E-mail: [email protected] 13° A 13 14° /geovereinbb