DOCSLIB.ORG

Nunnery Dissertation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nunnery Dissertation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`"?1+&!@1+&,! 8151)'&!-*")6!^R_K!.,(?!(,61)"'!'1,8()I!S9"*!,&'()*+,-'+"()!"*!#15"21+&2!@"+9!2"1+(?! 015&(&'(5(6"'15!,&'(,2*I!!S9&!"*(+(0&!?&1*-,&?&)+*!1)2!2"1+(?!,&'(,2*!")2"'1+&!+91+! .,(?!Z\U_a!E1!K("01*1!@1*!?(2&,1+&54!2&&0J!'()*"*+&)+!@"+9!015&(*9(,&5")&!&#"2&)'&!(.! 015&(51E&!W")'9")!VZaU_a!E1XI!!M,(?!_aUPa!E1!1!*9155(@!51E&!bRQ!?!2&&0!(''-0"&2!+9&! K("01*1!81*")I!!;-,")6!+9&!<LW!VPaUPR!E1X!+9&!51E&!#1,"&2!.,(?!?(2&,1+&!+(!*9155(@! 1)2!2-,")6!+9&!3(5('&)&!Vb!RQ!E1X!+9&!51E&!&#(5#&2!.,(?!1!*9155(@!51E&!+(!1!*15+!.51+I!!!! S9&!942,(5(6"'!?(2&5!")!+9&!*&'()2!*+-24!@1*!,-)!+9,(-69!?1)4!*'&)1,"(*! ")'5-2")6!")',&1*&*!")!0,&'"0"+1+"()J!2&',&1*&*!")!+&?0&,1+-,&J!1)2!'(?8")1+"()*!(.!+9&! +@(I!;-,")6!+9&!<LW!*(-+9&,)!$5+"051)(!51E&*!.5-'+-1+&2!8&+@&&)!_JaaQ!c!_JdQQ!?1*5I! ! #! ! W(2&5!,&*-5+*!*-66&*+!+91+!2-,")6!+9"*!0&,"(2!81*")!@"2&!0,&'"0"+1+"()!")',&1*&2!-0!+(! P\Q!??T4,!'(?01,&2!+(!?(2&,)!#15-&*!2&0&)2&)+!()!1!+&?0&,1+-,&!2&',&1*&!(.!\!eK! ,&51+"#&!+(!?(2&,)!#15-&*I!!S(!',&1+&!1!51E&!1+!&5&#1+"()!_JdaQ!?1*5!'()*"*+&)+!@"+9!+9&! 9"69&*+!015&(51E&!091*&!VS1-'1J![Ra!E1X!+9&!?(2&5!,&O-",&*!1)!")',&1*&!(.!_\Q!??T4,! '(?01,&2!+(!?(2&,)!#15-&*!2&0&)2&)+!()!1!\!eK!2&',&1*&!")!+&?0&,1+-,&!V,&51+"#&!+(! ?(2&,)!#15-&*XI!!$)!")',&1*&!")!+&?0&,1+-,&!15()&!(.!P!eK!18(#&!?(2&,)!#15-&*!'1-*&*! <1E&!S"+"'1'1!@1+&,!5&#&5!+(!2&',&1*&![_Q!?J!',&1+")6!1!'5(*&2!81*")!51E&I!!%&*-5+*! ")2"'1+&!+91+!<1E&!S"+"'1'1!(-+.5(@!"*!)&'&**1,4!+(!*-*+1")!51,6&!51E&*!")!+9&!*(-+9&,)! 81*")J!0,(#"2")6![ZQUaQf!(.!+(+15!")0-+!#"1!+9&!%"(!;&*16-12&,(I!! $)154*"*!(.!1!PPQ!?!'(,&!.,(?!+9&!D151,!2&!F4-)"!*-66&*+*!0&,"(2*!(.!15+&,)1+")6! @&+!1)2!2,4!091*&*!V")2"'1+&2!84!15+&,)1+")6!?-2!1)2!*15+!-)"+*!,&*0&'+"#&54X!1+!+9&! *151,I!!B#"2&)+!")!+9&!,&'(,2!"*!1!+,1)*"+"()!1+![aQ!E1!.,(?!*&2"?&)+*!'()*"*+&)+!@"+9!2,4! '()2"+"()*!Vg05141!51E&*hX!+(!*&2"?&)+*!'()*"*+&)+!@"+9!2&&0!51E&*!Vg6,&1+!51E&*hXI!!i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aQ!E1!+9&!0,"?1,4!*(-,'&!(.!D,!+(!+9&!F4-)"!@1*!5('15!,-)(..!1)2!2",&'+!0,&'"0"+1+"()I!! ! #"! ! M(55(@")6!+9&!*+1+&!'91)6&!.,(?!+9&!g0514!51E&*h!091*&!+(!+9&!g6,&1+!51E&*h!091*&!D,! "*(+(0&!?&1*-,&?&)+*!*-66&*+!1!*"6)"."'1)+!").5-&)'&!.,(?!?(,&!,12"(6&)"'!@1+&,*! (,"6")1+")6!")!+9&!'&)+,15!1)2!)(,+9&,)!$5+"051)(!81*")*I!!S9&!,&1*()!.(,!+9"*!*+1+&!'91)6&! "*!1++,"8-+&2!+(!1!'(?8")1+"()!(.!1!6&)&,15!")',&1*&!")!0,&'"0"+1+"()!.(55(@")6!+9&!()*&+!(.! +9&!WiDUZ!V[dQ!E1X!651'"15!0&,"(2!1)2!2(@)'-++")6!(.!+9&!<1E1!>19-",1!942,(5(6"'!2"#"2&J! @9"'9!'())&'+*!<16(!/((0j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`"#! <"*+!(.!M"6-,&*!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!`#! $'E)(@5&26&?&)+*!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!`#""! i)+,(2-'+"()!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!R! RI!/15&(942,(5(6"'!,&'()*+,-'+"()!(.!51,6&!51E&*!()!+9&!:(5"#"1)!*(-+9&,)! $5+"051)(!81*&2!()!1!*&2"?&)+!'(,&!.,(?!+9&!D151,!2&!K("01*1!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!d! RIR!i)+,(2-'+"()!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!d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d! RI_IR!K(,&!'(55&'+"()!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!Rd! RI_IP!K9,()(5(64!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!Rd! RI_I_!!R_K!1)2!!R\A!"*(+(0&*!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!Rk! ! "`! ! RI_IZ!fK15'"-?!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!PQ!
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salt Lakes and Pans
    SCIENCE FOCUS: Salt Lakes and Pans Ancient Seas, Modern Images SeaWiFS image of the western United States. The features of interest that that will be discussed in this Science Focus! article are labeled on the large image on the next page. (Other features and landmarks are also labeled.) It should be no surprise to be informed that the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) was designed to observe the oceans. Other articles in the Science Focus! series have discussed various oceanographic applications of SeaWiFS data. However, this article discusses geological features that indicate the presence of seas that existed in Earth's paleohistory which can be discerned in SeaWiFS imagery. SeaWiFS image of the western United States. Great Salt Lake and Lake Bonneville The Great Salt Lake is the remnant of ancient Lake Bonneville, which gave the Bonneville Salt Flats their name. Geologists estimate that Lake Bonneville existed between 23,000 and 12,000 years ago, during the last glacial period. Lake Bonneville's existence ended abruptly when the waters of the lake began to drain rapidly through Red Rock Pass in southern Idaho into the Snake River system (see "Lake Bonneville's Flood" link below). As the Earth's climate warmed and became drier, the remaining water in Lake Bonneville evaporated, leaving the highly saline waters of the Great Salt Lake. The reason for the high concentration of dissolved minerals in the Great Salt Lake is due to the fact that it is a "terminal basin" lake; water than enters the lake from streams and rivers can only leave by evaporation.
    [Show full text]
  • WIDER Working Paper 2021/18-Are We Measuring Natural Resource
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Lebdioui, Amir Working Paper Are we measuring natural resource wealth correctly? A reconceptualization of natural resource value in the era of climate change WIDER Working Paper, No. 2021/18 Provided in Cooperation with: United Nations University (UNU), World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Suggested Citation: Lebdioui, Amir (2021) : Are we measuring natural resource wealth correctly? A reconceptualization of natural resource value in the era of climate change, WIDER Working Paper, No. 2021/18, ISBN 978-92-9256-952-5, The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Helsinki, http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/952-5 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/229419 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium Extraction in Argentina: a Case Study on the Social and Environmental Impacts
    Lithium extraction in Argentina: a case study on the social and environmental impacts Pía Marchegiani, Jasmin Höglund Hellgren and Leandro Gómez. Executive summary The global demand for lithium has grown significantly over recent years and is expected to grow further due to its use in batteries for different products. Lithium is used in smaller electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptops but also for larger batteries found in electric vehicles and mobility vehicles. This growing demand has generated a series of policy responses in different countries in the southern cone triangle (Argentina, Bolivia and Chile), which together hold around 80 per cent of the world’s lithium salt brine reserves in their salt flats in the Puna area. Although Argentina has been extracting lithium since 1997, for a long time there was only one lithium-producing project in the country. In recent years, Argentina has experienced increased interest in lithium mining activities. In 2016, it was the most dynamic lithium producing country in the world, increasing production from 11 per cent to 16 per cent of the global market (Telam, 2017). There are now around 46 different projects of lithium extraction at different stages. However, little consideration has been given to the local impacts of lithium extraction considering human rights and the social and environmental sustainability of the projects. With this in mind, the current study seeks to contribute to an increased understanding of the potential and actual impacts of lithium extraction on local communities, providing insights from local perspectives to be considered in the wider discussion of sustainability, green technology and climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • El Salar De Uyuni
    El salar de Uyuni Fausto A. Balderrama F. Carrera de Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Ciencia de Materiales Universidad Técnica de Oruro [email protected] Resumen El Salar de Uyuni es la costra de sal más grande del mundo. Tiene una extensión aproximada de 10,000 km2. Esta costra de sal está formada básicamente por halita porosa llena de una salmuera intersticial rica en litio, potasio, boro y magnesio. Perforaciones realizadas en el Salar de Uyuni, indican que está formada por capas intercaladas de costras de sal porosas y de sedimentos lacustres. La perforación más profunda realizada hasta la fecha en el Salar de Uyuni es de 220.6 m. Aún no se conoce la profundidad total del Salar. En base a 40 perforaciones realizadas en la primera costra de sal, que tiene un espesor promedio de 4.7 m, se estimó una reserva de 8.9 millones de toneladas de litio y 194 millones de toneladas de potasio disueltos en la salmuera intersticial. A la fecha no se han realizado suficientes perforaciones en el resto de las costras salinas como para cuantificar las reservas totales en litio y potasio; sin embargo, se presume que son inmensas. Palabras clave: Salar de Uyuni, reservas, litio, potasio. The Uyuni salt lake Abstract The Uyuni salt lake is the biggest salt crust around the world. Its length is approximately 10,000 km2. This salt crust is formed of porous halite, filled of a interstitial brine rich in lithium, potassium, magnesium and boron. Perforations made in the Uyuni salt lake show that it’s formed by interstitial layers of porous halite filled of a brine rich in lithium, potassium, boron and magnesium.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Climate Change on the Bolivian Altiplano Between 108,000 and 18,000 Years Ago
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 1-1-2005 Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 years ago Alex Chepstow-Lusty Florida Institute of Technology, [email protected] Mark B. Bush Florida Institute of Technology Michael R. Frogley Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL Paul A. Baker Duke University, [email protected] Sherilyn C. Fritz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Chepstow-Lusty, Alex; Bush, Mark B.; Frogley, Michael R.; Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; and Aronson, James, "Vegetation and climate change on the Bolivian Altiplano between 108,000 and 18,000 years ago" (2005). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 30. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/30 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Alex Chepstow-Lusty, Mark B. Bush, Michael R. Frogley, Paul A. Baker, Sherilyn C. Fritz, and James Aronson This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ geosciencefacpub/30 Published in Quaternary Research 63:1 (January 2005), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 Days Atacama & Bolivia
    12 Days Atacama & Bolivia: Across the Andes Travel date 27 Mar to 10 Apr 2020 TOUR INFORMATION ATACAMA & BOLIVIA INTRODUCTION The Andes stretches along the South American continent from north to south, forming different faces of spectacular landscapes. Start the journey from the northwestern part of Argentina, soak up the Spanish colonial history. Admire the famous Hills of Seven Colours and the quaint traditional villages. Continue to the world’s driest desert in Chile, housing the Atacama salt flat, volcanoes, lagoons, hot springs, geysers and rolling sand dunes. The otherworldly Uyuni Salt Lake in Bolivia, the largest on Earth comprising miles and miles of dazzling white nothingness, has been selected as one of the wonders of the world. Active volcanoes, hot springs and a palette of color-splashed lakes populated by hardy flamingos punctuate these landscapes of blindingly bright salt plains. End your trip at La Paz, also commonly referred to as “Tibet of the Andes”, a unique “bowled setting” on the Andean Plateau at 4,000m above sea level. SPECIALS • Smooth arrangement of transfers from Argentina to Chile to Bolivia; • Visit the highest vineyard in the world in Uraqui; • Stargazing with professional astronomer, Mr Alain Maury, for a private astronomic excursion; • Exclusive excursion in Atacama with private guide for Scott Dunn guests; • Nicely arranged picnic lunch on salt flats; • Guarantee Deluxe Room at Lunsa Salada Salt Hotel in Uyuni; • Visit the Larco Museum in Peru, the 18th Century Viceroy’s mansion; • All meals included beverages;
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Tauca Highstand (Heinrich Stadial 1A) Driven by a Southward Shift of the Bolivian High
    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE CLIMATOLOGY Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some Lake Tauca highstand (Heinrich Stadial 1a) driven by a rights reserved; exclusive licensee southward shift of the Bolivian High American Association for the Advancement 1,2 1,3 1 4 1 of Science. No claim to Léo C. P. Martin *, Pierre-Henri Blard *, Jérôme Lavé , Thomas Condom , Mélody Prémaillon , original U.S. Government 5 5 6 1 1 Vincent Jomelli , Daniel Brunstein , Maarten Lupker , Julien Charreau , Véronique Mariotti , Works. Distributed 1 † 1 Bouchaïb Tibari , ASTER Team , Emmanuel Davy under a Creative Commons Attribution Heinrich events are characterized by worldwide climate modifications. Over the Altiplano endorheic basin (high trop- NonCommercial ical Andes), the second half of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1a) was coeval with the highstand of the giant paleolake Tauca. License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). However, the atmospheric mechanisms underlying this wet event are still unknown at the regional to global scale. We use cosmic-ray exposure ages of glacial landforms to reconstruct the spatial variability in the equilibrium line altitude of the HS1a Altiplano glaciers. By combining glacier and lake modeling, we reconstruct a precipitation map for the HS1a period. Our results show that paleoprecipitation mainly increased along the Eastern Cordillera, whereas the southwestern region of the basin remained relatively dry. This pattern indicates a southward expansion of the east- erlies, which is interpreted as being a consequence of a southward shift of the Bolivian High. The results provide a new understanding of atmospheric teleconnections during HS1 and of rainfall redistribution in a changing climate. INTRODUCTION tropical Brazil changed in pace with the Heinrich stadials (5, 13–15)and A major uncertainty in our understanding of 21st century climate numerous sites record wetter conditions during these episodes [see concerns the global redistribution of rainfall and modification of mon- compilations (15, 16)].
    [Show full text]
  • Lithium and Bolivia: the Rp Omise and the Problems Bruce Bagley, Ph.D
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center 6-1-2010 Lithium and Bolivia: The rP omise and the Problems Bruce Bagley, Ph.D. Professor International Studies, University of Miami Olga Nazario, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist, Applied Research Center, Florida International University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/whemsac Recommended Citation Bagley, Ph.D., Bruce and Nazario, Ph.D., Olga, "Lithium and Bolivia: The rP omise and the Problems" (2010). Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. Paper 53. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/whemsac/53 This work is brought to you for free and open access by FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lithium and Bolivia: The Promise and the Problems Bruce Bagley, Ph.D. Professor International Studies University of Miami Olga Nazario, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist Applied Research Center Florida International University June 2010 Lithium and Bolivia: The Promise and the Problems Bruce Bagley, Ph.D. Professor International Studies University of Miami Olga Nazario, Ph.D. Senior Research Scientist Applied Research Center Florida International University June 2010 The views expressed in this research paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the US Government, Department of Defense, US Southern Command or Florida International University. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1 Lithium‟s potential as a key ingredient in the new generation of electric car batteries has raised international interest. It is the lightest metal on the planet and used in most electronic equipments and advance batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Salar De Uyuni 20 Frequently Asked Questions
    B2B TRAINING KIT COURSE 3 SALAR DE UYUNI 20 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS BBoolilviviaie: nT:h De iLea grrgöeßste S Saaltl zFplafat ninn teh dee Wr Woreldlt PAGE 2 Content 20 questions and answers about the salt desert of Bolivia, which every travel agency and every traveler should know 3 INTRODUCTION 5 20 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 6 General Information 8 Documents, Visa and Vaccinations 9 Climate in the Region 11 Trips in the Region 16 Accommodation in Uyuni 18 Other Concerns 22 Special: What to Pack for Uyuni 24 SUMMARY 26 ABOUT LOGISTUR Introduction PAGE 4 This is the third part of our training kit about El Salar de Uyuni, also known as the salt desert of Bolivia. In this course 3 you will find the 20 most frequently asked questions that everyone deals with when planning their trip to El Salar de Uyuni. This course is structured in a way that it serves as an essential guide for anyone interested in tourism in the region. If you have not yet read course 1 (Overview of the Salar de Uyuni), we recommend that you take a look at it. In Course 1 we will talk about the destination itself: The origin, historical data, demography, biodiversity and everything you need to know about the world's largest salt desert. Please also read course 2 (Travel planning Salar de Uyuni). In this course we will talk about all the important information needed to plan and carry out the trip and to sell this destination (arrival in Uyuni, places of interest, types of excursions, challenges in the region).
    [Show full text]
  • Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and Its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Morgan J. Salisbury for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology presented on June 3, 2011. Title: Convergent Margin Magmatism in the Central Andes and its Near Antipodes in Western Indonesia: Spatiotemporal and Geochemical Considerations Abstract approved: ________________________________________________________________________ Adam J.R. Kent This dissertation combines volcanological research of three convergent continental margins. Chapters 1 and 5 are general introductions and conclusions, respectively. Chapter 2 examines the spatiotemporal development of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex in the Lípez region of southwest Bolivia, a locus of a major Neogene ignimbrite flare- up, yet the least studied portion of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Andes. New mapping and laser-fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine and biotite from 56 locations, coupled with paleomagnetic data, refine the timing and volumes of ignimbrite emplacement in Bolivia and northern Chile to reveal that monotonous intermediate volcanism was prodigious and episodic throughout the complex. 40Ar/39Ar age determinations of 13 ignimbrites from northern Chile previously dated by the K-Ar method improve the overall temporal resolution of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex development. Together with new and updated volume estimates, the new age determinations demonstrate a distinct onset of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrite volcanism with modest output rates beginning ~11 Ma, an episodic middle phase with the highest eruption rates between 8 and 3 Ma, followed by a general decline in volcanic output. The cyclic nature of individual caldera complexes and the spatiotemporal pattern of the volcanic field as a whole are consistent with both incremental construction of plutons as well as a composite Cordilleran batholith.
    [Show full text]
  • Warren, J. K. Evaporites and Climate: Part 1 of 2
    www.saltworkconsultants.com Salty MattersJohn Warren - Tuesday January 31, 2017 Evaporites and climate: Part 1 of 2 - Are modern deserts the key? desert (Figure 1b). But, in terms of evaporite distribution and the Salt deposits and deserts economics of the associated salts, this climatic generalization Much of the geological literature presumes that thick sequences related to annual rainfall conceals three significant hydrological of bedded Phanerozoic evaporites accumulated in hot arid zones truisms. All three need to be met in order to accumulate thick tied to the distribution of the world’s deserts1 beneath regions of sequences of bedded salts (Warren, 2010): 1) For any substantial descending air within Hadley Cells in a latitudinal belt that is typ- volume of evaporite to precipitate and be preserved, there must ically located 15 to 45 degrees north or south of the equator (Fig- be a sufficient volume of cations and anions in the inflow waters ure 1a: Gordon, 1975). As this sinking cool air mass approaches to allow thick sequences of salts to form; 2) The depositional the landsurface beneath the descending arm of a Hadley Cell it setting and its climate must be located within a longer term basin warms, and so its moisture-carrying capacity increases. The next hydrology that favours preservation of the bedded salt, so the two articles will discuss the validity of this assumption of evap- orites tying to hot arid desert belts in the trade wind belts, first, by a consid- eration of actual Quaternary evaporite Stratosphere distributions as plotted in a GIS data- 15 km Tropopause base with modern climate overlays, Subtropical Jet then in the second article via a look at ancient salt/climate distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Northern Chile ⁎ Claudio Latorre A,B, , Julio L
    Quaternary Research 65 (2006) 450–466 www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history of a perennial river canyon in the Río Salado basin (22°S) of Northern Chile ⁎ Claudio Latorre a,b, , Julio L. Betancourt c, Mary T.K. Arroyo b a Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB), Departamento de Ecología, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile b Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile c Desert Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey and University of Arizona, 1675 W. Anklam Rd., Tucson, AZ 85745, USA Received 20 January 2005 Available online 24 March 2006 Abstract Plant macrofossils from 33 rodent middens sampled at three sites between 2910 and 3150 m elevation in the main canyon of the Río Salado, northern Chile, yield a unique record of vegetation and climate over the past 22,000 cal yr BP. Presence of low-elevation Prepuna taxa throughout the record suggests that mean annual temperature never cooled by more than 5°C and may have been near-modern at 16,270 cal yr BP. Displacements in the lower limits of Andean steppe and Puna taxa indicate that mean annual rainfall was twice modern at 17,520–16,270 cal yr BP. This pluvial event coincides with infilling of paleolake Tauca on the Bolivian Altiplano, increased ENSO activity inferred from a marine core near Lima, abrupt deglaciation in southern Chile, and Heinrich Event 1. Moderate to large increases in precipitation also occurred at 11,770–9550 (Central Atacama Pluvial Event), 7330–6720, 3490–2320 and at 800 cal yr BP.
    [Show full text]