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Hills,Woods,And Sweeping Vales HILLS, WOODS, AND SWEEPING VALES A Natural Resources Inventory of Lyndeborough, New Hampshire Prepared for the Lyndeborough Conservation Commission February, 2009 by Joseph M. Trudeau Preserve Land Works Hancock, NH To the mountain- My being, values, habits, and memories; founded in the land, in countless days of childhood hikes and hunts, of boiling sap and berry topped hills, of bicycle rides through forest tunnels; coming to know the earth, my self, and others. Insight gained from the room to roam, the space to expand in, and mystery enough to beckon a return, time and time again; my father the same, and his before. May the liberty of land remain for the next generation, for it to soften a child’s heart, callous his hand, tune his vision, and unwrap his mind, with discovery, distance, and depth. Joe Trudeau, Hancock, NH, January 2009 “The mountain, yonder is the same; the hills which I used to climb are the same. The rocks are still here, and many as huge as ever. I find the same narrow valleys and winding roads. From the hilltops are the same wide views and charming prospects of nature.” -Daniel Putnam, 1889, on his homecoming to Lyndeborough at its 150th anniversary celebration Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory i Trudeau 2009 The title for this report, Hills, Woods, and Sweeping Vales is an adaptation of text within the Physical Features chapter of the “History of Lyndeborough, N.H., 1735-1905, v. 1,” by the Reverend D. Donovan and Jacob A. Woodward. Cover photos, clockwise from upper left: long beech fern (Phegopteris connectilis); black gum foliage (Nyssa sylvatica); ice encrusted branches; Littleton Formation schist Following page: The view north from Winn Mountain, past Rose Mountain, Crotched Mountain, the Contoocook Valley, and to Mount Kearsarge. This page: Lyndeborough Mountain from Ted’s Trail, North Pack Monadnock, Greenfield, NH All photos in this report by Joe Trudeau unless otherwise noted Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory ii Trudeau 2009 HILLS, WOODS, AND SWEEPING VALES A Natural Resources Inventory of Lyndeborough, New Hampshire JOSEPH M. TRUDEAU, CONSERVATION ECOLOGIST PRESERVE LAND WORKS 52 KIMBALL ROAD HANCOCK, NH, 03449 603-562-6226 www.preservelandworks.com Conservation Science Ecological Forestry Environmental Education Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory iii Trudeau 2009 LYNDEBOROUGH, NEW HAMPSHIRE & 1 mile buffer in SHADED RELIEF showing STREAMS, PONDS & WETLANDS Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory iv Trudeau 2009 Map created with National Geographic TOPO! software Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory v Trudeau 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication i List of Maps ix List of Photographs x List of Tables & Charts xiii Chapter 1: Purpose & Scope 1 Elements of the Natural Resources Inventory 5 How the Natural Resources Inventory can be used 6 Areas in need of improvement 8 Public involvement, outreach, & press 10 Chapter 2: Geography & Landscape Features 19 The shifting face of Lyndeborough 19 Mountains & Hills 21 Streams & Ponds 23 Base map interpretation 23 Chapter 3: Geology & Soils 25 The building of New England 26 Lyndeborough’s rocks 31 Spaulding Tonalite 32 Perry Mountain Formation 33 Rangeley Formation 34 Littleton Formation 35 Smalls Falls Formation 37 Massabesic Gneiss Complex 38 Gray Biotite Granite 38 Glaciation & Glacial Features 39 Soils Overview 44 Agricultural Soils 45 Chapter 4: Land Cover & Vegetation 47 2001 Land Cover Classification 50 Wildlife Action Plan Habitat Types 51 Vegetation Types & Natural Community Descriptions 52 Mixed Forests 54 Hemlock-beech-oak-pine forest 56 Dry red oak-white pine forest 57 Dry Appalachian oak-hickory forest 58 Appalachian oak-mountain laurel forest 59 Appalachian oak-pine forest 60 Beech-Oak Forests 61 Red oak-pine rocky ridge / Red spruce-heath-cinquefoil rocky ridge 63 Red oak-black birch wooded talus 64 Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory vi Trudeau 2009 Beech forest 65 White oak-beech forest 66 White-Red Pine Forests 67 White pine forest 69 Hemlock Forests 70 Hemlock-white pine forest 72 Hemlock forest 72 Other Hardwood Forests 73 Hemlock-beech-northern hardwood forest 75 Semi-rich mesic sugar maple forest 76 Rich-mesic forests 77 Rich red oak rocky woods 78 Lowland Spruce-Fir Forests 79 Hemlock-spruce-northern hardwood forest 81 Open, Successional, & Agricultural Lands 82 Hayfields & Pastures 83 Early successional forests 84 Plant species inventory 85 Trees 87 Shrubs 88 Wildflowers 90 Vines 96 Ferns 97 Club-mosses 97 Grasses, sedges & rushes 98 Mushrooms 99 Plant species analysis: species tallies, native/exotic status, invasive species 104 Plant species analysis: wetland indicator status 106 Chapter 5: Wetlands & Water Resources 107 What are wetlands? 107 Wetland functional values 108 US Fish & Wildlife Service wetlands classification 109 Wetland mapping units used in this NRI 112 Watershed analysis 113 Wetland proximity to roads and buildings 114 Forested Wetlands overview 115 Shrub-Scrub Wetlands overview 116 Emergent Marshes overview 116 Wetland Natural Community Descriptions 117 Red maple-sensitive fern swamp 117 Red maple-Sphagnum basin swamp 117 Seasonally flooded red maple swamp 118 Hemlock-cinnamon fern forest 118 Black gum-red maple basin swamp 119 Hemlock forest/woodland variant 120 Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory vii Trudeau 2009 Mountain laurel variant 120 Boggy forest/woodland variant 121 Boggy woodland/tall shrub thicket variant 121 Subacid forest seep 122 Vernal woodland pools 122 Highbush blueberry-winterberry shrub thicket 123 Winterberry-cinnamon fern wooded fen 123 Highbush blueberry-sweet gale-meadowsweet shrub thicket 123 Tall graminoid emergent marsh 124 Mixed tall graminoid-scrub-shrub marsh 124 Medium depth emergent marsh & Cattail marsh 125 Deep emergent marsh-aquatic bed & Aquatic beds 126 Significant wetland complexes 127 Badger Pond-Curtis Brook wetland complex 128 Central Lyndeborough-Furnace Brook-Putnam Pond wetland complex 130 Chapter 6: Wildlife & Habitats 132 Mammals 134 Reptiles & Amphibians 136 Fish 139 Birds 140 Defining important, significant & critical habitats of Lyndeborough 145 Unfragmented forest blocks 146 Critical habitat types: prime examples 147 Winn Mountain: high diversity along elevational and moisture gradients 148 Depiction of wetland-upland ecotones at Putnam Pond 149 Dry montane shrublands: the ecological context 150 Co-occurrence analysis of critical habitats 153 Chapter 7: Conservation & Public Lands 154 Land Conservation Entities 155 Natural Resources Protected Currently by Conservation Lands 162 Chapter 8: Co-occurrence Mapping of Conservation Priorities 167 Conservation Priorities Analysis-Correlations with state and regional analyses 169 Conservation Focus Areas 173 Chapter 9: Conclusions & Recommendations 175 Literature Cited 178 Appendices Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory viii Trudeau 2009 LIST OF MAPS Following text in plastic sleeves* To accompany Chapter 2: Base Map To accompany Chapter 3: Geology To accompany Chapter 3: Soils To accompany Chapter 4: Land Cover & Vegetation To accompany Chapter 5: Wetlands & Water Resources To accompany Chapter 6: Important Ecological Features To accompany Chapter 6: Highest Quality Habitat Co-occurrence To accompany Chapter 7: Conservation & Public Lands To accompany Chapter 8: Conservation Priorities Co-occurrence To accompany Chapter 8: Important Agricultural Lands Co-occurrence *When referred to in text of report will be typed in ALL CAPS In-text maps Lyndeborough in Shaded Relief…………………………………… … iv Topography of Lyndeborough & Neighboring Area…………….……. v Wapack Mountain Range…………………………………………..….. 21 The Mountains and hills of Lyndeborough…………………………….. 22 Generalized population distribution by building density………………. 24 Generalized bedrock geologic map of New Hampshire……………….. 28 Lithotectonic zones of New Hampshire………………………………... 29 Lyndeborough’s location at the edge of a lithotectonic zone…………... 30 Agricultural soils……………………………………………………….. 46 Significant invasive plant populations…………………………………. 105 Location of significant wetland complexes…………………………….. 127 Badger Pond-Curtis Brook wetland complex…………………………... 128 Central Lyndeborough-Furnace Brook-Putnam Pond wetland complex 130 Conservation & Public Lands Ownership Patterns…………………….. 158 Conservation of Unfragmented Forest Blocks >750 acres…………….. 164 New Hampshire Everlasting Co-occurrence Maps…………………….. 169 Portion of Piscataquog River Watershed Co-occurrence Map…………. 170 Wildlife Action Plan Maps: State………………………………………. 171 Wildlife Action Plan Map: Region……………………………………... 172 Lyndeborough Natural Resources Inventory ix Trudeau 2009 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ALL PHOTOGRAPHS BY JOE TRUDEAU UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED View north from Winn Mountain in winter…………………………………………………. i View of Lyndeborough Mountain from North Pack Monadnock Mountain………………... ii Sunrise over North Pack Monadnock Mountain, Lyndeborough Mountain, & The Uncanoonuc Hills from South Pack Monadnock Mountain………………………… 1 Sunset over the Wapack Range from The Pinnacle Courtesy of Amber Fields…………….. 2 Winn Mountain and beaver pond in autumn………………………………………………… 4 Lyndeborough Mountain from Crotched Mountain………………………………….……… 9 Badger Pond and The Pinnacle in mid-summer……………………………………………... 19 Littleton schist on Lyndeborough Mountain………………………………………………… 25 Close-up of Spaulding Tonalite rock from side of Center Road…………………………...... 32 Perry Mountain Formation outcrop on Piscataquog Mountain……………………………… 33 Close-up of Rangeley Formation rock from Cold Brook…………………………………… 34 Littleton
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