MIMBAR, Vol.34 No 2nd (December) 2018 pp. 378-388

Jeje-Adang’s Capital Relations in Local Election of Regency

1 2 3 RATNIA SOLIHAH, ARRY BAINUS, MUDIYATI RAHMATUNNISA

1Department of Political Science, UNPAD, Sumedang, 2Department of International Relation, UNPAD, Sumedang, 3 Department od Political Science, UNPAD, Sumedang email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. The study of Jeje-Adang’s capital relations in election aims to analyze the influence of one capital to other capital ownership process which ultimately plays a role in winning political contestation. This study uses qualitative approach with descriptive method through field studies by means of interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The study results indicate a relationship between political capital, economic capital, and Jeje-Adang’s social capital in local election of Pangandaran Regency. In this relation, the utilization of social capital contributes to the acquisition of Jeje-Adang’s political and economic capital. Enhancement of the pair’s social capital is due to the use of political capital through their involvement in politics and government and the utilization of economic capital as entrepreneurs prior to the election. Thus, the relationship between political capital, social capital, and economic capital of Jeje-Adang is contributed to their winning in Pangandaran Regency election. Keywords: social capital, political capital, economy capital, local election

Introduction namely political support from political parties or coalitions of political parties which The process of direct local election influenced by the ability, capacity, and can be described as political contestation political character of the candidates along with which contains capital competition between the role of candidate’s winning team, support regional head candidates and the deputy from volunteers and social community groups, head who participate in the election. This and voters’ trust on the candidates. is in line with Bourdieu’s thought (1986) that capital is closely related to the issue The local election of Pangandaran of power. Bourdieu’s point of departure Regency in 2015 was the first local political in constructing his capital theory is the contestation held in the newly expanded problem of domination. In a political society, in 2013. The local political domination is one of the main issues as a contestations for the Regent-Deputy Regent form of power actualization. This domination were followed by 3 (three) pairs of candidates, depends on the situation, resources (capital), namely H. Ino Darsono - Dr. Erwin Thamrin, Hj and strategy of the actor. Mapping the power Azizah Talita Dewi, S.Sos., MM - Sulaksana, relation is based on ownership and the ST, MT, and H. Jeje Wiradinata - H. Adang composition of capital (Haryatmoko, 2011). Hadari. In the political contestation, H. Ino Capital ownership in elections, particularly Darsono - dr. Erwin Thamrin gained 75,778 in local election of Pangandaran Regency, votes; Hj. Azizah Talita Dewi, S.Sos., MM - is interesting to be studied in line with the Sulaksana, ST, MT gained 23,216 votes; and anxiety of many parties over the high capital H. Jeje Wiradinata - H. Adang Hadari gained in the election and problems arise related to 140,481 votes. Based on the votes, H. Jeje the capital. Wiradinata - H. Adang Hadari gained 58.66% of the total valid votes and acclaimed as In this study, the high cost of capital the winner of local election of Pangandaran in local elections is not only determined by Regency in 2015 (KPU of Pangandaran money (material), but also by non-material, Regency, 2016: 91).

Received: April 10, 2018, Revision: Agustus 20, 2018, Accepted: December 14, 2018 Print ISSN: 0215-8175; Online ISSN: 2303-2499. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v34i2.3671.378-388 Accredited B based on the decree No.040/P/2014, valid on February, 18, 2014 until February, 18, 2019. Indexed by DOAJ, Sinta, IPI.

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The success of gaining more than There are several forms of capital in 50% votes in local election of Pangandaran political contestation (local elections). By Regency showed a high level of public trust constructing the capital concept of Bourdieu for Jeje-Adang to become a regional leader (1986), Marijan (2006), and Casey (2008), in Pangandaran Regency. The success of this basically candidates must at least have candidate in winning significant votes, one of political capital, economic capital, and which, was determined by the ownership and social capital to be succeeded in political use of political, economic, and social capital, contestation. along with the accumulation and relationship According to Marijan (2006: 89), the between these capitals in optimizing vote direct local election process can be described acquisition, which subsequently gave the as political contestation which requires 3 candidate a victory to became Regent and main capitals from each candidate who Deputy Regent of Pangandaran Regency for will compete in the election. Those three the period of 2016-2021. capitals aforementioned are political, social, The studies of capital in political context, and economic capital which can influence among others, are carried out by Booth and a candidate in obtaining support from the Richard (1997) who see the effects of civil community. The greater accumulation of society, political capital, and democratization capitals owned by a candidate, the greater on the level of democracy in Central America; support would be obtained. and study of Birner and Wittmer (2007) who Marijan argues that political capital raised the case of converting social capital is political support from both the people into political capital in Thailand and Columbia. and political forces which seen as people’s To review their study, Birner and Witmer representation (2010: 184-185). Casey made a concept of political capital which defines political capital as the use of all examine how local communities use social types of capital owned by political actors or capital to achieve political results through institutions to produce beneficial political political activities, such as vote mobilization, actions and strengthen the position of political direct participation in legislative processes, actors/institutions concerned (2008: 7). protests/demonstrations, lobbying, and Political capital can also be in a form of support building discourse (as political capital) to from political organizations and community create democracy. organizations for local political elites that In some studies of local elections with influence the victory and political positions political economic perspective which include which affect the community (Nurhasim, 2003: the study of capital in political contestation 8). Hick and Misra (Pantouw, 2012) argue that (capital in the elections), most researchers political capital is sharing the focus of giving focus more on one capital (such as political the power or resources to actualize things capital, economic capital, social capital, that can create interest. In essence, political cultural capital) and only describe one or capital is the power a person has which can several capitals owned by the regent and be operated or contributed to the success of deputy regent candidate pair in the election his contestation in political process such as (among others, Arwantinna, 2013; Putra, elections. 2012; Pantouw, 2012; Rasyid, 2012; Thus, political capital can be concluded Agusyanto, 2011). Whereas, this study as political support from political forces. It is focuses on the relationship between political also the utilization of all types of capital owned capital, economic capital, and social capital by political actors/institutions to produce owned by Jeje-Adang which determined their political actions that benefit and strengthen victory in election. their positions so that their political reputation Based on the above description, is in the viewpoint of people outside, especially researchers are interested to conduct a those of potential voters. In addition, political study of Relationship between Political capital is also the power a person has (his/ Capital, Economic Capital and Social Capital her political capacity and experience, as of Jeje-Adang in local election of Pangandaran well as political and strategic position in Regency in 2015. The highlight of this study political institutions) which can be operated is to analyze how one capital contributes and or contributed to the success in political influences other capital ownership processes, processes such as elections. which finally played a role in winning the In electoral contestation, the role of political contestation. political capital shows that political parties can

379 MIMBAR, Vol.34 No 2nd (December) 2018 pp. 378-388 function as entry points for the candidates, structure that can facilitate the actions of particularly for those who are not party actors involved, either as individuals or cadres, and in the meantime the parties fail groups. Like other capitals, social capital is to find competent figures regarding political productive, which can be used to achieve a funding (economic capital) and political certain goal. Some of the main components support from voters (social capital). of social capital include interaction and communication, common values ​​and norms, Economic capital is a political fund networks, trust, solidarity, a n d norms of greatly needed by candidates and the winning reciprocity (Fiisabiilillah, 2014: 212). team to finance all stages of the election. The role of economic capital (political funds) The relation between social capital and is a driver of political machinery which can political capital was stated b y Agusyanto determine the winning strategy implemented (2011: 42-43), that the principles of social by each candidate and his winning team, relations in social network of voters greatly especially to finance various operational needs influence and even determine the success of of campaign activities. a regional head candidate in winning a local election. It is because by understanding the Political fund is economic capital that nature of the relationship, social relation can should be possessed by the candidates to predict the situational logic (rules-norms) it compete and succeed in political contestation creates, determine the type of control and (local elections). This political fund can be exchanges useful for formulating programs seen through the source of its acquisition and strategies for winning the right elections; and use as it stated by Sahdan and Haboddin formulate significant campaign material; and (2009: 124-125), that (1) Viewed from the utilize actors who have important positions source, political funds come from candidates’ (broker/bridge, star/patron or cut points) as contributions and donations from donors, communication channels useful for the good both individually and companies. Political image of a candidate and set the agreements funds can also be interpreted as concrete to get maximum vote. manifestations of community participation and support for the candidates; (2) In terms The relation between social capital and of use, political funds are differentiated based economic capital occurs when political funds on the form of allocation of expenditure: to (as economic capital) are not only used to finance political party’s routine activities and finance the campaigns, but also to build campaign expenditures. relationships with their supporters, including to mobilize support from the campaign stage The amount of political funds used to the voting stage. The strong relationship by candidates and the winning team does between economic capital and social capital not necessarily guarantee they will win the is able to push the winning team to interact election. Some local elections show that optimally with the grassroots to get support, public confidence in choosing a candidate is sympathy, and maximum vote in the elections. not always directly proportional to the cost spent by candidates. In political contestation, The relationship between political besides being supported by political funds capital, economic capital, and social capital in (economic capital), candidates are also elections is conceptually expressed by several assessed by their figures and morality, as well political experts under the name of “patronage as the role of social networks, political support and clientelism” (Aspinal and Sukmajati, from voters, and the influence of social and 2015: 22-23). Patronage is an exchange of economic actors. profits to gain political support, including the exchange of material with people support Social capital has an equal important to cast their votes in the elections. Various role as other capitals. Having a social capital methods are used to obtain political support, means candidates are known by voters. Voters including by wrapping gifts as charities which know them, physically and socially, which contain religious sanctions or social generosity means they can make better assessment in the situation where community leaders upon whether the candidates are worthy of must be involved; for example, by activating being chosen or not. A candidate with social social norms about gratitude, reciprocity, capital means he/she is not only known by and personal obligations, thus encouraging the community, but also given the trust to recipients to give gifts. Candidates also try to become a leader (Pantouw, 2012: 7). build clientelist relations with beneficiaries of Social capital contains aspects of social this patronage politics or through trustworthy

380 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 RATNIA SOLIHAH, et al. Jeje-Adang's Capital Relations in Local Election of Pangandaran Regency intermediaries, social networks, and those who of leadership figures, popularity, closeness are already have close personal relationship to society, political gait, and experience. with voters. Great number of people who support the candidate, both individual and group through Thus, it can be said that political communities, are taken into consideration competition is not merely determined by by political parties in carrying out and having political capital, but also specified by supporting the candidate. Jeje-Adang’s figure social capital and economic capital. Moreover, is considered to be able to bridge different the relationship between these capitals political parties. In addition, based on the influences the formation and presence of results of a survey conducted by institutions, other capital accumulations. it shows that Jeje-Adang’s electability is always higher than the other candidates. Based on those considerations, political Research methods parties decided to support Jeje-Adang as a In this study, researchers use descriptive candidate in local election of Pangandaran method with qualitative approach. Data Regency in 2015. Thus, from the description collection is done through field studies and above, it can be seen that political support is literature studies. Field studies as primary influenced by social capital. data sources are conducted through in- Jeje-Adang’s political capacity, depth interviews with purposively-selected experience, and position determine the informants, while literature studies as support from political parties. Jeje-Adang secondary data sources obtained by reviewing has the ability to use their role as political documents/literatures related to the problems and government officials to interact closely examined. with the community, which means their social Informants in this study are Regent of capital has been built long before local election Pangandaran Regency period of 2016-2021, of Pangandaran Regency was held. Their Deputy Regent of Pangandaran Regency social capital is one of the reasons for major period of 2016-2021, Chair of Pangandaran political parties in Pangandaran to support Regency Election Commission, political them, despite that this candidate is also party party leaders supporting Jeje-Adang in local cadres with political experience, positions, and election of Pangandaran Regency, volunteer abilities considered good (credible). representatives supporting Jeje-Adang, Proper political actions can be beneficial community leader, community groups to and strengthen the position of political actors representatives, and local mass media. or political institutions. It can be seen by Jeje’s Three activities are carried out in data political behavior and actions during his career analysis technique, namely data reduction, in politics and government in Ciamis, where data presentation, and data conclusion (Miles he directly interacted and communicated and Huberman, 1992: 16-21). In validating with various group communities, especially data, a triangulation technique is used Pangandaran community as part of Ciamis to check data from different sources and community. He often attended various different techniques. community activities held by various groups of society, as well as conducting populist development programs when he served as Jeje-Adang’s Political Capital deputy regent of Pangandaran, with programs in Local Election of Pangandaran such as giving fertilizer and subsidized Regency in 2015 seed for farmers, giving Raskin (rice for the unfortunates/poor), arranging land Jeje-Adang’s political capital in local certificates at free costs for the poor, and election of Pangandaran Regency in 2015 can program to increase business empowerment be seen through: (a) the coalition of political and economy of Pangandaran fishermen with parties supporting Jeje-Adang; (b) political the establishment of fishing communities. positions; (c) political actions that benefit and strengthen the position of political actors or Meanwhile, Adang’s behavior and political institutions; (d) political contracts; actions during his career in government and and (e) winning strategies. society are considered good because he was close to various communities, as well as Supporting from political parties (PDIP, being a successful entrepreneur who often Golkar Party, Democratic Party, and PKS) helps the community. His role as a member is influenced by Jeje-Adang’s social capital

381 MIMBAR, Vol.34 No 2nd (December) 2018 pp. 378-388 of presidium of Pangandaran Regency, which be seen through aspects of: (a) obtaining was considered to have contributed to the funds from individuals (candidates), political expansion of Pangandaran region, was also parties, donations, etc.; (b) the acquisition considered positive and feasible to accompany of funds originating from the ownership of a Jeje as the regional leader in Pangandaran. private company or winning team, and (c) the use of campaign funds. The establishment of political support for Jeje-Adang was not made explicit in Reports on Revenue and Expenditures of written political contracts between candidates Jeje-Adang’s Campaign Fund in Pangandaran and political parties. However, it is more likely Regency Election in 2015 were based on the to be a joint commitment to create common audit of Public Accountants Office shown in perceptions of vision and mission and the Table 1. realization of Jeje-Adang’s political promises during the elections to become real programs Table 1 if they were elected as Regent-Deputy Regent Report on the Reception and in Pangandaran. Expenditure of Jeje-Adang’s Campaign Funds There were also no political contracts between Jeje-Adang and various social Description Jeje Wiradinata & communities and supporting volunteers Adang Hadari because they have put their enormous trust in Rp. Unit Jeje-Adang to be able to realize their political A Balance of August promises in accordance with the needs of 24, 2015 Pangandaran people. The amount of public Cash in a Special 7.000.000 0 trust is Jeje-Adang’s social capital which Account becomes the reason why there is no need for Cash in the 1.000.000 0 a political contract in the process of political Treasurer support for the candidate in Pangandaran Goods 15.000 0 Regency election. Receivables 5.985.000 0 Payable 0 0 The winning strategy implemented by Jeje-Adang’s winning team is based on their B Revenue 865.003.121 0 social capital. The magnitude of Jeje-Adang’s 1 Candidate Pair 100.000.000 0 social capital determines strategy approach 2 200.000.000 0 carried out by the winning team, which then Political Parties and Coalition of Political can be added to the accumulation of existing Parties (Total social capital. Political communication and Income) consolidation are used to facilitate and 3 Donations from 565.000.000 0 accommodate community aspirations. The Other Parties interaction between Jeje-Adang and various (Individuals social communities was held directly as it was Donations) done with the winning teams at the district, 4 Other Party 0 0 sub-district, hamlet and RW levels, and Donation Groups the lowest part of community in socializing 5 Donations from 0 0 Jeje-Adang’s flagship programs. Political Other Parties consolidation often carried out between of Private Legal Jeje-Adang, the winning team, the volunteer Entities team and various social communities in the Other Commitments 3.121 0 campaign; while political communication carried out by the volunteer team in socializing C Expenditures 864.988.200 0 Jeje-Adang’s superior programs to their 1 Operational 839.493.200 0 families, individuals, and various community Expenditures groups in Pangandaran. a. Limited meetings 448.493.200 0 b. Face to face 15.750.000 0 meeting Jeje-Adang’s Economic Capital c. Making ad 74.725.000 0 in Local Election of Pangandaran production in Regency in 2015 printed mass media and electronic mass Jeje-Adang’s economic capital in media Pangandaran Regency Election in 2015 can

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d. Make campaign 45.000.000 0 aspect of Jeje-Adang’s economic capital props design showed that although Adang was known as e. Distribution of 170.000.000 0 a successful entrepreneur, the community campaign material still cared providing financial support for the to the public success of Jeje-Adang in local election of f. Other activities 0 0 Pangandaran Regency. that do not violate the prohibition of Funding support from communities campaigns and laws are the biggest donations to the candidate. g. Etc 85.518.200 0 Community support is a social capital that formed and raised the candidates. It can’t 2 Capital Expenditures 25.495.000 0 be separated from the figure of Adang as an entrepreneur (economic capital) that used a. Vehicle 0 0 Purchases to build good relationships and interactions b. Equipment 25.495.000 0 (by providing social assistance, especially Purchases for disadvantaged people) which frequently c. Etc 0 0 carried out long before Pangandaran regional election was held. 3 Other Expenditures 0 0 Adang’s social and economic capital also a. Allowance for 0 0 contributed to the acquisition of support from Receivables political parties (political capital). His figure b. Debt Payments 0 0 as an entrepreneur with high social capital influences political support from political D Balance of 32.509.921 0 parties that have been with him for one year December 5, 2015 before the nomination announced. His figure Cash in a Special 955.121 0 of entrepreneur is considered to be able Account to drive the political machinery in political Cash in the 74.800 0 contestation. Treasurer Goods 31.480.000 0 As an entrepreneur, he is close to and trusted by the community which influences Receivables 0 0 Payable the political parties that support him. Big More differences support from community is social capital (less) that contributed to the vote acquisition of 0 0 Jeje-Adang in local election of Pangandaran Regency in 2015. Source: KPU of Pangandaran Regency, 2016. The use of campaign funds in Pangandaran Regency election in 2015 Based on Table 1, it can be seen among showed there was a relationship between other things that campaign funds come from Jeje-Adang’s economic capital and Jeje- personal financial support (Jeje-Adang), Adang’s social capital in Pangandaran election, political parties, donations, and others. In where most of the candidate campaign funds the component of Jeje-Adang’s campaign were from individual community. It means funding revenue, donations from other parties social capital contributes to the candidates’ (individuals) made the largest contribution economic capital. Meanwhile, the use of of 65% to the total campaign financial campaign funds is influenced by conditions of input (KPU, Pangandaran Regency Election social capital (community support) including Commission, 2016: 61) which was obtained support from social community and volunteer from volunteers and communities in the name teams, so that limited meeting campaign held of individual donations and not on behalf of the are considered the most effective efforts to group or a business institution. The amount consolidate and coordinate the winning teams of donations from other parties (individuals) with supporters. showed the magnitude of community support for Jeje-Adang. Community support is social Accordingly, the conditions of social capital that shows public trust in candidates. capital and ownership (utilization) of economic Thus, Jeje-Adang’s social capital contributed capital affect the winning strategy (one of the significantly to their economic capital in the elements of political capital) carried out by the election. winning team of Jeje-Adang in local election of Pangandaran Regency in 2015. Revenue of campaign funds as one

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Jeje-Adang’s Social Capital in Local and Deputy Regent of Ciamis Regency before Election of Pangandaran Regency in Pangandaran was expanded and separated 2015 from Ciamis Regency. The same thing was done by Adang through his (utilization of) Jeje-Adang’s social capital in the election economic capital as an entrepreneur in can be seen through aspects of: (a) leadership Pangandaran who often provided assistance figures of candidates due to their capacity, to people in need and actively involved in capability, and integrity, (b) community various community activities in Pangandaran. trust in candidates, (c) social interaction between candidates and supporters, and Social networks (social communities) (d) the existence of social networks (social and volunteer teams are the elements communities) and volunteer teams. that influence the optimization of Jeje- Adang’s social capital. The interaction with From the aspect of leadership figure, and support from social communities and it showed that Jeje-Adang is well known volunteer teams in the elections help the to the public. They are considered good candidate’s winning team in socializing and candidate, leaders who close to Pangandaran’s conveying Jeje-Adang’s vision, mission, community, has political and governmental and superior programs to the community. capacity which can be seen from their political Political consolidation and interaction with and government’s experience. In addition, social networks (social community groups) both of them are also assessed to have good also shows the magnitude of Jeje-Adang’s integrity in their work as community leaders, social capital in the election. It influences the political leaders, officials in government, implementation of their winning strategy (as and members of society. It makes them one of the elements in optimizing political trusted and supported by the community capital) in the election, which is also related (both individual communities and community to the use of candidate’s campaign funds groups) to become candidates for regional (utilization of economic capital) to finance leaders in Pangandaran Regency. In other campaigns in the form of limited meetings word, both have the considerable social with communities. capital to compete as candidate pairs in local election of Pangandaran Regency in 2015. Based on the description above, the This magnitude of community support is relation between those capitals can be one of the reasons why Jeje-Adang pair is seen from the role of candidate’s social supported by a coalition of major parties in capital to the optimization of political and Pangandaran (PDIP, Golkar Party, Democratic economic capital in the contestation, in which Party, and PKS). the process of political capital ownership is strongly influenced by social capital Jeje-Adang’s social capital of public ownership. Likewise, the process of economic trust was not established over one night or capital ownership is strongly influenced by only during the election process. It is gradually social capital ownership. achieved based on the closeness of physical, social, and emotional, which has been built up However, the candidate’s social capital several years prior to the election. This social emerged and built long before political capital of public trust is one of the reasons for contestation began, where the process political parties (that affects the acquisition of utilizing political capital occurred by of political capital) to support Jeje-Adang as interactions and building relationships and the candidate, which then greatly contributed closeness (physical, social and emotional) to the candidate’s victory in local election of with various community groups (from their Pangandaran Regency in 2015. work as officials in government) and ended up gaining community trust and support Social interactions carried out by Jeje (social capital). Likewise, the use of economic and Adang with Pangandaran community capital (the candidate as entrepreneurs) that became one of the factors in the formation has been possessed long before the political of their social capital as long as they are contestation, where he was frequently Pangandaran citizens or community leaders interacting and providing materials to assist and living their career in politics and the community and finally gained public government, which have been built several trust (social capital). Thus, the relationship years before the election. Social interaction is between political capital, economic capital, one form of political capital utilization carried and social capital of the candidate in political out by Jeje when serving as Chair of Regional contestation is the use of one capital to Representative Council of Ciamis Regency

384 ISSN 0215-8175 | EISSN 2303-2499 RATNIA SOLIHAH, et al. Jeje-Adang's Capital Relations in Local Election of Pangandaran Regency optimize other capitals which can influence local election of Pangandaran Regency can be and determine the success of candidate to seen in the Table 2. win political contestation.

Field Findings Table 2 Field findings in the study of Jeje- Level of Candidates Popularity in Local Adang’s capital relations in local election of Election of Pangandaran Regency Pangandaran Regency in 2015 are as follows: Popularity Candidate May August 2015 2015 The Candidate’s Branding (Personal 1. H. Jeje Wiradinata 94,6% 90,7% Branding) 2. H. Adang Hadari 81,0% 63,9% The candidate’s branding (especially 3. Hj. Azizah Talita Dewi 77,9% 68,2% Jeje) is a form of political strategy proposed 4. H. Cucu Sulaksana 45,5% 26,9% by Jeje’s political colleague when he still 5. H. Ino Darsono 49,9% 47,0% worked as a politician in Ciamis Regency. It was carried out several years before the 6. Dr. Erwin Thamrin 50,6% 22,5% election, when the idea of the expansion Source: Survey Lamda , 2015. of Pangandaran as the new autonomous region was proposed and studied by various Based on Table 2 above, there is a stakeholders. The branding process was comparison of candidates’ popularity in the initiated when Jeje worked as Deputy Regent first survey held in May 2015 with the next of Ciamis Regency, by performing political survey held three months later (August communication to Pangandaran community 2015), which has increased the popularity of (which then became one of the important each candidate. This increase was not only factors in marketing the candidate), and he triggered by the incessant socialization of ended up became so popular in communities. each team, but also because of the candidates Armed with and having social capital who had officially registered to local election he had built since 1999, the political commission. communication process was carried out For the popularity level of regent well by Jeje as Deputy Regent of Ciamis candidates, Jeje was dominated with a Regency, including implementation of populist percentage of 94.6% of respondents who development and government programs for knew him. Jeje’s high popularity compared Pangandaran people which was still part of to other candidates is his social capital in Ciamis Regency at that time. This political Pangandaran regional election. One of the communication strategy succeeded in bringing important factors that made him popular Jeje closer to various community groups was the political communication strategy he and made them considered that he would successfully implemented. be able to understand the conditions and The success of communication strategy characteristics of Pangandaran community. can be assessed effective if it considers all The popularity of Jeje can be seen the relevant communication elements. The in the survey results on the popularity of relationship between related communication Candidates of Pangandaran Regent in 2015 elements is stated by Appelbaum & Anatol based on the survey of “Political Behavior quoted by Rachmiatie et al (2013, 216), which and Perception of the Pangandaran District includes: (1) The source-receiver relationship Community Facing the Simultaneous Local is a relationship determined by the purpose Election in 2015”, conducted and released of communication activity; (2) The source- by Lamda Survey Indonesia (http://www. environment relationship refers to social, lamda-ksi.com/2015/ 11/tingkat-popularitas- political, and cultural effects on the speaker calon-bupati.html). The survey uses a in certain communication situations; (3) The multistage random sampling method by receiver-environment relationship refers to taking respondents of 750 people who are social, political, and cultural effects on a set spread proportionally in Pangandaran district of psychological conditions of the recipient; of West province. The elections survey (4) The receiver-message relationship refers was released in September 2015. According to the effect of communication appears on to the survey results, the popularity of each the recipient caused by the form, content, candidate (individual) who will compete in the and presentation of the message. Thus, the

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main element for establishing an effective Other 3.121 0 and efficient political communication strategy Commitments depends on the situation and environment Total Revenue 865.003.121 0 when political communication takes place. This will be determined by the patterns of Source: KPU of Pangandaran Regency, 2016. relations between political actors involved Based on table 3, revenues of Jeje- (2013: 126). Adang’s campaign fund mostly derived from donations of other parties (individual Personal branding supported by donations) with the percentage of 65% effective political communication strategy from total revenues. Individual community has succeeded in building the magnitude voluntarily provides campaign fund assistance of Jeje’s social capital as one of the factors for Jeje-Adang as a realization of their that influenced Jeje-Adang’s political capital support. and economic capital in the election of Pangandaran Regency. The relationship between candidates and their supporting communities can be seen as a form of patronage relation. The patronage Patronage Relationship relation between two parties is established in Another finding is patronage relationship a way that the community is very dependent in the acquisition of Jeje-Adang’s social on Jeje-Adang as the newly formed regional capital, where the emerging of Jeje-Adang’s leader because the pair is socially and social capital is due to high trust and closeness emotionally close to the community as a result of physical, social, and emotional between of long-standing interactions and mutual the candidate and supporters (people who relation between them. depend on the pair). Jeje-Adang are well The patronage relationship can be seen known and trusted by Pangandaran people through Jeje-Adang’s social capital acquisition to become their leaders. It was a form of by activating social norms about thank-you, reciprocation from what people have received reciprocity, and personal obligations, thus and felt so far or from what Jeje-Adang have encouraging recipients of gifts to repay the given to the community. This physical, social, gifts (Aspinal and Sukmajati, 2015: 22- 23). and emotional closeness can finally be seen through the support of community for Jeje- Adang in the form of financial support for Rational Choice campaign funds, particularly and mostly from individual donations. This can be viewed in The relationship between Jeje-Adang’s the Table 3. social capital and political capital as well as economic capital can also be seen through Table 3 a rational choice approach for some people. Revenue of Jeje-Adang’s Campaign This is indicated by the tendency of most Fund people to choose Jeje-Adang because they are considered to have political capacity, Description Hj. Jeje Wiradinata & political experience, has a good track H. Adang Hadari record in politics and government, and Rp. Unit capable of understanding the conditions, Revenue potentials, problems, and characteristics of 1 Candidate Pair 100.000.000 0 the community and Pangandaran as a new 2 Political Parties 200.000.000 0 autonomous region. In other words, Jeje- and Coalition of Adang is rationally considered capable of Political Parties carrying and building Pangandaran to be (Total Income) a better place after being expanded from 3 Donations from 565.000.000 0 Ciamis. The community believe that the Other Parties candidate pair has the ability to be regional (Individuals Donations) leaders and they are better than other 4 Other Party 0 0 candidates. Donation Groups The findings of rational choice approach 5 Donations from 0 0 in the context of capital relations can clearly Other Parties be seen through the aspects of catalatics of Private Legal (exchange) and homo economicus (humans Entities who maximize their utility) as stated by

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Rachbini (2006: 68-83) that the two will aspect (maximizing its utility aspects). By always make reciprocal relations regarding maximizing this aspect, the community hopes what is received and what is given. The that Jeje-Adang will be able to understand and aspect of catalatics (exchange) can be seen accommodate the aspirations developed in from the support of individuals of community the community if they were elected as Regent- and various social communities (material Deputy Regent of Pangandaran. Furthermore, and non-material) for the candidate, with with their authority, the candidate pair the hope that superior programs (political is hoped to be able to create and run the promises) of Jeje-Adang concerning the development program based on community construction of infrastructure, public facilities aspirations. In other words, the community and community welfare will be realized if chooses Jeje-Adang because the candidate is the pair is elected in regional election. The considered to be able to provide benefits in homo economicus aspect is shown by the carrying out their duties and authority as the hope of various community groups towards Regent-Deputy Regent and will have a better Jeje-Adang as the leaders of newly expanded impact on improving the lives and welfare of Pangandaran region to be able bring progress the community. and improvement in community’s welfare, as well as bridging and overcoming socio- economic problems in accordance with Conclusion regional conditions and characteristics of The relationship between Jeje-Adang’s Pangandaran communities. political capital, economic capital, and social This condition can be seen through the capital in local election of Pangandaran acceptability level (community acceptance) Regency in 2015 can be seen through the of candidates, one of which is obtained utilization of Jeje-Adang’s social capital to through a survey conducted by Lamda Survey obtain and optimize their political capital Indonesia, as shown in the Table 4. and economic capital. On the contrary, Jeje- Adang’s social capital was awaked because of Table 4 the utilizing of their political capital in politics Acceptability level of Candidates in and government by building relationships, Local Election of Pangandaran Regency interactions, closeness (physical, social and in 2015 emotional) with various community groups in order to foster communities trust and Acceptability supports. Likewise, there is the utilization Candidate May of candidate’s economic capital (Adang as August 2015 2015 an entrepreneur) which has been carried 1. H. Jeje Wiradinata 83,9% 84,4% out long before political contestation takes 2. H. Adang Hadari 75,0% 93,4% place. Adang often interacts and provides 3. Hj. Azizah Talita Dewi 73,0% 85,9% material assistance to the community to 4. H. Cucu Sulaksana 43,9% 72,3% build and foster public trust for him. Thus, 5. H. Ino Darsono 55,8% 76,5% the relationship between political capital, 6. Dr. Erwin Thamrin 59,0% 77,4% economic capital, and social capital carried Source: Survey Lamda Indonesia, 2015. out by candidates in political contestation in the form of capital use to optimize other Based on table 4, it can be seen that capitals (and vice versa) can influence and public acceptance (acceptability level) for determine the success of the candidate to win candidates in local election of Pangandaran the political contestation. was above 70% (survey conducted in May 2015). While based on survey conducted in August 2015, after all the candidates were References officially announced by KPUD, the community Agusyanto, R. (2011). “Dukungan Politik acceptance (acceptability level) for Jeje took dan Jaringan Komunikasi Sosial Kasus the highest level, and the second one was Pemilihan Kepala Daerah Banjarbaru, Adang. Jeje and Adang were the candidates Selatan”. Journal for the Regent-Deputy Regent that eventually Communication Spectrum, Vol. 1 No. 1 won the election. (Februari - Juli 2011), p. 41-54. The high level of public acceptance Arwantinna, M. (2013). jmipm. for Jeje-Adang can be seen through a studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/ rational choice approach of homo economicus jmipm/.../2“Kemenangan Anton-sutiaji

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