ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS Vol. 9, No. 1, 2009

MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF

Adrian Pop*

Abstract.The paper aims to assess the main migration effects upon Romania following its accession to the EU, with a special focus on Moldova as Romania’s immediate neighbour and ENP partner state at the EU Eastern border. It relies on key findings drawn from current literature in the field, statistics provided by the Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania, and personal interviews of the author with relevant authorities and experts both in Romania and Moldova. The paper surveys the major source areas and countries for irregular migration affecting Romania, the methods and routes used in irregular migration, various aspects of Romania’s visa policy towards Moldova, the main features of the process of regaining Romanian citizenship by Moldovan nationals and the most important characteristics of migration from Moldova to Romania. The paper also introduces a number of recommendations on regulating labour migration, combating irregular migration and organized crime, control procedures at border checkpoints, visa policy, and dissemination of information, whose aim is to help improve the migration policies of Romania, Moldova, and as well as their cooperation from a cross-border perspective.

Keywords: irregular migration, labour migration, circular migration, visa policy

Major source areas and countries for a transit or destination country. Others irregular migration affecting Romania have crossed Romanian borders illegally, with the help of escorts or by hiding in Located in South-Eastern Europe, transportation. Romania is both a transit country and, to a In order to save the effort of crossing much lesser extent, a destination country several countries and to speed up illegal for migrants. For majority of migrants, entry in the Schengen zone, migrants Romania is just an intermediate step on apply for the refugee status in Romania. the way to Western Europe. After staying for some time in Romania, In order to forego mandatory visa they travel further to the West, aiming to application process, many foreign citizens reach mainly Spain, Italy, and Germany. enter Romania illegally. Lower-income The EU has asked repeatedly for a common persons have used falsified documents European asylum policy that would in order to obtain travel documents or discourage the practice of “shopping in the authorization for stay in Romania as search for asylum”. Under this practice

* Adrian Pop is Professor of International Relations with the Faculty of Political Sciences at the National School of Political and Administrative Studies in Bucharest. His main areas of expertise are CFSP and ESDP, ENP, EU policy in the area of Freedom, Security and Justice, EU-NATO security relationship, EU and NATO enlargement, and regional cooperation in the Black Sea region and South-Eastern Europe. E-mail: [email protected].

73 ADRIAN POP the same individual files multiple asylum Other sources of immigrants seeking applications in various EU member states asylum in Romania are: hoping that complicated and sometimes • The former Soviet area: Moldova, contradictory regulations for processing Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Belarus, the asylum applications will augment Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Russian her/his chances of success. In Romania, Federation; before EU accession, the number • South Eastern Europe: Bosnia of applicants for refugee status has and Herzegovina, , , continually decreased from 544 in 2004 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 485 in 2005 and to 381 in 2006. (FYROM), Albania, , , and The incidence of illegal crossing of Italy; Romanian borders increased from 2004 • Central America: Cuba; to 2005 and then significantly decreased • South America: Bolivia, from 2005 to 2006. The most sought-after Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela; borders for entering Romania were those • North America: USA. in the East and South. Legal crossings Further analyzing the source regions prevailed at the Southern border. By and countries for irregular migration to contrast, many border crossings at the Romania, whereby migrants apply for the Eastern border were illegal, probably, refugee status, during three consecutive due to the involvement in these activities years (2004-2006), one reaches the of organized criminal groups from following conclusions: the Russian Federation and other CIS • In the top three of ex-Soviet countries. Although in 2004 there were countries, Georgia takes the first place, no registered illegal crossings by foreign followed by the Republic of Moldova; citizens at the northern border, from • Iraq leads in the top three 2005 to 2006 the number of such almost Middle Eastern countries of origin, with quadrupled. a peak in 2005, followed by at a Major source regions and countries considerable distance; for irregular migration to or through • Among East Asian countries, Romania include: China registered the biggest number of • Middle East: Iraq, Iran, Syria, asylum seekers, with a peak in 2004; Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Yemen, • Although in 2004 the leading Kuwait, Israel, Egypt, and Turkey; source countries among the Far East • East Asia: China; (South Asian) countries were India, • Far East (South Asia): India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, these states Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri have registered a downward trend in the Lanka; two following years; • Africa: Somalia, Nigeria, Angola, • Asylum seekers from the South Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Eastern European countries are rather Burundi, Congo, Democratic Republic sporadic, and asylum applications of of Congo (Zaire), Cameroon, Djibouti, persons from Bulgaria, Bosnia and Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Libya, Liberia, Herzegovina, FYROM, and Greece were Morocco, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra registered only in 2006; Leone, Sudan, Tunisia, Togo, Mauritania, • Somalia leads the top of the Zimbabwe, and Malawi. African countries, with a peak in the

74 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA number of asylum seekers in 2006, in 2006, there were no asylum seekers followed by Nigeria and Liberia, with from these countries. peaks in the number of asylum seekers in All in all, the states generating the 2005; majority of migrants to Romania are • There were only a limited Iraq, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Syria, number of asylum seekers originating Somalia, and Turkey. from the Americas, due to factors such as distance, the well-developed economy Methods and routes used in irregular of North America, and the availability migration of other, more promising, immigration options. Irregular migrants to Romania commit The comparative analysis of statistical illegal border crossings through the green data from 2004 – 2006 on the countries border or border checkpoints and attempt of origin of asylum seekers in Romania to cross the border illegally by using reveals the following: forged and visas or hiding in • Iraq is the number one country of transportation. origin in 2005 and 2006; At present, the main routes for irregular • China, which was the leading migration through Romania are: country of origin in 2004, was in the • The Asiatic Route: Republic of third place in 2005 and 2006; Moldova-Romania--- • Somalia was in the second place Western Europe; in 2006, as compared with the fifth place • The African Route: Citizens of in 2004 and the eighth place in 2005; countries with high emigration rates, • The Republic of Moldova for instance Somalia, reach Romania by occupied the eleventh place in 2004 and plane and target Western Europe; 2006 but was no longer in the top 11 • The Kurdish Route: Turkey countries in 2005; (mainly Kurdish regions) - Bulgaria - • India, Nigeria, Liberia and Romania - Austria - Germany - The Bangladesh were among the top 11 Netherlands or, as a variant, Turkey countries of origin in 2004 and 2005, but (mainly Kurdish regions)- Bulgaria -

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

75 ADRIAN POP

Romania - Serbia - Italy/Spain. Persons of Afro-Asiatic origin In addition to these three main routes, undertake the following: there are five secondary routes: 1. Enter legally upon furnishing • China - Russian Federation - temporary visas through the “Henry Romania - Western European countries; Coanda” airport border checkpoints; • Iraq-Turkey - Romania - Western 2. Enter illegally through the green European countries; border in the East or South and claim • India -- Republic of Moldova- refugee status; Romania-Western European countries; 3. Illegally depart through the green • Romania - France - Spain - UK; border by the following routes: • Republic of Moldova/Ukraine- • Romania-Hungary-Austria- Romania-Western European countries. Germany; According to a study issued by the • Romania-Serbia-Bosnia-- Romanian Border Police in 2007, there Italy. are certain particularities regarding the The modus operandi of Moldovan methods and routes of various irregular citizens sets itself apart by the following migrants. characteristics: For example, the modus operandi 1. Legal entry only through the of migrating Chinese citizens is checkpoints for the international traffic at characterized by: Romania’s Eastern border; 1. Legal entry through the “Henry 2. Illegal departure through the Coanda” airport border checkpoints green border between Romania and upon presentation of valid temporary Hungary or Romania and Serbia or stay visas; through border checkpoints hiding in 2. Illegal crossing through the green transportation or by presenting falsified border during a legal stay by the following passports and visas. The following routes routes: are used by migrants: • Romania-Bulgaria/FYROM - • Romania - Hungary - - Greece - Italy; Czech Republic - Germany; • Romania - Serbia - Bosnia - • Romania - Hungary - Austria - Croatia-Italy/Germany; Germany; • Romania - Hungary - Austria - • Romania - Serbia - Bosnia - Germany. Croatia - Italy. Typically, the modus operandi of ethnic Kurdish migrants from Turkey Migration effects of Romania’s entails: accession to the EU 1. Legal entry upon presentation of temporary stay visas through the “Henry Following the latest EU enlargement, Coanda” airport border checkpoints the EU external borders with Serbia, or border checkpoints in Southern FYROM, Ukraine, and Turkey became Romania; more extended. A new external border 2. Illegal departure through the now stretches to Moldova, and the green border during a legal stay along Black Sea border makes the Southern Romania-Hungary-Austria-Germany Caucasus countries close neighbours. route. When the new Member States join the

76 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA

Schengen zone, land borders inside the Ukraine-Slovakia-Austria-Italy route. EU will likewise change. Changes in the 2. Augmentation of migratory waves EU borders trigger changes in migratory from the ex-Soviet region, especially routes, the abandonment of the existing from Georgia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and routes and emergence of new ones. New Kazakhstan. routes appear when the increased security 3. Development of networks of by the enforcement agencies tackling Romanian identification counterfeiters. A illegal immigration and organized case in point is the one based at Chişinău crime eliminates previous routes. In airport with branches in Budapest addition, in recent years migratory flows and Frankfurt am Main. This network have increasingly diversified, and new was discovered and destroyed by the migratory flows are emerging alongside Moldovan police. the traditional and relatively long-standing 4. Increase of migratory flows from ones. In this context, migration is more Asia, especially from China, as Asiatic difficult to manage and the EU Member migrants seek new routes to the EU States seek for solutions by conducting via Africa, the Mediterranean, and the cross-border dialogues and cooperation Atlantic. with and within the partner regions. 5. Inclusion of Romania and The EU enlargement process is Bulgaria in the East Mediterranean route. reshaping the European migration space. Key transit and destination countries According to some evaluations, between of this route are and Malta. 60 and 70 percent of irregular migrants Already up to 120,000 migrants cross are reaching Western Europe through the Mediterranean Sea and enter the EU Ukraine. Since Ukraine’s Western border illegally each year, in spite of the EU’s has become much harder to cross after FRONTEX operation. Romania’s accession to the EU, and its Partially, these trends have been Eastern and Northern borders are still confirmed by data on migrants more or less “porous”, a great number provided by the Ministry of Interior and of irregular migrants are likely to stay Administrative Reform of Romania. In in Ukraine and Moldova. Since the the first quarter of 2007 the number of economic situation in the countries migrants in Romania having as their of origin of irregular immigrants bears countries of origin Moldova, Turkey little signs of significant improvement, and China grew by 4 percent reaching trafficking, organized crime, and irregular 23,577 persons, i.e. 44 percent of the immigration are likely to remain a major total foreigners residing in Romania. security concern for Moldova, Ukraine, Out of the total number of foreigners Romania, and the EU at large. residing in Romania, the greatest number The main consequences of Romania’s (11,852 persons or 22 percent) were accession to the EU for migration Moldovan citizens, to be followed by include: Turkish (12 percent) and Chinese citizens 1. Increase in the number of (9 percent). irregular migrants along the Moldova-

77 ADRIAN POP

MIGRANTS IN ROMANIA FROM MOLDOVA, TURKEY, AND CHINA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2007

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

MIGRANTS IN ROMANIA FROM MOLDOVA, TURKEY, AND CHINA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2007

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania All in all, the three foreign 20th, 2006, a bilateral agreement between communities – Moldovan, Turkish and the governments of Romania and Moldova Chinese – comprised the biggest foreign on the travel regime of their citizens was communities residing in Romania in the signed in Bucharest. The date of the first quarter of 2007. beginning of the implementation of the agreement coincided with Romania’s Main aspects of Romania’s visa policy accession into the EU that took place towards Moldova on January 1st, 2007. The principles on which the agreement was based aimed Before Romania’s accession to the at setting up a simple, flexible and EU, Moldovan citizens enjoyed visa- asymmetric travel regime to the effect free travel to Romania, which created that the Moldovan citizens could travel an incentive for irregular migration to in Romania with visas granted free of Western Europe. charge, and Romanian citizens could Romania’s accession to the EU travel in Moldova without visa. triggered a series of changes in Moldovan The main stipulations of the agreement citizens’ travel regime in Romania, are as follows: including the visa regime. On October • Romania grants visas free of

78 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA charge; a third, mixed type of agreement, • Visa-free travel regime for comprising visas of limited territorial Moldovan holders of diplomatic and work validity and long-term national visas will passports for a period up to 90 days, and be implemented after Romania becomes for those working in diplomatic missions a fully-fledged Schengen state. and their family members, for the entire duration of their mission to Romania; Evaluation of the current application • Visa-free travel regime for process for a Romanian visa Romanian citizens for a period up to 90 days during six months from the date of In recent years, in order to process the first entry; visa applications coming from Moldovan • Exempting – on the basis of citizens or companies, the consular personal identifications and records in log section of the Romanian Embassy in books – certain categories of Moldovan Chişinău increased the number of its citizens from the obligation of getting employees and worked extended hours, visas, including plane and ship crew sometimes on Saturdays and Sundays. members; Throughout spring 2007, for instance, • Granting visas valid for one around 400 persons – up from 150 year for certain categories of Moldovan persons before January 1st, 2007 – could citizens, including railway workers, bus sign in daily in order to be scheduled for drivers, and persons who travel on the visa processing and the time span between basis of bilateral agreements in science, the date of application and the date of technology, education, culture, art, the actual processing of the applications religion, and sports; by the consulate was stabilized at seven • Granting visas valid for five years working days. for Moldovan business people who own However, the consular section of the investments in Romania; Romanian Embassy in Chişinău is unable • Granting urgent visas to to process all visa applications. For that Moldovan citizens who travel to visit reason Moldovan citizens continue to gravely ill family members, close apply at the Romanian Embassy in Kyiv relatives, or other persons in need of and the general consulates in Cernauti urgent medical assistance. Urgent visas and Odessa. granted also to Moldovan citizens Moreover, the application process per travelling to a funeral of a deceased se is still cumbersome. It is very difficult family member or a close relative, or to to schedule a visa interview. Moldovan visit graves of deceased relatives; and to citizens and economic agents queue for members of rescue teams in the event many hours in front of the gate to the of catastrophes or other exceptional consular section. Often, the visa-on- situations; line system cannot be accessed at all. • Ensuring speedy visa processing. Moreover, neither the recommended In terms of flexibility, the new visa time span of 24 hours for entering a visa regime between Romania and Moldova into the system nor the required time is comparable, to a certain extent, with span of three working days for issuing a the previous Polish and Hungarian visa is met. agreement. It remains to be seen whether Nevertheless, there is hope that the

79 ADRIAN POP prospective opening of consular offices applying for the Romanian citizenship in Cahul and Balti could considerably should present a written document ease the visa application process. certifying that her/his hometown used to be on the Romanian territory up Regaining Romanian citizenship by until August 1940. Applications for the Moldovan nationals regaining of the Romanian citizenship are processed over approximately 12 Romania offered Moldovan citizens months. the possibility of obtaining Romanian Preparing for the EU accession and citizenship without any residence confronted with the fact that Moldova requirement. Several thousands of did not allow double citizenship until Moldovan citizens took advantage of that recently, in 2003, by the Law no. opportunity at the end of 2000 and the 165/2003, Romanian authorities decided beginning of 2001. That trend generated to suspend, for a period of six months, discontent in the Moldovan government. the regulations of the Citizenship Law According to unofficial sources of that allowed Moldovan citizens to get information, more than 200,000 citizens Romanian citizenship. of the Republic of Moldova hold Romanian In spring 2007, the Ministry of citizenship and more than 50,000 hold Justice submitted to the Ministry of Russian citizenship. The procedure for Foreign Affairs a draft for modifying the granting the citizenship, based on the Law on Romanian Citizenship. The EC confirmation of the fact that an ancestor manifested a certain concern about the of the applicant was a Romanian citizen, proposed amendments to the law. More caused a diplomatic scandal between precisely, the EC was concerned about Bucharest and Chişinău. the fact that a significant proportion of The process of regaining Romanian the Moldovan nationals applying for citizenship by Moldovan nationals is Romanian citizenship under the revised regulated by the Law on Romanian law would not be required to set up citizenship no. 21/1991 (republished). their residence in Romania. In the EC’s That Law provides that persons who interpretation, those individuals, although lost Romanian citizenship and their Romanian citizens and for that matter descendants are allowed to get the European citizens, would not be under Romanian citizenship by request, even if the territorial jurisdiction of Romania and they are citizens of other states and do not thus would not be “controlled.” reside in Romania. Article 10 of the Law, Romanian authorities are intent introduced in 2003 by an Emergency that the new legislation undoes the Governmental Injunction (no. 42/2003), citizenship consequences of the historical stipulates that the regaining of Romanian injustice triggered by the Soviet take- citizenship applies to individuals who, over of Bassarabia, Northern Bukovina, before December 22, 1989, lost it due to and Herta county in June 1940. the reasons that are not imputable to them Furthermore, Romania considers that or against their will. These dispositions it is in its major interest that those who also apply to individuals’ descendents, up are the catalysts for democratic change, to the second level of kinship (nephews progress and prosperity in Moldova - of daughter/son). Moldovan nationals young persons who studied in Romania

80 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA and/or undertook specializations in the for citizenship. Until recently, the West - should have a chance to make government granted citizenship by issuing good use of their capacities within and governmental decisions at the proposal for their community. The insertion of the of the Ministry of Justice. The process condition of legal stay in Romania would involved a complex procedure of drafting encourage labour migration, brain drain, and endorsement, and it lasted weeks and fraudulent marriages that already and even months. The current legislation heavily affect the Republic of Moldova. changed that and it currently provides Mention should be made of the fact that Romanian citizenship be granted that the new legislation is in accordance by the order of the Minister of Justice with the internationally recognized upon proposal from the Commission on norms and standards. Similar principles Citizenship. regarding the regaining of citizenship The new legislation also simplifies the are to be found in the legislation of other procedure of filling in the citizenship file. states, including the Federal Republic of Under the former system, in case not all Germany, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the required documents were included in Finland, Greece, Ireland and . the citizenship file, the Commission on On September 6th, 2007, new Citizenship would invite the applicant to legislation modifying the Law on submit them in person. Failure to do that Romanian citizenship (1991) was for two consecutive intervals resulted in approved by an Emergency Governmental the rejection of the application. Under Ordinance. The new legislation simplifies the new legislation, the applicant could the process of granting, regaining, complete the citizenship file by mail, and loss of Romanian citizenship, within six months of receiving such a reduces the intervals during which the request. applications for Romanian citizenship are In addition, the Emergency considered, and facilitates the exchange Governmental Ordinance shortens the of information between the applicants period during which the oath of loyalty and the authorities. to Romania should be carried out from The first new feature relates to the six to three months maximum. Thus, the composition of the Commission on citizenship is obtained on the date of Citizenship and its working status. presenting the oath of loyalty to Romania, Until the implementation of the a ceremony which is to take place three Emergency Governmental Ordinance, months after the publication in the Official the Commission on citizenship included Monitor of the order of the Minister judges from the Bucharest Tribunal who of Justice who grants the citizenship. convened occasionally, usually once When the citizenship applicants are or twice a week, to review citizenship handicapped, ill, or otherwise unable cases. According to the new legislation, to attend the ceremony, the citizenship the Commission on citizenship has is obtained starting with the date of the permanent activity and is composed of publication in the Official Monitor of the juridical staff working as magistrates from order of the Minister of Justice granting the Ministry of Justice. the citizenship. The second change refers to the The statistics of the Romanian Ministry body that decides on the applications of Interior and Administrative Reform

81 ADRIAN POP speak clearly about the amplitude of involved in the new wave of labour and the phenomenon of getting or regaining irregular migration to the West. However, Romanian citizenship by Moldovan the process of processing the requests for nationals. The number of citizens from citizenship submitted to the Romanian Moldova and Ukraine who obtained or authorities is extremely slow. regained Romanian citizenship between It is noteworthy that in 2002 the January 1st, 1990, and April 20th, 2007, Law on citizenship was amended. is 105,030, out of whom 101, 656 are No applications have been examined Moldovan nationals and 3,374 are during the administrative and legislative Ukrainian nationals. During the same procedure of amending the draft. The period of time, the number of citizens from amendments that entered into force in Moldova and Ukraine who obtained a 2002 have had a significant impact on Romanian reached 104,071, out the rigorousness and the dynamic of the of whom 91,212 are Moldovan nationals process, as the figures from 2003 onward and 12,859 are Ukrainian nationals. The show. However, for the first half of 2003, THE DYNAMICS OF PROCESSING THE REQUESTS FOR REGAINING ROMANIAN CITIZENSHIP SUBMITTED TO THE ROMANIAN AUTHORITIES Year Number of requests submitted Number of requests positively to the Romanian authorities solved by the Romanian for regaining Romanian Government citizenship 1991-2001 95 213 94 916 2002 3 060 0 2003 16 490 6 2004 5 107 257 2005 2 692 1 591 2006 3 178 488 2007 1 382 87 TOTAL 127 122 97 345 Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania number of valid passports for individuals the process of examining applications born in the Republic of Moldova and was suspended. Ukraine reached 61,724, out of which At present, due to the significant 56,246 belong to Moldovan nationals increase in number of applicants for and 5,478 to Ukrainian nationals. Romanian citizenship, the Romanian The huge number of Moldovan consulate in Chişinău is confronted nationals who want Romanian citizenship with a gap of approximately five years is to be ascribed to the difficulties between the date of application and of getting the Schengen visa and to the scheduling for filing the citizenship Romania’s introduction of visa regime for dossier at the consulate. Moldovans. Many of the applicants are

82 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA

Characteristics of migration from in the first quarter of 2007 with that in the Moldova to Romania first quarter of 2005 and 2006, one could conclude that: General Characteristics • At least 20 Moldovan citizens tried to enter Romania illegally by hiding Moldovan migrants enter Romania in transportation. No such cases were legally, carrying legitimate personal registered in the corresponding periods passports and visas legally obtained of 2005 and 2006; at Romanian diplomatic missions and • The number of Moldovan citizens consular offices abroad. However, who tried to exit Romania illegally by they try to exit Romania illegally over hiding in transportation has risen, after the Western or Southern border, over a short-lived downward trend, and has the green border, or through border reached 28 persons (divided in 2 groups crossing points, carrying fake Romanian of 14 persons each), as compared with 18 identifications or identifications persons in the first quarter of 2005 and belonging to other persons or hiding in 14 persons in the first quarter of 2006; transportation. • The number of illegal crossings After the introduction of the visa over the green border has significantly regime for Moldovan citizens travelling diminished and constitutes 20 persons, to Romania, “well-wishers,” or as compared to 60 persons in the first persons who offer visa applicants fake quarter of 2005 and 53 persons in the Romanian identifications or passports, first quarter of 2006, i.e. approximately or identifications and passports of other three times less; persons, for a high fee ranging from • The number of Moldovan citizens €2,000-2,500, have suddenly appeared who have used fake documents in order around the Romanian Embassy in to illegally exit Romania has risen to 25 Chişinău. persons, as compared to 19 persons in Throughout 2006-2007, Moldovan the first quarter of 2005 and 20 persons citizens have carried out many illegal in the first quarter of 2006. There has crossings of Romania’s Western border. also been a change in the type of falsified Networks of traffickers have facilitated documents used by Moldovan migrants: illegal crossing of Romanian borders by Whereas before Romania’s accession to Moldovan migrants in three main ways: the EU, Moldovan migrants used falsified • By providing fake Romanian Romanian passports, after January 1st, identity cards/passports; 2007, they have typically used falsified • By providing original Romanian Romanian identity cards in order to exit identifications; Moldovan migrants Romania illegally. then alter their appearance in order to resemble the identification’s lawful Modus Operandi holders as much as possible; • By hiding the migrants in Considering the methods employed by transportation, mainly T.I.R. (Transport irregular Moldovan migrants in Romania, International de Route) trucks. several aspects should be highlighted: By comparing the main features of the irregular Moldovan migration to Romania

83 ADRIAN POP

A. Entering Romania through the belonging to other persons. Eastern border - Alternatively, irregular Moldovan • through border checkpoints migrants hide themselves in vehicles - A great number of Moldovan carrying various goods. citizens enter Romania legally using visas • through the green border obtained legally at Romanian diplomatic - Once they reach Western or South- missions and consular offices abroad. South-Western border, the Moldovan • through the green border migrants are taken over by escorts as - The main categories of Moldovan agreed beforehand over the phone. citizens who enter Romania illegally Intermediaries, who tend to be Moldovan include those who are under interdiction citizens, members of the network, to enter Romania and those who intend or those who have crossed illegally to commit criminal acts in Romania, work Romania’s borders on their way to in Romania unofficially, or travel illegally Western Europe using the same network, to other EU member states. facilitate crossings. - Moldovan migrants attempt to exit B. Exiting Romania through the illegally through Romanian-Hungarian Western and South-South-Western and Romanian-Serbian borders. More borders recently, some of them have also tried Typically, Moldovan citizens aspire to cross illegally through Romanian- to exit Romania through its borders Bulgarian border in the vicinity of with Hungary and Serbia. After entering Baneasa, Constanta county. Romania illegally through the Eastern border, they transport themselves to Routes Romania’s Western and South-South- Western borders by the following • Republic of Moldova – Romania means: – Hungary – Italy; - By train, from Iasi /Galati to Bucharest, • Romania – Hungary – Austria – where they stay for 1-2 days (often for – Italy; getting forged passports) and then from • Republic of Moldova – Romania Bucharest to Arad/Oradea/Timişoara. – Bulgaria. - By car, with the help of Romanian transportation companies, cars of fellow Among the internal routes, Moldovan countrymen or taxis, which organize migrants used most frequently the “pirate” runs to Arad, Oradea or following ones: Timişoara. • Galati – Bucharest – Brasov – • through border checkpoints Cluj Napoca – Satu Mare; - After entering Romania, Moldovan • Iasi – Roman – Moisei – Sighetu citizens attempt to exit it illegally with Marmatiei – Baia Mare – Satu Mare; the help of go-betweens – Romanian • Iasi – Bucharest – Arad; or Moldovan citizens – by using • Dornesti – Suceava – Constanta; Romanian passports, falsified Romanian • Bucharest – Timisoara – Oravita. identification cards (and sometimes also Overall, in the first quarter of 2007, driving licenses, birth certificates and 11,852 Moldovan citizens were present car documents) or identification cards in Romania, out of whom 11,693 had

84 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA temporary residence status and 159 had member state. permanent residence status. Additionally, A significant percentage of Moldovan five Moldovan citizens applied for refugee students attempt to get Romanian status in Romania. citizenship during their studies and settle down in Romania. In order to Stated Purposes keep the stipends offered by Romanian Government, some Moldovan students, Obtaining education is the main who had obtained Romanian citizenship, purpose of Moldovan citizens’ residence applied for residence permits. In addition, in Romania (68.5 percent). In 2007 over Moldovan students work unofficially at 8,000 persons were enrolled in various various firms – including full-time – or training or specialization courses. open businesses. Almost 95 percent of Moldovan students Besides studying, Moldovans travelled proved their ethnic Romanian origin or stayed in Romania in the first quarter and, consequently, benefited from free of 2007 for employment, commercial permits for staying in Romania. Many activities, and family visits. of them arrived in Romania through An upward trend has been noticed for the Department for living all these categories: incidence of labour abroad. Approximately 50 percent of employment increased from 510 to 899 them were students receiving stipend cases; incidence of commercial activities The distribution of Moldovan migrants among different education programmes was as follows: Secondary Preparation University Specialization Ph.D. Total School Year Students Students Students 2,626 8 4,930 377 74 8,015 Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania from the Romanian Government, 25 increased from 24 to 54 cases; family percent were students financing their visits/family members increased from education themselves, 24.5 percent were 1,541 to 2,189 cases. students who did not receive stipend and Overall, in 2007 the officially did not have to pay tuition fees, and 0.5 registered Moldovan citizens working percent had their studies paid by various in Romania comprised 15 percent of all companies in Romania or the Republic foreign citizens employed and holding of Moldova. work permits in Romania. When comparing the first quarter of 2007 with the corresponding period Dispersion across Romanian of 2006, one can notice an increase of Counties four percent, from 7,687 to 8,015, in the number of Moldovans pursuing training The top ten Romanian counties hosting or specialization courses in Romania. Moldovan citizens in 2007 were Bucharest, This increase can be explained by greater Iasi, Galati, Cluj, Suceava, Timis, Bacau, attractiveness of Romania as an EU Brasov, Constanta and Neamt.

85 ADRIAN POP

PURPOSES FOR MOLDOVANS’ TRAVELLING OR STAYING IN ROMANIA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2007

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

The dispersion among counties of Moldovan citizens is located in of Moldovan citizens who enjoyed the counties belonging to Romania’s temporary or permanent residence status Moldova region. This fact is explained by in Romania was as follows: the region’s vicinity with the homeland One can easily notice that the of Moldovan migrants as well as by their

THE DYNAMICS OF THE PURPOSES OF MOLDOVANS TRAVELLING OR STAYING IN ROMANIA

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania greatest number of Moldovan nationals common traditions and customs with is to be found in university centres. Romanians from that part of the country. The characteristic confirms the fact that the bulk of Moldovan citizens come to Regulations for Moldovan Citizens Romania to study. Although Moldovan Leaving Romania citizens are scattered in every Romanian county – from north to south, and from The number of Moldovan citizens east to west – with the sole exception who committed illegal acts and received of Bucharest (which, as capital, presents orders to leave Romania in the first a special case), the greatest number quarter of 2007 reached 262 persons,

86 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA as compared with 183 during the same returned to Moldova. That signified an period in 2006, marking an increase increase by 67.9 percent. By contrast, the by 43.2 percent. An upward trend was number of Moldovan citizens placed in noticed also in the number of returned public custody has slightly diminished, Moldovan citizens in the first quarter of from 15 in the first quarter of 2006 to 12 2007, when 94 persons, as compared in the first quarter of 2007. with 56 during the same period in 2006,

THE TOP TEN ROMANIAN COUNTIES HOSTING MOLDOVAN CITIZENS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2007 No. County Number of Moldovan Citizens 1. Bucharest 2,691 2. Iasi 2,107 3. Galati 1,032 4. Cluj 643 5. Suceava 484 6. Timis 417 7. Bacau 351 8. Brasov 347 9. Constanta 334

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

THE DISPERSION AMONG ROMANIAN COUNTIES OF MOLDOVAN CITIZENS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 2007

Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

87 ADRIAN POP

REGULATIONS FOR MOLDOVAN CITIZENS’ LEAVING ROMANIA Type of regulations First quarter 2006 First quarter 2007 Trend Number of orders 183 262 issued Number of returned 56 94 persons Number of persons 15 12 placed in public custody Source: Ministry of Interior and Administrative Reform of Romania

Recommendations Pan-European Data Sharing Mechanism on Migration should be implemented Taking as basis the fact that the main in partnership with the International objective of managing migration should Organization for Migration (IOM) and be the legalisation of the process and with the support of the EU member states the adequate reintegration of migrants and the European Commission (EC). who choose to return to their homeland, In promoting a comprehensive the following recommendations aim migration policy, particularly in terms to help improve the migration policies of transit migration and trafficking, the of Moldova, Ukraine and Romania as Black Sea region is especially important. well as their cooperation from a cross Given the changes in the EU borders border perspective. Besides the general following the enlargement, a special recommendations with a regional scope, attention should be paid to promoting they include recommendations on regional cooperation with and within regulating labour migration, combating the Black Sea region on border control irregular migration and organized crime, and illegal immigration. The cooperation control procedures at border checkpoints, structures in the Baltic Sea can serve as visa policy, and dissemination of a source of inspiration when assessing information. the feasibility of launching a regional cooperation platform. In an effort to General recommendations with a improve migration management, the regional scope platform could entail the cooperation of the relevant EU Member States, EU With regards to migration and related agencies, other countries bordering the issues at the regional level, the experience Black Sea, and regional organizations could be drawn from the Söderköping and initiatives such as Regional Center and Budapest processes as well as the for Combating Transborder Crime (SECI Migration Asylum Refugee Regional Center), Black Sea Economic Cooperation Initiative (MARRI). Organization (BSECO), and the Black The Recommendations of the Sea Forum. In this context, information Regional Round Table of the Pan- sharing should be promoted and patrol European Dialogue on the creation of the and surveillance activities should be

88 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA coordinated, especially by creating joint the Moldovan Institutes Abroad, develop Romanian-Bulgarian Black Sea patrols. monitored programmes for promoting The EU contributions can range from investments by Moldovan citizens training (twinning) of law enforcement working or living abroad in Moldova, officials to cooperation with FRONTEX and initiating policies and programmes and EUROPOL, and from issues such as encouraging circularity among members social protection and training of officials of Moldovan Diaspora in the EU member in labour matters to rehabilitation of states, specifically targeting the highly- victims of trafficking. skilled and well-financed migrants. Circular migration of Moldovan Recommendations regarding regulating citizens should be facilitated by labour migration concluding bilateral agreements for circular labour migration between Moldova should strengthen the Moldova and the relevant EU member capacities of the National Agency for states (Spain, Portugal, Italy, France, Employment and its local territorial Greece, etc.); developing bilateral centres in the area of labour migration study and training programmes on the management, controlling overseas condition that the participants will be employment, market research, obligated to return and work in Moldova; professional reintegration upon launching programmes for reducing return, vocational and enterprise start- the risk and impact of brain drain and up trainings, and management of reversing the phenomenon; introducing employment mediation services in the people-to-people exchange programmes; domestic labour market. and developing monitored programmes The National Agency for Employment for promoting investments in Moldova should maintain a constant dialogue with by Moldovan citizens working or social partners (employers, trade unions, living abroad; and initiating policies and NGOs) and private employment and programmes encouraging circular agencies that facilitate employment migration among members of Moldovan abroad for Moldovans. Diaspora in the EU member states, In order to improve the regulation specifically targeting the highly-skilled of migration, the Moldovan authorities and well-financed migrants. should focus on establishing proper The Moldovan Government should mechanisms for maximizing its benefits ensure effective management of circular for all parties involved. Circular migration migration by developing circular schemes deserve special attention. migration partnerships between Moldova Circular migration of Moldovan and EU member states, providing access to citizens settled in the EU should be the information on legal circular migration encouraged and actively promoted by to EU member states, finalizing the the Moldovan Government. Towards that negotiations with Portugal, Spain, France, end, the government should undertake and Greece on bilateral labour migration the following measures: strengthen the and social protection agreements, and capacities of the Information Centres for concluding new bilateral agreements Moldovan Citizens Abroad in Moldovan on these matters with other EU member diplomatic missions, continue opening states. The Moldovan Government should

89 ADRIAN POP also develop effective mechanisms for remittances and local area development. returning migrant workers by introducing, Furthermore, the government should among other measures, incentives and develop EU-Moldova bilateral schemes for penalties, establishing a comprehensive social and economic reintegration of the and sustainable system for reintegrating returning migrants through employment returning migrants, developing schemes referral mechanisms, job counselling for enhancing the positive impact and mediation, and assistance in starting of remittances on development by small businesses. channelling them toward investment/ The state agency that grants licences entrepreneurial use, and by ensuring due to private labour employment agencies protection of migrant workers’ rights. should be enabled to exercise full The Moldovan Government should control over their activities. The continue the dialogue with the EU government should actively promote the member states and the EC regarding the establishment of an Association of private creation of the consolidated partnership labour employment agencies. for facilitating temporary legal migration Moldova’s diplomatic missions of Moldovan citizens wishing to study, abroad should be in charge of social work, or obtain training abroad. protection of Moldovan migrants. Labour The EU Member States that offer attachés should be set up at Moldova’s employment for Moldovan citizens consular sections. A prerequisite for should conclude bilateral agreements on these initiatives is the opening of new the recognition of studies. Those already Moldovan embassies in the migration concluded, such as the Moldovan- target countries. The Moldovan Romanian agreement on the matter, government should provide support for should be consistently implemented. training consular officials and labour The Moldovan Government should attachés in marketing, social protection, devise and implement appropriate and labour migration opportunities and investment policies, improve business regulations in the EU member states. and investment climate, strengthen the The system of public legal aid for the regulatory and institutional framework potential and actual temporary migrant for leveraging migrant remittances for workers in Moldova and abroad should entrepreneurial growth in Moldova, and be improved. stamp out corruption and red tape. These Moldovan authorities should work measures will give migrants incentives to on building capacity of the private invest in Moldova money earned abroad. sector in helping Moldovan workers In addition, the Government should find employment or training abroad. introduce measures for co-development Networking and strengthening the by fostering broad development legal and administrative framework programmes addressing the root causes would help prevent recruitment abuse. for migration. In communities of migrants’ Proactive linkage programmes involving origin, the government should create the Moldovan Diaspora should be further economic opportunities by promoting implemented, too. savings and investment of migrant

90 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA

Recommendations regarding combating joint investigations on organized crime irregular migration and organized crime activities. In partnership with the UN and OSCE, The Republic of Moldova should IOM and the EU should devise a common conclude and implement the Agreement multilateral program of combating on Operational Cooperation with irregular migration in Ukraine-Moldova- EUROPOL and the Cooperation Romania region. IOM and EU should Agreement with FRONTEX. carry out this initiative building on the In order to help legalize the status “lessons learned” throughout the pilot of the majority of Moldovan migrants, projects on the control of immigration target countries should negotiate with the and the management of common border Moldovan Government comprehensive between Moldova and Ukraine and the agreements introducing grace periods EU Border Assistance Mission (EUBAM). during which migrants would be able In implementing such a comprehensive to work freely without the need to programme, it would be helpful to sort out their status. The Moldovan involve local, national and international national readmission system should be NGOs, as well as national think tanks strengthened. and experts. A number of measures for controlling The interaction between Romania, immigration to Moldova should be Moldova, and Ukraine on combating introduced. For instance, the Moldovan organized crime should be coordinated Government should require that within the framework of BSECO. The Moldovan citizens’ invitations for basis for this interaction should be foreigners be accompanied by bank the supplementary protocol for the deposits provided by Moldovan hosts. cooperation agreement signed by the These deposits could be used by the ministries of interior of the BSECO Moldovan authorities to cover costs of member states. deportation of foreigners who remain in In order to complement the Moldova beyond authorized stay. readmission agreement concluded with In the counter-trafficking domain in the EU, the Moldovan Government Moldova, the cooperation between the should conclude also readmission social, judiciary, administrative, customs, agreements with other relevant countries police, and migration management for the migration process involving the authorities and between these agencies Republic of Moldova (Turkey, Syria, and NGOs should be strengthened. The Jordan, etc). police should monitor job advertisements The Government should follow up on in order to eliminate the misleading job the international projects, such as the one advertisements made by traffickers. Those implemented by the IOM under AENEAS who make those advertisements should programme. That project promoted be prosecuted. prevention of and fight against trafficking Romania should strengthen its in human beings in Ukraine, Moldova, international police and judiciary and Belarus and it provided support for cooperation by regulating the return and reintegration of victims of participation of police officers from trafficking. Romanian and EU member states in It is necessary to promote twining

91 ADRIAN POP projects between the relevant agencies controllers, and those administering from the EU Member States and Moldova sanitarian and veterinarian checks - that deal with prevention and fight against should be more extensive and targeted. illegal migration (such as the Ministry Moldova and Ukraine should adjust their of Internal Affairs) and facilitators of border control regulations according legal temporary labour migration and to the EU standards for controlling reintegration of the returnees (such as movement of persons and goods. In order the Ministry of Economy and Trade, the to avoid duplication and to improve the National Agency for Employment, and coordination, integrated border control the Ministry of Social Protection, Family system should be introduced. This system and Child). should abide by the EU standards, and it could entail experience exchanges and Recommendations regarding control common control teams. Furthermore, procedures at border checkpoints EUBAM’s experience should be used not only in customs and border management Romania, Moldova and Ukraine but also in the cooperation on readmission should actively promote confidence- procedures and investigations. building measures by instituting common border checkpoints. Recommendations regarding visa Romania must consistently harmonize policy measures for enforcing the Schengen acquis and management of EU’s Eastern Fostering a pilot mobility partnership border. In order to reach a uniform with Moldova, including in particular high level of control, modernization of possibilities for visa facilitation and work the equipment and infrastructure along permits should be considered a priority the green and blue borders is required. by the EU. Other necessary measures include: the Moldova should develop guidelines acceleration of the preparations for the for implementing the Moldova-EU short- future participation in the Schengen term visa facilitation and readmission Information System (SIS II); staffing all agreements. remaining border police vacancies until The activity of the EU Common Visa the end of 2009; professional training of Application Centre in Chişinău should be contractual agents and new staff in the expanded in close cooperation between border police, in accordance with the the EU Member States, the EC, and Police Status Law; strengthening the risk Moldovan authorities by strengthening analysis capacity of the border police; the consular representation of the EU and enhancing the surveillance capacity Member States in Moldova. along the Black Sea coast and the Danube, Moldova and Ukraine should create in close cooperation with Bulgaria. common databases listing all visas The quality of the EUBAM random issued to citizens from the countries checks at the Moldovan-Ukrainian border that are potential providers of irregular and the efficiency of the Moldova-Ukraine immigrants, registering the travel border guards should be improved. of stateless persons to and through Training for those involved in the border Moldova and Ukraine, and recording control - border guards, police, customs border crossing by all citizens who do

92 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA not require a visa to enter Moldova and The dialogue on visas between Ukraine (a special attention should be paid Romania and Moldova should continue. to visa-free travellers from CIS). The list Romania should establish a more flexible of countries with stimuli for emigration, visa regime for Moldovan citizens. An such as armed conflicts, unfavourable example for the visa regime could be socio-economic conditions, low living the cooperation between Slovakia and standards, and overpopulation, should Ukraine in resolving their mutual visa be constantly updated. problems and special visa provisions The consular section of the Romanian granted by Hungary for the ethnic Embassy in Chişinău should identify Hungarians from non-EU countries. This solutions for speeding up the visa regime might include: multiple-entry application process for Moldovan one-year visas for specialists and children citizens. The following measures may (besides railway workers and bus drivers help achieve that objective: enlargement on frequent runs); three- year visas for of the physical space of the consular individuals who travel under bilateral office, facilitation of visa interview cultural, scientific, religious, and sports scheduling, improvement of security exchange programmes; five-year visas of the on-line visa system, and entering for frequent travellers, including students a visa into the visa system within the (besides business persons who own recommended time span of 24 hours, investments in Romania); and special and granting a visa within the required arrangements for those living in the time span of three working days. border regions of the two countries. Romania and Moldova should finalize A roadmap for visa-free travel negotiations for opening Romanian should be based upon the reasonable consular offices in Cahul and Balti in application of the EU criteria that were order to make easier the visa application previously applied to Romania and process for Moldovan nationals. Bulgaria. Moldova and Ukraine should In order to hamper the regaining use Romania’s experience in developing of the Romanian citizenship solely for and implementing the relevant national travelling visa-free to the EU Member strategies that will lead to the visa-free States, the Department for Citizenship travel to the EU in future. in the Romanian Ministry of Justice should exchange information, consult Recommendations regarding permanently, and, when the need arises, information dissemination work in tandem with the relevant foreign embassies in Chişinău and Bucharest Moldovan authorities should for supplemental screening of those organize information campaigns about applicants for the Romanian citizenship the opportunities and obligations of the who were previously denied visas to the Moldovan citizens emerging from the EU. This initiative will be facilitated by the new visa facilitation and readmission fact that some EU target countries, such agreements between Moldova and EU. as Italy, which is the third most popular Moldovan citizens should be informed destination for Moldovan migrants, about the advantages, opportunities, and have embassies in Bucharest, but not in conditions of the circular and temporary Chişinău. labour migration; procedures ensuring

93 ADRIAN POP legal and safe job recruitment and travel; on migration. This database should risks posed by illegal migration; required be integrated within the information skills and vacancies in destination resources of the SECI Center in Bucharest, countries; and admission procedures in Romania, and coordinated with the destination countries. This information information resources of the Black Sea will help increase access for Moldovan Border Coordination and Information citizens to labour markets of the EU Center (BBIC) in Burgas, Bulgaria. member states. Awareness campaigns among The Moldovan Government should potential victims of trafficking in human intensify targeted information campaigns beings should be intensified in Moldova. on seasonal labour market needs within They should involve stakeholders from the EU by strengthening the capacities of the government, inter-governmental the Info Centres for Moldovan Citizens international organizations (International Abroad established near the Moldovan Organization for Migration, International diplomatic missions and continuing Labour Organization) and non- the creation of the Moldovan Institutes governmental international organizations Abroad. (the International Centre “La Strada”, For an efficient information exchange, Winrock International), as well as mass Moldova, Ukraine, and Romania should media. set up a common computerized database

Selected Bibliography

• Chiriac, Marian, Robotin, Monica (2006). The strangers next to us – 2006. Cluj-Napoca: Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center. • Constantin, Daniela-Luminiţa, coordinator et al (2004). The migration phenomenon from the perspective of Romania’s accession to the . Bucharest: European Institute of Romania, Pre-Accession Impact Studies II, Study No. 5. http://www.ier.ro/PAIS/PAIS2/En/St.5.pdf. • Dura, George (2006). “A tale of two-visa regimes – Repercussions of Romania’s accession to the EU on the freedom of movement of Moldovan citizens.” Eurojournal.org, January. http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument. aspx?logid=5&id=07e9307d-949e-4a6a-84a8-7b95163eeb48 • Gheorghiu, Valeriu (2002). “New Schengen Borders and their Impact on the Relationships of the Republic of Moldova and Romania.” In New Borders in South Eastern Europe: The Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Romania. Chişinău: Institute for Public Policy. • Mansoor, Ali, Quillin, Bryce, eds. (2007). Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. • Pidluska, Inna (2002).” Issues of Migration in the Region in the Context of the EU Enlargement.” In New Borders in South Eastern Europe: The Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Romania. Chişinău: Institute for Public Policy.

94 MIGRATION EFFECTS OF ROMANIA’S ACCESSION TO THE EU: THE CASE OF MOLDOVA

• Pop, Adrian (2007). Moldova-Romania: Managing Migration and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings at the EU Eastern Border. Chişinău: International Organization of Migration. • Pop, Adrian, coordinator, Manoleli, Dan (2007). Towards a European Strategy in the Black Sea Area. The Territorial Cooperation. Bucharest: European Institute of Romania, Project SPOS 2007 – Strategy and policies studies. http://www.ier.ro/ SPOS2007/EN/Studiu%204_black%20sea_final_EN.pdf. • Pop, Adrian, coordinator et al (2006). Romania and the Republic of Moldova – between the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Prospect of EU Enlargement. Bucharest: European Institute of Romania, Pre-Accession Impact Studies III, Study No. 5. http://www.ier.ro/PAIS/PAIS3/EN/St.5_EN_final.PDF. • Rahmani, Ladan (2005). “Invisible Routes. Changing Patterns and Trends in Trafficking Routes in the Balkans.” Migration, June. http://www.iom.int/jahia/ webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/published_docs/periodicals_and_ newsletters/june_2005.pdf. • Stan, Răzvan (2005). “Migraţia în România. O provocare sau o soluţie în procesul de integrare europeană?.” In Societatea Academică din România (SAR), Raport asupra guvernării. • Vreja, Lucia (2006). Romanian-Moldovan Border Relations in the Context of EU Accession. Paper presented at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies Workshop on Border Security and Control, Chişinău, 28-29 June 2006. http://www.marshallcenter.org/site-graphic/lang-en/page-mc-index-1/xdocs/conf/ conferences-current/static/xdocs/conf/conferences current/0626/Vreja-Paper-en.pdf. • UNDP (2006). The Republic of Moldova: National Human Development Report 2006. The quality of economic growth and its impact on human development. Chişinău: UNDP.

95