FFN no2 6

FFN#29

FOR TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY WORKERS

FOR TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY WORKERS OCTOBER 2014

© Brian N Barnes N Brian ©

KENYAN

TAAO REVITALISED PARASTOIDS TRIP SC MEMBERS TO HAWAII : CHALLENGES AND HOPES & PHOTO F. ceratitivorus Messing ©Russell

Fruit Fly News web site FRUIT FLY OCTOBER 2014 No. 29

NEWS In this issue… WHO’S KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE?.....3 TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY PARASITOIDS: Fopius ceratitivorus IN HAWAII ….…...... 5 REVITALISATION OF THE TAAO…………………...7 AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY CELEBRATES THE GOLDEN JUBILEE….………….9 PEOPLE……….…………..…………………………..…..12 NEW BOOK……………………………………………...13 COMING EVENTS…...…………..………….…….….14 THEPHRITID FRUIT FLY REFERENCES.………..14 NEWSLETTER BACK ISSUES.…….………….…....14

Fruit Fly News editors

 Abdeljelil Bakri  Brian Barnes  Olivia Reynolds  Pablo Liedo

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Page 2 FFN #29

Photo WHO’S KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE? Brian Brian Barnes for the purposes of this contri- ARC Infruitecbution,-Nietvoorbij, mistletoe Stellenbosch,has been asso- South Africa (retired) ho's kiss- ciated with fertility, vitality and w romanceground since ), and the the times hot climate of pre- ed some berries from a parasitic F or those noting familiar under with Christianenables these Europe grapes . to be the plant found in the area on an European customs, kissing un- earliest on the market from Acacia sp. tree, and which had derthe the mistletoe? mistletoe is a Christmas MistletoesSouth Africa. are photosynthetic what appeared to be oviposition hemiparasitic plants from sev- tradition datingBrian back Barnes at least to sites (Photo 2 & 3). the 16th century. It has a long eral plant families and genera, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, history , but suffice it to say for and attach themselves to, and Stellenbosch, South Africa penetrate, the branches of a Who’s the culprit?

the purposes of this contribu- (retired) tion, mistletoe has been associ- host tree or shrub from which ated with fertility, vitality and they absorb water and nutri- This plant was later identified as ents. They bear flowers which, romance since the times of pre- Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C. Christian Europe. once pollinated, produce ber- Wendl.) Danser, a member of

ries, which are fed on and the ©Barnes BN For those not familiar with the mistletoe group belonging to European customs, kissing sticky seeds further dispersed the Family Loranthaceae. Whatunder theare mistletoe Mistletoes is a ? byPhoto animals 2. The and parasitic birds. mistletoeSo, what T. oleifolius is known commonly MistletoesChristmas are tradition photosynthetic dating hasTapinanthus all this to oleifoliusdo with fruit on an flies? acacia tree as lighted matches, lighted can- hemiparasiticback at least toplants the 16 fromth centu- sever- dles, or bird-lime, and is a very alry. plant It has families a long and history genera, (see Mediterranean fruit fly common mistletoe species in the andhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ attach themselves to, and (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata, area. penetrate,mistletoe), the but branches suffice it of to a say thrives in this climate, and is hostfor thetree purposes or shrub offrom this which con- widespread in the area. Crop they absorb water and nutri-

losses from Medfly are ironi- ents. They bear flowers which, cally not very high, as the crop once pollinated, produce ber- ripens early enough in the sea- ries, which are fed on and the son to escape serious infesta- sticky seeds further dispersed tion by later, larger Medfly by animals and birds. populations. It is an area ideal ©Barnes BN for SIT, given the geographic So, what has all this to isolation of the vineyards from Photo 3. A berry from Tapinan- the surrounding area, and is a thus oleifolius (tip of ballpoint do with fruit flies? pen for scale) region being considered for The largest table grape produc- this technique by FruitFly Dissection of a two of these ber- tion area in South Africa is the Africa, the private company ries revealed yellow-coloured Lower Orange River (LOR), a which drives Medfly SIT in larvae, apparently tephritids stretch of the Orange River South Africa. A major part of (Photo 4), feeding in the seed of which snakes for some 350 km the area is monitored for Med- the berry (one per seed). It was through a desert region of the fly by Fruit Fly Africa. not possible to rear these larvae Northern Cape Province. Its through to the adult stage, so lower reaches share a border more berries from the same par- with Namibia. Table grape During a search in 2008 by asitic plant were later collected vineyards along the LOR are ir- the author and Ian Sutherland from the Augrabies area by the

rigated for up to 5 km from the of FruitFly Africa for potential Photo1: Lower Orange River © B.N. Barnes B.N. © River Orange Lower Photo1: river (Photo 1 : back- Medfly host plants, we collect- Page P.4 3

Page 3 FFN #29 late Dr H. van Niekerk of cies) are restricted to the Bactrocera invadens * (M. De FruitFly Africa, and sent to Loranthaceae (mistletoe fami- Meyer, personal communication). the author at Stellenbosch. ly). Two specimens of P. diademata They were kept on vermiculite were sent to Dr De Meyer for in a breeding room at room Perilampsis larvae are unusu- DNA barcoding. temperature to recover any al in that they are seed feed- emerging insects. Approxi- ers, whereas most other mem- mately 4 to 6 weeks after ber- With respect to the possibility of bers of the Ceratitidina feed ry collection, tephritid adults mistletoe berries being a host for on the fruit pulp (De Meyer started emerging, and over a Medfly, no record of C. capitata 2009). period of a month six adults from the Loranthaceae has so far were collected (Photo 5). been encountered (M. De Meyer, personal communication). Also unusual, the larvae of Perilampsis stay within the Dr Marc De Meyer of the fruits, with the puparia cov- Royal Museum for Cen- The mystique surrounding mis- ered in a latex, rather than tral Africa in Tervuren, Bel- tletoe, and its association with moving to the soil as observed gium, identified the fly as fertility, vitality and romance, in most other fruit-infesting Perilampsis diademata therefore seems to extend further fruit flies (Munro, 1939, cited Bezzi. It has been reported than courting couples at Christ- by De Meyer 2009; De Meyer from several places in South mas. 2009). Africa, as well as Namibia,

Zimbabwe, Angola and the Whatever the species, if Democratic Republic of the romance is on your mind, it Congo. seems that hanging around under

a mistletoe bush is probably not a

bad thing to do!

* It is now generally accepted that Bactrocera invadens is synonymous

©Barnes BN with Bactrocera dorsalis.

© BN BN © Barnes Photo 5. The 'mistletoe fly' Perilampsis diademata References

Photo 4. A tephritid larva feeding in De Meyer, M., 2009. Taxonomic the seed of a Tapinanthus oleifolius P. diademata has earlier also revision of the fruit fly genus berry been reared from fruits of the mistletoe Tapinanthus rubro- Perilampsis Bezzi (Diptera,

marginatus (then known as Tephritidae). Journal of Nat- All host records for Per- Loranthus rubromarginatus), ural History 43 (39-40): ilampsis species so far are the larvae also feeding on the 2425-2463. from Loranthaceae (M. De seeds (Munro 1939, cited by Meyer, personal communica- De Meyer 2009). Munro, H.K., 1939. Some new tion; De Meyer 2009). species of South African Try- petidae (Diptera), including Furthermore, P. diademata is one from Madagascar. Jour- Representatives of the genus a species that is often encoun- nal of the Entomological So- Perilampsis are specialized in tered in methyl eugenol traps ciety of Southern Africa 2: that all reliable host records used in detection programmes 139-153. to date (eight different spe- for the African invader fly,

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TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY PARASITOIDS: Fopius ceratitivorus in Hawaii Photo

Russell Russell Messing, Department of Entomology, Hawaii University, USA

Kenyan parasitoids trip to Hawaii para- disiac islands: chal-

lenges and hopes.

RussellMessing © © In Hawaii, Fopius ceratitivorus has not yet been released in the field, but we are in the very last stages of obtaining the neces- sary permits from the State Dept. of Agriculture, and hope- fully will be releasing the wasp in coffee plantations in 2015 (with a cohort obtained from Yoav Gazit and colleagues in Israel). Coffee is the largest res- ervoir of medfly populations throughout the Islands, alt- Fopius ceratiivorus hough the flies impact citrus, mango, peppers, persimmon,

and many other plant hosts. Photo:

Hawaii has the most stringent Not a single one of these spe- la, and reared it in the Hawaii biocontrol regulations of any cies feed on or in fruits. Dept. of Agriculture Quarantine place in the United States. There are 33 potential non- Facility in Honolulu for 3 years. This is a natural result of our target tephritid fly species in During that time we evaluated the being the “endangered species Hawaii, including 26 endem- biology and host range of this para- capital of the world.” While ic species, and five deliber- sitoid, and feel confident of its po- Federal (USDA-APHIS) permits ately introduced and two in- tential efficacy and environmental to field release F. ceratitivorus advertently introduced weed safety. In quarantine, we tested the were obtained years ago, it has biocontrol agents. Among potential impact of F. ceratitivorus taken a great deal of additional the 26 endemic species, 21 against several representative non- experimentation and data to belong to the genus Trupa- target flies in Hawaii, including the pass the several layers of review nea, which are predominant- gall-forming weed biocontrol agent necessary to obtain State of Ha- ly flower-head feeders. The Procecidochares alani and the en- waii permits. A Final Environ- other 5 are stem miners. demic flowerhead feeding fly Tru- mental Assessment and Finding panea dubautiae, as well as anoth- of No Significant Impact Quarantine tests er gall-forming weed biocontrol fly, Eutreta xanthochaeta. These were (FONSI) were finally published We obtained cohorts of F. chosen to represent both in September 2014. ceratitivorus from Guatema- native and exotic non- P.6

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target flies; and feeders in arisanus is largely absent from discovered egg-larval parasitoid, both types of plant tissue higher elevation medfly infesta- Fopius ceratitivorus (Wharton). (flowers and stem galls). tions (such as Jerusalem cherry, Proceedings of the Hawaiian Ento- There are no non-target Solanum pseudocapsicum, widely mological Society 41: 361-367. fruit feeders in Hawaii. spread near Volcano National Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., Ramadan, Park). Fopius ceratitivorus will M. M., Wang, X. G. & Messing, occupy a different micro-climatic R. H. 2005. Biological performance Not a single case of success- range than F. arisanus. Experi- and potential of Fopius ceratitivo- ful parasitism of a non- ments in quarantine have also rus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an target fly was recorded. shown that multi-parasitism is egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies, newly imported to Hawaii. Results of these studies have quite low between F. ceratitivorus Biological Control 33: 238-247. been published (see refer- and F. arisanus (10-16%), even ences below). Using recog- when kept closely together in a Wang, X. G., A. H. Bokonon- nized testing protocols. small cage. In those few cases Ganta, M. M. Ramadan & R. These egg-attacking parasi- where multi-parasitism did occur, H. Messing. 2004. Egg-larval parasitoids (Hym., Braconidae) of toids simply do not recog- F. ceratitivorus did not interfere tephritid fruit fly pests do not at- nize the non-target flies as with or reduce the level of parasit- tack the flowerhead feeder Trupa- suitable hosts – they do not ism caused by F. arisanus. nea dubautiae (Dipt., Tephri- even probe into non-fruit tidae). Journal Applied Entomolo- substrates. gy 128: 716-722. Low introduction risk Messing, R. H. and T. K. F. ceratitivorus host- Based on these findings, we are Watson. 2008. Biocontrol specific ity confident that the risk of environ- in Hawaii: more bureaucra- mental effect from introducing The host range of F. cerati- cy is not the answer. Proc. this parasitoid to Hawaii is ex- Haw. Entomol. Soc. 40: 85- tivorus is so narrow that, tremely low. We expect it will 87. not only is it unable to para- complement the extant Asian par- Kroder, S. and R. H. Messing. 2010. sitize non-target flies, it can- asitoids and contribute to popula- not even parasitize the three A new parasitoid from Kenya, Fopi- tion reductions in cultivated fruits us ceratitivorus, complements the more closely related pest and wild hosts throughout the Is- tephritids in Hawaii extant parasitoid guild attacking lands. Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii. (Bactrocera cucurbitae, B. Biological Control 53: 223-229. dorsalis, and B. latifrons). Thus F. ceratitivorus is References: Wang, X. G., A. H. Bokonon- Ganta and R. H. Mess- more host-specific than all previously introduced fruit ing. 2008. Intrinsic inter- Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., M. specific competition in a fly parasitoids in Hawaii Ramadan & R. H. Messing. guild of tephritid fruit fly except Psyttalia fletcheri. 2007. Reproductive biology of parasitoids: effect of co- None of these other parasi- Fopius ceratitivorus evolutionary history on toids with broader host (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an competitive superiority. Bio- ranges that have been estab- egg-larval parasitoid of the Med- logical Control 44: 312–320. lished in the state for dec- iterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis Messing, R. H. 2014. Final Environ- capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). ades have had any signifi- mental Assessment: Field Release of Biological Control 41: 361-367. cant environmental impacts Fopius ceratitivorus (Wharton) in Hawaii. Messing, R. H. & M. G. Wright. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for the Low multi-parasitism 2006. Biological control of inva- Biocontrol of medfly, Ceratitis capi- sive species: solution or pollu- tata in Hawaii. published in The The other extant egg- tion? Frontiers in Ecology and Environmental Notice; Hawaii Of- attacking medfly parasitoid the Environment 4: 132-140. fice of Environmental Quality Con- in Hawaii, F. arisanus, is an Bokonon-Ganta, A. H. & R. H. trol (OEQC). Sept. 23, 2014. Pdf Asian species adapted to hot Messing. 2006. Biological con- lowland areas. In Hawaii, F. trol of tephritid fruit flies in Ha- waii with reference to the newly

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REVITALISATION OF THE TAAO! Photo

Mark Dr. Mark Schutze Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Members of the TAAO SC. Top row L-R: Mark Schutze, TAAO chair (Australia), Al- vin Hee as Organizing Committee Chair for the First TAAO Symposium (Malaysia 2016) (Malaysia), Zhihong Li (China), Tati Suryati Syamsudin (Indonesia), Sujinda Thanaphum (Thailand), Suksom Chinvinijkul (Thailand). Bottom row L-R: Keng Hong Tan (Malaysia), Kenji Tsuruta (Japan), Bonifacio Cayabyab (Philippines), Sandeep Singh (India), Phil Taylor (Australia), An- nastasia Priscilla Kawi (Papua New Guinea).

It is with great pleasure workers from Asia, Australia, Specifically, the TAAO aims that we announce the for- and Oceania. Initiated by Olivia to: mation of the ‘Tephritid Reynolds and Abdel Bakri un- 1. Broaden interaction workers of Asia, Australia, der the guidance of the Joint and collaboration and Oceania’ (TAAO) Steer- UN/FAO IAEA, the TAAO en- among tephritid work- ing Committee (Photo). ters a new phase as it works to- ers from the region The TAAO was established wards increasing regional in- 2. Enhance capacity to as an independent profes- volvement and participation in develop and deploy ef- sional and scientific organi- the study and management of fective diagnostic and zation with the purpose of fruit flies throughout the region. management pro- bringing together tephritid grammes P. 8

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3. Provide a centralised fo- rum for researchers, agencies, and regulators to access and obtain spe- cific information or to contact regional tephritid workers 4. Foster collegiality among tephritid workers in the region 5. Educate the wider com- munity about the biologi- cal importance of teph- ritids and their impact on regional horticulture.

Conferences are expected to oc- cur every four years, in between the International Fruit Fly Sym- posiums, with the first TAAO We are also on the lookout the region to be distributed symposium in Kuala Lumpur in for keen members of our via regular updates to 2016. More details will be dis- community to be directly members of the Mailing tributed closer to the date, involved with the TAAO, List. The TAAO EC is also particularly via the Mailing particularly in joining the encouraged to engage with List which is being updated. TAAO Editorial Committee social media to disseminate Please contact Mark Schutze if (EC). The TAAO EC will be news as it comes to hand. you wish to join. responsible for collecting Please contact Mark news and information from Schutze to register interest.

The new group of Tephritid Workers of Asia, Australia and Oceania (TAAO) presently has over 400 members from about 29 countries.

Page 8 FFN #29 Australian Entomological Society Celebrates the

Golden jubilee!

Olivia Reynolds Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW, Australia

reproductive rate and longer gener- pest management approaches The 50th Australian Entomological Society Conference held in Austral- ation time than B. tryoni. In addi- including SIT which relies upon ia’s capital, Canberra, 28 September tion, they were able to demonstrate the mating competitiveness of – 1 October 2014 celebrated the 50th that the adult reproductive stage sterile males. anniversary of the Society. The con- was the most sensitive to popula- Thilini Ekanayake brought ference was held in the iconic cruci- tion growth in both species irre- into question the belief by some ble of Australian science, the Shine Dome, a heritage listed Canberra spective of the host they used, and that B. tryoni has a lek-based landmark that is about the same vin- that managing the pests at this de- mating system. Thilini demon- tage as the Society. velopmental stage would prove the strated not only a strong prefer- most efficient. ence by B. tryoni for tall trees While there were a range of topics A study by Jaye Newman re- over short trees, but showed in covered, a session on Biosecurity was vealed that wing shape varies sig- field cages that there are more comprised almost entirely of talks on nificantly among B. tryoni flies females than males at mating fruit fly. Solomon Balagawi com- reared on different diets and at dif- sites before dusk, with minimal pared the demography and life histo- ferent temperatures. Yet inconclu- territorial behaviour preceding ry stages of a specialist (Bactrocera sive evidence suggests that wing courtship displayed by males. cucumis) and generalist (Bactrocera shape may influence successful Using a combination of historical tryoni) fruit fly. Solomon demon- mating, which has implications for trapping records for B. strated that B. cucumis had a lower P.10

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species. Several determinations were made about the response of flies to these lures and included the development of a female- biased lure for B. cucumis, for which a male lure does not exist, increased attractiveness of three species of some economic im- portance in Australia (including B. tryoni) to raspberry ketone formate compared with cue-lure and a new Dacus spp. trapped by zingerone.

Olivia’s poster looked at pre- release supplementation with yeast hydrolysate (YH) of sterile B. tryoni. Under low stress no difference in mortality between the sexes was evident for flies provided or denied YH, however From left to right are Yuvarin Boontop (Rak) (QUT fruit fly PhD student and under high stress conditions Thai Depart of Agriculture), Tony Clarke, Linda Clarke, Ian Naumann (Comm mortality was lower for YH-fed flies. When food was scarce, flies Dept Ag and well known for his SE Asia regional capacity enhancement work) initially provided YH for the first and Jaye Newman (QUT fruit fly tech and former hons student from the lab). two days post -eclosion had re- Photo credit to Li-Xin Eow duced longevity when subse- quently deprived of food com- tryoni, modelling and risk stand- identification. pared with flies fed sucrose only. ards, Bernie Dominiak illustrated A field trial revealed that for eve- that new methods for calculating Mark Schutze reported on an inter- ry YH-deprived fly trapped, 1.2 fruit fly quarantine distances could national collaboration to resolve cryp- YH-supplemented flies were significantly reduce the current sus- tic tephritid species complexes, which trapped, leading the authors to pension zones when an outbreak has shown that Bactrocera papaya, B. advocate the release of YH- occurs in a pest free area. These lat- invadens and B. dorsalis are the same supplemented B. tryoni for ster- est methods are presently under con- biological species. Mark highlighted ile insect technique programs. sideration for domestic trade. the potential implications this might have for Australia, including the possi- Congratulations must also go to Olivia Reynolds presented a PCR- ble displacement of B. tryoni and Cer- Tony Clarke, a well known fruit RFLP based assay developed for atitis capitata and the potential incur- fly biologist, who was awarded within-host detection of immature sion cost of the highly invasive fly B. the 2014 Mackerras Medal by parasitoids; four species known to dorsalis; the fly’s climatic range en- the Australian Entomological parasitise B. tryoni and successfully compasses nearly all of horticulture in Society, in recognition of his sig- used in control programs interna- Australia. nificant career and contribution tionally (Diachasmimorpha tryoni, to science. The Mackerras Medal D. kraussii, D. longicaudata and There were two poster presentations is the Australian Entomological Fopius arisanus). Such an assay will on fruit fly by Jane Royer and Olivia Society’s highest award and is be useful when rapid identification is Reynolds. Jane’s poster illustrated given every two years to a mem- desired, thus avoiding the laborious field trials testing several novel lures, ber of the Society under 50 years of age who has demonstrated and prolonged rearing and dissec- zingerone, cue-lure and methyl euge- distinction in entomology. tion required with morphological nol in north Queensland against a range of pest and non-pest tephritid

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FFN#29

CONGRATULATIONS TO BERNIE DOMINIAK!

In April 2014, Dr Bernie Dominiak was awarded a PhD in an awards cere- mony at Macquarie University. Bernie's thesis titled “Managing Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) in and near a trade quarantine zone” included 16 peer-reviewed publications on the management of Queensland fruit fly. Dr Dominiak, Leader Regional Pest Management with Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity in New South Wales, Australia, will continue this valu- able work in the scientific development of revised trade standards.

Bernie Dominiak Bernie Dominiak

© List of publications just in PhD

Contributions received before Why not send us a short 10th January 2015 will be posted story about your lab? on the next FFN issue (#30).

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This week Springer has published the book “Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies”, a volume edited by T. Shelly, N. Epsky, E. Jang, J. Reyes-Flores, and R. Vargas. The book includes 18 chapters organized into four main sections, namely Lures and Traps, Ecology and Detection, Attract and Kill, and Phytosanitary Programs and Regulations. Over 35 authors from 15 dif- ferent countries contributed to the volume and focus on a diverse array of basic and applied topics, in- cluding the role of pheromones, food-baits, and plant odors as trap lures, dispersion and invasion biol- ogy, modeling detection programs, evaluation of bait stations, mass trapping, and male annihilation as control measures, and the role of trapping data in developing trade regulations. Springer is listing the book at $189 USD (hard copy) and $149 USD (e-book). Todd Shelly APHIS United States Department of Agriculture Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA

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3rd MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID WORKERS OF EUROPE, AFRICA & THE MIDDLE EAST (TEAM ), 11-14 APRIL 2016 STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA.

9th MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID TEPHRITIDAE WORKERS OF THE WESTERN HEMI- FRUIT FLY SPHERE (TWWH), OCTOBER 2016, REFERENCES BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

June – October

1st MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID 2014 WORKERS OF ASIA, AUSTRALIA, AND OCEANIA. (TAAO 2016) , MALAYSIA

10th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRUIT FLY OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE (ISFFEI 2018), TAPACHULA, CHIAPAS, MEXICO PREVIOUS FRUIT FLY MEETINGS

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