Indian J. Anim. Res., 49 (5) 2015 : 731-735 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Print ISSN:0367-6722 / Online ISSN:0976-0555 www.arccjournals.com/www.ijaronline.in Adoption of cattle rearing practices by cattle owners

B.M. Thombre , D.D. Suradkar and Jyoti M. Deshmukh* College of Agriculture, Latur-413 512, India. Received: 09-04-2014 Accepted: 01-03-2015 DOI: 10.18805/ijar.5591

ABSTRACT Red Kandhari and Deoni are the important cattle breeds of region. Red Kandhari cattle in pure form and its crosses with Deoni cattle and non descriptive cattle are seen sporadically in all the seven districts of Marathwada region. So the present investigation was undertaken to study the adoption of cattle rearing practices by Red Kandhari cattle owners in . It was observed from research that, maximum score was obtained for adoption of regional cattle breeds. The results regarding adoption of feeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle revealed that maximum score was given to use of gruel mixture after parturition and higher score 126 possessed by the practice i.e. feeding of colostrum to newly born calf. The category wise adoption index revealed that breeding practices (76.56) got first position followed by feeding practices (63.66) for Red Kandhari cattle. Lack of green fodder throughout the year and high price of concentrate (96.25%) were the major constraints faced by Red Kandhari cattle owners.

Key words: Adoption, Cattle rearing practices, Red Kandhari owners.

INTRODUCTION 2. To study extent of adoption of improved cattle rearing Live stock play an important role in Indian economy. practices by Red Kandhari cattle owner. India has 27 breeds of cattle. The indigenous breeds of cattle 3. To identify the constraints of Red Kandhari cattle owner are characteristically different from each other. Considering in cattle rearing. the importance of livestock in the economy of India, MATERIALS AND METHODS preservation and improvement of the germplasm of cattle have Five talukas namely Ardhapur, Kandhar, Loha, been taken up by the Government as livestock development Mukhed, Naigaon(Bz) were selected randomly from Nanded activity. Red Kandhari and Deoni are the important cattle district of Marathwada region. From each taluka two villages breeds of Marathwada region. Red Kandhari cattle in pure namely Loon and Pardhi from Ardhapur taluka , Ghodaj and form and its crosses with Deoni cattle and Non descriptive Shekapur from Kandhar taluka, Landgewadi and Malakoli cattle are seen sporadically in all the seven districts of from Loha taluka, Barali and Mukramabad from Mukhed Marathwada region. Red Kandhari cattle is a medium sized taluka and Gadga and Ghungrala from Naigaon (Bz) taluka strong and robust animal. The color is uniform deep dark red were selected randomly. Overall ten villages were selected but variations from a dull red to almost dark brown. Bull for study. Eight Red Kandhari cattle owners were randomly colour is darker than cow. Eyes are shining with black colored selected from each of the selected village. Thus a sample of rounded in shape horns are evenly curved and medium sized. 80 respondents was selected for present study. The data were The Red Kandhari cattle owners are adopting the collected personally with the help of pretested teacher made various cattle rearing practices. It is necessary to these structured interview schedule in which 25 practices related practices as Red Kandhari is a major breed in Marathwada to adoption of Red Kandhari cattle rearing were included. region of . Therefore, the present investigation Two score was given to full adoption, one to partial adoption was undertaken to study the adoption of cattle rearing and zero to no adoption. Total score for each practice was practices by Red Kandhari cattle owners in Nanded district calculated. Accordingly the category wise adoption indices with following specific objectives. were calculated and finally overall adoption index was drawn. 1. To know personal characteristics of Red Kandhari cattle Adoption index was calculated on the basis of obtained score owners. divided by maximum possible score and multiplied by *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] and address: Department of Extension Education, M.A.U. Parbhani. 732 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH hundred. The constraints in adoption of Red Kandhari cattle TABLE 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their economic rearing practices by Red Kandhari cattle owners were characteristics n=80 observed for the study. The data were analyzed with the help Sr. No. Characteristic No. Per cent of frequency, percentage and rank order. A) Land Holding 1. Marginal (up to 1 hectare) 15 18.75 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2. Small (1.01 to 2 hectares) 27 33.75 Socio personal characteristics: Table1 shows that 46.25 per 3. Semi medium (2.01 to 4 hectares) 19 23.75 4. Medium (4.01 to 10 hectares) 10 12.50 cent of the respondents were more than 50 years age, while 5. Big (above 10 hectares) 07 08.75 and 35.00 per cent had secondary school education. About B) Occupation 52.50 per cent respondents belonged to small family (upto 5 1. Red Kandhari cattle rearing +Agriculture 67 83.75 2. Red Kandhari cattle rearing + Labour 08 10.00 members) with 73.75 per cent of the respondents having 3. Red Kandhari cattle rearing + Business 05 06.25 nuclear type of family. These findings were similar to the C) Annual Income findings of Thombre, et. al.(1995). 1. Low income (up to Rs. 60,000/-) 14 17.50 2. Medium income (Rs. 60001/- to 90000/-) 39 48.75 Economic characteristics: It is observed from Table 2, that 3. High income (above Rs. 90000/-) 27 33.75 33.75 per cent of the respondents were small farmers (upto D) Size of Herd 1. Small (up to 5) 34 42.50 1.01 to 2.00 hectares land). As far as occupation is 2. Medium (6 to 10) 29 36.25 concerned, it was observed that about 83.75 per cent of the 3. Big (above 10) 17 21.25 respondents depend on Red Kandhari cattle rearing + E) Live stock population 1. Red Kandhari cattle 80 100.00 agriculture. It was noticed from the same table that 48.75 2. Deoni cattle 09 11.25 per cent of the respondents had annual income ranging from 3. Non distractive cattle 32 40.00 Rs. 60,001 to 90,000/-. The 42.50 per cent of the 4. Goats 04 05.00 respondents possessed small size of herd (up to 05 Red Adoption of Red Kandhari cattle rearing practices: It was Kandhari cattle). All most all respondents possessed Red observed from Table 4 that, maximum score was obtained Kandhari cattle (100 %), followed by non descriptive cattle for adoption of regional cattle breeds (149), followed by (40.00%). The results were in conformity with Ainlawar type of appropriate age of Red Kandhari cattle for breeding (2012). (122), rearing of improved cattle breeds (118) and type of Sources of information: It was indicated from Table 3, that Red Kandhari cattle breeding (101) as adoption of breeding television possessed higher score (143) followed by practices by the Red Kandhari cattle owners. Veterinary Officer (118), Publications (117), Progressive Adoption of feeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle: farmer (75), Live stock fair (59), Gram Sevek (53), Radio The adoption of feeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle (49) as sources of information. were calculated and are presented in Table 5. The results revealed that use of gruel mixture after parturition (153), TABLE 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their followed by chapped fodder given to Red Kandhari cattle socio-personal characteristics n=80 (148), appropriate quantity dry fodder given to Red Kandhari Sr. No. Characteristic No. Per cent cattle daily (139), appropriate concentrate feed given to A) Age Red Kandhari cattle (92), appropriate quantity green fodder 1. Young (up to 35 years ) 11 13.75 given to Red Kandhari cattle daily (81), stall feeding (69) 2. Middle (36 to 50 years) 32 40.00 3. Old (above 50 years) 37 46.25 and use of mineral mixture blocks to Red Kandhari cattle B) Education (33) are the feeding practices adopted for Red Kandhari cattle. 1. Illiterate 09 11.25 Findings were in line with Ainlawar (2012) 2. Primary schools 17 21.25 Adoption of feeding practices for newly born calf: It was 3. Secondary schools 28 35.00 4. High schools 18 22.75 observed from Table 6 that higher score was possessed by 5. Collegiate 08 10.00 feeding of colostrum to newly born calf (126) followed by C) Size of Family time of colostrum feeding after birth of calf ( 114), 1. Small family (up to 5) 42 52.50 appropriate quantity of colostrum feeding (107), concentrate 2. Medium family (6-10) 31 38.75 feed started timely to calf (94), colostrums feeding to calf 3. Big family (more than 10) 07 08.75 D) Type of Family upto 5 days ( 86 ), feeding of fodder to calf ( 55), use of 1. Nuclear family 59 73.75 mineral mixture blocks to calf (50) are the different feeding 2. Joint family 21 26.25 practices of newly born calf. Volume 49 Issue 5 (October 2015) 733 TABLE 3: Use of sources of information by Red Kandhari cattle owners. Source of information Use (n=80) Total score Rank order Always Sometime Never T.V. 63 17 00 143 I Radio 07 35 38 49 VII Publications 46 25 09 117 III Livestock fair 11 37 32 59 V Veterinary Officer 38 42 00 118 II Gramsevak 11 31 38 53 VI Progressive Farmers 23 29 28 75 IV

TABLE 4: Adoption of breeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle Breeding practice Adoption (n=80) Total score Rank order Full Partial No Rearing of improved cattle breed 47(58.75) 24(30.00) 09(11.25) 118 III Adoption of regional cattle breeds 69(86.25) 11(13.75) 00(00.00) 149 I Appropriate age of Red Kandhari cattle for breeding 52(65.00) 18(22.25) 10(12.50) 122 II Type of Red Kandhari cattle breeding 21(26.25) 59(73.75) 00(0.00) 101 IV (Figures in the parentheses indicate percentage)

TABLE 5: Adoption of feeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle . Feeding practice Adoption (n=80) Total Rank Full Partial No score order Stall feeding 05(06.25) 57(71.25) 18(22.25) 69 VI Chopped fodder given to Red Kandhari cattle 68(85.00) 12(15.00) 00(0.00) 148 II Use of gruel mixture after parturition 73(91.25) 07(08.75) 00(00.00) 153 I Use of mineral mixture blocks to Red Kandhari cattle. 03(03.75) 27(33.75) 50(62.50) 33 VII Appropriate quantity green fodder daily given to Red Kandhari cattle. 11(13.75) 59(73.75) 10(12.50) 81 V Appropriate quantity dry fodder daily given to Red Kandhari cattle. 59(73.75) 21(26.25) 00(0.00) 139 III Appropriate concentrate feed given to Red Kandhari cattle. 18(22.50 56(70.00) 06(07.50) 92 IV (Figures in the parentheses indicate percentage)

TABLE 6: Adoption of feeding practices for newly borne calf. Feeding practice Adoption (n=80) Total score Rank order Full Partial No Feeding of colostrum to newly born calf. 46(57.50) 34(42.50) 00(0.00) 126 I Timely feeding of colostrum after birth of calf. 39(48.75) 36(45.00) 05(06.25) 114 II Appropriate quantity of colostrum feeding to calf. 34(42.50) 39(48.75) 07(08.75) 107 III Colostrum feeding to calf up to 5 days 21(26.25) 44(55.00) 15(18.75) 86 V Feeding of fodder to calf. 09(11.25) 37(46.25) 34(42.50) 55 VI Concentrate feed started timely to calf . 23(28.75) 48(60.00) 09(11.25) 94 IV Use of mineral mixture blocks to calf. 04(05.00) 42(52.50) 34(42.50) 50 VII (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage)

TABLE 7: Adoption of health care practices for Red Kandhari cattle Health care practice Adoption (n=80) Total score Rank order Full Partial No Naval cord treatment 19(23.75) 28(35.00) 33(41.25) 66 II Cleaning of Red Kandhari cow by hot water immediate 62(77.50) 18(22.50) 00(00.00) 142 I after parturition. Disease management in Red Kandhari cattle 07(8.75) 34(42.50) 39(48.75) 48 IV Spraying of insecticides in Red Kandhari cattle shade. 11(13.75) 37(46.25) 32(40.00) 59 III (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage) 734 INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH Adoption of health care practices for Red Kandhari cattle: practices (76.56) followed by feeding practices for Red Table 7 depicts that adoption of cleaning of Red Kandhari Kandhari cattle (63.66) and feeding practices for newly cow by hot water immediately after parturition possessed born calf ( 56.42 ), health care practices (49.21), and general higher score (142) followed by navel cord treatment (66) management practices (28.95) were observed in the study and spraying of insecticides in Red Kandhari cattle shed area. The overall adoption index was 57.22. (59),disease management in Red Kandhari cattle (48) are the Constraints in Red Kandhari cattle rearing adopted practices. Technical constraints: The data from Table 10 reveals Adoption of general management practices for Red that lack of green fodder round the year (90.00%) followed Kandhari cattle:It was revealed from Table 8 that, higher by non-availability of veterinary services in the village score was possessed by appropriate housing for Red Kandhari (76.25%), lack of knowledge about scientific rearing of Red cattle (65) followed by trimming of tail hair of Red Kandhari cattle(67.50%), de-functioning of milk co- Kandhari cattle (57), maintenance of records about Red operative society (61.25%), inadequacy of labour (33.75) Kandhari cattle rearing (17). (Ainlawar (2012). and inadequacy of Government schemes for development Category wise adoption of Red Kandhari cattle of Red Kandhari cattle (26.25%) were some of the technical management practices: It was observed from Table 9 that, constraints faced by Red Kandhari cattle owners. category wise adoption index revealed that breeding (Patil, 1995).

TABLE 8: Adoption of general management practices for Red Kandhari cattle Feeding practice Adoption (n=80) Total score Rank order Full Partial No Appropriate hosing for Red Kandhari cattle 14(17.50) 37(46.25) 29(36.25) 65 I Trimming of tail hairs of Red Kandhari cattle 11(13.75) 35(43.75) 34(42.50) 57 II Maintainace of records about Red Kandhari cattle rearing. 02(2.50) 13(16.25) 65(81.25) 17 III (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage)

TABLE 9: Category wise adoption of Red Kandhari cattle management practices n=80 Management practice Maximum possible score Obtained score Adoption index Breeding practices 640 490 76.56 Feeding practices for Red Kandhari cattle 1120 713 63.66 Feeding practices for calf. 1120 632 56.42 Health care practices 640 315 49.21 General management practices 480 139 28.95 Overall Adoption 4000 2289 57.22

TABLE 10: Technical Constraints of cattle owner in rearing of Red Kandhari cattle. n=80 Technical Constraints No. Per cent Rank Orde Lack of green fodder round the year 72 90.00 I Non availability of veterinary services in the village in time 61 76.25 II Lack of knowledge about scientific rearing of Red Kandhari cattle. 54 67.50 III Defunctioning of milk co-operative society. 49 61.25 IV Inadequate government schemes for development of Red Kandhari cattle. 21 26.25 VI Inadequacy of labour 27 33.75 V

TABLE 11: Economic Constraints of cattle owners in rearing of Red Kandhari cattle. n=80 Economic Constraints No. Per cent Rank Order High prices of concentrate 77 96.25 I Low market price to milk 46 57.50 III Inadequate and untimely loan supply 51 63.75 II Costly Veterinary services 29 36.25 V High prices of dry fodder 34 42.50 IV Low market prices for Red Kandhari cattle. 09 11.25 VI Volume 49 Issue 5 (October 2015) 735 Economical constraints: It is observed from Table 11 that CONCLUSIONS high prices of concentrate (96.25%) followed by inadequate Regarding cattle rearing practices, adoption of and untimely loan supply(63.75%), low market price to milk regional cattle breeds (149), feeding gruel mixture after (57.50%), high prices of dry fodder (42.50%), costly veterinary parturition and colostrums to newly born calf were the main services (36.25%), low market price for Red Kandhari cattle feeding practices adopted by farmers. The overall adoption (11.25%) were some of the economic constraints faced by index was 57.22. The lack of green fodder round the year Red Kandhari cattle owners while rearing the Red Kandhari and high price of concentrate were the major technical and cattle. Such constraints also expressed by Patil (1995). economical constraints faced by Red Kandhari cattle owners.

REFERENCES Ainlawar G.R.(2012) Utility perception about Red Kandhari cattle by cattle rearers. M.Sc.(Agri) Thesis, MKV, Parbhani.(MS) Patil, D. R. (1995). Constraints faced by the farmers in adoption of improved management practices for buffaloes M.sc. (Agri.) Thesis, M.P.K.V., Rahuri Thombre B.M. and R.R. Chole (1995). Profile of Deoni Bull Rearers in , Maha. J. Extn. Edn. 14: 157-160.