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,TITLE.12845 Page i Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM UNIX IN A NUTSHELL ,TITLE.12845 Page ii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM Other resources from O’Reilly Related titles Classic Shell Scripting Managing Projects with Effective awk GNU Make Programming Running Linux Essential CVS sed and awk Pocket Essential System Reference Administration TCP/IP Network GDB Pocket Reference Administration Learning GNU Emacs The Complete FreeBSD Learning the bash Shell Unix Power Tools Learning the Korn Shell Using csh & tcsh Learning the vi Editor Version Control with Linux in a Nutshell Subversion Mac OS X Tiger for Unix Geeks oreilly.com oreilly.com is more than a complete catalog of O’Reilly books. You'll also find links to news, events, articles, weblogs, sample chapters, and code examples. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in documenting the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit conferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online reference library for programmers and IT professionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Sub- scribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Book- shelf from cover to cover or simply flip to the page you need. Try it today for free. ,TITLE.12845 Page iii Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:51 PM UNIX IN A NUTSHELL Fourth Edition Arnold Robbins Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo ,COPYRIGHT.12974 Page iv Tuesday, August 22, 2006 4:52 PM Unix in a Nutshell, Fourth Edition by Arnold Robbins Copyright © 2006, 1999, 1992, 1989 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (safari.oreilly.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or [email protected]. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Colleen Gorman Cover Designer: Edie Freedman Interior Designer: David Futato Back Cover Illustration: J.D. “Illiad” Frazer Printing History: May 1989: First Edition. June 1992: Second Edition. August 1999: Third Edition. October 2005: Fourth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The In a Nutshell series designations, Unix in a Nutshell, the image of a tarsier, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 0-596-10029-9 [M] [8/06] To my wife, Miriam. May our dreams continue to come true. To my children, Chana, Rivka, Nachum, and Malka. To the memory of Frank Willison. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Preface . xiii Part I. Commands and Shells 1. Introduction . 3 Unix in the 21st Century 3 Obtaining Compilers 5 Building Software 6 What’s in the Quick Reference 7 Beginner’s Guide 8 Solaris: Standard Compliant Programs 11 2. Unix Commands . 13 Introduction 13 Alphabetical Summary of Common Commands 15 Alphabetical Summary of Solaris Commands 241 Alphabetical Summary of GNU/Linux Commands 260 Alphabetical Summary of Mac OS X Commands 304 Alphabetical Summary of Java Commands 321 3. The Unix Shell: An Overview . 341 Introduction to the Shell 341 Purpose of the Shell 342 Shell Flavors 343 vii This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Shell Source Code URLs 344 Common Features 344 Differing Features 345 4. The Bash and Korn Shells . 347 Overview of Features 348 Invoking the Shell 349 Syntax 350 Functions 357 Variables 358 Arithmetic Expressions 366 Command History 368 Job Control 372 Command Execution 372 Restricted Shells 373 Built-in Commands (Bash and Korn Shells) 374 5. tcsh: An Extended C Shell . 417 Overview of Features 417 Invoking the Shell 418 Syntax 419 Variables 423 Expressions 435 Command History 438 Command-Line Manipulation 442 Job Control 445 Built-in Commands 446 6. Package Management . 467 Linux Package Management 467 The Red Hat Package Manager 470 Yum: Yellowdog Updater Modified 484 up2date: Red Hat Update Agent 489 The Debian Package Manager 492 Mac OS X Package Management 520 Solaris Package Management 521 viii | Table of Contents This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Part II. Text Editing and Processing 7. Pattern Matching . 535 Filenames Versus Patterns 535 Metacharacters 536 Metacharacters, Listed by Unix Program 538 Examples of Searching 539 8. The Emacs Editor . 543 Conceptual Overview 543 Command-Line Syntax 545 Summary of Commands by Group 546 Summary of Commands by Key 552 Summary of Commands by Name 555 9. The vi, ex, and vim Editors . 561 Conceptual Overview 561 Command-Line Syntax 562 Review of vi Operations 565 vi Commands 567 vi Configuration 574 ex Basics 579 Alphabetical Summary of ex Commands 580 10. The sed Editor . 595 Conceptual Overview 595 Command-Line Syntax 596 Syntax of sed Commands 598 Group Summary of sed Commands 600 Alphabetical Summary of sed Commands 601 11. The awk Programming Language . 611 Conceptual Overview 611 Command-Line Syntax 613 Patterns and Procedures 614 Built-in Variables 616 Operators 617 Variable and Array Assignment 618 User-Defined Functions 619 Gawk-Specific Features 620 Table of Contents | ix This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Implementation Limits 622 Group Listing of awk Functions and Commands 623 Alphabetical Summary of awk Functions and Commands 623 Output Redirections 632 Source Code 634 Part III. Software Development 12. Source Code Management: An Overview . 637 Introduction and Terminology 637 Usage Models 639 Unix Source Code Management Systems 640 Other Source Code Management Systems 641 13. The Revision Control System . 643 Overview of Commands 643 Basic Operation 644 General RCS Specifications 645 Alphabetical Summary of Commands 649 14. The Concurrent Versions System . 659 Conceptual Overview 659 Command-Line Syntax and Options 661 Dot Files 664 Environment Variables 665 Keywords and Keyword Modes 667 Dates 669 CVSROOT Variables 672 Alphabetical Summary of Commands 674 15. The Subversion Version Control System . 697 Conceptual Overview 697 Obtaining Subversion 702 Using Subversion: A Quick Tour 704 The Subversion Command Line Client: svn 706 Repository Administration: svnadmin 733 Examining the Repository: svnlook 737 Providing Remote Access: svnserve 742 Other Subversion Components 743 x | Table of Contents This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 16. The GNU make Utility . 745 Conceptual Overview 745 Command-Line Syntax 746 Makefile Lines 749 Macros 754 Special Target Names 761 Writing Command Lines 762 17. The GDB Debugger . 765 Conceptual Overview 765 Command-Line Syntax 768 Initialization Files 770 GDB Expressions 771 The GDB Text User Interface 773 Group Listing of GDB Commands 773 Summary of set and show Commands 777 Summary of the info Command 788 Alphabetical Summary of GDB Commands 790 18. Writing Manual Pages . 813 Introduction 813 Overview of nroff/troff 814 Alphabetical Summary of man Macros 819 Predefined Strings 823 Internal Names 823 Sample Document 823 Part IV. References ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) Character Set . 829 Bibliography . 837 Index . 849 Table of Contents | xi This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition Copyright © 2006 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 2 Preface The fourth edition of Unix in a Nutshell brings the book into the 21st century. The term “UNIX” is a registered trademark of The Open Group. It is used for branding systems as compliant with the various standards that collectively define the behavior of a modern Unix system. More informally though, many systems in use today are Unix work-alikes, even though their source code base was devel- oped independently from the original Unix systems. Thus, the goal of this edition to present the broader state of Unix in today’s world. In particular, it’s important to cover both the commercial variants, and those where source code for the system and the utilities are freely available. To this end, we have chosen to cover these systems, which are representative of “Unix” today: Solaris 10 Solaris is the most popular commercial system based on the original Unix System V code base. GNU/Linux GNU/Linux systems have gained a huge foothold in the commercial market- place. While currently used most heavily for back-end servers, GNU/Linux is also starting to gain ground in the desktop market. Mac OS X Apple’s rewrite of their operating system has a core based on Mach and various BSD technologies. The command set is derived from FreeBSD. Thus, besides having an exciting user interface, Mac OS X is representative of the BSD strain of free Unix-like systems. The commands covered by the current POSIX standard form the core of our presen- tation. Each specific system has commands that are unique to it; these are covered too.
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