EMPLOYMENT AND STANDARD OF LIVING OF THE RESIDENTS OF KANSANGA PARISH, MAKINDYE DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT, UGANDA.
BY
LOKITARI BENJAMIN ACHEKEK REG NO: BAE/8041151/DU
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY.
APRIL2008 Declaration
I Lokitari Benjamin Achekek declare that, this research report has never been submitted to any institution of learning for any award. Ail the information is based on my own observation and I acknowledge the literatures borrowed.
,ow ll/ff£ Mv'8 . Sign ~< Date: .. .Z .... J ...... ,...... Lokitari Benjamin Achekek Supervisor's approval
This report resulted from the research effort in the area of training and was carried out under my supervision, with my final approval is ready for submission for the award of the Bachelor of Arts with Education of Kampala International University.
Date Jdl#fl~
11 Dedication
This piece of work is dedicated to my dear father Mr. Achekek Sangisang, My mum Ko Chepoghisho, my beloved brothers; Tuliareng Samuel, Philip Achekek, Mastaluk Richard and My sisters in-laws. Also friends of Kampala International university and other universities who contributed towards coming up with this piece of work.
111 Acknowledgeme11t
I am greatly indebted to a number of persons who have contributed directly or indirectly to the completion of this study. Achekek Sangisang for financing the whole process, Mr. Ochan Joseph for guiding me in each and every step I was undertaking in carrying out this study until when the work was ready, Ssekandi Henry for helping me in typing, printing and binding this report and lastly fiiends of Kampala International, for example, Mr. Evans Ompwori among others for their encouragement and moral support.
IV Table of contents
D~laration ...... i . ' I .. S uperv•sor s approva ···································································································" Dedication •...... •.....•.•.••..•.....•.....••...•..•...... •..•.•....•....•....•..•...•...... •...... •.... iii Aclrnowledgement •...... •.•....•..•..•..••..••..•.•.•.•..•...... •..•...... •...... •.....•.....•...... •... iv Table of contents ...... •...•.•...•...•.•...... •...... v
CHAPTER ONE..•.•..•...... ••...... •....•.....•....•.....•.•...•...... •...... •...•...... I 1.0 Introduction ...... •...•...... •...... ••...... •...... •...... •...... •...... • ! 1.1 Background of the study••..••...•..••..•..•...•..••.•.•.....••..•...... •...... •..•...... I 1.2 Statement of the problem ...... •..•...... •...... ••...... •...•...... 2 1.3 Purpose of the study ...•.....•...•...... •...... •...... •...... 2 1.4.0. Objectives of the study•.•...•...... •.••.....•.•...... •.....•.....•...•...... •...... 2 1.4.1. General objective .•...... ••.....•...... •.....•..•...... •..•.•....•.....•...... •...... 2 1.4.2 Specific objectives ...... 2 1.5 Significance of the study ...... 2 1.6 Research questions...... 3 1. 7 Definitions of termseuooo-oeo~··~--~···•u•o<>H•oooOU*UU>OOOOOOOOO••••~n•••••u••··--···••u•nonouoo••····· 3 1.8 Tile scope of the study...... 4 1.9 Limitations ...... 4
2.0 Literature Review ...... 5 2.2 On the psychological effect of emJlloyment...... 7 2.3 On unemployment and families ...... 8 2.4 On mental health and re-employment ...... 8 2.5 On mental health and occnpational stress ...... 9 2.6 On mental health and work schemes ...... 9 2.7 On Clu·eers of disadvantage ...... 9 2.8 On recession and mental health ...... ! 0 2.9 On the mental and being on welfare...... ! 0 2.10 On psycl!ological and unemployment ...... 10 2.11 ReCI'niting job candidates ...... 12 2.11.1 2.11.2 A Toyota selection program ...... 13 2.11.3 What Toyota is looking f1·om its cmployees ...... 14 2.11.4 Government intervention through private sector to solve unemployment. ... l4 2.11.5 Government intervention throngl! civil society to solve unemployment...... l4 2.11.6 Government intervention th1·ongh donors ...... 15 2.11. 7 On transpm·t inf1·astnu:tm·e ...... 15 2.11.8 On energy ...... 15
CHAPTER THREE ...... 17 Methodology ...... 17 3.0 THE RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 17 3.1 The study population ...... 17 3.2 Sample selection and size ...... l7
v 3.3. Instnunents of data analysis ...... 17 3.4 The procedure of collecting data ...... 17
CHAPTER FOUR ...... IS 4.0 Data presentation, analysis and interpretation...... IS 4.1 Sex, Age and employment level of l'espondents ...... 18 4.2 Data presentation analysis and interpretation ...... 19
CHAPTERF~ •.•..•.•.•...•.•..•..•.•.•.•...•..•.•...•.•••.•.....•.•...•.....•..•...... 25 5.0 Conclusion, Recommendation and Suggestions for further research...... 25 5.1. Conclusion ...... 25 5.2 Recommendation ...... 25 5.3 Suggestions for further research ...... 25
REFERENCE BOOKS ...... 28
QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 30
VI Abstract
The study dwelt into employment and standard of living of the residents of Kansanga Parish, Makindye Division, Kampala District-Uganda. Theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed with reference to ardent scholars like; David Fryer (1995), Lipsey and Crystal (1999), Gideon Akampurira (2004), Bradley R. Schiller (1980).
Generally these scholars agree that unemployment is a problem to the people. The researcher used questionnaires to collect the relevant information of the study.
More so the study findings revealed that there is need of urgent intervention by both government and non governmental organizations to rescue the residents of Kansanga Parish from the results of unemployment.
Vll CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION This study was to focus on employment and standard ofliving of the residents. Thus has just happened due to the negative consequences of existence of unemployment in an economy. Thomas Cottleie, a lecturer at Harvard medical school, stated the case more bluntly. "I'm now convinced that unemployment is the killer disease in this country responsible for wife beating, infertility and even tooth decay. Also back in 1936, German investigations showed that unemployment among German parents brings about a drop in the school marks of two thirds of their children, where unemployment was very long term, they reported a further decline in school work, more recent, Dutch work has also found poorer school performance in children with unemployed parents. Mcloyd in 1989 conducted after an extensive literature review that children with unemployed parents are at risk of socio-emotional problems, deviant behaviour, reduced aspirations and expectations. This is where the child may also model the somatic complaints of the father. Mcloyd cites specific evidence regarding mental health problems for example withdrawal from peers, depression, loneliness, emotional sensitivity, distrustfulness, decreased sociability and low self esteem. Kay in 1985 pointed out that unemployment results to unacceptability poor conditions, perceived invasion of privacy, sense of being passively processed, humiliations and degradation.
1.1 Background ofthe study The study was concerned about the problems of unemployment to the population. Unemployment has become a threat to developing countries Uganda in particular. Therefore, it is important that the entire populations are made aware of existing levels of unemployment, however much as the economy is expanding for example cyclic and structural type of unemployment exist. Unemployment has created negative impact to the population as stated by R. Schiller (1980), joblessness causes more crime, more health problems, more divorce and many other problems. Thomas Cottleile, a lecturer at Harvard Medical School stated the case more bluntly. ''I'm now convinced that
1 unemployment is the killer disease in this country responsible for wife beating, infertility and even tooth decay." Lipsey and Chrystal (1999, put forward a positive effect of unemployment where those without jobs receive unemployment benefits benefit. The size of benefits paid, relative to pay levels in work is known as the replacement ratio.
1.2 Statement of the problem Due to the existence of unemployment which has resulted to low standards of living amongst people, there is need to create awareness to the entire population of Uganda such that necessary steps are taken to reduce it or eliminate it from an economy.
1.3 Purpose of the study The study aimed at examining employment and standard of living of the residents of Kansanga Parish, Makindye Division, Kampala District.
1.4.0. Objectives of the study 1.4.1. General objective To examine employment and standard of living of residents ofKansanga.
1.4.2 Specific objectives i). To assess government recmitment process and job enrollment among the residents of Kansanga. ii.) To examine the number of employed and unemployed people among the residents of Kansanga. iii). To examine government intervention to unemployment and job security among the residents ofKansanga iv). To determine educational level of the residents ofKansanga v). To examine the impact of unemployment to the residents ofKansanga
1.5 Significance ofthe study The finding would help the government realize that there is need to implement policies that create employment opportunities.
2 The findings would help the residents know how recruitment process is conducted in Kansanga Parish. The study would help people to know that there is need for the government to create more job opportunities for the people.
1.6 Resea1·cb questions
1. How is recruitment process conducted in Kansanga Parish? n. At what levels of education are people recruited to varions vacancies of jobs available?
ill. Has government intervened into unemployment in Kansanga?
1. 7 Definitions ofterms Unemployment; refers to a situation where some members of the labour force are idle either voluntary or involuntary due to some economic problems in the economy creating shortage of jobs. Also refers to a situation in an economy where there are people who wish to work or willing to do jobs at the ongoing wage rate but jobs available are not enough thus unemployment.
Involuntary unemployment; is where some members of the labour force are willing and actively working for jobs but they cannot find them at the prevailing wage rate in an economy.
Voluntary unemployment; is where jobs are available but labour force is unwilling to take on the available jobs at the prevailing ongoing wage rate.
Population; refers to the people who live in an area, a city, a country
Residents; are people who reside or dwell in a given place.
3 Recruit; is service man or service woman newly enlisted and not yet fully trained.
1.8 The scope of the study The study was conducted among five zones of Kansanga, parish namely, Nabutiti, Kiwafu estate, Kataabu, Ssebuliba and Maasana Makindye Division, Kampala District Uganda. The parish has eight zones but due to the time and financial constraints, the researcher covered five zones within three days.
1.9 Limitations The following were obstacles experienced during the study; Inadequate funds to facilitate the study. Since the study required research assistance, materials and transport, the researcher experienced shortage of finance to facilitate the program. Not all population ofKansanga Parish was covered due to shortage of time and resources, the researcher did not cover all the people to reveal all the information exhaustively. Some respondents failed to reveal the necessary information. This arouse as a result of some individual thinking they were being spied.
Language barrier. Since the study has within Kampala where Luganda is mostly spoken, the researcher experienced language barrier
The researcher did the following to overcome the above obstacles.
Borrowed money from friends and parents to facilitate the program.
Looked for research assistance who understood Luganda to overcome language barrier
Ensured respondents confidentiality of the information they were to reveal.
4 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Chrystal(1999), unemployment reduces output and aggregate income. As UK economists Richard Layard, Stephen Nickel and Richard Jackman put it in the unemployment crisis (OUP 1994). "Unemployment matters" it increases inequality, since the unemployed loose more than the employed. It erodes human capital and finally it involves psychic costs, people need to be needed. Though unemployment increases leisure, the value of this is largely set by the pain or rejection.
R. Schiller(1980), joblessness cause more crime more health problems, more divorce and either problems. Thomas Cattie. A lecturer at Harvard Medical School stated the case more bluntly. "I'm, now convinced that unemployment is the killer disease in this country responsible for wife beating, infertility and even tooth decay" Also Germany, psychiatrists have observed that unemployment can be hazardous to your health. They estimate that the arteries and the nervous disorders that accompany one year of unemployment can reduce life expectancy by as much as five years.
In Japan the suicide rate jumped by more than 50% in 1999 when the economy plaqued into recession. In Zealand suicide rates are twice as high for unemployment workers than for employed ones. R. Schiller(1980), puts forward that the basic economic cost of unemployment is foregone output. According to Okuni's law and gross domestic product (GDP) gap. It stores "when able and willing to work, potential production of goods and services s irretrievably lost."
5 P01ENTIAL GAP
ACTUALGDP
1980 1982 1983 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1999 2000 THEGDPGAP Som·ce: secondary GDP Gap; This is a gap created as a result of people being unemployed. Therefore, therefore the researcher belief that if people will be employed, such gaps shall be closed and the economy attaining potential GDP. Potential GDP; this is the GDP that would be realized if the economy would have created jobs for the people. Actual GDP; this is the GDP that has been realized when people are unemployed in the economy. Negative GDP gaps. These gaps are created as a result of lost output due to people being unemployed, production will increase and such gaps shall be filled up and the economy realize potential GDP.
DR. DAVID FRYER, visiting psychologists from Stirling University in Scotland, has studied the psychological effects of unemployment for 14 years. He told an audience at Massey University last month that research into the effects of unemployment over lost 60 years has produced worryingly consistent findings. His studies showed that upto 40% of unemployed people suffer psychological distress.
6 Dr. Fryer says that many official interventions programmes aimed at helping unemployed people only increased the mental health costs of unemployment. He says that social policy in Britain "could not be designed much more effectively to exaggerate the risk of mental health problems" Dr Fryer gave the 1994 C.S. Myers lecturer at the British psychological society's animal conference in Britain. Here are an essential summary of this lecture on DR FRYER research into unemployment as mental health issue.
2.1 On unemployment and poor psychological health It is one the major achievements of recent research to have demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt that unemployment cause, rather than merely results from physiological health studies spanning time, culture, research group and research methods converge in their conclusion that unemployment is associated with poor health. For many, the most impressive contemporary input has been made by researchers using quantitative psychological methods. Anxiety, depression, dissatisfaction with one's present life, expenence regarding the future and other negative emotional states...... have each been demonstrated in cross sectional studies to be high in unemployed people than in matched groups of unemployed people.
2.2 On the psychological effect of employment. Maries J ahoda in 1980 said that employment is a social institution without objective, consequences that occur for all effected by it, overriding individual differences in feelings, thoughts, motivation and purpose, some of these like earning a living, are intended or manifest. Others are unintended or latent. According to Jahoda:" unemployment makes the following categories of experience inevitable; it imposes a time structure on the taking day; if compel contact and share experience with others outside the modern family ;if demonstrates that there are goals and purposes which are beyond the scope of an individual but require collectivity; it imposes status and social identity through the division of labour in modern employment; it imposes activity" crucially an employment is said by Jahoda to damage mental health because of the psychological
7 deprivation of these unintended consequences of employment which normally function as psychological support.
2.3 On unemployment and families Back in 1936 German the investigations showed that unemployment among German parents bring about a drop in the school marks of 2h of their children. Where unemployed have very long term, they report farther decline in school work. More recent Dutch work has also found poorer performance in children with unemployed fathers.
Mcloyd in 1989 concluded, after an extensive literature review, that children with an employed fathers are at risk of socio-emotional problems, deviant behaviours and reduced aspirations and expectations. The child may also model the somatic complaints of the father. Mcloyd cites specific evidence regarding mental health problems, withdrawal from peers, depression, loneliness, emotional sensitivity, distrustfulness, decreased sociability and low self esteem.
Research by Mckee and Bell in 1986 points to the difficulties spouses generally female partners of unemployed men, face in trying to manage on reduced income, to cope with the spouses, intmsive presence in the household, to support distressed partners and deal with intra-family conflict.
2.4 On mental health and re-employment Some of the effects of unemployment may persist into the period of re-employment. Kaufman in 1982 found that one fifth of his sample of re-employed professionals were under employed that is to say, has had to accept jobs which were inferior in terms of salary, type of work and use skills. Only 47 %reported their lives had returned to normal following re-employment is likely to be at vulnerable to future redundancy due to loss in first out practices.
The researcher Fineman in I 987 followed up a previously unemployed sample of people and found these re-employed in jobs which they felt were inadequate were experiencing more stress and even poorer self esteem, than they had during their period of
8 unemployment. Half of Finemans re-employed informants had what he described as "legacy" effects, whatever or the quality of the new job. This legacy took up feeling there has a lasting blemish or stigma on their word record, of continuing doubts about their ability of personal failure. Organizationally they were prepared to give less of themselves to their new jobs.
2.5 On mental health ami occupational stress With such strain has been to change jobs. However, m recessional labour market condition, people are increasingly likely to become trapped in psychologically distressing jobs.
2.6 On mental health and work schemes Research into youth opportunities programme participation in 1985 found that youth opportunities programme participation trainees were not on average, significantly less depressed than members of an unemployed comparison group and were more depressed than an employed group. Interviews suggested that the trainees perceived youth opportunities programme participation as low status (cheap labour, not a proper job) as providing inadequate training, as lacking in meaningful purpose, as actually hindering the search for a proper job and as likely to lead to adequate secure employment.
Davies in 1993 investigated the community programme. Reporting generally positive participation evaluation of the work but generally negative perception of the context of the scheme and its temporary nature with frequently experienced anxieties about the future. The psychological well-being of community programme participation was on a far with that of comparable employed people but their control was as low as comparable unemployed people.
2. 7 On careers of disadvantage Many people have careers of labour market disadvantage consisting, stressed jobs within the secondary labour market via training schemes into further unemployment or other insecure employment or sickness and so on in a cycle of adverse labour market expenence.
9 Many people are preoccupied with the problems oflong-term unemployed. My suspicion is that careers of labour market disadvantage, repeated unemployment, unsatisfying unemployment and scheme attendance is not only far more common than long term unemployment but is at least as possibly more-psychologically corrosive.
2.8 On 1·ecession and mentall!ealth. Mass unemployment effects many more people than those far discussed trade union influence is reduced wages are depressed for those in jobs (minimum wages and wages councils in the UK have recently become things of the past), improvement to the working environment regarding health and safety and the humanization of work are showed down or put into reverse employment as rehabilitation after physical injury, illness, mental breakdown and prison becomes decreasingly available and minorities become increasingly valuable to exclusion from the labour market with consequent further marginalization and improvement. All these factors impinge on mental health via the labour market.
2.9 On the mental and being on welfare. The very process of claiming is reported to be distressing Kay in 1985 pointed at unacceptability poor conditions, perceived invasion of privacy, sense of being passively processed of humiliation and degradation. State financial support has frequently been reported as experienced as a stigmatized, illegitimate, source of income in contrast with earned income. There is even some evidence that income maintenance may be stressful in its own right. Thoits and Hannan in 1979 reported a small but reliable increase in divorce rate, geographical mobility and psychological distress in income maintained patiiculars.
2.10 On psycl!ological and unemployment Psychologists and others must engage with the mental health costs of psychological aoo material deprivation which is part and parcel for many for many in their labour market careers. We need a research treatment of deprivation which is not merely academic, we must never lose sight of the fact that we are concerned not merely with a matter of se:gments but with real misery and risk of mental health costs for every millions of poople.
The unemployed have skills and training that are not being utilized in production. National income and production could grow if these were gainfully working. Most of the unemployed receive transfer payments from the federal government where these money could have been utilized elsewhere. Unemployment represents a private cost to those directly affected by it, a loss of income, and if unemployment is long term, a loss of income, and if unemployment is long-term, a potential loss of skills as well. Unemployment is also a social cost to our community. Unemployment is associated with higher levels of family breakdowns, alcohol and drug abuse and suicide.
High levels of unemployment increases the level of income inequality. May commentators are concerned that an under class of long term unemployed is developing. These people, who also include those who are employed on a short-term, casual basis in poorly paying jobs (the working poor), are critical of the wealth of the elite, professional groups in our society, who are in the richest I 0% of income earners.
The distribution of household income 10 90 s"' 80 0 u .8 70 Perfect equality ~"' 60 ofincot e iJ equality of income '
0 I 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 !00 Cumulative %age of income recipients Source: Secondary
11 The cumulative frequency of income receive is compared with the cumulative frequency of income recipients. If everyone received the same income, then the first 10% of population would receive 10% of total income; then the next 10% of the population would receive the next 10% of the national income and so on. Perfect equality of income is shown at the 45 degrees line on the graph to the left.
From the above Lorenz curve, the distribution of income has become more unequal overtime. Half of the population only receives about 20% of the national income. This means that the richest 50% of the population receive 80% of all the national income. The gap between the rich and the poor has clearly widened.
2.11 Recmiti11g job c:mdidates
Once you have been authorized to fill a position the nex-t step is to develop an application pool, probably using internal recruiting and one or more of the recruitments sources. Recruitment is important, because the more applicants you have the more selective you cab be in your hiring and pick the best out of the applicants.
However, its not just recruiting but effective recruiting that is important. For example, consider the results of a recent study of college recruiter effectiveness. Subjects were forty-one ( 41) graduating students fi·om your colleges (arts and science, engineering, industrial relation and business) of another eastern university. The students were questioned twice during their spring semester, once just after they had had their round of interviews with employers and once after their second round of interviews.
The quality of a firm recruitment process had a big impact on what candidates thought of the firm. For example, when asked after the initial job interview why they thought a particular company might be a good fit all forty-one (41) mentioned the nature of the job, however twelve (12) also mentioned the impression made by the recruiters themselves and nine (9) said the comments of friends and acquaintances affected their impressions, unfortunately the reverse was true when asked why they judged some firms as bad fits, thirty nine (39) said they had been dressed sloppily; others were barely literate" some
12 were made; and some made offensively and exist comments. All these recruiters needless to say, were inefficient recruiters of their firms.
Line and staff cooperation recruitment is essential. The human resources manager who recruits and initially screens for the vacant job is seldom the one test for supervising its performance. He or she must therefore known exactly what the job entails and this in turn means speaking with the supervision involved for example, the Human Resource person might want to know something about the behaviour style of the supervisor and the members of the work group: is if a tough group to get along with, for site and interview the job has not changed since the description was written and to obtain any additional insight into the skills and talents the new worker will need.
2.H.1 Selection process Once there is a pool of completed application forms the next step is to select the best person for the job. In most firms this means writing down the applicant pool by using tl1e screening tools including tests, assessment centers and backgrounds and reference checks. Protective supervisor interview a handful of viable candidates and decide who will be hired.
2.11.2 A Toyota selection program Companies need employees who are committed for their firms employs who identify with the firm's values and goals and treat their firms like their own. Therefore, progressive companies like Toyota and federal express use values based living practices, they don't look at applicants job related skills. They try to get a sense of the person and his or her identity and person qualities and values. They identify common experiences and values that may flag the applicant's future with and success in the firm. They give their applicants realistic previous of what to expect and perhaps most important, they put enormous efforts into combining interviewing and other screening procedures into total selection programs in order to find the best people. As Fujio Cho, president of Toyota Motor manufacturing United States of America (USA) put it. You might be surprised, but our selection and hiring process is an exhaustive, painstaking system design not to fit position quickly but to find the right people for those positions. What are we looking for?
13 First these people must be able to think for themselves ...... Be problem solvers ...... And second, work in a team atmosphere as long-term investment decision. Why go through the trouble of hiring a questionable employee only to have to fire him later"
2.11.3 What Toyota is looking from its employees Toyota's total selection process helps to select the kinds of workers management is looking for. The firm's human resource chiefs has said that the first thing you have to do in designing a living process such as Toyota's "is to know what you want" Toyota is looking, first interpersonal skills, due to the firms emphasis on team interaction.
Similarly, the whole trust of Toyota's production is to improve job process through worker commitment to top quality and so reasoning and problems solving skills are also crucial human requirement. This emphasis on Kaizen on having the workers improve the system helps to explain Toyota's emphasis on living an intelligent, educated workforce.
2.11.4 Government intervention through private sector to solve unemployment
It is the private sector, including the many small-scale forming households that IS responsible for the majority of productive investment in general the motivation for investment is expected to be commercial and government therefore seek to ensure that the incentives in the economy encourage the kinds of investment that will pro-poor growth. Overtime it is hoped that producer organizations is to be strengthened services such as information about marketing opportunities, which benefits an industry as a whole, can be usefully provided by such organizations. Producers' organizations in grain trading and h01ticulture already play an important role and government collaborates with such organizations in promoting private sector development.
2.11.5 Govemment intenrention through civil society to solve unemployment. Civil society activities are not dictated by government. However government enjoys productive partnership with civil society in a number of areas which include advocacy, particularly in the interest of groups who might be neglected, voluntarily financed service delivery in sectors not covered by government programs, publicity financed services
14 delivery, subcontract by government, support to conflict resolution and independent research on key policy issues that foster economic productivity thus increasing job opportunities.
2.11.6 Government intervention through donors Donors continue to pay a critical part in financing public expenditure in an economy. They have got partnership with the government programmes through budget support rather than through projects. With the introduction of sectoral ceiling for the development budget including donor projects, both sectoral ministries and donor need to understand that each additional project will have an opportunity costs for the sectors in terms of flexible resources for the sectors priorities. This is done so as to ensure that funds are subject to the same process of prioritization as flexible resources, some donors provide support direct NGOs and to some districts outside the central government budget. The amounts are not currently integrated into the national resources envelope, but information is collected on them. The amounts are large enough to have substantial macro economic effects for example, employment.
2.11.7 On tnmspm1 infrastructure Improving transport infrastructure (roads, railway air waterways) is important in boosting production, incomes and competitiveness because it links producers to consumers. Producers need to have reliable road and networks to quickly transport their produce to markets, many of which are perishable in nature (milk and vegetables are example) A good road network also facilitates market integration by linking surplus to deficit areas, as well as linking producers to input markets. Government is committed to expanding and maintaining a good road network to facilitate production thus employment.
2.11.8 On energy Government commits itself in energy supply since it is critical in enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes, Electric power is essential to the development of modern manufacturing and services. It has plays and important role in rural development, supporting activities such wet coffee processing, fish landing sites for preservation, mining areas, and line production. The availability of power also has benefits in reducing
!5 drudgery especially for women and girls (for instance by reducing the need to collect fuel wood) and in enabling clinics to function and educational study to progress.
16 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 THE RESEARCH DESIGN The study was quantitative cross-sectional survey design. This was to provide a range of systematically assembled evidence to consider the possibility of short term and long term impacts of the unemployment to the residents of Kansanga Parish and entire Uganda population.
3.1 The study population The study was conducted among Kansanga Parish zones. These zones are; Nabutiti, Kiwafu estate, Kataabu, Ssebuliba and Masana.
3.2 Sample selection and size The five zones of Kansanga parish were chosen on the basis that they were picked from every corner of the parish. The researcher was confident that those selected respondents would reveal relevant information concerning the study.
3.3. Instruments of data analysis The instruments that were used in collecting the data were questionnaires. Since the research was conducted within the city, the researcher believed that higher percentage of people were literate.
3.4 The procedure of collecting data Before the study, the researcher sought permission from the university and the leader of the Parish so as to conduct the research within the Kansanga parish. The purpose of the study was also explained to the concerned respondents at all levels.
17 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter is largely concerned about conclusions and recommendations drawn from the research findings by the researcher pertaining to the impact of unemployment to the residents ofKansanga parish.
4.1 Sex, Age and employment level of respondents The researcher circulated 105 copies of questionnaires each zone received 21 copies
Table 1: Showing sex of participants/n;sidents Frequency Percent Sex Male 26 25 Female 79 75 Total 105 100 Source: Pnmary data
Table 1 (above) shows the sex employment level of the residents of Kansanga Parish. Twenty five percent(25%) of male residents are unemployed while, seventy-five percent (75%) of the total number of women in Kansanga parish are unemployed. This implies that women are highly affected by unemployment.
Table 2: Showing general level of employment of the respondents Level Frequency Percent Employed 31 30 Unemployed 74 70 Total 105 100 Som·ce: pnman-y. data
18 Table 2(above) shows the general level of unemployment to the total number of respondents. (30%) of the respondents are unemployed while (70%) are employed implying that the majority ofKansanga parish residents are unemployed.
4.2 Data presentation analysis and interpretation Table 3: Showing age distribution of the respondents Age bracket % 20-30 48 37-50 36 48-above 16 Total 100
The above table shows that the higher percentage of people are under the age bracket 20- 36 (48%), followed by age bracket 37-50 (36%) and lastly age bracket 48 and above (16%). This shows that the area is dominated by the youth who carry/perform manual work which is lowly paid.
Pie chart 1: showing level of employment of the respondents
Employed -Employed D Unemployed
Unemployed
From the above pie chart Scenario, 2h (70%) of the total respondents were unemployed while 1h (30%) were employed. This shows that majority of Kansanga Parish residents are highly affected by unemployment.
19 Table 4: showing educational level of recruitment in Kansanga Parish Level Frequency % Primary 10 9.5 Secondary 80 76.2 Tertiary 15 14.3 Som·ce: Pt·imaJ-y Data From the above, the researcher found that most ofKansanga residents are recruited at the level of secondaty education.
Table 5: showing govemment inte1-vention to unemployment Statement Agreed% Disagreed% Neutral% Population control 95 5 0 Vocational training 15 70 15 Free interest loans 5 40 55 Provision of energy 85 15 0 Favourable investment climate 10 80 10 Som·ce; pnma1-y Data
Table 6: showing recruitment process in Kansanga Parish Statement Agreed% Disagreed% Neutral% Application then the best applicants are 80 15 5 selected
Appointment 35 40 25 Source: pnmary data The above data shows that in Kansanga parish, the employer develops an application pool inviting applicants for the vacancy, thereafter, the human resource manager selects the best applicant. Also some individuals are recruited by appointment.
20 4.3 Respondents 1·eaction to the impact of unemployment Table 7: impacts of unemployment Statement Responses
Agn~ed Disagreed Neutral Total Increased social instability 100(95.2%) 0 5(4.8%) 105(100%) Income inequality 80(719%) 15(14.28%) 10(9.52%) 105(100%) Reduced output 65(61.9%) 0 40(38.09%) 105(100%) People committing suicide 70(66.7%) 10(9.5%) 25(23.3%) 105(100%) Poor performance of children 55(52.3%) 15(14.28%) 35(33.3%) 105(100%) Divorce 90(85%) 0 15(15%) 105(100%) Low standards ofliving 70(66.7%) 15(14.2%) 20(19.05%) 105(100%) Illegal activities 85(81%) 25(19%) 0 105(100%) Decrease in aggregate demand 70(66.7%) 0 35(33.3%) 105(100%) Wastage of resources 55(52.3%) 20 (19.05%) 30(28.57%) 105(100%) High government expenditure 80(76.2%) 15(14.28%) 10(9.52%) 105(100%) Brain drain of labour force 80(72.2%) 25(23.8%) 0 105(100%) Rural-urban migration 90(85.7%) 15(14.3%) 0 105(100%) Growth of slums 105(100%) 0 0 105(100%) Street children 75(71.4%) 0 30(28.6%) 105(100%) Increased individuals creativity 5(4.7%) 20(19.04%) 25(23.8%) 105(100%) Totals 105(100%) Som·ce: pmnary. data The table above shows that the impacts of unemployment to the Kansanga parish residents.
The following views are categorized under long term impacts of unemployment. Therefore, the residents show that unemployment has resulted to increased social instabilities. This is supported by 100 (95.2%). For example misunderstandings between couples. Also Thomas cattie had this to say concerning the same, "I'm now convinced that unemployment is the killer disease in this country responsible for wife beating, infertility and even tooth decay"
21 From the findings, 80(71. 9%) agreed that unemployment has increased income inequality among the population. 14.28% disagreed while, 9.52% remained neutral. This view was supported by United Kingdom economists like Richard Layard, Stephen Nickel and Richard Jack man (1994).
Also, 70(66.7%) agreed that unemployment has made many commit suicide. Then 25(33.3%) remained neutral. This view is supported by R. Schiller (1980)
The findings showed that unemployment has contributed to poor performance of children of unemployed people. Thus is supported by McLoyd (1987) who stated that, children with unemployed fathers are at a risk of socio-emotional problems, deviant behaviour and reduced aspirations and expectations which comes about as a result of withdrawal from peers, depression, loneliness, emotional sensitivity, distrustfulness, decreased sociability and low self esteem. This was supported by 52.3%, 14.28% disagreed and 33.3%.
Street children have been facilitated with the presence of unemployment. 71.4% agreed while 28.6% never decided. Those who agreed argued that this comes as a result of absolute poverty which makes most parents not being in position to provide their families thus children resorting to street life where they can beg from people what to satisfY their needs.
Growth of slums has been facilitated 100% agreed that unemployment has resulted to slum areas in towns.
The findings pointed out rural-urban migration being an impact of unemployment. This was supported by 85.7% and 14.28% disagreed arguing that this happens as a result of working for cleans and better housing in urban areas. This opinion is suppotied by Gideon Akampurira (2004)
76.2% agreed that unemployment results to brain drain of labour force while, 23.8% disagreed. Those who agreed gave their views that unemployed individuals migrate to other countries for better greener pastures.
22 The findings revealed that unemployment results to increased government expenditure in provision of unemployment benefits. For example catering for the poor by providing for them food. 76.2% agreed, 14.28% disagreed and 9.52% never decided.
Tllei·efore, the following ll!'e the short term impact of unemployment according to the study; 61.9% agreed that unemployment has resulted to reduced levels of out put in the economy while, 38.09% where neutral. This is supported by R. Schiller (1980) who had to put forward that "when able and willing to work, potential production of goods and services is irretrievably lost"
From the findings, 85% agreed that unemployment has resulted to increased divorce while, 15% remained undecided. Those who agreed were on the same line of reasoning with Thoit and Hannan (1979)
52.3% agreed that wastage of resources has been facilitated by people being unemployed, 19.05% disagreed and 23.57% were neutral.
The findings show that low standards of living has been encouraged as a result of unemployment. This view was supported by 66.7%, 14.2% disagreed and 19.05% never decided their stand on the same.
66.7% revealed that unemployed has resulted to low demand of goods and services and 33.3% remained undecided on the same issue.
Also, 81% gave their opinion that unemployment has made many people engage in some less economic and illegal activities. For example gambling, prostitution, smuggling and petty jobs while, 19% disagreed. Those who agreed are supported by Chrystal(1999).
4.7% agreed that unemployment increases creativity amongst people, 23.8% disagreed on the idea and 71.4% were neutral. Those who disagreed gave their opinions that
23 unemployed people have sat down and looked f01ward on how they can make their lives better and they have made it.
24 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.
5.1. Conclusion From the study it was found out that impacts of unemployment to the residents of Kansanga Parish was quite irritating since unemployment is associated with high levels of family breakdowns, alcohol and drug abuse, suicide, poor performance of children, growth of slums, street children, and involvement in illegal activities among others. This therefore, calls for immediate intervention for an urgent remedy to eliminate/eradicate the existence of unemployment. These remedies may include control of population, education reforms, use of appropriate technology, fiscal and monetary policies, decentralization, improvement of informal sector, political stability, and agricultural mechanization among others.
5.2 Recommendation From the above findings, 99% of the respondents gave their opinions that unemployment has only negative impacts to the population whereas, 1% gave their views that it has both positive and negative impacts.
The above results from the respondents reveals that there is need for both government and NGOs to do something in order to rescue the residents of Kansanga Parish from the impacts of unemployment.
The researcher is convinced that if the following is put in place, they shall be rescued from the negative impacts of unemployment. These factors are as follows;
Control of population. Uganda's population growth rate is estimated at 40% by the World Bank and at 3. 8% by the government. This rapid growth has caused an increase in labour force to a level that the economy cannot absorb. Therefore, if population control 1s implemented labour force market will absorb all the labour force.
25 Education reforms. Relevant education systems that is suitable should be formulated to reduce rural-urban migration and urban unemployment. Formal education should be geared towards rural jobs as opposed to urban jobs for which there is an excess supply of labour. Also introduction of technical subjects which makes the learners job-makers but not job-seekers.
Use of appropriate technology. Choice of technology in the production process is important. Although capital intensive methods increase production, they also inhibit employment. Therefore the government should adopt and encourage labour-intensive techniques of production. For example, dam constmction and road building should be designed to maximize labour.
Fiscal and monetary policies. The government should do tbe following; Create income-generating industries. In addition, it can borrow money from banks and other public sectors and organization like NSSF. It can also raise funds through progressive taxation or by selling government bonds. These methods do increase the quantity of money and if invested may increase job opportunities, increase incomes and aggregate demand. Jobs can be created by public agencies especially the non-profit making and local industries. Public expenditure on goods and service that can create jobs in the private sector. The government can try to educate its people on the methods of security private grants and loans at low interest rates fi·om banks and other lending institutions in the country. The government can introduce subsidiary schemes in less developed areas to benefit those who are willing to invest in such areas. Introduction of flexible retirement benefits and pensions so as to encourage the elderly people to retire at an early age so that they can use their gratuity for industrial activity from the urban centers to mral areas reduces rural urban influx and also, reduces rural urban imbalance in development. The government should therefore put a lot of emphasis on mral transformation through the district focus development.
26 Improvement of informal sector. Mechanization particularly of labour-intensive operations like the dealing of new land (acreage) for the purpose of increasing the amount of land required for agricultural use should be encouraged. This measure increases work opportunities such as handling, surfing and processing. It also creates jobs for mechanics, drivers and machine operators. In addition, irrigation is another area. For example through irrigation, dependence on seasonal rainfall is minimized.
There should be employment officials at local and national level. These officials shall act as part of condition between job seekers and employers. This will eradicate discriminations that are found in job market.
There should be existence of political stability in the country. When political instability for example in the northem Uganda is solved, both local and foreign investors who create jobs for the citizens will be willing to invest within the country. Hence boasting the level of employment in such areas and entire country.
5.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Unemployment and domestic violence among people. Unemployment and business activities in an economy.
27 REFERENCE BOOKS
Bradley R, Schiller (1980). The Macro-Economics today. McGraw- Hills Companies.
Campbell R. McConnell (1996). Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies 13'11 Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
David Fryer (1995). Labour Market Disadvantage, Deprivation, and Mental Health. Published in the Psychologist.
E.L Schwartz (1990). Economics our American Economy. Longman New York and London
Fred Gotthell (2002). Principles of Micro-Economics 3rd Edition. Library Congress Cataloging in Publishing Data
Gideon Akampuria (2004). Certificate Economics Form 4. Oxford University Press.
James D. Gratney (2003). Economics Private and Public Choice 10'11 Edition. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publishing Data.
Lipsey and Chrystal (1999). Principles ofEconomics. Oxford University Press.
Me Connel Brue (1960). Principles, Problems and Policies ofEconomics. Me Graw-Hill Itwin
Micheal Parkim (2000). Micro-Economics 5111 Edition. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publishing Data
Raghbendratha (1991). Contemporary Macro-Economics Theory and Policy. Wiley Eastern Ltd Company.
28 Robert E. Hall (2003). Economics Principles and Application Updates 2"d Edition. Library of Congress Cataloging-In-Publishing Data
RobertS. Pimoyck/Daniel L. Rubinfeld (1998), Micro Economics lit Editions, Library of Workers Congress Cataloging in publishing data.
Tayebwa. B. Mugisha, Bernard (1998). Basic Economics 3'd Edition. Simplified Text Books Agency. (ST A)
William J. Baumol and Alam S. Blinder (1991). Macro-Economics Principles and Policy
1 5 /r Edition. Harcout Brace Jouanovich
29 APPENDIX.! QUESTIONNAIRE Questionnaires to the people. Impact of unemployment to the 1·esidents.
1. What is your sex Male D Female D
2. Age? 15-20 D 21-25 D 26-30 D 31- Above D
3. Educational level? Primary D Secondary D Te1tiary D
4. Do you have some work to do? Yes D No D
5. Marital Status? Married D Single D 6. Do you know any impact that has been initiated as a result of people being unemployed? If yes give or mention them
7. What do you think it has to be done to stop these mentioned impacts of unemployment? Give your views
30 Appendix 2
KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL Ggaba Road, Kansanga • PO BOX 20000 Kampala, Uganda t41U Tel: +256 (0) 41 - 266 813 • Fax: +256 (0) 41 - 501 974 ff@lMCJCQ UNIVERSITY E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http: //www.kiu.ac.ug
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
December 11, 2006
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
Dear Sir/Madam,
Tt)j~ is to intr;yluce to you Mr. /Jf6. ~(J~!-~~~ Registrati?n No . .. ~/1?!11.19...1£ who IS a student of our Umvers1ty 1n the Faculty of Educat1on.
He/She is undertaking a resQQ~ project which requires your input as part fulfillment for the completion of his/her programme of study.
I kindly request you to avail him/her with all the necessary assistance.
Thank You.
~ 0~-1.1 w~~ 1 OKI~IC~~EL , DEAN, Faculty of Education Kampala International University
"Exploring the Heights"
32