To the Director and Board of Control
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station:
I a e th on r to tr it the o - e o h v e h o ansm , herewith , f rty third r p rt t t 1 1 43 o f h e State Entomolo gis for the year ending O ctober 3 , 9 .
R s l s mi e pec tful y ub tted,
R FRIEND OGER B . ,
State and Station Entom ologist CO NT ENT S
INTRODUCTION Work o f the D epartm ent Abundanc e and Injuriou sness o f Pests
I N 1943 NSPECTION OF URSERIES,
Inspec tion of Im ported N ursery Stock .
M A M I T 1943 QUARANTINE ENFORCE ENT ND ISCELLANEOUS NSPEC IONS,
Japanese Beetle . Sc ou ting ns ec ion and r i c a ion I p t Ce t fi t . in “ Treat g . Gypsy Moth Inspec tion and Certific ation Misc ellaneous
l S INSPECTION OF APIARIE , 1943 Registration o f Bees
G YPSY M OTH C ONTROI Control Work
ffec of th e L ow em era ures Win er o f 1942- 43 E t T p t , t
RODENT CONTROL . w s Meado Mou e . Sm all M am m al-Gypsy Mo th S tu dy Rabbit Repellents
REPORT ON PARASITE S AND DISEASES . '
Oriental Fru it Moth . ’ Com stock s Mealybu g
Japanese Beetle .
RE PORT ON ENE MIE S OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE FOR 1943 “ Milky D isease M ortality D uring th e Winter
Tiphia .
LAB ORATORY STUDIES OF THE M ILKY DISEASE
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH STICKERS FOR HOLDING ARSENATE OF LEAD
ON PLANT FOLIAGE .
R FURTHER STUDIES IN SPRAY SCHEDULE EDUCTION . CO N TENTS — Co n t in u ed
APPLE M AGGOT INVESTIGATIONS
WIREWORMS .
CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER ON POTATOES
T HE EFFECT OF DILUENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF N ICOTINE BENTONITE IN
DUSTS .
T HE EFFECT OF DILUENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF N ICOTINE IN DUSTS
T HE EFFECT OF NUMBERS OF LARVAE OF THE M EXICAN BEAN BEETLE ON DAMAGE TO PLANTS AND YIELD s Method . R sul s e t . Discussion
D H SPREA OF T E DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN CONNECTICUT A
E E T OF TCH E I IN S TH E T N C NN CTI T T HE DEV LOPM N DU LM D SEASE OU W S ER O E CU .
‘ ' T L F ol m l zsmatus RAP OG SCOUTING OR Sc ytus u t .
T HE M EASURING AND SAMPLING OF ELM LEAVES n Measureme t . Sampling
History in N orth America N J Ho s lan s t P t . D
Adult .
T he Larva . T h n e Cocoo .
M ISCELLANEOUS INSECT N OTES A N ew l nn i App e Pest fo r Co ec t cu t .
’ Sweet Corn D amaged by the Larvae Of Anomala orientalz s Waterhou se Fur th er N otes on th e Scarabaeid Aphonus castaneus M elsh N otes on P hyllophaga and Th eir H ost Plants Willow lea eevil Or hestes ru es LeC F W , c fip
1 4 PUBLICATIONS, 9 3
I D N EX. CO NNECT I CUT ST AT E ENT O M O LO G I ST
FO RT Y -T HI RD REPO RT
F E R . B . RI ND
Wo r k o f t h e Dep artm en t
T h e effort to increase foo d productio n during 1943 h as emphasiz ed th r u t e ole o f insects in agriculture. In any food s pply pro gram , h e r t f fi s essential is produ ction, and insects afect this both quantitatively T and u . f o m or an q alitatively h e control o their depredati ns , always i p t t ,
i m or u t u a n . s e so nder h e present stress , and form s o r basic research p tter In addition to this, the Departm ent is responsible for certain large sca e n c c r c n th e l i se t ontrol ope atio ns , su h as those deali g with gypsy mo and D u c elm sease o cu u a ns ec on and u aran ne th, t h di , h rti lt r l i p ti q ti t t e enforcem ent , apiary inspection, and direct service o h e peopl
of the State in aiding them in th e solutio n o f various insect pro blem s .
c t t 1 t t Sin e h e establishment o f h e Office in 190 , he State E n omo lo gist h as directed th e preparation o f a number o f series o f b u lletins pub ‘ lish ed by the Connecticu t G eolog ical and N atural History Su rvey _ t T h e u nder h e general title o f G u ide to the Insects o f C onnec ticu t . Su cu rvey published Part VI , T he Diptera or True Flies Of C onnecti t , F B 1 ec on irst Fascicle, as ulletin 64 in 9433 This bulletin co ntains a s ti t P f th e on h x n m o r . r on o e e ter al orph log y by ro fesso G C . C am pt
M . . t t t D r . C assachusetts State College, h e key o h e fam ilies by H “ Cu n f t c M f u o r and th e rra O h e Am eri an useum o N at ral Hist y, k t t e m o s ey o species , with distribution records , O f h e Tipuloidea, t h t t s im r . . A x r f M ssac use pr itive flies , by P o fesso r C P le ande o h e a h tt S tate College.
In t u a to th e he insecticide field , partic lar attentio n has been p id r t f i ar p oblem o f h e m o re e ficient use O f these chemicals . This s p ticularly important at th e present tim e wh en both labor and m aterials m ust be used to the g reatest advantag e and crop pro duc tion m u st “ t u e o f t f O f u n a ers in no decline. St di s h e e fec t dil e ts ( inert c rri ) u m x r n m e o d st i tu es , relation between concentratio n o f tox icant a d th d o f a c on o f u f e o f n n er a s ppli ati d sts , e f ct combi i g other m at i l with non t x f n t fi enc o f ro te e on he to icity o d usts containi g h e latter , ef ci y c o i e as n a erna e fo r o eno n n u O f a es es and ry l t a lt t r t e, a d val e dh iv safeners in reducing th e number O f applic ations in th e o rchard spray
schedule have all yielded signific ant results .
We have m ade pro gress in our investig ations o f m etho ds o f con n ec c es tro l o f several insec t pests of orchard fru its . N ew i s ti id t f t r m se and useful in h e control o h e E uropean red mite Offer som e p o i ,
goo d resu lts with a redu ced spray schedul e have been Obtained . Attem pts to secure goo d control o f the apple m aggo t and o ther o c a es s c e a e ro a ecause O f oo r a es on r h rd p t with, ryolit f il d , p b bly b p dh i 236 Connecticu t E xperim ent S tation Bu lletin 481
to ru a d o a e. u s n c er a n t f it n f li g By i g t i adh esives , h e number o f
' applications o f lead arsenate necessary to control this pest was reduced t A n ec from five o three. new i s ticide containing neither arseni c nor n ne a ears er rom n for a rote o , pp v y p isi g pple m aggo t control in c age ro ess h as a so een ‘ m a e in tests . P gr l b d developing a goo d contro l o f th e Japanese beetle on grapes .
In ou r work with parasites and diseases o f insects three pests have T e r u ' r c a en on . h s on f M cr e r r e eived tt ti di t ib ti O a oc nt us ancylivo us , ras e O f th e or en a ru m o h a c r u t u s a pa it i t l f it th , s been a ried o as in previo T h e o n years . e th rm al death p i t o f this fruit m o th h as been ascer; t n a f M c o A th e ained a d th t O a cen us will be determ ined . lthou gh . r ' tr ’ general infestation o f Cornsto ck s m ealybu g h as declined in apple t r c r f . and pea or hards , h e elease o parasites O f this pest is c ontinu ing
“ T h e m ost prom ising natu ral enemy O f th e Japanese beetle is th e “ c T e bacterium ausing m ilky disease. h e distribu tion O f this diseas throu ghou t th e heavily infested parts o f Co nnecticu t h as been co n x m f x in tinned , and an e a ination O e perim ental plo ts indi cates an f ar i m i n u e creasing infection o l vae n so e areas . This disease s bei g st di d or r in both field and lab ato y .
Am o n es s o f e e a e and e cro t Eu r n co n ore g p t v g t bl fi ld ps , h e opea r b r , n ir rm o fl M x e easter field w ewo , p tato ea beetle, e ican bean beetl , cabbage worm s and Japanese beetle h ave been th e Objects o f investi T Eu n c n f r and gations . h e ropea or borer is a Seriou s pest o sweet Co n 1 4 u in i I on to es n in 9 3 inj red po tato v es n m any areas . n additi t ti g t f c r a c m he value o e t in insecti ides in controlling this insect , an atte pt h as been m ade to evalu ate th e individu al treatm ents O f th e usu al C t e co n schedule on corn . ryolite h as been found effective against h r T n u es bo rer on po tatoes . h e eastern field wireworrn s eriously i j r t o a o c o and it onom c n u u n co ntrol are e n h e p t t r p , s bi i s , i j rio sness , a d b i g t fl and u e . or h e o a o e M x can n e e st di d W k with p t t a beetle, e i bea be tl , cabbage worm s h as been devo ted to th e evalu ation o f certain in ctici es and th e m e o s O f a em a in th e case “ o f se d th d pplying th , nd,
e an ee e to th e ef ec f f r n u n o f th nsec . On th be b tl , f t O di fe e t pop latio s e i t t T he a ne e o eans se e e h e host plant . J pa se beetle h as dam ag d s yb v r ly t c and i s on ro on s cro is e n s u e . t l thi p . b i g t di d
’ T h e so - ca e m or e on - o ne ee Calom cterus setarius ll d i p t d l g h r d w vil , y , is a potential pest o f m any plants and a stu dy O f its biolo gy and con
t u c . trol is in pro gress . It m ay becom e inj uriou s o legum ino s rops
In a on to th e a an r o er Scara ae ae dditi J p ese beetle la vae, th b id t t P h ll ha a u re r . inj g assland They belo ng chiefly o h e genera y op g , n t A m P r cu r a en er ca r d . S i a d i s allies , no ala, and Och os i ia a ti la tt on is e n n t t r f ti b i g give o h e fi st and last o these.
T h e s m o m er E ur n lm ar ee e E u ro ean gyp y th , s all opea e b k b tl , p
pine shoo t m oth and white pine weevil are serious pests O f trees . T h e gypsy m o th larvae defoliate hardwoo d trees o f several spec ies r ur u t r a c u ar n eres e in th e and a e inj io s o forests. We a e p rti l ly i t t d ’ ou tbreaks o f this species and are trying to anticipate them in Ou r
co ntrol operatio ns . Work of the D epartm ent
T he sm aller E u ropean elm bark beetle Is a pest o f street and or t o e In t n ut u nam en al elm s as well as th s he woodla ds b , for qu ite Obvio s o i t it f reaso ns , m ore attenti n s paid o as a pest o shade trees than in T n r the forest . h e beetle a d disease a e being stu died in coo peration t f n P o B T h ee e with h e Departm ent o Pla t ath log y and o tany . e b tl T is not known to oc cur in eastern C onnecticu t . h e disease o ccurs f t in m ost to wns west o h e Connecticut River . T he flu ctu ations in the populatio n O f th e E uropean pine shoo t m oth are being studied in a red pine plantation in N orth G u ilford . T he rate o f increase O f this insect h as an im portant bearing o n th e uc s cess Of co ntrol m easures . T h e white pine weevil stu dies at Rainbo w havedealt with th e effect Of t T n u n r Ob er he weevil on young trees . h e stands have bee de s vation for 10 years and this phase o f th e work is conclu ded :
A sawfl D r o r t t ru m R c i t es y, ip i n f u e o , whi h n h e larval stage defoliat t r M r . ed ne r rec n ecom a un an in h e S a e. pi t ees , h as e tly b e b d t t t t P . f r Bur u f n m o nd an Sc f n r r . a J V ha f e , J o h e Fede al ea o E to ol gy l t Qu arantine h as devo ted considerable attention to th e pest as it occurs in th e northeastern part O f this co untry and h as contribu ted a r e d c f t b i f is ussion o it o this report . T h e pro blem of pro tecting street and ornam ental trees from pests is O In r r t rm o a f r m a n the a e ften acu te . o de o fo s m e b sis o esti ti g dam g to a e r u f t f ec o f de sh d t ees by defoliating insects , a st dy o he e f t B r so foliation on elm s is being carried ou t at M ou nt C arm el . ore s al affec orn r t c n n to t am ental t ees and shrubs , and he o ditions leadi g “ A infestation as well as th e effect O f th e bo rers are O ften O bs cu re. s u o f th o t f c 1 no n t dy e d gwoo d borer , about h e biolo gy o whi h little 3 k w ,
“ is in progress and should throw som e light on these questions .
T he D e ar m e i C r h cer n con ro ns ec o n an p t nt s ha ged wit tai t l , i p ti d u T c n r f t m o q arantine enforcement operations . h e o t ol O h e gypsy th n o es scou n to e erm ne n es e areas su ression o f oca i v lv ti g d t i i f t d , pp l l o u n n f t f r t n ores e areas . tbreaks , a d m appi g o h e typ es O g o w h i f t d M ost o f th e D utch elm disease wo rk co nsists o f cooperating with the Federal Bureau o f E ntom olo gy and Plant Qu arantine in pre en n t Connec cu v ti g further spread o f he disease into eastern ti t.
T h e Fish and Wildlife Service O f th e Federal Departm ent o f th e Interior co o perates with this Statio n in controlling ro dents in th e S W ar r cu ar i m ea o and ine m ce tate. e e pa ti l ly interested n d w p i , t n s which are inj ur io us o a le orchards and you ng forest planti g , , pp T h e and in rabbits as pests o f you ng fru it trees and nursery sto ck . con ro o f m c i t u e o u o n c t l i e s very im portant when he m o s p p lati , whi h uc u a i c c c c re a r ene es n rea a . e a a en fl t t y les , hes a pe k M i pp tly b ficial in t e or u r c fo r ere i ence a h f est nde som e onditio ns , th s evid th t e o e er s re s re u o n m o ar ae and u ae th y , t g th with h w , p y p gypsy th l v p p oc curr n t Ra r e en s ar n s u e i g on h e forest floor . bbit ep ll t e bei g t di d intensively . T h e m o squ ito control wo rk in Co nnecticu t is u nder th e direction
' O f a State . Bo ard O f M o squ ito Co ntrol Of which th e D irector o f this I 238 Connecticu t E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
T S E f Statio n is Chairm an. he tate ntom olo gist is Fiscal Agent o t M t t t h e Bo ard . ost o f h e con rOl work Is Confined o salt m arsh breeding t t areas, bu additional attention is being given o fresh water breeding t c nc u n c rr f . spe ies , i l di g h e a iers o m alaria
T he nursery and apiary inspections have been carried out as usu al . T h e severely cold weather during th e winter o f 1942 -43 c aused a t t t M c loss O f abou t 30 per cent o f h e c olonies Of bees in h e Sta e. u h o f this loss could have been prevented by proper c are;
Inspectors o f th e Department aid In theenfo rcement ;Of the gypsy D c m e m o th , u t h elm disease, and pine blister rust qu arantines and ak su ch inspections as are necessary for th e Shipm ent o f plants and seeds t r o o the states and foreign countries .
‘ Ab u ndan ce an d In j u r io u s n e s s o f P e s t s
T c u c o h e inse t pests o f crops and trees vary in ab ndan e from year . t c f t t r year . Som e are seriously inj ur ious m u h O h e bu othe s are econom ca m o an onl u n ou ea s e n ns n can i lly i p rt t y d ri g tbr k , b i g i ig ifi t
t t t . n ra un i n he intervening years . We attempt o evalu ate h e ge e l ab t danCe of h e economically im portant species .
T e n f t . P rau ta nubilalis h i festation O h e European corn borer, y s f t e Hiibn. in early sweet co rn was o ne o he heavi st
. T untreated fields pro du ced no m arketable crop . h e Second genera tion Of th e borer was also very abundant and c aused some serious T r B u f E an P ant ua an e losses . h e Fede al urea O ntomolog y d l Q r tin m i f 97 6 t th e ee co n c o d es ti ated a loss n value o $4 , 63 o Sw t r r p an
85 59 t t r c c in Connec cu In 1943 . $ , 6 o h e grain co n rop in six ounties ti t T T . h e h e crops were valued at $746 096 and $376 , 067 respectively first generation Of th e bo rer also heavily infested both Irish Cobbler e e a e and G reen M ountain potatoes in som e fields, causing a sever br ak g o O f th e vines and undoubtedly som e decrease in th e crop . Tomat u s e e n es e in som e cases a a en a ae m a n fr it w r i f t d , pp r tly by l rv igr ti g from o ther host plants growing nearby .
o a oes Aphids were very abundant during July and August . P t t and tom atoes were inj ured by M acroszphu m solanifolii Ashm . ;cabbage, r n u r n es e M z us ersicae peppe s , eggplant a d sq ash we e heavily i f t d by y p
. ns Sul . m L nn. d me o z ; lim a beans were attacked by Aphis ru icis i , an l
' u A e e esen to a‘lesser ex en by an ndeterm ined species . phids w r pr t t t o s c t Were a un an n pina h and beets . In h e fall , cabbage aphids b d t o n co e cro s es ec a ro cco and usse s s rou s an to some l p , p i lly b li br l p t , d, x e tent , turnips .
T c r H m l rura R as e de truc he seed o n m ag go t , yle yza ci ic ond w v ry s e ea In t e e n n e s o erm na on tiv rly h s aso , damage bei g aggravat d by l w g i ti in cold wet grou nd and by deep planting o f seeds by m any g ardeners .
This insect also inj ured newly set to bacco plants at Windsor .
T c o m r Bouc é m or e ca a e h e abbage m agg t , Hyle yza b assicae h ; i p t d bb g A tb ra ha brassicae sc a r ae L . n o A worm , i ap inn , a d cabbage lo per , u g p T on was a out as Riley , were all inj urious . he m aggo t infestati b Work of the D epartment
t m a e to un ro ec e ear ca a e m o era e. usual , h e da g p t t d ly bb g being d t to ec 1 T Radishes seem ed be less aff ted than in 942 . h e cabbage wo rm appeared earlier than usu al and caused a mo derate am ou nt r c a een t Of dam age. Th e loope , whi h h s b abnorm ally abundant h e t u c e a i t past wo years , was very destr tiv l ter n h e season.
T E itr x cu cu m r r t h e po tato flea beetle, p i e is Ha ris , and he po tato a ae r t leafhopper , Empoasc fab Harris , we e abundant , h e form er in t j uring po tatoes , tom atoes and eggplant , and h e latter being accom T panied by serious tipburn on potatoes . h e Colorado po tato beetle, t Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, w as m ore abundant than u sual bu t T r - t Lema tr l neata was no a serious pest . he th ee lined potato bee le, i i o T Oliv was destructive in som e h m e g ardens . he eastern field wire L mon a onus Sa e ere n ur a o u er i re wo rm , i ius g y, s v ly i j ed po t t t b s n
“ stricted areas in Hartfo rd County and caused th e usu al loss to th e f t m c n c is one O h e os se ou s O f ur a cu u . rop . This i se t t ri s pe ts o gri lt re
T c c D t tt t F t e u um e ee e iabro ica v a a ah . wa no h e strip d b r b tl , i , s t us a ou som o f f cucu s as abundan as ual , lth gh e loss seedlings o rbit
T u Ana a tr t s D . t u m e. occurred . h e sq ash bug , s is i eG , was no tro bleso
B nera ons o f th e M ex can n e E lachna varivestis o th ge ti i bea beetl , pi M r o r o In 1942 ut t u a o uls we e abundant m e s than , b he high pop l ti n t t level o f h e early 1930 s h as no been reached .
T r Bourlet ell rten s c a h e ga den Springtail , i a ho si Fit h , was abund nt r in the season and c ause som e am e to e nac and ea ly d d ag be t , spi h
pea seedlings In hom e g ardens .
“
T A nomala r ta aterh . wa a u n an he oriental beetle, o i en lis W , s b d t t t In a cornfield In N ew Haven , and h e larvae destroyed m ost o f h e t n on wo acres . \ pla ts P m e a T he a anese ee e o illia a om ca N ewm . h as eco . J p b tl , p j p , b c n t no torious pest in several to wns . It is parti ularly abundant alo g h e c t M shore from G reenwi h o adison, in a broad zone from N ew Haven no ou ar or to th e M assac us s n u th e N au a u c rth thr gh H tf d h ett li e, p g t k t T Wa er ur an ar u n N Lo n . e ul ee s Valley o t b y, d o d ew don h ad t f d t o o f m n nd r ru d on h e f liage a y shade a fru it t ees , sm all fruits , sh bs an r ru vines , g a den vegetables and flowers , and On early ripening f its , t t t co s s e c . was u n u o u o c cro in rn ilk , It q ite i j ri s h e sweet orn p , eat g t s and ti e n f t t f he silk p e s o h e ea s , and o se e a e s o e e _ k r l r v r l fi ld dibl ‘ t s T t c so ybeans in N or h Haven. h e larval inj ury o turf was quite on icuous in som e aces ere o r sp pl wh n t eatm ent h ad been applied .
T he unusu ally frequent rains early in th e season together with u asona ea o o n th e ca x u m i - une th nse l h t f ll wi g ly perio d and d ring d J , e cro o f om short p s e varieties , dryness during th e m iddle and latter part o f th e season which apparently favored eg g deposition by th e o t apple m ag g t , and failure o apply sprays at th e proper tim e because o f m echanic al and other difficulties all contribu ted to m ake orchard t a cul a r u pes s p rti rly t o blesom e.
T a e m a o Rha ol t m t t b h e ppl g g t , g e is po onella Walsh , con inued o e m o im or an a our st p t t pple pest . D am age was particu larly severe 240 Connecticu t E xperiment Station B u lletin 481 in orchards where a full control pro gram was not follo wed or in portions o f e - s a e o c a s nea ne ec w ll pr y d r h rd r gl ted trees . Adult flies lived until harvest tim e in m any orchards and egg s were laid alm ost con t inuously throu ghou t Au gust .
T t t h e con ro O f um curcu H . t l h e pl lio , Conotrachelu s nenuphar bs , in apple orchards w as ham pered byinc essant rains early in th e seaso n c t ' M an whi h washed Off h e sprays as rapidly as they were applied . y gro wers failed to Co ntrol the insect satisfactorily and m ore than ' t u u c u he s al dam ag e o c rred .
T , h e co n m o ar oca sa omOnella L n . c ease s a dli g th , C p p p in , in r d h rply in abundance and during the last half o f th e season w as presum ably t T h e r h r Som e n u to a es oc cu e . favo ed by o d y weather . i j ry ppl rr d t n E u o ean r m i P ar r n and F . no a un a r p ed te, atet a ychus pi losus C . , b d t r in th e A o ne th e ea ly season, becam e num erous in u gu st and br w d o f a r u L idea mendax foliage pple t ees In som e orchards . Apple redb gs , yg
- R u . re u u T r d an e ea e t , we ab ndant and q ite inj urio us . h e e b d d l f o er Ar rotae t i e o c a s r ll , gy nia velu inana Walk , w as abundant n appl r h rd i a n or bu t t ' A e ea o e s e e n W lli g f d no so m uch so elsewhere . ppl l fh pp r w r lo cally abundant and caused severe dam age near woo dlands in som e
cases .
- u n T h e c D neu r m al K f . was o apple leaf urling m idge, asy a i ie f , f d s nsec In C onnecticu t in an apple orchard in Wilton in Ju ne. Thi i t is new to Co nnecticu t but h as been a pest o f apples for som e years M in assachu setts.
’ s C om o c u P u d u ms t ki Kuw . was e s st k s m ealyb g , se ococc s co oc , l b o a u i I 1 2 . A a s s b ndant n apple orchards than n 94 pple phid , oth r y ,
Anu ra his r eu B A m D G . e e re a e p os s aker , and green, phis po i e , w r l tiv ly T u un an rou ou few In num er . h e a anese ee e a o a b J p b tl , lth gh b d t th gh t r O f t t n e am a e pa ts h e State and inj uriou s o m any pla ts , did littl d g T h n ur in comm ercial apple orc hards to either fru it o r foliage. e i j y to grapevines by this insect was severe in south a central Connecticu t t and in h e vicinity Of Hartford .
T r t r r r R cause co ns era e h e pea m idge, Con a inia py ivo a iley , d id bl t T h e ear s a s llia loss i n wo pear orchards in Walling ford . p p yll , P y T h e pyricola Foerst caused som e inj u ry to foliage in late summ er . plum cu rculio and c o dling m o th were m ore abu ndant and inj urio u s u u than s al o n pears .
There having been practic ally no peach crop in Co nnecticu t in 1 T ri 94 c n t f ru . h e o en a 3 , little a be said abo u t h e pests o that f it t l ru m o Gra h l t m Bu ck u r th n er su c ces u f it th , p o i h a olesta s , s vived e wi t sf lly T h e eac orer on t a ou as a u n an as p h b , C opia ex i iosa Say, w s ab t b d t usu al . I T h e ra e err m o P ol chros is viteana C em . was m ore a un an g p b y th , y l , b d t u u than s al O n g rapes .
M any O f ou r forest insects were affected by th e ex trem ely low em era u re O f t f 1 42 -4 - m n m a if r i t p t s he winter o 9 3 . These i i d fe ed n Work of the D epartm ent d f t At N t c tem i ferent parts o f h e State. ew Haven h e lowest offi ial ° ° r t - at ar or -24 F at Pu a C o rn a pe a ure was 9 F. , H tf d tn m and w ll ° - 23 F and som e unofficially reported tem peratures in northern ° C o c cu 1 T f t m r E u o ean nne ere as lo w as 40 F . h e ar ae o h e s a e ti t w , l v ll r p elm ar e ol tus mu lt t atus M r h c aff c e b k b etle, S c y is ri a s , were noti eably e t d th e co m or f u t 0 r c w ere by ld , and a tality o p o 8 pe ent as noted wh th e insect o ccurred above the sno w line in Litchfield and N ew Haven coun x c t A re or e a ace and ties e ept in h e shore region . s p t d by W ll B t 1 - 1 t f c o f ear Co nn . A r . E x . S . Bul 472 : 29 5 94 e e e d ( g pt a . 30 , 3) h f t ° - - cold becom es operative when th e temperatu re reaches 5 to 10 F . T h e infestation was very light in 1943 in elm lim bs broken by th e ice or f t n n f t E uro ean ne st m o he preceding winter . I festatio s o h e p pi
s oo m o Rh a n a b l ana c f . c ne s can h t th , y cio i uo i S hi f , have de li d ignifi tly u t t m es o f d ring he past wo years because o f th e cold Winters . Sa pl infested red pine twigs from a num ber o f plantatio ns sh owed complete ° T t - 1 n r f c 9 . accor la val m ortality . h e larvae o this inse t die a F di g t - T A . t 4 h o e So c . Am r . 29 : 438 48 e s W st ( nn En . e , gyp y ‘ P f c or m o orthetr a d r L . u r an a re a e m th , i ispo inn , also s fe ed pp i bl t f x e a o e tality during h e winter . A m aj o rity o egg m asses e po s d b v
t . no t . S he s w line produ ced no larvae in h e spring . Summ ers (U 1 t D A Bul . 080 1922 m c nno su e . . , ) h as shown hat g ypsy o th eg gs a t rviv ° — t . 25 . u F , and that som e are killed a higher temperat res T M i h e elm a o er l te u . w a m o era e n le f beetle, G l u ce lo lu ola ll , s d t ly l u n t l t t A h la m etar a arr . j rio s o e m s , bu h e fall canker worm , sop i po i H , was er a n an c i t u er ar o f th e S a e ere v y bu d t , espe ially n h e so th n p t t t Wh it f o m r . A m er ence o def liated any elm s , oaks and hicko ies heavy e g can e orm u i N r 1943 re a es an ou rea in k r w ad lts n ovembe , , p s g tb k lrn so u er C c cu 1 . T l l c u Cor tku cha u i th n onne ti t in 944 he e m a eb g , y
; D . t c R r and O and , w as very abundant in h e Hou satoni ive Valley t t t Lea es on m an h e no rthern part o f he Farrning on River Valley . v y r r t ees were b own in late summ er .
T w comm on he oak ea m ner Lithoc lletis hamadr odella C em . as l f i , o y l , . on i an m i u rn Co nnec icu m an wh te d swa p white o aks n so the t t , y r I f t ees be ng severely a fected .
T u h e a e o m H hantria cunea D ru . was unu su a a n an f ll w bw r , yp , lly b d t t f t co m on m any species o f trees In h e northern part o h e State, pletely e n m m c d foliati g so e s aller spe im ens .
- P m la T fl Fe a us llus Le el . u i h e birch leaf m ining saw y, nas p i (p u c t r cu ar in e Klu g ) , ca sed o nspicuo us injur y o gray birch;pa ti l ly astern c r r i r o f N or a en ere Co nnecticu t . Bla k and g ay bi ches n pa t th H v w h n f u atr eavily i fested with a spec ies o Bucc l ix .
w u comm n T n c a r r M ala osoma amer icana F . as e o h e te t te pilla , c , q it i t u f t A o ca ou rea o f n h e so thwestern part o h e State. l l tb k M ay r c P l a o rt u la no c e o a e ar oo beetles , p in ipally , hyl oph g hi ic K h , d f li t d h dw d r in a son in un t ees M di J e.
A f u -i ru oa s w as se ere stand o yo ng white pine n Salem , b ised by g t , v ly t t - P arho rrnonia ni e . h e ar ae infested with h e pitch m ass borer , pi K ll , l v 242 Connecticu t E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
l a a en en e n th t t pp r tly t ri g e trees a h e scars . Trees five to six feet high contained six to eight larvae each
A sawfl new to C onnec cu Acanthol d r y ti t , y a e ythrocephala L severely inj ured several ornam ental White pines planted along th e M erritt
Parkway . T h e ne awfl D r on ru tetor m . t pi s y, ip i f u F h as been inj urious o a
“ few red ine an In th S u t f t p st ds e tate d ring he last ew years . It is no T e es uc e. h e n om r Lamban wid ly d tr tiv pi e ge et id , i a athasaria pollu d R ci aria G . and was very abundant in a stand o f red pine inN o rth B an or m an r r f d , y trees being seve ely defoliated .
T ‘ ' h e og oo o rer , S nantheaon scitu la a . h as on een d w d b y H rr , _ l g b '
known as a pest of ornam ental do gwoo ds . It h as also been found o f a re uen cu r nc i t f f irly f q t o c r e e n h e woo ds , abou t three per cent o th e r t ees being attacked .
We rec eive a larg e num ber o f insect specim ens each year from c n f t A itize s o he State with requests for info rm ation abou t them . f t c f t c list o h e ategories is g iven belo w , as is also a list o h e spe ies
‘ c T r c r re eived five or m ore tim es . h e th ee leading spe ies a e household e n t t n c r r u p sts , a d m os of h e field ants a d hi ko y bo ers were also fo nd in t “ a dwelling by h e sender .
I t t f t D n additio n o h e work o h e epartm ent co vered in this report , m em bers o f th e staff have pu blished a num ber o f scientific bulletins and j ournal p apers g iving th e result s o f their research as well as A t o f h e u ca ons is popular articles abou t insect pests . lis t es p bli ti i 2 t 2 1 g ven on pag es 3 0 o 3 .
NS R V 1943 SUMMARY OF SPECIME ECEI ED ,
ield ve e a le and ru c cro es s F , g t b t k p p t Forest and sh ade tree pests Pests o f shru bs and V ines
Flower garden and greenh ouse pests . Hou seh old and stored foo d produc ts pests Tim ber and w ood produc ts pests s l n s s Soil and gra s a d pe t . Insec ts annoying m an and domestic ated anim als Par asitic and predaceou s insec ts Misc ellaneou s
E S 1 43 INSECTS RECEIVED FIVE OR MORE TIM , 9
ar n er ant Cam o otu hercu leanu s enns lvanicus C pe t , p n s p y K i e Reti l ter l v e oll. Term t , cu i mes f a ip s
Blac c ar e ee le A tta enus iceu s Oliv “ k p t b t , g p
be le o o N wm . . Japanese et , P pillia j ap nica e an c orn orer r t n b lal s uhn Eur ope b , Py aus a u i i H i r orer C llene ar ae ah an H c ko y b , y c y G n s l or e ela uen Comm o ta k b er , P apaip ma nit G s a iu s S Field ant . L s p P o flea ee le E itrix cuc meris Harr otat b t , p u - n m a o l m ia l r ra Rond Seed cor gg t, Hy e y ci ic u
' mi e P aratetran hu s n n u is acobi . Spruce t , yc u u g J I ns e n o N ur erie 1 4 p ctio f s s , 9 3
IN SPECTIO N O F N URSERIES , 1943
M . P . ZAPPE
T h e annu al inspection o f nurseries as required by Section 2 136 o f t T o new ns c ors h e G eneral Statutes beg an on June 29 , 1943 . w i pe t , M t m o e essrs . Frank Lu ddingto n and Richard M ez z o ero , were e pl y d M to ass M r D e aux an th u n u and Au us . r . ist . v d e writer d ri g J ly g t Lu ddington h as h ad som e previous experience as a nursery inspec tor as h e was employed at this work during th e summ ers o f an 1 2 r 9 2 em e 30 . d . Inspection o f nurseries was completed on Sept b
t e th e In order o save tim e and conserve gaso line and ru bb r , in spectors did not return to N ew Haven each night when nurseries or fu r r c I 1942 five ns ec o s 30 m iles rthe away we e inspe ted . n i p t r were emplo yed and th e work was completed on September 18 ; this I u en t r Se em e 30 . n year with fo r m , he wo k was finished on pt b r t c t D u c l addition, h e inspe tors did som e work on h e t h e m disease
proj ect .
'
t . 1 t In h e spring and fall o f 943 h e nursery business was goo d . In t fac t , some of h e nurserym en could not fill all their orders becau se
f « f t o a sho rtage o help and h e difficulties o f transporting sto ck . In one f t u i t u o h e largest n rseries n h e State, no cultivation was done d ring t m r o f m a m . he summ er. This was also true o f a nu be s ller establish ents Weed growth and grass were high and m ade it m ore difli cult to ma c T h c c o f n a o spe t these nurseries properly . e pra ti e leavi g l rge h les (Where large nursery trees h ad been du g ) unfilled also m ade inspection or m ore if c u an a r u w k d fi lt d h za do s .
N u se n a a un a in 1 42 r ry pests in g e er l were a little less b dant th n 9 , although some individual species were more abundant than in th e u O e o f e e th e u c m e c ause co ns e e o s ea . n s s e a e pr vi y r th , pr it , d id r bl t t t 46 n inj ur y during h e early part o f h e season. I was no ted in urseries i 1 4 1 1 2 c n 9 3 and in only 3 in 94 . Oystershell s ale was a little m ore 1 ‘ a un I 42 . w m r a un an b dant than n 9 Fall web orrn was o e b d t than usual , a cu t r f c c E u p rti larly in h e eastern pa t o C onne ti ut . ropean pine
shoot m oth was very m u ch less prevalent than u su al . This was also u f c f Adel e N o tr e o both spe ies o g s (gall aphids) on blue and rway spru ces . Pine leaf sc ale on red and m u gho pines dropped from 23 cases in 1942 to 10 in T h e decrease in som e o f th e insect pests in nurseries m ay perh aps be explained by th e fact that abnorm ally low temperatures during th e winter o f 1942 - 43 killed off som e o f the less resistant t c cu r ur o . spe ies , parti la ly h e E opean pine shoot m th
A ar e num er o f nur ser es 148 h ad no ser ou s es s o a l g b i ( ) i p t , pr b bly due to th e fact that we no longer record m inor p ests which cannot be transported on nursery sto ck and ‘ for which no treatm ent is re
quired .
Plant diseases were abou t as abundant as u su al and poplar canker I t c f i 1 42 . a m uch m ore so than in 9 n h e se o this d sease, infection t t i L m r seem s o depend upon h e S ze o f o bardy popla s . Older and larger 244 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481 rees are a m os ur to Y t t t l t s e be infected . ounger trees are no so ap to a e th e sease bu t h v di , it is j ust a m atter o f tim e before they becom e c All n e e . sease rees are ro en th e n ec o an nur er i f t d di d t b k by i sp t rs , d s y m en are e u e to cut and u rn th e o n or r M n r q ir d b br ke m a ked trees . a y nurserym en no longer grow this species as it is sure to becom e in f cted e en u a and at re en er r r r e v t lly , p s t th e a e ve y few (if any) la ge Lom a r i b rdy t ees alive n this State.
Table 1 gives th e num ber o f nurseries infested by th e m o re com m on es u ri n t 1 p ts d g h e last 0 years .
T E - A R TABLE 1 . N YE R ECORD OF CERTAIN N URSERY PESTS
19 34 193 5 1936 1937 1 938 1939 1940 194 1 1942 1943
s sh ll 104 93 7 4 8 Oy ter e sc ale . 8 8 53 49 57 77 68 7 San José sc ale 19 17 11 8 2 1 2 7 4 10 Spruce g all aphids1 244 285 337 306 312 216 23 1 227 210 140 i w vil 67 98 82 101 97 93 0 61 27 28 White p ne ee . 7 l 66 42 72 60 25 50 48 46 23 10 Pine lea sc a e . f _ in sh o m h 120 121 108 128 130 110 108 106 54 6 European p e ot ot . 39 28 28 26 20 14‘ 15 15 11 28 P oplar canker . 7 2 0 4 5 3 3 4 0 2 Pine blister rust .
s s 21 16 26 25 32 19 33 - 2 126 148 N ur serie uninfe ted . 3
N um e o f nur series re is ered 381 372 380 377 402 399 376 356 331 318 b r . g t
1 A b i a A . c o e I nc lu des bot h delges a iel s nd o l yi .
One of th e regulations under which peach stoc—k m ay be grown in Connecticut nurseries is that there shall be no cho kecherries gro wing m ean a c are u within 500 feet o f any blo ck o f peach trees . This s f l ‘ e ero s are selection by th e nurserym an o f a suitable field . If h dg w not entirely free from cho kech erries at tim e o f planting th e peach
e m us be c an e o see n s et a o e oun . en pits , th y t le ed b f re dli g g b v gr d Th they m u st be kept free o f cho kecherries u ntil th e sto ck is finally grown “ ” u ur e m or t c s oc is ns ec e for X sease and d g . F th r e, h e pea h t k i p t d di t n ree nu ser m en o eac c ur n h e o n on. O twi e d i g gr wi g seas ly th r y gr w, p h ’ t r and in 1943 on two ad eac rees to di o n to a u e ees , ly h p h t g , wi g f il r _ ” N o X sease h as o f pits to g erm inate in th e spring o f 1942 . di b een found in Connecticu t nurseries for several years .
He Only o ne gro wer applied for th e special raspberry inspection . w as granted a special certific ate as only one suspicious plant was I o er to u a for the s ec a found and this was rem o ved . n rd q lify p i l c on two ns ec on are r u e one in une th e o e certifi ati , i p ti s eq ir d , J , th r t ec on o e 8 er cen o f th e later in th e seaso n. If at h e first insp ti v r p t are se e th e o e is s u a e ess h e m a o u e plants di as d , gr w r di q lifi d ; if l , y r g t t co n ns ec on m ust not a e out th e diseased plants , bu h e se d i p ti h v
2 r c eas and ese a so m us be du out and est o e . o ver pe ent dis ed , th l t g d r y d
n ec but all A total o f 3 18 nurseries were registered and i sp ted , t e e r re u e c eanu o e a i ns nd ese a e have no finish d th i q ir d l p p r t o , a th l tt r A class1ficatio n o f nu se ies have not been issu ed certific ates to date. r r ' I ns ect on o N urseries 1 p i f , 943
A o a f 4 6 2 f by size is given in Table 2 . t t l o , 6 acres o land were devoted 1 4 to th e gro wing Of nursery stock In 9 3 .
2 ASS N F TABLE . CL IFICATIO O N URSERIES BY AREA
Area N u mber Perce ntag e
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
. T t r h e list O f nurserym en varies from year o year . This yea there 1 u r n 1 42 u t t t are 3 less n rse ym e than in 9 , b h e acreage devoted o f t growing O nursery stoc k is som ewhat greater . A few o f h e nurseries r em or out o f u n t o r a e t p arily b si ess , as h e wne s have either taken up t t war work or are in h e arm ed forc es . Som e O f he sm aller nurseries that have been carr ied as side lines have been disco ntinu ed bec ause th e o wners did not find it worthwhile to c arry on u nder th e present wartim e restrictions .
f t r t u 1 1 Som e O h e nurse ym en failed o register before J ly , 943 , re uire Sec o 2 1 7 f t e e c r and, as q d by ti n 3 O he G n ral Statutes , were ha ged t t for he cost O f inspection. Eighteen nurserym en paid h e cost O f 1 00 a r t t r ur r f t inspection, and $ 80 . h s been turned o ve o h e t eas e O h e S t t t r N u ser en w tation o be sent o h e State T easury . r ym h o failed to pay th e cost o f inspectio n and those wh o failed to clean u p their pests were not issued certificates and therefore canno t sell their ur n sery sto ck leg ally .
' T e co Of n c n t e nu er e i c u few h st i spe ti g h rs i s , n l ding a additional t r r r visits o see that pests we e p ope ly eradicated , was x f x e clusive o travel e penses .
O t h er Kin d s o f Cer t ific a t e s Is s u ed During th e year 147 duplicate certific ates were issu ed to Connecticu t ’ t S - nur series o be filed in other states . eventy one dealers certificates were issu ed to stores and other dealers wh o do no t grow their o wn All u t sto ck . this n rsery s Ock is purchased from certified nurseries n er t m ur c for resale. U d h e a ended n sery inspe tion law it is no longer necessary for o ut -O f-state nurserym en to file their du lic ate nursery ’ p certificates with this Office and no shipper s perm it is required for
nu rser s o c en er n Connec cu . ere o re n ne ere y t k t i g ti t Th f o w issued . n er the resen law th o ut O f- a e nu r U d p t , e st t rse ym an h as only to attach a copy O f his valid certificate to th e shipm ent co nsigned to c Co nne ticut . Approximately 401 parcels o f nu rsery stoc k and other plant m a t l e n c ed c r i f eria s w re I spe t and e t fied or private shipm ents . Five un re and ei —one s er ru s con o area erm i s ere h d d ghty bli t t tr l p t w issued . 246 Connecticu t Experiment S tation Bu lletin 481
In sp e c t io n o f Im p o r t ed N u r s er y St o c k
Foreign nursery stock enters th e United States at designated ports o f entry u nder special perm its issued by th e Federal Bureau O f Entom ology and Plant Qu arantine and is released to destination o n s e e it is exam ne s a e ns ec B ‘ p i t wh r i d by t t i p tors . efore th e war larg e shipm ents of M anett 1 rose stocks were im ported by rose growers D t for grafting pu rposes. uring h e season o f 1942 43 no foreign rose c e ece in C nec cu t sto ks wer r ived on ti t , probably due o th e War and c c s arcity O f shipping spa e on boats .
T h e following shipm ents o f m iscellaneous plants and seeds entered c c u t t C onne ti ut d ring h e year . This m a erial is allowed entry into th e . United States in lim ited am ounts under special perm it by th e Bu au o f En om o o and n t re t l gy Pla t Quarantine. It is sent o Wash ‘ t D C e it is exa t in o . m g n, , wh re ined by federal inspectors and hen t t N t reshipped o i s final destination . one O f these shipmen s were x c e amined by state inspe to rs .
28 ferns
“ 35 perennial plants 19 orchids 24 gladiolus corms 12 miscellaneous sh rubs 4 peony roots 7 o unces o fseed
E O N QUARAN TINE EN FORCEMEN T AN D MISCELLANEO US IN SP CTI S , 1943
A A . DEVAUx M . P . Z PPE AND L .
Many states h ave quarantines for various pests in order to protec t them selves from dam age these pests m ight cause if they were intro t du ced from infested states . This of cOurse hinders h e free movement c n o f plants and plant m aterial . N urserymen and o thers who do o siderable shipping o f this type o f m aterial are m ore or less fam iliar t u f T no s with h e req irem ents o other states . h e average person k w very little a bout such m atters and only h ears Of them when h e or sh e tries to ship plants from Connecticu t to other parts o f th e country . T he postal department and transportation companies know t hat it is illeg al to accept plants and plant m aterial for shipm ent u nless accom n c e u on panied by a valid certificate of inspection. We are o fte all d p to make inspectio ns and furnish certification for su ch shipments . In som e cases we are o blig ed to refuse certification because th e ship ment does not comply with the requirem ents O f th e state to which t f ea c . f u m en s o n it is onsigned Fortunately, m ost o h e req ire t rby t ut t i ahnOst states are su ch that we can certify he m aterials , b i s t t ome of th e mid m oss e o s ce a n an s u e c . n o s i p ibl hip rt i pl t , fr its, i t western and western states .
248 Connecticut E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
trict inspectors performed the scouting activities i nstead O f scou t
crews .
On two s c s in the S a e con a n n ee c ass e fi ly di tri t t t , t i i g thr l ifi d rms , r cou e u n t 194 we e s t d d ri g h e 3 season. This work was perfo rm ed by M M De itt M e o r . . . c v n Conn nd M a r . D . J F , iddl t w , Harrington,
M r . . . o e t es er R . I . s O f h e Wa ha offi W t ly , W J P w r , lt m ce, assisted t c h e abo ve nam ed inspe tors . They began Scouting on July 12 and
1 1 4 . finished on Septem ber 7 , 9 3
I l ree nu se n a l, th r ry , greenhouse or other similar establishments x m ne om ee t ou were e a i d fr thr o f r tim es . A total o f 11 adult beetles t f e e oun n wo o ese un s . One oo an e w r f d o th it w dl d ar a was scouted , u no beetles being fo nd .
Four firm s were rem oved from th e classified list bec ause business o not a n uc c c conditi ns did w rra t s h lassifi ation, and one establishm ent a rem o e ecause o f th e esence O f w s v d b pr beetles . One firm relinqu ished classification in its nursery but retained classification On certified greenhouses .
In s p e c t io n an d Cer t ific at io n
T h e total number of plants inspected and certified for shipment to o ther states and foreign cou ntries was
T h e num ber and kinds Of certificates issued are sho wn in th e fol lowing table :
3 . N F E RTIFICATE S SS 19 TABLE UMBER O C I UED, 43
N ur ser and an y S d, Farm pro du c ts Cu t flo w ers o rnam ent al sto c k soil M anu re T otal
To tal
N O inspections o f farm pro du cts and cut flowers were m ade be c ause no towns In Connecticu t are Within th e area wh ich requires su ch inspection and certification .
Tr ea t in g
‘ D uring th e past year two nu rseries in th e State treated nur sery sto ck being shipped out O f th e Japanese beetle quarantined area with t n c o e di u n er our su e h e new and appro ved ethyle e di hl rid p , d p r m e O f r a n h a s m e th e o ce u e con visio n . This tho d t e ti g s i plifi d pr d r l an i an c a a m ore nurse s o c be ea e siderab y, d it s ti ip ted th t ry t k will tr t d t u u in this way in h e f t re.
Gyp s y Mo t h
The gypsy m oth work consists o f the inspectio n and certification t m u an ine e u a ion O f all m aterials inclu ded in h e gypsy oth q ar t r g l t s , I ns ect on o A iar ies 1943 p i f p , o ccasio nal scouting o f certain areas in o rder to issu e th e necessary r necessar to th e O era o n o f th e u aran c ertificates , and o the tasks y p ti q tine .
In s p e c t io n a n d Ce r tific a t io n
T h e total number o f plants inspec ted and certified for shipm ent to po ints . outside O f the qu arantined area w as Forest ro u c ns ec e and ce e o a e eces 209 cor p d ts i p t d rtifi d t t ll d pi , ds ,
1 an 560 un es . S o ne and u rr r , 705 , 575 bo ard feet d b dl t q a y p o du cts
t 2 125 o x nd 15 iece . E r r am ounted o 4 0 tons , b es a p s ve g een pro du cts
28 nd 4 282 ieces . totalled 2 , 9 bales a , p
T h e num ber and ‘ kinds o f certific ates issued are shown in th e table belo w :
4 N F A SS 1 4 A . O F S D 9 3 T BLE UMBER CERTI IC TE I UE ,
N u rsery Sto ne and qu arry p ro du c ts To t al
Total
Mis c e llan eo u s
' We are also c alled u pon to certify miscellaneous seed shipm ents to ore n oun r es as e u re th e ar ous ore n r u f ig c t i r q i d by v i f ig eg lations . M ost O f these shipm ents are consigned to So u th and C entral Am eric a an C ana an occ as o na s m en now and n t u d da, with i l hip t the o E ro pean t 1 c . D ur n e ear 1943 57 u c c r c ountries i g h y , s h e tifi ates were u sed co e in 297 s m en s O f see s to Sou and Cen ra Am v r g hip t d th t l erica , 33 certificates were used co vering 17 shipm ents to E urope and 31 1 certificates because o f th e E u ropean corn borer were u sed covering t 80 shipm ents O f seed corn o C anada.
F i-AR IN SPECTIO N O Ar IES , 1943
P . A M . Z PPE
T ere h as een no c an e in th e ersonne o f the bee n . h b h g p l i spection
nc r M r . . . o r . L t service si e last yea . W H Kelsey w ks in i chfield and C F irfi N r for oun M r . R S e in a eld e Ha t d ties , oy tad l , w Haven and M id l r r in th e ea e r f t dlesex co un es and M r . E b a a e s n o ti , B k t r thi d h e State.
T h e inspectors reported that large num bers o f bees died during
th n r u t era c uses . x reme n e wi te , d e o sev l a E t wi ter tem peratures ro t o r n uffi were p bably h e m ain reason, t gethe with i s cient stores O f f r O f u r o honey o winter foo d . In tim es s g a sh rtag es there is always t c s a temptation o rem ove as m u h h oney as po s ible, and in so m e c ases 250 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin481
A t this was o verdone. s a result he bees starved befo re the spring n e o f honey flow started . Wi t r st res o honey were of poor quality in som e sections and undoubtedly added m aterially to the winter m t f ortality . Ou o f a total o o verwintering colo nies o f bees i t 2 n r 32 n h e State, 4 , 37 colonies or ea ly per cent were dead when the ns c t i u n t i pe tors visited h e ap aries d ri g h e spring and summ er O f 1943 .
h s Is a m o e se ous oss to th e a a s h an ee seases e a T i r ri l pi ri t t b di , pr d tors , E en som e o ft t m ne . h e e e c . co ee ee e po isoning , bi d v bigg r b k p rs sustained T losses o f as high as 50 per cent of their colo nies . he winter o f 1942 43 o a and th was more severe than n rm l , e fa t that m any colonies were ”o only supplied by the so -called honeydew for winter m ade th e losses E en in an o na n e the m o a is greater . v rdi ry wi t r rt lity hig h . and it
- Y A R F A TABLE 5. Tiii RTY FOUR E R ECORD O PIARY INSPECTION
Averag e Average 0 n um ber c olom eS ' c o st o f inspec tio n p er api ar y Per apiary Per c olo ny I ns ect on o A iar es 1 4 p i f p i , 9 3
would seem very m uch worthwhile for th e beekeeper to m ake a strenu ous effort to see that his bees are properly pro tected and c ared fo r
during this season.
ear ar e e e ns ec e in th e S a 281 This y api i s w r i p t d t te, m ore than r o f co on es an ncr f last yea , with a total l i , i ease O over « last year (see Table Subtracting th e number O f colo nies that died during th e winter o f 1942 43 from th e total num ber o f colo nies inspected in 1943 leaves less co lo nies o f live bees in th e State t t m 1942 e u than there were a h e sam e ti e in , ven tho gh there were 281 m ore ar in th e S a e in 1943 an ere ere in 1 T api ies t t th th w 942 . h e average number o f colonies per apiary was for 1943 as ag ainst 1942 for .
There was a decrease in th e am o u nt o f Am erican foul broo d this F t r r c n f t . O year or h e enti e State, pe e t h e colonies were diseased 1 t c 1 T e rea u in 942 bu o nly per ent in 943 . h g test am o nt O f fou l ' broo d was fo u nd in N ew Haven C ou nty per cent) and Fairfield “ ' Bo o f e e e r u Co unty per cent) . th th s figur s we e s bstantially 1 M O f t co lower than in 942 . ost h e diseased lonies were burned either t t In few ca r by h e inspectors or by he o wners . a ses where the e seem ed to c nce f n t c r t be a goo d ha O savi g h e olony , it was t ansferred o clean T hives and combs . wo colonies O f bees were infected with E uropean ou roo c f c r r f l b d and eight ases O sa b oo d we e found .
A 6 . NS ON OF A ARI S 194 T BLE I PECTI PI E , 3
Ap iaries Co lo nies Per c ent Per c ent Co u nt y Ins pec ted Diseased Ins p ec t ed Diseas ed di seased wint erkilled
A OF N S ON TABLE 7 . SUMM RY I PECTI
ns ed 1943 I pec t , Infec ted with Americ an fou l bro od in Percentag e fec ted .
Average num ber o f c olonies per apiary
Averag e c ost o f inspec tion $1 05
o al os Of ins ec ion 1943 T t c t p t , 252 Connec ticut E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
- “ T h e o a co s o f ns ec on a es som e a rom . t t t l t i p ti v ri wh t f year o year. T h e co s er a a h as een ecreas n s ea ro t t p pi ry b d i g t dily f m he highest , 4 n 192 1 t t 2 . 6 i o h 1 T e o es in 1943 . e co r n $ , , l w t , $ h st pe colo y 186 is a er low ure a n een o er in o t ) v y fig , h vi g b l w nly wo years , 1915 and 1938
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
anu ar 1 1 43 — ec em e 3 1 1 4 J y , 9 D b r , 9 3
’ Disbu rs em ents
1 to une 1943 Janu ary J 30, Sal aries l Trave . Miscellaneou s
1 t D ec m er 31 Ju ly o e b , Sal aries
Miscellaneou s
s m n s for 1 4 Total di burse e t 9 3 .
Re g is t r a t io n o f Bee s
Section 2 129 o f th e G eneral Statutes pro vides that : E ach beekeeper shall register h is bees on or before O cto ber 1 o f each year with th e o n c er O f th e o n in ch th e e s are e and a eac , e t w l k t w whi , b k pt , th t h c er o n or e ore D ecem er 1 s r r t t town l k , b f b , hall epo t o h e State E ntom o l i t e er or not an ees a r og s wh th y b h ve been egistered and , if so , shall send a list O f nam es and th e num ber O f colonies belonging to each registrant .
In 1943 2 635 a ar e co n 1 s a n n 4 903 co o n es ere ns ec ed. , , pi i t i i g , l i w i p t o v r o n a ar c f 1 1 H we e , ly pi ies onsisting o 2 02 colonies were
r ere . s o s a 946 m r 1 egist d Thi sh w th t o e apiaries and 2 , 80 m ore colonies
“ ere ns ec e re s er t n c N w i p t d than gi t ed by h e tow lerks . o dou bt som e u nreg istered apiaries Were not inspected by th e apiary inspecto rs w r u n t n c u rc h o we e able o locate them . Uni spe ted bees m ay be a so e o f o u roo n c on for o er in t c E r f l b d i fe ti th bees h e omm unity . ve y
' effo rt is being m ade to have all beekeepers reg ister their bees so that e m a be n c n r f u th y y i spe ted a d t eated i fo nd diseased . Gypsy M oth Control
GYP SY MO TH CO NTRO L
B . N S O AND R . J . T . A HW RTH FRIE D
l Co n t r o l Wo r k
G ypsy m oth control work had to be cu rtailed On ac co unt of m en being drafted into th e service and others taking up war pro duction T rc was cut o n to a e sm a ercen a e o f t j obs . h e fo e d w v ry ll p t g h e m en o e er th e s m o h n es a on usually employed . H w v , gyp y t i f t ti seem ed to e r nd th e s u a on was be at a low ebb this y a , a it ti helped very m u ch l m ures o f as n r by th e extrem ely ow te perat l t Wi te , esp ecially In th e are n e t t northern sections O f the State. We i d bted o h e United States Bureau O f E ntom ology and Plant Qu arantine for work do ne in th e western part O f th e State and we wish to take this opportu nity to
A . t M R . S ea s in c r c n r . a e M ex re s our a e a o r . p s ppr i ti o h l , h g ; S . S . M L B t M r S ea s and r . . . a m n a s s an o . s e i Cross a , s i t t h l , H l i d ll , n charge o f field operations .
- cr o f c be oun i t Type m apping , a des iption whi h will f d n h e C onnecti ’ cut S a e En om o o s s Re o O f 1940 was continued and th e o ns t t t l gi t p rt , t w n n S em e e com f f C a n Sco a a d a e e . O Sta ford , h pli , tl d l w r pl t d
u a su e as m a e in all o ns eas o f t e C o During J ly, rv y w d t w t h nnecticu t t c n o ca es ere e o a on ccur T River o dis over a y l liti wh d f li ti o red . WO o a s e e oun o ne o ca e in S on n isolated white k w r f d , l t d t i g ton, which was com e e e o a e and one in Som e s e 75 er cen de , _ pl t ly d f li t d , , r vill p t o k ou 8 er c n foliated . Another White a ab t 0 p e t defoliated was foim d t T e n es a on h as e in th e town o f Torring on . h i f t ti be n fou nd to ex ist t u r r o f rr n o ver qu ite an area in h e so the n pat To i gton.
A sm all am ou nt O f scou ting and creoso ting was do ne by state i ix o ns nam e C o e ro o Bro o n D ur m en n s t w , ly , l b k , kly , ham , Killingly , r u M iddleto wn and N orfolk . On and a o nd a single oak tree in th e m 9 4 e c u r e e c o to wn o f D urha , 6 g g l ste s w r re so ted .
Federal m en scou ted in 34 towns within the barrier zone and east o f th e barrier zone in th e State and found infestations in th e towns f n Corn a Litchfield M orr s N o o N o o Canaa , w ll , , i , rf lk , rth C anaan, a n or a en as n o n Salisbur y , W lli g f d , W rr , W hi gt and Watertown . N o ne o e n r ' A O f these to wns , h wev r , h ad a y very la ge colo nies . detailed O f ese n es a ons m a be oun i t f ac count th i f t ti y f d n h e table O statistics .
a n c r M N O spraying w s do e by state ews this spring . an power was short and there were no dang ero u s colonies known in th e eastern t t e . o f half o f h e Stat H wever , in h e towns o C anaan, Cornwall and t fi l e era orces s a e a ou 41 c f Li ch e d, f d l f pr y d b t a res o wo odland and 50 t 1 trees in h e open, using , 695 pounds o f arsenate Of lead and 225 t qu arts o f fish Oil . Banding was done in seven towns in h e barrier T wo ou san e e en an re a e n u n t zo ne. th d l v b ds we ppli d a d, d ri g h e larval
eason a a and u ae r cru . and pupal s , l rv e p p we e shed
1 2 Ju ly 1 , 194 to Ju ne 30 , 1943 .
Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
For th e sa e o f com ar k p ison, we h ave a record o f th e hatching in 1940 o f 151 e m a se c c g g s s olle ted in G ranby and Sim sbury . All o f ese ro u ce a ae a o in t r c f th p d d l rv , lth ugh three m asses h e pe ent o e s c a c e was E e n g g whi h h t h d and respectively . ight e egg m asses within one foo t o f th e g round h ad an average hatching o f 83 er cen ereas t t 1 p t , wh h e average hatching o f h e 15 m asses was 80 r c e t e n or ou e . T p t , ab t h sam e h e m asses averaged 479 eggs each . T h e low em r ur ur 1 t pe at es d ing this winter are recorded in Table 0 .
A 10 . S T BLE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE , N ORTHERN CONNECTICUT (FAHRENHEIT)
° - 10
u t th e net ef ec o f co n er ea e As Summ ers h as po inted o , f t ld Wi t w th r r c n ons suc as am ou n is modified by lo cal snowfall and othe o diti , h t o f u nderbrush and stones and other debris on th e gro und on which eggs
M o eo e . o e na u a o f t e so su ace. m ay be laid , and wetness h il rf r v r , th r t r l ac ors m en o ne a o e m a exer a em en ous ef ec on th e o f t ti d b v y t tr d f t , p p t f t u a o f 80 er c en o f th e e s o er th e ula ion. In spite o h e s rviv l p t g g v - n S m ur th e s m o o u winter o f 1939 40 in G ranby a d i sb y , gyp y th p p lation declined abruptly there in 1940 and h as rem ained lo w ever I th e n er o f 1939 - 40 the nu m er o f e m asses er ac e s nce. n i wi t , b gg p r in eight o ne- acre plo ts varied from 299 to In th e winter o f - 1 t um r e en a acen o ne-acre o s a ie om 1940 4 , h e n be on s v dj t pl t v r d fr t r acre in th e n er o f 1942 - 43 o n th e sam e se en three o nine pe , wi t , v — om ero to se en er acre and in th e n e o f 1943 44 , rom plots , fr z v p , wi t r f zero to three per acre. Rodent Control
RO DENT CO NTRO L
io r Dis A AN S B . u n ric en FR CI SCHULER, J t t g t
De a men o f th e n erior in c oo era ion w i h ish and Wildli e rvice U . . r F f Se , S p t t I t , p t t T he Connec tic u t Agric u ltural Experiment Station
T h e investig atio ns o n the cyclic tendencies o f th e m eadow m o use (M icrotus pennsyloanicus ) and the developm ent o f a repellent to protec t trees and shru bs from co tto ntail rabbits have been continu ed I r ro r th e Bu reau during th e past year . n Ju ly a coope ative p g am with o f E ntom ology and Plant Quarantine was inaug urated to stu dy ar ar ae th e im portance o f predation by sm all m amm als o n l g e l v , t pupae and adu lts o f h e gypsy m oth .
Mead o w Mo u s e
T h e fall census o f 1942 co ndu cted in orchards throu ghou t th e f t e o rc ar s State indicated a u nifo rm and high popu latio n in m ost o h h d , with the greatest kno wn density being three tim es th e previou sly D am a e w as re or ed in recorded h igh on a com parable su rvey . g p t r u t r r no re or s o f m any orchards th o ghout h e State . The e we e p t dam age from o rchardists wh o follo wed the recomm ended co ntro l c practi es .
A su rvey m ade in M ay of 1943 and m any observatio ns earlier in th e spring showed that there h ad been a co nsiderable redu ctio n in t f th M i crotus i i r u c ion ro a h e density o e populat o n . Th s ed t p b bly t m nen o ccurre in a e i er . r or o i m re h ad een ro d l t w nt P i th s ti e, the b p i t o f a r e o u on signs la g p p lati .
T h e results o f th e September survey o f this year differ c onsiderably
o f r r th u o n was s o . from th se o a yea ag o . This yea e pop lati p tty t In m any orchards where h e co ver crop w as restricted in growth , ue to th e ac o f ra n a t rc f e ro ec on d l k i f ll , h e o hard floor a forded littl p t ti
f r t e m ce nd a a n ns . o h i , a s consequence there was a low populatio de ity “ In orc ar s on wet oc a o n o r r t n e u a e h d l ti s , whe e h e rainfall h ad bee ad q t enou to ro u ce a near no rm a c r cr t o u a on was gh p d ly l ove op , h e p p l ti In c re an ero us . one or ar a n 1 2 ce e d g h d h vi g these c onditions , 0 m i w m o r m re ved f o one acre .
Sm al l lfl a m m al -Gyp s y Mo t h Stu dy
In ear Se em er r n f f - u ly pt b , pe so nel o this o fic e supervised a cens s , ea a ra n o f t — by d df ll t ppi g , wo qu arter acre qu adr ats at E astford and two at S m u r C T i sb y , onnecticu t . h e quadrats were lo cated in areas used by th e personnel o f th e Bureau o f E ntom olo gy and Plant Qu aran ne for eco o ca s u e o f t T a ere o f ti l gi l t di s h e gypsy m o th . h e are s w the o ak- c or e n ese hi k y typ havi g a deep , m o ist litter on th e flo o r . Th co n o ns a or sm a m amm a t t e diti f v ll ls , and h e population is rela iv ly er an a oun o n dr s es re th w Evi high th th t f d y it whe e litter is shallo . dence g athered by th e entom olo gists indic ates th e survival rate o f th e s m o is rea er o n th e dr o c gyp y th g t y l ations . 258 Connecticut E xperiment S tation Bulletin 481
At th m c t e ti e th is ensus was conduc ted in Connec icut , similar work was done in M assachusetts and Pennsylvania on bo th dry T com and m o ist lo cations . h e data collected should be useful on a t T or para ive basis . o be of value this stu dy should be continued f ou or m f r ore years .
Ra bb it Rep ell en t s
D ur n t e a 45 c r ts lvila us i g h p st winter , wild ottontail abbi , Sy g tron for u e in sitionolis . and S floridonu s mallurus , were trapped s stu dying th e deterrent effec t o f various repellents under pen condi
o T h t 1941 e r . ti ns . e procedure was th e sam e as ou tlined in h e r po t D u t t re e o h e high m ortality among the experim ental anim als, no
‘ c c h e k tests were condu cted on th e m ost promising m ixtures .
T h e following mixtures were tested :
R18a As hal emulsion e h l n hlo id a , p t , t y e e dic r e, w ter R21 , N icotine bentonite (Black Leaf 155) R 23a, T etram ethylthiuram disulfide R26a KR-237 amm ni hi , , o um t ocyanate R31a Daubentonia dr mm h l N NO adhes ve wa er , u ondii, et ano extrac t, i , t R31b Daubentonia dr o l N villac so resin alc ohol , umm ndii, eth ano extract, e ft , R3 1c Daubentonia r m n villac so resin alcoh ol , d ummondii (40 esh scree ed) , N e ft , R31d Daubentonia r - r , d ummondii extrac t , N u Film , wate R4oa C 0 er sul a e NN O adh siv di t w , pp f t , e e, cali e, ater R56a edarwood oil wa er , C , dicalite, soluble dorm ant oil spray, t R57a er ineol di alit N ll s si h l , T p , c e, evi ac o ft re n, alco o R58a All l iso hioc i s sin alc oh ol , y t yanate, d calite, N evillac o ft re , R59b Herrin oil di it s l n il S water , g , cal e, o u ble dorma t o pray, R60b ilch ar d oil di i l wa er , P , c al te, so lu b e dormant oil spray, t R61b ° ro onaldeh d l n oh ol , C t y e, dic alite, N evi lac soft resi , alc R64b Oil of m r ane di ali N lla s sin alcoh ol , y b , c te, evi c oft re , R65 Rez l 12 s 0 er car onate dr lime , y , a phalt emulsion, ethylene dichloride, c pp b , y su lfur R66 , Rez yl 869, remainder same as R65 R69a Al l su s i sin alc oh ol , ky b t tu te naphth alene, N evillac soft re , R7ob N eutroleum al ha N ill h ol , p , ev ac so ft resin, alco R74a ul uriz ed linseed o il h , S f , et ylene dichloride R75a ime sul ur as h s s h wa er , L f , p alt emul ion, diatomaceou eart , _ t R76 Rez l 315 s hloride c o er c ar ona e c o er , y , a ph alt emul sion, ethylene dic , pp b t , pp su l a e lim f t , dry e sulfur R8oa N - u l merca an , b ty pt , h oney R82 ar a ormald h - dh esive wa er , P f e yde, dic alite, N u Film a , t R83 KR 1 l sive N u - ilm wa er , 62 ( ead perthioc yanate) , NN O adh e , F , t 84 1 - lm adh esive water R , KR 12 (perthioc yanic acid) , N u Fi , im h l i am a e N u- ilm adhesive wa er RSS, Copper d et y d thioc arb t , F , t Z inc dime h ldi hioc ar am a e N u- ilm adh esive wa er R86, t y t b t , F , t h l ne dichloride K 2 l l er hioc anate dicalite Rez l 315 and 53, e e R87, R 9 (al y p t y ) , , y t y M onothio l col dic alite NNO adhesive wa er R88, g y , , , t ne- entasulfide Re 1 315 and 53 e h lene dichloride R89 , Pine p , zy , t y
oun ain ion urine dic alite NNO adhesive, wa er R90 , M t L , , t n ach lor h enol N evillaé so resin alcoh ol 1 R91 , Pe t p , ft , Rodent Control 259
2 t t N vill c so resin al coh ol R9 , San obri e N eutral, e a ft , R l 94, Tung oi , turpentine R94a un il i n h l ne dichloride , T g o (fore g ) , et y e R9 il o i n ur en ine 4c , Tung o (f re g ) , t p t R94d un il n ine m odi ca ion o f R94c , T g o (foreign) , turpe t ; fi t R l Research a ora or 95, Pine tar emulsion (prepared in Wi dlife L b t y) R in lim sul ur 96, P e tar, ethylene dichloride, e f R9 l n i hloride z inc o ide 7, Rez yl varnish c ombination, ethy e e d c , x R R l s di hl ride li h o one 98, ez y varni h Combination, ethylene c o , t p R hl ide inc sul de 99 , Rez yl varnish c ombination, ethylene dic or , z fi R100 Anise oil ats l OT Herc ol n NNO adhesive wa er , , V o , y , , t _ R101 enn o al oil t l T H col n N NO adhesive wa er , P yr y , Va so O , er y , , t RI Z il f sive wa er O , O o Citronella, Vatsol 0 T , Herc olyn, NNO adhe , t RIO3 w il n esive wa er , Cedar ood o , Vatsol OT ; Hercoly , NNO adh , t R104 r oso oil l si , C e te , Vatso OT , N N O adhe ve, water RIOS ear all ladd nt n s ts l OT NNO adh sive wa er , B g b er co e t , Va o , e , t IO6 am h or Herc ol n N evilla so esin e h l ohol R , C p , y , c ft r , t y alc RIO7 Ace ic acid atsol h si , t , V OT , NNO ad e ve water ~ RIOS u as ia hi s l s l , Q s c p , N evil ac soft re in, ethyl alcoh o RI 10 un oil l er ca e R l h l hl d , T g fi t k , ez y 869, et y ene dic ori e R111 un oil om n R l n hlo , T g p ace ( grou d) , eZyl 869 , ethy e e dic ride R112 t , Coal ar, ethylene dichloride
‘ RI IS Raw linseed il i , o , p ne tar R114 P rethrurh owder NN O adhesive wa er , y p , , t
S u m m ar y of Tes t s
Repellents in order of effec tiveness
’ R31a, R31c , R18a, R40a
R26a, R23a, R58a, R31b R a R R b R 9b 56 , 57b, 6o , 5
R64b, R61b, R21, R74a
‘
R65, R66, R76, R75a
R69a, R70b, R80a, R82 R 83 , R84, R85, R86
R87, R88, R89 , R90
R94 , R94a, R94c , R94d
R96 . R95, R112 , RI 13
R110, R111 , R3 1d, R114 I R OS, R97 , R98, R99 R 92 , R91 , R101 , R100 R1 03 , R102 , R104, R105 R 96, R106 R107, RIOS
In th e e m nar es s a o e re e en 1a 26 6 pr li i y t t b v , p ll ts 3 , a, 83 , 9 and _ 106 in ica e a ea e e erren a u t d t d gr t r d t t v l e than h e other m ixtu res . ese i be rec ec e u n t Th W ll h k d d ri g h e winter o f 1943 . ' 260 Connecticut E xperim ent S tation Bu lletin 481
MO SQUITO CO NTRO L 1
R . . BO SFO A en C T RD , g t
State Board of Mo squ ito Co ntrol
' M osqu ito breeding in th e acres o f salt m arshes accepted for state m aintenance was well controlled considering th e lack o f wa acc labo r . What s om plished was du e entirely to th e knowledg e g ained by th e forem en throu gh m any years o f experience in locating sources o f trou ble and applying th e m ost effective treatm ent at th e proper tim e.
“ T h e or o f th e seaso n u ca f S o a e o f w k d pli tes that o last year . h rt g labor forced nearly all work into areas where em ergency m easures r n c a to h we e e ess ry old down m osqu ito breeding . N ew Haven Co unty
“ areas were served best because two m en besides th e forem an were t emplo yed thro ugh h e season . Fairfield County was cared for as well as
M . possible by one forem an . iddlesex C ou nty cou ld be o nly partially co ere o ne orem an u r c L n C ou n v d by f witho t labo assistan e. N ew o ndo ty w n c u t f t‘ t as egle ted , d e o lack o labor and h e ravel distance from
N ew Haven.
Plans for important impro vem ents and m aj or r epairs to drainag e system s could not be carried out because funds could not be m ade c available. These pro j ects inclu ded a new dike and appurtenan es to e ace t u c u t r u r o r pl h e str t re a G eat Harbor , G ilfo d , destr yed by orm s ne e t B n n an st ; w tid g ates a Sybil Creek in ranford , a d I di
R . iver , Clinton; and a new ou tlet at Hamm ock Po int in Clinton Oth er m aj or repairs needed inclu de correction o f tide gate at Beach
Park Road in . Clinton to impro ve drainage of th e m arsh back o f G o e Beac im t M u err o n and n an r v h ; provem ent of outlets a lb y P i t I di , t n C ove in G uilford ; correc tion o f m ain drainage ditch a Silver Sa ds , E as a n n t t o G u o no t H ve , a d redi ching areas a G reat Harb r , ilf rd , rth o f Rou 1 t o n and a eas . a ne te highway a G rove Beach , Clint , r dr i d S Cr B by ybil eek, ranford .
It seems a aren a o en a m os u o ee n aces on _ pp t th t p t ti l q it br di g pl u oes e en n salt m arsh areas here m ay or m ay not pro du ce m osq it , d p di g entirely upon various natural and artificial Conditions Or a com bination o f a ac ion a n a both . N atural conditions would inclu de tid l t , r i f ll , um em ra ur rm ra o n o f m nno s and oros h idity, t pe t e, sto s , m ig ti i w p ity ~ o f th e soi - c ons nc u e es n and l . Artificial or m an m ade onditi i l d d ig s a e o f e a r f r em o u on and c are ess s osa t t r p i o d ainage syst s , p ll ti l di p l o f a e f o ru c ons in th e dra na e w st , deliberate or acc idental placing o bst ti i g rou e cause system and poorly planned filling o f salt m arsh areas . T bl d
' by natu re can usu ally be anticipated and corrections m ade in i time
“ to re en ann u t m an-m a e f cu es canno a a s p v t oyance, b d di fi lti t lw y be predicted and m any tim es a seriou s infestation is th e first warning f u o e is accom s e on en o them . Successfu l control o f m o sq it s pli h d ly wh
1 io T h e c o nt ro l o f m o squ i to es is c arried o u t u nder a St ate Bo ard o f M o squ it o C o nt rol and is no t a fu nc t n
f h A ic ul t u r l E x rim n i is re o rt is u l s e ere as a m atter o f c onvem ence . o t e g r a pe e t Stat o n . Th p p b i h d h M osqu ito Control
field operato rs are intim ately acqu ainted with all local co nditions f ec u c a are ena e to em o correc i e a f ting m osquito ab ndan e, nd bl d pl y t v ur c r meas es whenever ne essa y .
D t C r nd r$ Dietrich Bo denstein, form erly a olumbia Unive sity a S an r to th e af o f th e S a e Boar t fo d University , was assigned st f t t d 1 A M . o f osqu ito Control as entom olo g ist on D ecem ber 6 , 943 sm all laboratory h as been set u p and D octor Bodenstein will carry on mosquito investigations .
Du e to the fact that m ilitary perso nnel is already being retur ned
, rom m to r e the e a ons f highly alarious regions , it m ay be well evi w r l ti hip e co n r c m a ar a b tween m osqu itoes and m alaria. Persons t a t l i only thr ou gh th e bite o f certain mosquito es and anyone m ay c t So ' far as arry he infection in his or h er bloo d for several years . no u o A no heles k wn there is in Connecticut but one species o f m osq it , p u adrimacu lot s r m one erson q u , comm only transm itting m alaria f o p to ano er it T c f mos u o m a be th by s bite. h e infe tiveness o a q it y e a ne all t t e six or e r t i d throu gh i s lifetime, and he insect m ay liv ight mon s and t r rc o n a en th bi eseve al persons . Resea h has sh w th t wh t e Ano heles u ase s o es h p m osq ito draws bloo d , containing dise p r , om a c m o f m a a a e s o e m u ass ou h cer a n fr vi ti l ri , th se p r s st p thr g t i c an es ns e the o f t u co um n a ou e h g i id b dy o h e m osq ito , ns i g b t ight to 14 t th days , before h e disease can be transm itted from e beak o f the n ec t S om s o f m a a a i f ted m osquito o another person. ympt l ri m a a ear a er a 1 y pp ft bou t 0 days .
T he m a ar a c ar n m os u o is common in Conne c u a n l i ryi g q it cti t , h vi g been found in nearly all towns where examinations o f likely breeding aces a e een m pl h v b ade.
T h e adult fem ale insect d eposits her eg gs on th e su rface o f fresh ' c n i c r oo lea , st ll water , usu ally in a grassy edged spring , dit h o p l , or -a u e a oo f T h e s a c in a few a s q i t l g n o a lake or pond . e g g h t h d y and th e o un insec s en ass rou th e ar a and u a s a es y g t th p th gh l v l p p l t g , lying at the surfac e o f the water partly concealed in aqu atic vegeta on or o I t m o u o em er es a n e r s . n ess an a e h e a u s . e ti fl ti g d b i _ l th w k d lt q it g and is oon n t s o h e wing .
Anopheles m o squ itoes begin to appear abou t m id-July and bite ur n th e ear A m a ar a aras es d i g ly evening hours . nyone with active l i p it in th e bloo d m ay becom e th e so urce o f an epidem ic if A nopheles mo u A c im sq itoes occur in that lo c ality and he or sh e is bitten . vi t o f m a ar a nd l i should protect him self from being bitten if possible, a near m os u o r cau on by q it b eeding places shou ld be elim inated . This ti m re en a eriou x m c o f m a ar a ay p v t s s epidem ic . E tensive epide i s l i in Co nnec cu are no t n c t r n con ro rac ces ti t a ti ipated , if h e p ese t t l p ti already pro vided are enforced :
T he G enera S u f 19 0 ec ons l tat tes o f Connec ticu t , revision o 3 , s ti 2413 2414 2415 t f r an , , and 2416 , inclu de he necessary au tho rity o ti m o u t a sq ito work . Sectio n 2413 gives he authority for any lo cal he lth offi c er ea t , h lth comm ittee o r bo ard of health o r selectm en o abolish s am areas u on r n c th e c os o es not w py p w itte omplaint , provided t d 262 Connecticu t E xperiinent S tation Bu lletin 481 ex ceed Sectio n 2414 gives the authority to any health officer to or e m os u o ee n in ra n r c d r q it br di g i bar els , other re eptacles and , po ols near h um an habitatio n abo lished . Sections 2415 and 2416 apply particularly to th e treatm ent of extensive mo squito b reeding areas . This res onsibility was originally laced u on th e Direc tor p _ p p ‘ o f th e Connec ticu t Agricultural E xperiment Station bu t a revisio n o f the law in 1939 c ea e a S a e Boa o f M os u o Con ro e e r t d t t rd q it t l , wh r th e au or e e two sec on r fo t o n th ity now rests . Th s ti s p ovide r he elim inati o f m osquito breeding conditions and th e m aintenance o f th e necessary a na t r - m dr i g e system s o p event osqu ito breeding . Funds may be
“ provided by voluntary contribu tions or by m unic ipal or state appro ri t p a ion.
T hetabul ation below indicates expenditures o n work in th e field in m ai t - n aining state accepted areas of salt m arsh .
A 1 F T T ARS A AS 943 1 . A O ONNE A 1 T BLE ST TUS C C ICUT S L M H RE ,
n ost m aint enance 1 943 Salt M aintai ed C , ’ T o w n m arsh by Labo r T ravel Forame n s acres State t im e
30 88
N ew Haven
264 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
REPO RT O N ENE MIES O F THE JAPANESE BEETLE FO R 1943
HREAD J . C . SC
M il ky D is e a s e
In ea A r 194 t rly p il , 3 , Japanese beetle grubs were dug a M ea o Broo C oun r C u d w k t y l b , Ham den . These were ino culated with th e m ni Ba t to sease or a sm cillus o liae D u . en ilky di g , p pil , and s t th e United States D epartm ent o f Agriculture laboratory at M oores o n N A x ew e se . c t w , J r y pp o im ately grubs were pro essed, ‘r‘ o n 270 oun s O f m u th pr vidi g p d ilky disease spore dust . In J ne e spore dust was sent to this laboratory in two shipm ents of 180 pounds and 90 oun c p ds , respe tively .
Starting in Ju ly a crew o f three m en under supervision comm enced ‘‘ s ea n th e m - u c un pr di g ilky disease. Twenty fo r to wns in five o ties ece e om on t 112 - A o f r iv d fr e o o ne half acre treatm ents each . to tal 963 one- a cr r 4 1 5 cr r c f u T h a es o 8 . e h lf a es e eived 843 pounds o d st . towns and num ber o f treatm ents each received are as follows :
T o w n N o . r T reatm ents T eatm ents To w n N o .
Fairfield Co u nty Middlesex C ou nty Cromwell Middletown M iddlefield
Hartfo rd Co u nt y N ew HavenC o u nt y Bristol N ew Haven East Windsor Meriden E nfield Wallingford Sou thington Ch eshir e Berlin N orth Haven East Granby Branford ‘ Sufiield Guilford Sim sbury N orth Branford East Haven
T olland C o u nty s Somer i
T h e qu antity o f spore dust used was co nsiderably in excess o f that ro uce r u c o e th e p d d f om gr bs p ro essed . All m aterial o ver and ab v
270 - O n pou nds was provided by the M o orestow n laboratory . wi g to e a in th t us som e d l y e shipm ents o f h e m ilky disease spore d t , towns scheduled for treatm ents were necessarily dropped until nex t year .
Positive results are being o btained from th e use o f th e m ilky ea x t D t cu u th e r n and dis se in e perim ental plo s . a a ac m lated in sp i g ag ain in th e fall show there is m u ch im provem ent over previous seaso n i t t In th e Br e s n h e establishm ent and spread o f h e disease. idg ” “ or an t w a m u c p t d Hartfo rd areas , h e m ilky disease take s h er In u ne r c n o f th e ru s in th e ar or high than elsewhere . J pe e t g b H tf d ' r n ra e a ea ere d sea e in r or er c n . In e a a co s w i s d ; B idg ep t , p e t th f ll ide bl drop in percentage o f diseased gru bs w as noted : per cent in th e ' T h e a Hartford area and per cent in the Bridgepo rt area. f ll Re o t on nem es o a anese Beetle 1943 p r E i f j p Z ,
t u . o e er gru b population was m u ch g reater than h e Ju ne pop latio n H w v , so il tem perature in th e fall was less favorable to th e developm ent t c th e en o f m e th e o f he disease. Results so far indi ate that l gth ti o experim ental plots have been established is o f im po rtance. B th in Hartford and in Bridgeport th e highest percentage o f diseased grubs were taken from plo ts treated with disease in 1939 and th e 1 lowest percentage from those treated in 194 .
Soil tem perature is an im portant lim iting factor in determ ining t t f c t o an sm h e degree o which Bacillu s popilliae c an be e fe tive, as h e rg i ° t I t nc o f it re erre os becom es inactive a 60 F . n he abse e s p f d h t , P u ora e to its e e opillia j aponica N ewm . , or other hosts eq ally fav bl d v l o m t t c r r m a n rm an for a on er o o f m e in p en , h e ba te ium e i s do t l g p i d ti t r ur r u r r u u a in excess h e soil . Soil tempe at es in ea ly s mm e a e s lly ° f c t c u t a m e ecom e O 60 F . , and grubs infe ted with h e ba ill s a th t ti b f A r rc n a e o f sease cou not seriously a fected and die. highe pe e t g di ld ur es norm ally be expected in the fall at which tim e so il temperat , B t r r . in respo nse o a norm al drop in air tem pe ature, fall apidly y th r c o r o em era u e e last week in September and ea ly O t be , s il t p t r ° ° h t t F t x o s ere as dropped o 55 o 60 . Checks On h e e perim ental pl t w - r e taken at a distance o f from 50 feet to one qu arter m ile (ave ag , T r rc u i t e c ec 327 feet) . h e ave age pe entag e o f diseased g r bs n h h k i I th ure h ad plots n early summ er was per c ent . n e fall this fig t T u er s u a e dr opped o per c ent . h e average num ber o f gr bs p q r foot in June was in th e ex perim ental plo ts and in th e check I t t t r s u a e plots . n h e fall in h e treated plo ts h e num ber of gru bs pe q r
“ foo t averaged whereas in th e chec k plots there was an average o f u r u gr bs pe sq are foot .
N ew C anaan as a check town h as given very interesting info rm a N on. O sease h as een e ease in n o r u ti di b r l d this tow ; h weve , on J ne 30 , 1943 seas oun , di ed gru bs were f d in three lo cations ; per cent isease in one o ca on 50 er c t - c c d d l ti , p ent in h e se ond lo ation and er cen in th e r p t thi d lo cation.
A e ex er m en on a x n i B o o c fi ld p i t n e te sive lawn n l mfield , in whi h a s n e c c ar s o o f r i gl ir ul p t spo e dust one foo t in diam eter, containing a rox m a e r a u a c t pp i t ly spo es , w s sed , w s onducted in h e season o f 1943 . G rubs were taken from th e experim ental plo t on five o ccas ons 20 n s n t G ru ul ns i , diggi g bei g h e lim it each tim e. b pop atio ' for. each series o f dig gings show considerable variation from a total o f 97 grubs or per squ are foot in June to 316 gru bs or per u are oo in c All sq f t O tober . g ru bs were c arefully ex am ined for disease but on one re e t t ly v aled h e presence o f h e bacillu s . This diseased “ u w as a en rom a o 1 t gr b t k f h le 8 feet from h e m ilky disease spot .
Mo r t a lit y D u r in g t h e Win t er
It h as been comm only thou ght that a severe cold winter wo uld be disastrou s to Japanese beetle gr u bs with p erhaps only tho se far e o th e su ace o f th e ro u n c c F x 1 b l w rf g d es aping destru tion . o ( ) fou nd that u nder natural co nditions th e lo west tem peratu re Japanese ° ee e ar ae c an no m a 1 s an i 5 F C . b tl l v r lly with t d s abo ut + . ) 266 Connecticut E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
Ac cor n to s au o r t t di g thi th , som e m ay die a tem peratures in h e neigh ° ° bor o o f 22 F — 6 C . x h o d 5 . ) Follo wing e posure o f Japanese ee e u t m m um ou o r 1 s a a o air em e a ur o f 7 F . b tl gr b ini td t p r t e + , 100 er cen m or a en ue M 2 t p t t lity s d ail ( ) po ints ou that , with am e oun co er i t rm f pl gr d v n h e fo o snow , a pro longed perio d o f ex trem ely cold weather h as little effec t in redu cing th e so il temperature m u c e o th e ree n o n o f h b l w f zi g p i t water , which is considerably above th e em era u n u iou to t p t re i j r s Japanese beetle gru bs . Data gath ered in a e n e 1943 s o e th x c f c l t wi t r , , h w d e e isten e o a ertain percentag e o f n e m o a in e a i t wi t r rt lity wid ly separ ted lo calities n he State. It is u t t tho ght that , owing o low air temperatures in h e absence o f sno w a c r ( s a ground ove ) , so il tem peratures dropped belo w th e lethal o f 1 ° 5 . f + F or Japanese beetle gru bs , resulting in their death . Diggings m M c 1 1 1 ade between ar h 3 and A ril 3 , 943 , sho wed as g as 25 p _ hi h
‘ to 42 per cent . grub m ortality in some beetle infested areas in th e S u t f 1 4 - tate d ring h e winter o 9 2 1943 .
Tip h ia
Scouting for adult Tiphia vernalis continued during late M ay and - fi ea une. en ve c o er s om f rly J Tw ty ol ny sites w e vi ited , s e o them on r c e e a e m t e seve al o c asions . Th se sit s varied in g (fro h year o f aras e e om t t e mo o f em p it r lease) fr wo o eight y ars , st th , ho wever , r At n five f the 25 c e e e h five and hree ea s old . o o o a es w ig t , t y r ly l liti c v r T f t t s e e T . e nal s . o o i es h out d w re i seen w these s t , a which e parasite w 1 t a un n e in . One a c s ab da t , w re established 938 site, whi h only f h a 1 t a very ew Tip i were O bserved , was established in 939 , and he rem aining two sites at which upward o f 100 adults were counted in 1 1 T co eac c r e i 94 . h e o on h instan e we e stablished n ldest l y sites , i t r t established back n 1936 and 1937 , failed o eveal h e presence o f the r pa asite.
T h e relative abundance o f Japanese beetle larvae and cocoons T T o f h a 4 . e ip i vernalis was investig ated during early spring , 19 3 h procedure was sim ply to m ake system atic soil dig ging s in th e areas in which th e wasp w as form erly colonized and sift th e earth c arefully t rm a on o rem o ve all beetle gru bs and parasite co coons . With info ti us a r t r at t e e ons ex s n th g the ed , it w as possible o ar ive h r lati hip i ti g
‘ T on a e between g rubs and parasites . h e resu lts o f this investig ati h v brou ght to light som e important info rm ation relative to the c oloni z atio f l t t th o r c a n n o Tiphia First o f a l , h e Older h e colony , e m e ert i ty there is o f its perm anent establishm ent and increase in population. A u 1 f ll c w re xam ne it w as ltho gh o nly 8 per cent O a olo ny sites e e i d , u vernal co c o ere re en in 100 fo nd th at o f this num ber T . is o ns w p s t er c o f t 1 c 100 r cen o f th e 1937 33 p ent he 936 colo ny lo alities , pe t , T 1940 41-42 per cent o f th e 1938 and 14 per cent o f the 1939 . h e c t From t e s an oin o f e c en a e olo ny sites were no visited . h t dp t p r t g t u a o f T . vernalis i as o n Japanese beetle g ru b parasitism by , w f d th t , i t 1 r o f th e ru - aras e m a e a n he 936 localities , pe cent g b p it t ri l ne 1937 a as e rem oved from th e so il w as Tiphia co coons . Only o p r it f er cen c is lo cality was visited revealing a parasitism o p t , whi h a T 1 n a e er cen aras ism h rdly significant . h e 938 colo y sites g v p t p it Laboratory S tu dies of the M ilky Disease
t 19 9 er cen ara sm c i t and he 3 , p t p siti , whi h s likewise oo sm all t T f u t c n . ra io o r o co coo n o be signifi a t he . t g bs s per digging varied er re n anc s in t e 1936 co n greatly . Th e we i st e h lo y sites which ran o : 1-3 0-2 2 1 1- 1 9— 8 3 - 2 7 - 8 re t as f llows , , , , , , , whe as in h e 1939 sites 1 1 1 - 1 - -2 - 1 - 1 - r o o : 3 3 0 0 0 8 9 5 . T they we e as f ll ws , , , , , 3 , 0 h e average number o f gru bs per squ are foot in 1943 at th e 1936 Tiphia colo ny sites was at the 1937 co lo ny sites there were 5 g rubs per square foo t ; at th e 1938 co lony sites there were gru bs per squ are foo t t t 1 r r and a h e 939 colony sites the e we e g ru bs per squ are foo t . u r ex rom two to ou r m e m ore u t t 19 8 Obvio sly , the e ist f f ti s gr bs a h e 3 t t 1 r and 1939 Tiphia sites than a he 936 co lo ny sites . Whether o no t the redu ced beetle grub populatio n at th e 1936 colonization sites in contrast to later years m ay be attribu ted entirely to T iphia vernalis
r m a er o f con ec ur . i c r a r a pa asitism is a tt j t e It s e t in, howeve , th t th e parasite is intrinsically valu able as a natural agency in suppressing ara sm in som e o f the co o n ra ons Japanese beetles . High p siti l y libe ti f u indic ates a depressing e fect on g r b population.
Forty-two o bservations were m ade in Au g ust and early Septem ber All o f t c o n h d at 22 T iphia popilliaoora colony sites . h e oloniz ati s a 1 1 T r ob been m ade in 937 and in 938 . h e parasite was taken from o ’ t o f t nin r 1 8 co n a ons served at nine O f he 22 sites . Seven h e e we e 93 lo iz ti , t t 19 7 I e c B o r m wo 3 . n on ns an e Seas e ar r e h e re aining , i t ( id P k , idg p t) Tiphia were suffic iently abundant to perm it collecting hu ndreds t r c rom Sea in a reasonably short time. Using h e pa asites colle ted f fi new co o n e ere re ease in t e c en ra ar o f th e side Park , ve l i s w l d h t l p t t t n S a e. ere ere m an T i hia O ser e a all o f h e rem a n g t t Th w _ y p b v d i i eight colo ny sites m entioned .
Lit er a t u r e Cit ed
‘ m m i ns s th c old of N 1935 . o e isc once o re ardin th ef ec of e 1 . Fox , HE RY, S pt g g e f t
ru 1934 on th e larvae o f the a anese ee le P o llia a oni a N ewm an. Feb ary J p b t , pi j p c - t . 2 : 1 . ur c on. E n 8 154 59 Jo . E in so il em era ures and h i lation to su erranean 19 . W 2 A . A . 30 er e re . M IL, G , t t p t t r bt “ - R s. 41 : 5 2 . l . o 7 A r . e 59 insect surviva J ur . g 1
LABO RATO RY STUD IES O F THE MILKY D ISEASE
R . B A L . E RD
Stu dies are in pro gress o n th e m o de o f infectio n o f Japanese beetle ‘f ” larvae by th e bacteria causing th e m ilky disease and o n th e factors t t R u o f ex er m en s which affect h e dissem inatio n o f h e disease. es lts p i t being publish ed elsewhere demo nstrate that th e incidence Of disease follo wing inj ection o f spores into th e bo dy c avity follo ws a character istic dosag e response curve and that relatively high concentratio ns n ca s co n o f spores are required to cause m u ch disease . This i di te S ores siderable resistance o n th e part o f th e g rubs to infection . p inj ected into th e foregu t o f larvae c au se an alm ost negligible am ount B u c i co n m na e i f eren of disease. eetle gr bs pla ed n so il ta i t d w th di f t 268 Connecticu t E xperim ent S tation Bu lletin 481
u r o f ores ecom e sease in a c r c r c n m be s sp b di d ha a te isti do sage response,
bu t m o re than spores per g ram o f . dry so il are required to c m o un n to 60 to 75 c t ese ause disease a ti g per ent o f h e grubs . Th experim ents indicate th at very little disease can be expected from c f t direct ino ulatio n o h e soil , and th at th e beetle gru bs them selves n u to ran t or a so m ust be depe ded po n t smit h e disease. This w k l t t e o m e o o f i u g ives validity o h sp t th d field d stribution o f spore d st , n u a to be m o ef ec t o o c c ra e a d s g gests th t st f tive, h e sp t sh uld be on ent t d in r and ace am on ea ‘ ee e ru o u n a ea pl d g h vy b tl g b p p latio s .
FURTHER EXPERIMEN TS WITH STICKER S FO R HO LD ING ARSENATE O F LEAD O N PLANT FO LIAGE
PHILIP GARMAN
t “ f Co ntinuing h e work begun several years ago , comparisons o a f t e number o f di ferent adh esives Were m ade, both by h e glass slid m eth o d and also by washing sprayed plants in an impro vised laboratory - N o u t ests t e o ec e n sprinkler washer . oils were sed in these , h bj t b i g to find su itable agents for use with sulfur sprays because oils in general I t e e s ea “ a sena e was are incom atible h them . n h e slid t st , l d r t p _ wit mixed with increasing amounts o f each adhesive and th e slides were t in o e . o de weighed , sprayed , weighed , washed and reweighed rd r t T un f t e am ou f ea a sena e term ine h e loss . h e amo t o wash , h nt o l d r t ' and th e volum e o f water were held constant and the sticker alone D f c t - o n a e a s varied . i feren es in he behavior o f certain Well kn w m t ri l c o e e cause th e soon be am e apparent . Soaps , su ch as so dium l at , d arsenate to be rem oved more effectively as th e percentage of soap was ' a s se c . m and o ean ou e e in reased With skim ilk s yb fl r , th r light ri in um num h roxi e el adhesion and then a decline. With al i yd d g , r r o f s c e a e a a the e was a steady rise. Still ano the type ti k r g v r pid f th e es exam es o f th e rise and an equ ally rapid decline. One o b t pl latter typ e o f adhesion is afforded by benzyl ethyl starch (Figu re 1) which stu ck th e spray o n very well at 20 per cent (3 parts lead ar sena e nd 75 c ut t el a o e 20 er cen . C ase n t a p arts star h) , b no so w l b v p t i glue increased th e tenac ity o f th e m ix ture up to 40 per cent but it e dec lined when th e sticker was increased above 40 per cent . Tripl m x ur c to n e s m mi a e m uc i t es , su h as lead arsenate and ben it ki lk , g v h better adhesio n th an w as obtained with lead arsenate and skim m ilk a one F ur 2 B u and e on e- m e ere a so l ( ig es , 5 , ento nite flo r b nt it li w l inferior to bento nite skim milk for holding lead arsenate o n th e glass plates or o n plant foliage Figu re _ (
o r er to t c u f r t I n d determine h e a t al rem oval O a senate from h e slides , M C . E . r . R u analyses were m ade in several tests by r . Shepa d es lts t p arallel closely h e to tal loss o f weight obtained withou t analysis . Fig ure 3 gives th e to tal lo ss o f weight in experim ents with alu minum are th e oss o f ea a sena e com u e om c em c a g el , c om p d with l l d r t p t d fr h i l
analyses (dash line) . Further Experiments with S tickers
A slow increase in th e per cent adhering to th e slides was no ted in tests with lead arsenate alone (no sticker added) when th e actu al re u am ount o n th e slides was increased . This s lts in a slanting b ase line rather than a level one which m ust be used fo r c om pariso n with lead arsenate-sticker com binations (Fig ures 1
so too
7 5 9 m z s t i c lig r
n e w h en s ra ed on lass FIGURE 1 . Ch art sh owing adh esiveness o f lead arse at p y g “ lantern slides with variou s stickers T h e materials were settled onto th e slides in a settling tower and were w ash ed in a c ontainer o f distilled w ater . T h e washin m h nsis f i i n m vin th e slide to ri h or le and g et od c o ted o mm ers o , o g g t ft
rem oving after each stro ke and sh aking off th e water . his is a ou d s in 205 m l . w a er . Lea ar enate w as u sed at th e rate o f 3 gm s . t T b t T h e s ic er varied four tim es th e c oncentration u su ally u sed in orc h ar d Sprays . t k , as sh own in t T h v for lead sena e w as o ained b addin to h e c h ar t . e c ur e ar t bt y g th o i in l f l s n m ou n s u al to th e am ou n o f s ic er u sed e r g a 3 gm s . o ead ar e ate a t eq t t k in th s i s s T n -s im m il and th e ben oni e- sul u r and e t cker te t . h e be tonite k k t t f n b n oni e- sul u r th e lime were c om posed o f 80 per cent bentonite o r 80 per ce t e t t f , ' rem ainder bein i h s im m il li g e t er k k or ine.
as n e r e and eac o a e as e as W hi g t sts with apple, p iv t p h f li g , w ll e sm a reen a es con m e m os o f th e s e resu s . o e , ll g ppl , fir d t lid lt H w v r th e increasing and then declining adhesion no ted in sli de tests Wi th 270 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
su c m a e a s as en - e s a c case n u t e e c . h t ri l b zyl thyl t r h , i gl , , cou ld not be er e as n es s a v ifi d by w hi g t t with pple leaves . A slight indication o f th e ec ne o o n an n a se wa d li f ll wi g i iti l ri s , ho wever , observed in the c ase o f wax y privet leaves .
Sm all scale field tests using yo ung Wealthy apple trees g ave evidence a th e es no n- O il s c ers as e erm ne a ora o ex e m th t b t ti k , d t i d by l b t ry p ri ents , are not equ al to oil preparations fo r h olding o n th e lead arsenate o ver _
on e o s . ese es s o e er are no t et com l g p ri d Th t t , h w v , y plete .
P e r c e nt s t i c k e r 4 0 6 0 9 0 IOO
J aem
- FIGURE 2 . Experiments with bentonite Skim milk and skim milk alone as ‘ adhesives fo r l d n ea arse a e. e d arsena e wi h ou s ic er iv n fo n t L a t t t t k g e r c ompariso . lass lan ern slides and th e sam e m e h ods as de ri u n G t t sc bed der Figure 1 were u sed .
Su m m ar y
In enera co ns er n s e a x g l , id i g lid nd foliage e perim ents , it is evident th at :
(1) Adhesion as determ ined by th e slide m etho d m ay increase as the am ou n o f s c er nc ea ut t c t ti k i r ses , b it m ay decline, as in h e ase o f ure o m s iu o ea e or m . p d l t , it ay rise and then decline.
1 ° ea L d arsenat e 3 rnS g . ’ b
“ 274 Connecticu t E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
’ R w s s h in W asher . A n Row B wa h ed one our FIGURE 6 o u wa hed .
in h i . f l s s ra ed for deliver g two g allons per minute. Eac pa r o app e p y 10 sec onds in a Spray tower ; both with the sam e visible dep osit before
w shin N o e dif n am oun s h rin in ROW . a g . t fere t t ad e g B 1 d ars n 2 . ea l e a e 3 m s . wa er 05 m . L t g , t d s l 2 . m im mil 2 s . w a e 205 . ea ena m s . s wd m r L ar te 3 g , k k po er g , t '
d n . 4 . a m 3 e arse a e 3 s en oni e l . s . s im mil L t gm , b t t 6 gm , k k g
water 205 m 1.
4 . ad 2 ml: e arsena e s . a l 2 s . a er 05 L t 3 gm , C sc o g ue gm , w t - $ lim . 4 5 . ead ar na e s en oni e su l ur s . e m L se t 3 gm . , b t t f gm , g w 2 l ater 05 m .
m m erc ial re r o n Co p p a ati . Further Stu dies in Spray S chedu le Redu ction 275
FURTHER STUDIES IN SPRAY SCHE DULE REDUCTIO N
PHILIP GARMAN
Spraying experim ents at M ount Carm el and Westwo o ds were “ T t continued in 1943 . he m ain o bj ective was o test fu ngicides as T well as insecticides in redu ced schedules . h e fungicides u sed were l z Spergon and Ferm ate . Results in g eneral continue to co nfirm u a a nam e a nsec con ro is near or u e e ua previo s d t , ly , th t i t t l ly q it q l x N t 1 4 to that obtained with m ore e tended schedules . one o f h e 9 3 experim ents g ave insect contro l (with either full or reduced schedules) “ t equal to th e 1941 and 1942 tests . This was largely becau se o f h e t o f curcu o re u and m o . For increased activity li , db g apple ag g t h e o a ne sa s ac o con ro o f a e sc a th e first tim e, we bt i d ti f t ry t l ppl b with t h ii l re . e s is e encour a n i o d redu ced program Whil thi v ry gi g , s be peated in o ther years and in other orchards .
f r m t t From work do ne so a , it see s possible o elim inate wo and - I po ssibly thr ee sprays from an average eight spray schedule. n or ca t r c som e years and in fav able lo tions , h e enti e spray pro gram an pro bably be reduced to three sprays on sc ab resistant varieties With t S e Co . A r . x . . B . 4 1 O u t loss O f effec tiveness . ( e nn g E pt S a uls 6 and
' “ It will be no ted that th e am ou nt o f lead arsenate was dou bled t c c in two o f h e redu ed s hedule sprays . When this is do ne and a t e u e ince 1 40 i t c u u f sticker of h e typ s d s 9 s added , h e a t al am o nt o po iso n on th e foliage and fru it is high er thro ughout th e season than t I can be obtained with h e usual do se and m ore applic ations . n t t c t addition o h e in reased dose, it is necessary o spray heavily and t t thoroughly in order o pro tect h e fru it .
“ E xperim ents in th e Bur ton orchard as well as those at the C onnecti c ut Agricultural E xperim ent Station showed that cur culio control o n fruit from trees with th e fu ll schedules co ntaining su lfur was t impro ved by h e addition o f so ybean flo ur and m ang anese borate. From these results it would appear advisable to add a spreader to u c C au o m a b s ra s use in re e sc e u es . n e nee e ere p y d d d h d l ti y d d h , er s nce too m uc s rea er m a cause th e s ra to r ho wev , i h p d y p y weathe i m ore rapidly than s desired .
A g eneral summ ary o f results in co ntrol o f curculio is given in 12 “ T h e ffe ences a e een ana e a c Table . di r h v b lyz d by st tisti al m etho ds
“ t A r c m an a ea o be s n can . m o e o e e summ ar o f d pp r ig ifi t pl t y insect , x disease and russet co ntro l is presented in Table 13 . E perim ents t r o 1 a Westwoods a e sh wn in Table 4 .
S u m m ar y an d Co nc lu s io n s
Observatio ns this year indicated that o ur redu ced schedule experi 1 oor r Curcu o c r t x n m ents showed . ( ) P e li ont ol than he e te ded schedu le
1 Chlo ranil ‘(tetrac hlo ro qu inone z tet rac hlo ro -p -benz o quino ne) 2 l di c - Ferric dim ethy thio arbam at e . 2 76 Connecticu t E xperim ent Station Bu lletin 481
ea a sena e sul ur so ean ou n m with l d r t , f , yb fl r a d ang anese borate. They were equal to schedul es emplo ying lead arsenate and wettable sulfur - 2 C o n r f withou t spreader safener . ( ) t ol o redbu gs was also inferior t a ne ex en e c e u e c u t o that O bt i d by t d d s h d l s ontaining s lfur , bu was not com pletely satisfactory in any o f them since no co ntact insecticides
aldwin a l s i l r f th lia e FIGURE 7 . B pp e tree sh owing d fference in c o o o e fo g r e at th i h s rea men : ree T e e r g t i infested with Eur opean red mites . T t t T at le re iv d s 100 ce e hree ra s c on ainin lead arsena e in 3 lbs . to ( ft t p y t g t (p k , , c al and n v aluminum h dro ide y o e c o er 6 lb . erm a e, and 1 lbs. x F t _ y x l in 1 e 00 als. ree at ri h received five s ra s o f lead arsena e lbs . and g , g T g t p y t 3 d ' r o a ion su l l s n l Ph o o a en e ember 1 . y fl t t fur 5 b i 100 g a s . t t k S pt
A 1 A A — AF T BLE 2 . DVANT GE OF ADDING SOYBEAN FLOUR MANGANESE BORATE S ENER AND SPREADER TO FLOTATION SULFUR FOR CURCULIO
Bur on and onn ic u ic u l u l im n ion Orc hards 1943 ( t C ec t t Agr t ra Exper e t Stat , )
in favo r of in favo r of T rees co m pared s preader-safener T rees c o m par ed s preader -safener
Average difference in favor of spreader -safener Further S tudies inSpray S chedu le Redu ction 277
1 Re m e con ro e 7 was e e han were used in 943 . (3) d it t l (Figur ) b tt r t - c ul 4 A e that secu red with full sulfur lead arsenate s hed e. ( ) ppl maggot control was consistently better where th e redu ced schedules t u . 5 r ru a was o u ce h e were . sed ( ) Sp ay sset w s less than pr d d with extended pro gram and the foliage was in better condition at th e
4 A 1 . O F A NS 19 3 T BLE 3 CONTR L O PPLE I ECTS,
Bur ton Orch ard M c Intosh
2 1 T reatm ent G ood
1 Free o f ex ter nal insec t m ar s m a ot and sca . k , gg b 9 Form ulae given below
EXPLANATION OF TREATMENTS
Bur ton Orc h ard
M aterials for1 00 g allons
reen ead arsena e M M D G L t ay 6 ( ac . el. ) Dry flotation sulfur M ay 11 Mang anese borate M ay 20— 21 Soybean flour June 2 June 17 July 8
Same as green only With h al f the Sam e as green am ount o f m ang anese borate and soybean flour
Whi e ead ar sena e M a 6 M t L t y ( ac . D el . ) Dry flotation sulfur M ay 11 M ay 20— 21 June 2 Ju ne 18 Jmy 8 1
ellow M a 6 M ac . D Y y ( el . ) M ay 11 M ay 20— 21 June 9
n lbs ead ar se a e l s . M a 3 b 6 . 6 M ac . D L t ( y ( el. ) at c alyx and l st cover ) M ay 11 l s — 3 b . M ay 20 21
lb . June 9
g al . 2 78 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
6 t end o f th e season . ( ) Scab co ntrol by h e best treatment in th e re du ced schedule series was superio r to that of th e full sulfur schedule Al in all ou r fi l (Table l , e d spray tests during th e last three years continu e to sho w prom ise as reg ards redu ction o f th e num ber of sprays and indicate that fu ll success m ay possibly be obtained with further experim ent .
A AND NS N I TABLE 14. SC B I ECT CO TROL N TOWNSEND ORCHARD WITH REDUCED SCHEDULES
T reatm ent M c Intosh ' Rom e
1 1 Am ounts er 1 00 allo ns T ree N o G oo ca T ree N p g . d S b 0 . G ood Scab
percentages percentages
é l t in 12 Lead arsenate 3 bs. a p k , I P23 t c al and onl c over G 21 P2 6 lbs. a yx y 5 l lu s aluminum 1 Ferm ete b . p G 8 P27 g el or bentonite and o il H20 P19 D 15
s s At re in rm 4 pray ( p p k , Fe ate only) Averages
-4 lbs . at in P a Lead arsena e 3 p k , ? w t , l nd onl ov r P 6 lbs . at c a yx a y c e M — R Fermate 1 lbs. E ni n ‘ l 5 Aluminum g el or bento te a d oi 1m . 7 117 s s At re in ermate n 4 pray ( p p k, F I only)
Averages
‘ ~ D3 am H 11 mS Lead arsenate 3 lbs . — E4 H17 wS Dry flotation sulfur 5 lbs . KZS Fl l mB e in flot K24 21 aS 6 sprays (At pr p k, a J tion sulfur only) wS J27 wG H5 wS
Averag es
1 Free o f exter nal insec t m arks .
280 Connecticu t E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
APPLE M AG G O T INVE ST I G AT IO N S
PHI LIP G AR AND . MAN J F . TOWNSEND
An investigation o f th e actual tim e when apple m aggot eggs are r n a es was ca e o A laid in Co tla d ppl rri d n in 1943 . pples were bagged a ou th e s o f u and the a s e e em o e at e b t fir t J ly b g w r r v d r gular intervals . f t a s th e a After rem oval o h e b g , pples were left on the trees one week e o e n n h em to th e a o a o f r coun n e s and unc u b f r bri gi g t l b r t ry o ti g gg p t res . T h e data sh ow that th e flies b eg in laying eggs abou t th e m iddle o f or and con nue n o Se July or bef e, ti i t ptem ber (Figure It is evident that m ost o f th e eg gs are laid in Cortlands during th e first h alf o f A u of a a e r or u ugust . Fr it th t v ri ty, the ef e, sho ld be protected from _ th ee in ul ~ to th e m e Of Se em e t t e first w k J y iddl pt b r a least . I will be nec sa to e m ne e e os on se a a e i a es ry det r i gg d p iti p r t ly n e rly varieties , suc a As ac an and G a ens e as e as a r h s tr h r v t in, w ll l ter va ieties , such D c nd Ba n in or e to et u t as eli ious a ldwi , d r g a tr e picture O f h e danger period for those varieties .
t con u c In h e laboratory , tests were d ted with several new insecticides 1 o f which dichloro - diphenyl-trichloroethane appears to be th e most C D DT s a n u prom ising . age tests with pr y a d d st indicate th at th e dust kills very rapidly at comparatively low concentrations SO far th e s a s c 1 t 5 er cen . e in a e ( o p t) , pr y tri d g tests have E x o u e O f th e c m c u been relatively ineffective. p s r he i al nder an ultra ot o it ef ec en violet sun lamp did n destr y s f tiv ess as a dust . Previous tests showed com plete destru ction o f ro tenone when th e latter was exposed in th e sam e m anner and for th e sam e length of tim e under t he sam e lamp .
SPRAYS FO R JAPANE SE BEET LE CO NT RO L
HN N AND PHILIP G AN J . P . JO SO ARM
t M e ine ar e o n n o r . V n D A sm all , heavily infest d v y d b l gi g a oren n as se ec e for ex e m en s h a n on Waite Street , Ham de , w l t d p ri t wit J pa ese T ose o f th e or was to es s a beetle sprays . h e purp w k t t pr ys that f c f o con o wi a m n mum num e o a a ons . e m ight a f rd tr l th i i b r , ppli ti Fiv n c different fo rm ulae were tried . All treatm e ts were dupli ated and ’ T m one check strip was left for comparison . h e aterials listed are for 100 g allOns O f spray .
n un s hi e O il 80 visc osi allon en oni e 1 ound (1) Lead arse ate, 6 po d ;w t ty) , g ; b t t , p ,
nd Ultraw t s ad ound . a e pre er , }4 p sic o er ar sen 3 ou nds whi e oil allon aluminum ace o— ora e (2) Ba C pp ate, p ; t , g ; t b t ,
n i i 2 unc s. 1 pound, a d benz o c ac d, o e n s s an our ou nd and m an anese ora e (3) Copper arse ate, 3 pound ; oybe fl , p , g b t ,
pound. na e 6 ounds ordeau mi ure 8— 8 (4) Lead arse t , p ; B x xt (
r sena e 3 ounds . (5) Coppe ar t , p
1 Also kno wn as G esarol or D DT Sprays For j apanese Beetle Control 281
On one a ca on was m a e all o rm u ly ppli ti d , f lae being applied o n th e t orn n f un sam e day, du ring h e m i g o J e 30 .
Frequent inspec tions showed that fo rm ula number 1 afforded the mo com ro ec on but a num r 4 st plete p t ti , th t be was a close second . u e 9 o two f th o num r 1 r Fig r sh ws o e pl ts , be ( ight) and num ber 3 e o f c n r n e o f t e f renc t (l ft e te ) , and gives a id a h di fe e between h e two T f t c c n on Au gust 17 . h e foliage o h e he k vi es was alm ost co mpletely t t T destro yed at h e tim e h e p hotograph Was m ade. he differences e een num r 1 and 4 ec am e m ore a aren s th e easo n b tw be s b pp t a s advanced , m a nl c u f th er a es o n o f th e en o n — L i y be a se o e bett dh i b t ite Oil . ead a n e- Bo r ux r a r o rse at dea m ixtu re, howeve , g ve a eas nable degree o f ro ec f t f t ee p t tion or he greater part o he beetle f ding season.
All c T ompo nents o f form ulae 1 and 4 are o btainable. h e ing redients o f number 1 should be m ix ed thorou ghly in a bu cket with a sm all am o T h e o r eaux m x ure n num r 4 unt of water , before dilution . B d i t i be w r t c c as f eshly prepared and was no a com m er ial pro du t .
F s f n l f th e a an se l . IGURE 9 . Grapevines rec eiving spray or c o tro o J p e beet e
in s l n l s . e at ri h o f cen er received one s ra o f ead ars a e 6 b . 80 visc V g t t p y e t , 1 1 als e o f whi O il n d w t l . in e al e oni e 1 1h . an Ultra e b 00 t g , b t t , / g L ft center the vines were Sprayed with basic c opper arsenate 3 lbs white oil \ l i s in s nd b n o c ac id 2 oun . e a aluminum i 1 l . e g , acet c borate b a z ce V t to he righ t were protec ted all season w ith one application on June 30 . 282 Connecticut E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
WIRE WO RMS
DOUGLAS E . G REENWOOD
Wireworm s are annu ally responsible for crop losses in th e United S a es o a n e e a m on o f o t t t t lli g s v r l illi s d llars . These losses are no t a a s a a en s nce o en m es as in a ‘ lw y pp r t i , ft ti , stand o f grain, they are _ ’ brought abou t by a redu ction in yield rather than in a redu ction of m e a a e a ue a o n . t rk t bl v l , s po tatoes N everth eless he dam age caused by wireworm s results in a substantial decrease 1n the national agri cu u lt ral pro du ction.
T h e ab s o f e o m s in enera r t t h it wir w r , g l , a e no oo clearly u nderstoo d because O f their su bterranean ex istence during a greater part o f their
lives . Som e species pass throu gh a complete life cycle in one year ;o thers re u re om e ec r “ q i several years . S sp ies p efer so d land; o thers prefer an u n f e con nuous cu a o n . ese nc l d d r ti ltiv ti Th di fere es , together th e a cu u ac ce cu r t with gri lt ral pr ti s pe lia o a given region, c an m ake th e o em o f con o e her re a e s m e or excee pr bl tr l it l tiv ly i pl dingly difficu lt .
One O f th e principal econom ic ally important wirewo rm pests to C nec cu c o s is th e eas ern e e orm Lim nius a o on ti t r p t fi ld wir w , o g nus A scu ss on o f th e e h s o o f s s ec e can be ou Say. di i lif i t ry thi p i s f nd in
7 o f on ut f em r t . Bu lletin 36 this Stati , b a ew r a ks on i s habits will t T serve o present our imm ediate problem m ore clearly . h e eastern field u r r e t com e it c c t t wireworm req i es seve al y ars o pl te s life y le , so h e des ruc i r n i t e o o r r tive larval stage s p ese t n h s il ve seve al seasons . This o r r n oa r c n u u c wireworm als p efe s sa dy l m soils unde o tin o s ultivatio n.
' i r r u r ri ci l From these habits , it s eadily appa ent that o p n pa tobacco i for t ur r u n t and potato land s ideal h e s vival and pe pet atio of h e pest . Other p otentially inj urious species O f wireworm s o c cur throu ghou t th e State but th e agricultural practices which favor their developm ent
do not exist o n a wide scale.
O b s er va t io n s o n To b a c c o
t T h e inj ury caused by . wirewo rms o newly set to bac co plants did t to a s ea an u n th e as few seasons no appear be gre ter thi y r th g ri g p t . c r t E for Several repo rts were received , indire tly , f om h e ast Hart d re was nece a to e an a m an as ee m es bu area whe it ss ry r pl t s y thr ti t , t t u 1 3 On h e whole, m ost growers considered he inj ury d ring 94 to ’
be negligible.
D u n th e cou se o f th e as summ er m an . ou s ere s en ri g r p t , y h r w p t ' T discussing th e wireworm problem with various growers . h e g reater part o f those interviewed expressed th e belief that since rye h as been u sed as a winter hardy green m anure crop for th e m aintenance r t m a e o f so il fe tility, h e wireworm pro blem h as lessened t rially in N O r c x to u s severity . di e t e perim ental work is available s b tantiate this aspect o f th e problem but it seem s perfec tly feasible that su ch cou u T h e e o o f u a practice ld be sed as a palliative m easure. p ri d v lner ability o f newly set to bacco to wirewo rm attac k is relatively short so a a een m anure c se es as oo for th e e o m a th t gr , whi h rv f d wir w r , my Wii eworins 283
delay feeding on th e to bacco long enou gh to enable th e plants to become U s ac ce cou not be ex ec e to or larg er . nfortunately , thi pr ti ld p t d w k
' su ccessfully o n a crop such as po tatoes since th e m aj or wireworm i th e ea on at a m e en een feeding perio d com es m u ch later n s s , ti wh gr m anure no longer is an ideal so urce o f fo od .
t ran om e ore a e o f o ac co was set So il sam ples , taken a d b f fi ld t b , revealed a wireworm population ranging from 10 to 25 o r m ore 1 r a rox m a e to o er 000 larvae per squ are foot , o pp i t ly v r cu ar e h ad h ad a reen m anure cro O f r e per acre. This pa ti l fi ld g p y N O race o f re o m n ur cou plowed u nder in the spring . t wi w r i j y ld T c f t e en m anure cro canno be ex resse be fou nd . h e effe t o h gre p t p d with certainty bu t a wireworm population o f su ch proportio ns could obviously ruin a tobac co setting if no o ther so urce o f foo d ex isted .
O b s er va t io n s o n Po t a t o es
' u n th e a e a O f th e n Several days were spent , d ri g l tt r p rt diggi g m e O f th e ar er ro ers o f th e m a n o a o perio d , talking with so l g g w i p t t areas in Ellingt on and South Windsor in order to g et a cro ss section e n M o f the wireworm dam age 1n relation to th e dry growing s aso . ost gro wers expressed th e opinio n that wirewo rm inj ury was less m 1943 c than l n preceding years and that th e crop was relatively lean . This is no t in complete agreem ent with data Obtained from th e carefu l T exam ination o f tu ber sam ples o f several previou sly chosen fields . h e difference m ay lie 1n th e fact that th e growers co nsidered their crops to be clean in comparison with those crops o f previous years since a casu al exam ination o f som e o f th e supposedly clean crops showed In m n u r n t o o r ire orm o es . ose areas a y t be s with o e, w three w w h l th where th e wirewo rm populations were known to be high 1n c u ltivated
an th e e r f m a e w a e ere . l d , d g ee o da g s s v Table 15 sh ows th e per cent tu bers inj ured by wireworm s in plo ts t t x F o r m a n a n t a h e E perimental arm , Sou th C vent y , i t i ed by h e A t f C n c u s g ro nom y Departm ent o f h e University o on e tic t . Thi particular range (L— l ) represents potatoes g ro wn for th e second r r 1 1 successive year following 10 different g een m anu es planted in 94 . E i r c nc u n ach plo t s an ave age o f three repli ates , i l di g both grade 1 T c S . an ra e . . 2 o . e u rs ere o n e n U . d g d U S p tatoes h t be w sider d i jured T f if they contained one or more wireworm holes . h e degree O inj ury was severe enou gh to m inimize th e num ber o f tu bers having only one wireworm hole .
i Cr yp to h yp nu s abbrev at u s Say .
TABLE 15 WIREWORM INJURY T O SECOND YEAR POTATOES SOUTH COVENTRY
T ot al Plo t t u bers
1 =‘ = = = — = t A Red cl over B rim so n c lo ver D im ot E R ed c lo ver im o t F B ed , C , T hy , T hy, cl o ver— im o t o t ou t and rem o ve fo r h a G = I adino c lo ver H= rim so n c lo ver lo w ed u n er T hy ( b h d y) , , C (p d _ ; in Se tem er I = a anese mill et J =S o e p b ) , J p , yb ans . 284 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
Table 16 sho ws th e wireworm inj ury on th e adj o ining range (L- 3) Po tatoes grown on this rang e are first year potatoes fo llowing green m anures in 1942 .
TA E 16 . W WO NJU To FI T YEA PO A O S SO COVEN BL IRE RM ( I RY RS R T T E , UTH TRY
T o tal T o tal N um ber 1 Plot t u bers t u bers injured
1 o e ex ce t s stem G w ic is Pear l Vetc . As ab v , p y h h h
‘ ren om a es 15 1 It is appa t , fr T bl and 6, that po tato es gr o wn for a second year are m o re severely inj ured than first year po tatoes
n a reen m anure . s is in ee n t r o followi g g Thi k pi g with he ep rt , by nera a o ur c t g ro wers in ge l , th t wirew rm inj y in reases as h e po tato c 1 crop is continued on a given pie e O f land . Table 8 further bears t this ou .
Table 17 shows th e wireworm inj u ry to potatoes in several two year ro tations as co ndu cted by th e Soils D epartm ent at th e C onnecticu t T E x er m en S a on n so . h e r u r r e Agricu ltural p i t t ti , Wi d r es lts a e ave ag s ca es ex ce PP o a oes a er o a oe c d for three repli t , pt (p t t ft p t t s) whi h h a An u er on r m six replic ates . y t b with e o ore wireworm h oles was classified as inj ured
17 . W O N TO A A TABLE IREW RM I JURY FIRST YE R POT TOES, WINDSOR
N um ber tub ers N umber inj u red Per cent inj ur ed
= to es after to acc o PC = o tatoes after c orn PP = otatoes after o tatoes PG = tatoes PT po ta b , p , p p , po
o o n o a o e n o a oe o o n r n t Potato es f ll wi g p t t s a d p t t s f ll wi g g ass . o only h ad a g reater num ber o f tubers inj ured but also th e num ber u f r o f holes per t ber was ar greate .
A random sam ple taken from th e bin o f“ a gro wer in So uth Windso r t T showed 98 ou o f 100 tu bers severely inj ured . he num ber o f ho les t T o i t per tu ber ranged from three o r fou r o Over 30 . h e p tatoes n he m c th e sam e was a en cam e om a two -ac e sec o n bin, fro whi h pl t k , fr r ti - P u c t o f a 60 acre field . op lation ounts m ade during h e summ er on this - rom fi t 24 r i t two acre piece sho wed f ve o larvae per squa e foo t, n he Wireworms 285
a n a o u a on ess 1 row , with eight samples h vi g p p l ti l than 0 larvae es w1th om 10 to 20 a ae per square foot , nine sampl fr l rv per square ' 2 a e s u r u sam es exceedm 0 a e r a e oo . foo t , and fo r pl g l rv p q f t
c t th e seasona a s o f the eas ern e r With respe t o l h bit t fi ld wi eworm , it has been reported that th e larvae O f this spec ies com e to th e sur ’ face foot o f soil with th e advent of su itable soil temperatures in t t r en th e so e s u t he Spring , retur n o lowe depths wh il g t ntenably h o t t to soi a a n for t m and dry in July , return o h e p l g i h e ain feeding u Se m er and re u n to th e o er perio d in Au g st and pte b , t r l w depths t in late fall in preparation fo r he com ing winter m onths . N um erous diggings throu ghou t th e summ er Showed the larvae to be within
l m a n ee th e top 12 inches of soil at all tim es . The i f ding perio d is believed to be in Au gust bu t this year it began in late J uly and ex h e r ae m o e in an t t tended throu gh early O cto ber . T la v v d o u of h e potato hill at random and do not co ncentrate in th e rows as does m n r otes a cus Sa . Conse uen t th e wheat wireworm , Ag i y q tly , h e in t a ern e re orm is re a e j ury caused by h e e st fi ld wi w l tiv ly less severe. r o m n u was o se e One instance Of wheat wi ew r i j ry b rv d , on a sm all c O f lo wet so c h ad o m er een in c o er c pie e w , il whi h f r ly b l v , whi h was i m an a 50 o es er u ex trem ely severe resulting n as y s h l p t ber .
T h e eastern field wirewo rm is usually found in sandy so il types n n c which are under continuous cultivation. O e i stan e was o bserved this past summ er in which po tatoes were being grown following seven So sam es h o e a Limon u years of h ay and grass . il pl S w d th t i s agonus Say was present at population levels rang ing from four or five to 15 or Bee es o f s s ec m ore larvae per square foot . tl thi p ies will o viposit in so d if given no other cho ice bu t apparently it is not a very com i o e a a a fiel m m on phenom enon . It s p ssibl th t h y d ay becom e so sparsely covered that th e beetles will select th e site as readily as i n c n a few u e r a cultivated field . It s sig ifi a t th t t b rs we e inj ur ed in T u f t th e field under Observation. h e b lk O h e larvae co ncentrated t -u n r o c as e o t e ener u in h e turned de s d whi h w b l w h g al t ber level .
Table 18 Sho ws the per cent tu ber inj uries for the sam e ranges and een m anures o er a er o O f o u ears eac cro rea m en gr v p i d f r y , h p t t t t being the average for three reph ca es .
c th e u for c th e or na ex er m en wa Sin e st dy , whi h igi l p i t s designed , t D B . A . ro f h e A ro nom e ar m n P . e by ro f B wn o g y p t t , Storrs , was r to m a n a n and m ro e so er a ar r t prim a ily i t i i p v il f tility , it ppe s f om h e 18 a c o n o n er a o m ro e for th data in Table th t diti s w e ls i p v d e wirewo rm . c c t eco n r o o cr In practi ally every ase, h e s d yea p tat op w as m ore t c c r c Y t se e e n u e an h e o a o ro e e e . e in v r ly i j r d th p t t p whi h p d d it ,
c c a e e case th e e ree o f in u as. ncreas o r t pra ti lly v ry , d g j ry h i ed ve h e t r preceding years . It is very probable that h e la val popul ation h as s eac ear e n r to m o re a ora e o co increa ed h y , du i pa t f v bl s il nditions , and the potato inj ury h as served as a m easure O f this increased pop u i on . s ossi e a th e o u a on e e rem a ne a r con lati It p bl _ th t p p l ti l v l i d f i ly t stant and h e feeding increased . 286 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
3 3 Q w Q N N N v-fl b h 4 Q 9 “ N M N CO Q Q LO N 1 Q fi ‘H OO OQOO QO LO UDOO
‘ 1 5 s OO LO LD OO OO h -d 4 QD LO OO OO LO O QO Q LO 9 — — 1 N H N H N H v l i N
0 1 m w w h m 4 fi m q m 9 7 h v m w u w v m o 1
p o r C
3 -' 2 QO r i Q CO OO Q OO v—l 4 Q 9 H O LO Q QD QD LO USQI O 1 3 N N M M N C’O M M N
- 1 5 N N QO Q Q CO C N r t 4 Q 9 6 QO Q‘ OO OO LO N N H O 1 v—l v-i r -h —i
p o A mO fl mmO I A H r C
1 OO N N H OO H LQ OO N — 2 OO v d m fi ‘O LO h v—i h 6 OO N QO N N N QD QO LQ
7 H Q CD M OQQO O QO OO Q USQ Q‘ N CYSQ QO QO $ M N M N M M N fl N
5 Q Q M Q N CQN CD N 5 “ (O zo oo m tx oo m cxi 1 H v-t r -q v-« r -q v-n -d —u -d
p o A mu a mmo i m m r C
288 Connecticu t E xper iment S tation Bu lletin 481
All o f th e u s s r f t d t we e m ore e fective than h e One spray used . . At ree o f th e ou o a u th f r d s g es sed , pyrophyllite w as a m ore effective u en a c f r T c dil t th n lay o derris . h e ryolite dust was very effective and 50 er c en c o e a co o c p t ry lit , mm nly u sed oncentration, was m o re
‘ f c 5 r c e e e an . e en o r 1 er c r f tiv th p t p ent o tenone in derris .
T h e degree o f infestatio n o f po tato es by corn borers vanes widely rom t C t r f season o seaso n . o ntrol m easures are th erefore no requ i ed T e er ear . h e u s u fle v y y d st sed , particularly cryolite dust , contro l a ee es and ar ro a u T m e b tl e p b bly j stified for that purpose only . he sa m aterials and schedule used for flea beetles Shou ld co ntrol th e co rn orer T e u c u u c a ons b as well . h s ggested s hedule wo ld be fo r appli ti at ee w kly intervals during Ju ne.
Lit er at u r e Cit ed
B A n . 1 . f n n i l . on . A . 1 . R . L . s E RD , , 940 E fec t of c or borers o potato y e d C gr Expt — t . 4 : 2 S a Bu l . 2 34 75 76 .
nn. 2 NE N n s . o and . . A 1 . n o o o a oe . TUR R, . M P Z PPE, 937 European c or b rer p t t C — A . l r . Bu . : 4 g Expt Sta. 396 345 3 6
THE EFFECT O F D ILUEN TS O N T HE TO XICITY O F N ICO TINE BEN TO N ITE I N D USTS
NEELY TURNER
T h e general effect o f diluents o n th e tox ic ity O f nico tine bento nite
' in dusts for th e contro l o f th e E uropean corn borer h as been Shown by Carru th In his tests ;walnu t shell flour was m ore effective
a a n c o r en on e. s dilue t than woo d flour , tal b t it
son D r Bur c 3 and son and anes 4 a e Wil , iete and di k ( ) Wil J ( ) h v classified diluents according to th e electrostatic charge they produce u r t a nu s e ou in h e es s o uce d ing h e dusting process . W l t h ll fl r t ir t t pr d d c a high electro static ch arge and talc a low harge.
T h e effect o f dilu ents o f these two types o n derris roo t in dusts , T h e m a er c ere a h as been m easured (Tu rner , t ials sele ted w o m e uen r u n co ne pyr phyllite and a clay . These sa dil ts we e sed with i ti bentonite and applied to control th e E uro pean corn borer in sweet
corn.
T h e nicotine bentonite was Blac k Leaf 155 containing 14 per c n c u e to 1 9 er cen n co ne con e t ni otine . This w as dil t d , 3 and p t i ti t t T orn w as M arc oss an e tent with each Of h e wo diluents . h e c r pl t d r 2 1 4 u u 15 20 d 30 and a es e u Ap il 6 , 9 3 , d sted J ne , , 25 an , h rv t d J ly 1 t T c r i t m id- ' tassel s a e en th e rs 2 o 16 . h e o n w as n h e green t g wh fi t
c 5 e s nc u n five a ch e appli atio n was m ade, with 3 gg m asse (i l di g h t d) o 1 T h e as eatm en was m a e en th e corn w as 1n n 0 plants . l t tr t d wh u T u re e an to th e or in th e rs f ll Silk . h e d sts we appli d by h d wh l fi t treatm ent and to Shoo ts o r ears in su bsequent applications . The Efiect of Dilu ents 289
T h e o r ur ro e and 20 e t pl ts we e fo ws wid fe t long , arranged a ran do en sam e m in each o f four blocks . Tw ty pl plants were taken from th e t t ar e m e for c i t wo inside rows a h v st ti disse t on, and he number of larvae in the entire plant (ex clusive o f tillers) and in th e ears de t T ermined ec on. h e resu s a e een summ r 2 by diss ti lt h v b a ized in Table 0 .
l 9 NIC OT lNE EC G S CALE
D s dilu ed wi h r o FIGURE 10 . osage re ponse curves for nic otine bentonite t t py
h lli e n l n o n orer . p y t (P) a d c ay (C) . Control of the Eur opea c r b
A F IN D S S T BLE 20 . EFFECT O DILUEN TS ON TOXICITY OF N ICOTINE BENTON ITE U T
N umber l arvae N um ber larvae P er c ent redu c tio n Per Cent ears Dilu ent Per c ent m c o tm e in 1 00 plants in ears in lar vae bo rer-free
Pyrophyllite
N O treatment ' 290 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
T h e percentage redu c tion o f larvae in th e plants h as been plotted in relation to th e do sage o f nicotine on th e logarithm ic-pro bability grid (Figure
' At t e f 4 x r c n h e e o 0 er c c ro ro m 5 _ l v l p ent ont l , app i ately pe e t nico tine was requ ired with a clay diluent to equal 3 per cent nicotine
i r . At 4 w th py ophyllite per cent nicotine content with pyrophyllite, th e concen ra on u se in comm rc a ea m en a ox m a e t ti d e i l tr t ts , ppr i t ly er cen n co ne c a ou o e t e s me e ree o f p t i ti with l y , w ld pr vid h a d g con o 48 er cen tr l ( p t) .
T h e infestation in th e ears followed th e same general pattern a in th e en ire an i t r u n was more s t pl t that s , h e py ophyllite dil e t f c t x t e fe tive. With three o f h e si dosag es , h e number O f larvae surviving i c u x t u n treated ears a t ally e ceeded h e num ber in ntreated ears . This “ could indicate that th e less effec tive treatm ents h ad changed the relation between num ber o f larvae in the ear and infestation o f th e f t rest o h e plant .
T h e perc entag e o f ears borer free was o btained by visual ex amination o f th e hu sks for signs o f infestatio n before th e car w as dissected . T h e results were no t inconsistent with th e o ther data except in th e ca o f I c se the er se 3 per cent nico tine with pyrophyllite. n this a p c entage borer free was lo w in relation to th e am o unt of control in th e plant and m th e ears
S u m m ar y
Approxim ately 5 per cent nicotine in a nico tine bento nite dust dilu ted with clay was requ ired to equal th e control o f corn borers t ' t Ob al ned by 3 per cent nico tine with pyrophylh e as a diluent .
Lit er at u r e Cit ed
1 o an c orn orer . A al na ive insec icide for ur e c on rol . C RRUTH,L . A . , 1943 . An ter t t E p b t — t Bul 3 . n A . . a. . 703 : 33 6 N . Y . (Ge eva) gr Expt S
2 f O f ilu en s on the o icit f oun is 194 . T h e e ec d o ure d derr . TURNER , N 3 f t t t x y p gr “ — 266 272 . on nt . 36 : our . c . E roo t in dusts . J E
K 1943 . nsec icid du s s : A D nd H . . N . F . . . a al 3 . WILSO , H , C E IETER L BURDIC , I t t study o f th e effec t on m ortality of elec trostatic c h arges produced by fric tion — oa 1 99 101 . in applying insec ticides. S p 7
l 2 arriers of : d R . . AN S 194 . o non du s s o 1 4 . ILS . . an a W ti F L J E , C r te e t S p 8 fl l gé 05 .
THE EFFECT O F D ILUEN TS O N THE TO X ICITY O F N I CO T INE I N D USTS
N EELY TURNER
T h e effect O f dilu ents o n th e volatility o f nico tine in dus ts pre are r m n co n u a h a ee u e ex ens e C am e p d f o i ti e s lf te s b n st di d t iv ly ( pb ll , The Efiect of D ilu ents 291
t I t u 1 2 a c e and S ree er 3 e c . n enera h e se ; Rudolfs , ; Th t h r t t , , ) g l , , o f alkaline m aterials resulted in higher volatility and g reater effective “ r t ness than inert or adsorptive m ate ials . There appears o be no inform ation o n th e effect o f diluents in dusts m ade from free o r al k alo id nico tine.
t f t en ro e and ra e ' A comparative est o wo dilu ts , py phyllit hyd t d o n a dr carr er u n lime, was m ade using nicotine absorbed y i , gro d L D u r e are con a n n 1 2 and tobacco (Black eaf sts we e pr p d t i i g , 4 er cen n co ne and e e a e to oun ca a e an s n es e p t . i ti , w r ppli d y g bb g pl t i f t d 1 n w m a e u a o u 2 1 94 . ca o as s n a sm by aphids n J ly , 3 A ppli ti d i g ll hand duster witho ut a hoo d o r Other pro tective device to confine t t t A f s u n rea m n w a h e dust o h e plants . count o aphid s rvivi g t t e t s m 48 ur c e om th e n ade ho s later . Individu al leaves were colle t d fr pla ts an t um r c T d h e n be of aphids surviving on one square inch re orded . h e results have been summ arized in Table 2 1 and plo tted on th e log arith
‘ ' mic - ro a r i F ur 11 p b bility g id n ig e .
° A E /o NIC OT IN E LO G S C L
D o FIGURE 11 . sage resp onse curves for free nic o tine dusts dilu ted with pyr o h lll te o e n l m l O f hi s a v a d i e elo . on o p y ( b ) (b w ) C tr ap d .
T he dosages and responses were such that th e dosage fo r equ al co n ro canno be o a ne e ce ex r w t l t bt i d x pt by t apolation. It is evident , h o e er a the f c t v , th t e fe tiveness o f he lim e diluent is co nsiderably less ‘ an th e t o e. ex ra o n t cen e e th pyr phyllit By t p latio a h e 99 per t l v l , appro x im ately 15 per cent nic o tine with lim e would be required to e u a er cen n co ne S nc ex a o a o n q l p t i ti with pyrophyllite. i e tr p l ti from 4 per cent - to 15 per cent dosag e is requ ired to Obtain this com
a son e em u t a o . p ri , littl phasis Sho ld be placed on h e ex act dosage r ti 292 Connecticu t E xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
F D N S TABLE 21 . EFFECT O ILUE T ON THE TOXICITY OF N ICO TINE IN DUSTS
Per cent N um ber aphids P er cent redu ction 1 Dilu ent su rvi ving
N one 1 029
Pyrophyllite
1 l — l i l rf l O n five p ants s am p e o ne squ are nc h eaf su ace p er p ant .
Lit er a t u r e Cit e d 1 1923 . N o es on ni o ine du s ro r ss . our . on. E nt . 6 : AMPBELL R . E . c e c 1 . C , , t t t p g J E — 497 5O5 .
i l s n n . : 1 22 . N c o ine d ver rom du arrier . our . c o . E t 15 R O FS WM . 9 e c 2 . UD L , , t i y f t J E — 421 424 .
. l ili R n . R 192 rs hi h ef th e vo a A . w . a . 3 ac o w c ec 3 . TH TCHER, d L STREETER, F t f t t ty
. Bul . 1 s N . . n A . ta. 50 . of nicotine from insec ticide du ts . Y (Ge eva) gr Exp t S
T HE EFFECT O F N UMBERS O F LARVAE O F T HE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE O N DAMAGE T O P LANTS AN D YI EL D
N EELY TURNE R
T h e relation between th e num ber Of larvae O f the M exican bean beetle surviving insecticidal treatm ent and th e am ount o f damage to bean plants as m easured in percentages appears to be lo garithmic ro a u n T am m ea ure was a o ccur n p b bility (T r er , h e d age s d th t ri g prior to any applic ations o f insecticide in addition to th e feeding T c on of s ac done by larvae surviving treatment . h e impli ati s thi f t were such that an experim ent was condu cted to stu dy this relationship u n r on t eated plants .
Me th o d s
M 1 ro on a on and Bou ntiful beans were planted ay in ws e y rd l g , t t A ace o f ree ee w as e e een thinned to 10 plants o h e yard . sp th f t l ft b tw
“ T h e one- ar o s e e an om e in blocks to lessen m igration. y d pl t w r r d iz d A c n e es o f o s was an e blo cks with fou r replications . se o d s ri pl t pl t d
M ay 25 to provide sm aller plants for infestation .
B When th e overwintering adults o f th e bean beetle started deposit an s eac an w as exam ne at eas twIce a ee ing eggs on th e pl t , h pl t i d l t w k ‘ All e s In excess O f th e and th e egg m asses m arked and counted . gg a o n e e s e e set at two ou number desired were rem oved . I nfest ti l v l w r , f r , T heEjfect of Larvaeof M ex ican Bean Beetle 293
1 I t e 6 2 n 4 r n . n o o n ight , , 3 a d 6 larvae pe pla t addition these levels , e e t s ries ofplo ts was left u ndisturbed and h e natural infestation recorded . N o particular effort was m ade to have the larvae distribu ted evenly o er t F c c m f 2 e v h e plants . or instan e, in m ost ases one egg ass O 0 ggs was e t 2 l ft on a plo t supposed o be infested by 0 larvae. It was necessary to transfer eg g m asses to th e plo ts planted M ay 25
In . O r t t i o ne der o attain h e high levels O f infestatio n . Th s was d by p1nn1ng an egg m ass o n a sm all section o f leaf to th e u nders1de O f th e ea to l f be infested .
T h e am oun o f t t m a e em t dam age o h e foliage was esti t d , by a syst a rea escr e r 25 n u 1 t e l dy d ib d (Turne , on June and agai on J ly . O n h latter date abou t 90 per cent o f th e foliage o f th e m o st heavily infested o s h ad een e r pl t b d st oyed by larval feeding . Yields were Obtained from th e weight O f dried po ds on Ju ly 2 1 for th e ear A t is r co ni e ly plot and u gust 2 for h e late plo t . It e g z d a es t t th t th e yields do no represent faithfully h e yields o f snap beans . o e e H w v r , it h as been difficu lt to Obtain satisfactory yield data for sna ean p b s , because o f failure to m aintain a set standard o f Siz e or m a u o f t t r n th an u n t rity h e po ds . Wh en he po ds a e left o e pl t til e m a u e an r c t u . th y t r d d y, there is no onfusion as o their m at rity Suc e a a ou r or n u th e as h yi ld d t Sh ld the ef e be depe dable, altho gh e yi ld ecor e is no t for r d d green snap beans .
Re s u l t s
T h e o er bs vations and records have been summ ariz ed in Table 22 . T h e relation between infestation and dam age to foliage h as been o e o t - pl tt d n h e lo g arithmic pro bability grid in Figu res 12 and 13 .
h e e a i T r l tio n between infestation and=yield h as been plo tted in Figure 14 ur t t , i h h e yield plotted arithm etic ally and th e infestatio n lo g arith m 1cally
2 4 N A A A T — CA L E O . L RV E PER P L N LOG S
FIGURE 12 . Relation between num ber o flarvae o f th e Mexic an bean beetle and dam ag e to ol a e on D s t e une 25 . r f i g J ate efer o tim o f planting . 294 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
As w as noted for infestatio n fo llo wing application O f insecticides u rn r t e r m c - ro a r n (T e , h log a ith i p b bility elationship prevails whe I t n n c . o i se ticides were involved n o ther words , h e dam age increases as th e lo g arithm o f th e num ber o f larvae rather than directly with t T h e n r f r . h cu fo 25 t umbe o la vae e rves r June , when h e m ost heavily infested plots showed about 40 per cent dam age (Fig ure are c 1 D r r m a r an o e for u . m on u e e u h fl tte th th s J ly i d , Horsfall , He b g and Sto ddard (1) reported a sim ilar change in slope for do sage control curves for sul fur o n apple scab and copper for tom ato defo liation dis h r u e th er t c n o ns eases . T ey att ib t d e steep Slopes o environm ental o diti n t I t c f t M ex can favori g developm ent o f h e fung us . n h e ase o h e i ean ee t O er a on ere m a e o e a on o f b b tle, h e bs v ti s w d n a Single gen r ti ar ae o n t e s h an ee a ar n r o r en ronm en l v wo days l s t a w k p t , a d the ef e vi t u no t sho ld be involved .
In order to determine whether or not th e date of hatching O f th e c c e th e e a o recor s eg gs was on ern d , d t iled pl t d have been summ arized T h e rcen e f a h a c in Table 23 . pe tag o eggs th t d hat hed on Ju ne 25 ' t M 1 w a c . In h e e e n a r i s alculated s ri s pla ted y , the e s no tendency for th e higher infestations to Show a delayed hatching which might t u f a c n o f th M 2 influence h e am o nt o dam age . H t hi g e ay 5 series was m ore variable bu t still sho wed no consistent change which m ight r t t influence results . Ce tainly h e plot having h e natural infestatio n and o nly 58 per cent Of the eg gs hatched o n June 2 5 Showed th e x c m u n o f am a e rom th e o a num er O f a r e pe ted a o t d g f t t l b l rvae p esent .
LARVAE PE R PL A N T - LO G S CA L E NO .
Rela ion e w n num f l v f th an ean ee le and dam a e FIGURE 13 . t b t ee ber o ar ae o e Mexic b b t g
t li l D a es r to im e o f lan in . o fo ag e on Ju y 1 . t refe t p t g
296 Connecticut E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
T h e effect Of th e infestation on yield h as ' been shown in Table 2 1 T r t r 2 and Fig ure 4 . h e late planting yielded less than h e earlie , t f dr t c a ea a eca e o . l st p rtly b us y weather Ho wever , since h e atta k o f th e bean beetles o ccurred at approxim ately the sam e tim e in bo th n t n pla tings , and earlier relative o plant developm ent on th e late planti g ,
' som e decrease in yield due to bean beetle feeding wou ld be expected . T h e data for th e late planting form a straight line when th e infestation i r m c t I o o th e e s plotted lo g a ith i ally ag ainst h e yield . n ther w rds , yi ld t t T h e decreased as h e l o garithm O f h e num ber o f larvae present . a t r c r- cut re v riation in he ea ly planting was eno rm ous , and no lea t C t on s en la ionship appears . ertainly there is nothing in h e data inc si t t
with th e lo g arithm ic relationship apparent in th e later planting .
In T h e m etho d O f obtaining th e yield ignored dam age to po ds . . th e r u urn r 4 t to n es in p evious st dy (T e , ) dam age o po ds was related I f t g t popu lation in exactly h e sam e m anner .
‘ Dis c u s s io n
This experim ent was not designed to Sho w th e reasons for th e re T a th e lationships described . wo obvious possibilities are (1) th t survival o f larvae is sm aller as th e infestation increases and therefore th e dam age from high infestations is not as m uch as expected and . oe t f foh a e (2) that each larva d s no consum e th e sam e am ou nt o g , 1 r er an do not eat 10 t e ea en that is , 0 la vae p pl t tim es h e foliag t by one larva per plant .
7 T x r e re ou urn r 4 th e h e e perim ent repo t d p vi sly (T e , ) showed that num ber o f larvae su rviving treatm ent was related lo garithm ically t t f m a e ex i r M o om o h e perc entage o da g pressed n p o bits . rtality fr a o ous to m o a r e insecticides m ight be an l g rt lity f om crowding . Howev r , this c anno t be ac cepted as final proo fb ec ause th e residues O f insectic ides t u f r a m ight also influence h e amo nt o feeding . That this p ob bly
E R ' P L A NT LO G S CALE NO. L A RVAE P
R la i n een num er of larvae O f the e ic an ean ee le er lan FIGURE 14 . e t o betw b M x b b t p p t
D s r to im e Of lan in . and yield . ate refe t p t g The Effect of Larvae of M ex ican Bean Beetle 297 o c curred was indicated by th e fact that th e Observatio n for th e u n treated check did not fit th e cu rve drawn throu gh points Observed o o n f ll wi g treatm ent .
N O observations were m ade reg arding th e other Obviou s p ossibili t y, a each larva did not co nsum e th e sam e am o u nt o f foliage . . th t Is no t r c r o n It beyo nd belief , ho wever , that la vae ro wded to g ethe a plant do no t consum e as m u ch foliage per larva as o ne larva o n a l t p an .
T h e literature seem s to co ntain little inform ation o n this g eneral u r r s bj ect . N eiswander and Herr (2) presented data o n corn bo e o u a o n a o u a on er s a and p p l ti nd dam age . Their data on p p l ti p t lk stalk breakag e Shows a relatio nship m u ch closer to lo g arithm ic than to ar m e c T o f t r f a on n es a on and e ith ti . w o h e th ee sets o d ta i f t ti yi ld o a e T r i ar a e Sh w d finite log arithm ic effect O f infestatio n . h e thi d s v i bl d c t 2a an o u Pa c e al . ld be either lo g arithm ic Or arithm etic . t h ( ) published data which Show a linear relationship between log arithm o f nu La er m er f r a a e . b o f larvae and pro bit o f percentage o b e k g t , Pa c et l r h e c e a ons t h a . (3) Showed an u nm istakable a it m ti r l ti hip between number o f borers per plant and yield In a series o f experim ents con uc e o er a r d t d v pe io d O f years .
S u m m ar y
T h e num e o f ar ae o f th e M ex c an ean ee e is re a e lo { l v i b b tl l t d g . b r ar1thm 10 all to th e f t t e o a e ex resse y, am ount O dam age o h f li g p d r T rith asp obits . h e effect o f th e num ber o f larvae On yield is also lo ga m Ic .
Lit er at u r e Cit ed
1 1 41. . D A 9 d . . O ON . . HO S A . W an IM D, A E , I . G . R F LL , J . HEUBERGER E M ST DD RD , — onn. Role of the dosage response curve in th e evalu ation Of fu ngicides . C
l. A . . 1 r Bu 4 . g Expt Sta. 5
2 N n l ion . R . l i n o f or orer o u a AN and . . 1930 orre a o c EISW DER, C . . E A HERR , C t b p p t h — n. E nt . : 9 945 . wit degree o f dam age. Jour . Ec o 23 38
2a. PA m a ive . A . APP and . A . KS 1 o ar . . B . TCH , L H G W STILL , , C CROO , 941 . C p t in — orn jury by th e European corn borer to Open pollinated and hybrid field c . — A s . our . Re : J gr 63 355 368.
PA s . H 3 . . 19 2 . or C . W . . B 4 ac T H L G . STILL, M . SCHLO SBERG and G T OTTGER , F t
determining th e reduc tion In yield of field c orn by th e European c orn borer . ’
. R s . : Jour Agr . e 65
nd dam a e to lan s . 4 . N . 1943 . R l i n n n m Of insec s a TURNER , , e at o betwee u ber t g p t — A . : onn. 2 r ta. Bul . 2 2 2 . C g Expt . S 47 68 7
i i O f rou nd derris i N . 1 . l s n th o c ure 5 . T URNER 943 T h e ef o f di uen o e , , fect t t x ty p g — n 2 . our . n. nt . : 2 7 7 root i dusts . J Eco E 36 6 2 298 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
SPREAD O F T HE D UTCH ELM D ISEASE IN CO NNE CTICUT
P A M . . Z PPE
Since th e first D u tch elm diseased tree w as found in G reenwich in 1 t t t “ At 933 , h e disease h as spread slo wly o h e north and east . th e p resent tim e diseased trees h ave been fou nd in m ost o f th e to wns f t west o f th e C onnecticu t River . Only a ew towns in h e northern _ portions o f Litchfield and Hartford counties are still free from th e c i o n u n disease. Infe ted trees have been found n ly fo r tow s east o f t A r wa r or i r o i h e C onnectic ut River . diseased t ee s ep ted n P est n n 1 t Ol L m 940 bu no further cases have been found there since . d y e h ad th e disease in 1934 and no o ther diseased trees were found u ntil r 1942 when another tree w as rem oved . Seve al infected trees were ou n in or n in 1942 and in 194 a rou o f m a e m s wa f d P tla d , 3 g p s ll l s
fou nd diseased in th e town O f E ast Haddam . N o o ther towns east f t c R t c o h e C onne ticu t iver are known o be infe ted .
T h e United States D epartm ent Of Agriculture no longer c arries o c r i t n c r co ne n ont ol operations n h e Older i fe ted a eas . They nfi their
“ c t t r f t O f n n a tivities o h e areas no th and east o h e towns Ke t , Warre ,
orr s a e o n a er ur C es e a n or a nd G u or . M i , W t rt w , W t b y , h hir , W lli g f d ilf d s rou corres on s to ' th e area ou s e o f th e u a an ne Thi ghly p d t id , q r ti 1 t 1 1 4 . D u r r f 194 9 a lines established in 9 ing h e summ e o 3 , 0 dise sed t trees were found and rem oved in h e follo wing 19 towns : Berlin, Br D n G u or ar istol , C anton, urham , E ast Haddam , Farm ingto , ilf d , H t M M fi l N B N n N r C anaan ford , eriden, iddle e d, ew ritain, ewi gton, o th , r m a o n an Plym outh , Portland , Salisbu y , Sou thingto n, Tho st d West c f r t r m e Hartfo rd . Of these towns eight were infe ted o h e fi st ti this L t fi l D ur m E am an year : N orth C anaan in i ch e d Co unty , ha , ast Hadd d M l M x t ur o n n ns o f idd efield in iddlese County , and h e fo adj i i g tow t N r ar r in ar or Farm ing on, ewing ton, Hartfo d and West H tfo d H tf d l 1 em o ees o f County . A l infected trees found in these 9 to wns by pl y th e Bureau o f E ntom ology and Plant Qu arantine have been rem oved All o en a ar ee e ree n m a er a oun and destroyed . p t ti l b k b tl b di g t i l f d h as also been destro yed .
I t c u nd wes o f th e area in c n h e Older infe ted areas , so th a t whi h
th r r r n m a c cou n h as een one . e fede al m en a e wo king , o syste ti s ti g b d In these towns th e selec tm en and tree wardens have been told to be on th e a c for sease rees and u r e to rem o e and es ro w t h di d t g d , v d t y We a e no e em o f sease them as soon as they were fou nd . h v tifi d th di d M o f t trees fou nd in their to wns when brou ght to our attention. any h e tree wardens have sco u ted their own towns and have rem o ved and t a c u ure and re or e sam es destroyed h e diseased trees . We h ve lt d p t d pl O f su s ec e e m s c a e een sen to th e E x er m en S a on p t d l whi h h v b t _ p i t t ti t and have ex am ined su spicious elm s when asked o do so . D evelopm ent of the Du tch Elm Disease 299
T HE DEVELO PM EN T O F DUT CH ' ELM DISEASE IN SO UTHWESTERN CO NNE CTICUT
WA A AND A . N P HILIP P . LL CE GEORGE ZE TMYER
t f r r t Until h e last ew years , the e h as been little Oppo tu nity o stu dy the developm ent O f th e D utch elm disease in areas where little o r T o o a n n orm a o o n o ca r no control is practiced . bt i i f ti n l l sp ead and to serve as a basis for estim ating th e status O f th e disease in th e ’ f C o c cu fiv f - u r o lder infected areas o nne ti t , e one hal m ile Sq a e plo ts c f F rfi l u 1 42 were established in ea h o four towns in ai e d Co nty in 9 . n c cu S a En o o or - Secon R or (See Co n e ti t t te t m ol gist , F ty d ep t , 1 42 1 4 r care u c ou e n 9 and 9 . Sam es .These plots we e f lly s t d i 3 pl
“ ' were taken from all su spects and cultures were m ade to determ ine t r c f er t tomella m T e resu s of ese ex am na ons h e p esen e o C a os u l i. h lt th i ti r i a e Shown n Table 24 .
D L D S AS A P S A N TABLE 24 . UTCH E M I E E S MPLE LOT IN F IRFIELD COU TY
G r eenwic h Stamfo r d D arien N orw alk 1942 1943 1942 1943 19 42 1 94 3 1942 1 943
Plots : N um ber diseased trees 11 6 23 50 20 24 10 14
Per cent o f total trees diseased . 66 . 36 . 84
’
“ Town: Estim ated num ber diseased 408 223 727 1485 244 293 236 282
Plots : Diseased trees rem oved. Per cent diseased trees rem oved Di ased revi o u s ear s andin se p y , t g With beetle em ergenc e With out beetle emerg enc e
T own: Estim ated num ber diseased standing E stimated per cent O f to tal trees diseased standing
Since the lo c al spread o f th e D u tch elm disease is larg ely dependent u pon th e em ergence O f elm bark beetles 1 from infected m aterial n th e re th e nu O f' f i r a n withi a a, m ber elms potentially e fective n sp e di g th e disease Within an area m ay be considered to be those diseased M c x c r erm ne elm s from which beetles em erge . any om ple fa to s det i th e effectiveness of these beetles in transm itting and establishing th e fu ngu s in nearby healthy elm s and this will be discu ssed in a c later paper . In these 20 plots there were 28 diseased elm s from whi h t T h e bark beetles em erg ed in h e fall O f 1942 or th e spring o f 1943 . o a num er O f ne n c i 1 4 92 r recu rrenc es t t l b wly i fe ted elm s n 9 3 w as , o r pe diseased tree with bark beetle em erg ence on these plots .
1 o ns i eratio n is res tr ic t e t o th e u r o ean elm ar k eetle S col tus m ultistr ia tus ars th e C d d E p b b , y M h ” rinc i al vec to r f th e u tc lm I I n t h e occ asio nal lo caliti es w h er e H p p o D h e disease n th e United States . y s lative l ur o inu s r u es Eic h h . is th e vec t o r t e e fac t ors will u n o ub t e l as su m e s om ew at ifferent re g p fip , h d d y h d im p ortance . ’ 300 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin481
’ t Z t In h e stu dy by entm yer e al . large numbers o f elm bark beetles em erged throu ghou t th e season from a d iseased tree at th e c re center O f ea h o f th e plots , and elm s were abundant and Well dis our en n u - t tribu ted nearby . F te a d fo r tenths per cent of h e elms within a radiu s O f 320 feet becam e infected th e following season; th e average number o f new infectio ns per plo t was Sinc e this figure differs considerably from th e sample plo t average and th e conditions fo r
. rea er som e a m r r er disease sp d w e wh t o e favorable than usual , a fu th th u 1 stu dy was made in e s mm er O f 943 .
T h a urro un n 31 r fo n e are s s di g isolated , diseased elm s which we e u d 1 7 t 1 M f ees from 93 o 940 were carefully ex am ined . ost O these tr were destro yed Shortly after infectio n w as determ ined and records were taken only where there was positive information co ncerning T 1 bark beetle em erg ence . h e numbers O f nearby elm s varied widely
n r t . e a r c n. es d a e believed o app o ach random ness . for this se tio Th 5 locations are classified and theinform ation is summ arized in Table 2 .
‘ 2 T HE R L S AS TABLE 5 . ECURRENCE OF D UTCH E M D I E E N EAR ISOLATED INFECTED ELMS
Witho u t bar k Wit h bark beetle em er g enc e beetle em erg enc e T o ta l
N um ber Of loc ations inspec ted To tal disease recurrences ' Mean recurrences per tree Total num ber nearby elm s Per cent nearby elm s infec ted Mean num ber nearby elm s
There is surprisingly goo d agreem ent between th e Observations Of disease recurrence for these two sets Of studies when they are cOm pared On th e basis o f new infec tions occurring per diseased elm from c ar ee es em 28 r t enera whi h b k b tl erg ed and Fu rtherm o e, h e g l Observation is su bstantiated that there IS an o ccasional new infectio n nea e Suc re r dis ased elm s from which no bark beetles em erged . h - currences m ay be due to root grafts . or to twig crotch feeding by
“ bark beetles near th e place o f attac k for breeding ;th e beetles m ay have com e rom n ec e m a O f r o u t e num e f i f t d terial va ious typ es . Obvi sly , h b r o f recu rences O f s r r thi type is ve y low .
en th e f n th e Wh data or both groups o f Obser vatio ns are combi ed , averag e number o f new infectio ns per diseased elm with beetle em er e i ou t 1 t t rround n c s n o . i gen f d be 3 3 . It is believed that h e co ndi Ons s i g these 38 elm s appro ach random ness and th at these observ tions m ay be indicative o f th e new infections o ccurring annually In southwestern c c C onne ti u t . Lit e r a t u r e Cit ed A P P s s ml lo s 1 WA . and D t h lm i a e sa e . O O AB 1943 . D u c e e LL CE , HILIP L R L ELLE , d p p t ,
A r . . 1942 . onn. a e n m l s 2n R 1 42 onn. C St t E to o ogi t , 4 d ep ort, 9 ; C g Expt l 2 Sta. Bu . 47 : 2857 287 . s e A . P n s a do a N . P a 1 4 . D is a ce 2 . . . A A n SFA Ea d . . O 94 ZE TMYER , G , W LL C J G H R LL, t g ’ - a or in th e S t l in re s . c read o f D u tc h elm disease. Ph to a h o o y ( p s ) f t p y p g .
1 “ N ear refers t o a ra iu s o f 2 00 f by d eet . ’ ' T rap Log S cou ting for S co lytu s mu ltzstrz alu s 30 1
TRAP LO G SCO UTIN G FO R Sc o lyt u s m u l tis t r ia t u s
P . A M . Z PPE
In order to obtain m ore inform ation o n th e distribu tion o f th e ' ' ar l tu mu lt smatus in C o nnec cu eem e s b k beetle, S co y s z , ti t , it s d be t to place a num ber o f elm lo g traps in th e northeastern towns o f Co nnecticu t alo ng t h e M assachu setts line and also in all th e towns t t o n h e eastern edge o f Connecticu t along h e Rhode Island bo u ndary . ' ’ S colytus mu ltzstrzatus is kno wn to be present west o f th e C o nnecticu t R f t We not no u iver and in a few towns east o h e river . did k w j st A om e f t e e ra h ow far east this insec t m ight be fou nd . s s o h f de l Du c r f t r r co n dere t h elm disease crews were wo king east o h e ive , we si d it a goo d plan not to attem pt to trap bark beetles in these towns but to try trapping along th e northeastern and eastern bou ndaries o f t h e State.
' Acco rding to available records on th e distribu tio n o f S colytus ' ' mu lt malus ere i an so a e area o f n es a o n in eas ern assa zs , th s i l t d i f t ti t M ch usetts extending to th e north into so uthern N ew Ham pshire and T southerly to inclu de all o f C ape C o d . h e western edge o f this in festation ro u ghly parallels th e northern boundary of Rho de I sland and almost reaches th e northeastern corner of C o nnecticu t . If S colytus co uld be fou nd in northeastern Connec ticut or alo ng th e t We m an eastern bou ndary o f h e State, ight assum e that this w as x $ t rn M assac use r r t re es e tension o f either he easte h tts a ea, o h e a a w t f t In e er c ase o u e necessar to o h e C onnec ticu t River . ith , it w ld b y do m ore scouting or trapping for S colytus to discover to which area c c r er o areas o f S col tu s n es a on h ad this was onne ted , o wheth b th y i f t ti m t e 1n eastern Co nnecticut .
On une 10 and 11 26 f r ce rom th e J , piles o elm logs we e pla d f no rtheastern bo u ndary o f Connec ticu t south in th e towns on th e Rhode I sland boundary and westward on Long I sland So und to E ast L E a ra c fi on ym e. ch t p pile onsisted o f fou r o r ve lo gs four feet l g an t x w ere ace in d from four o Si inches in diam eter . T o piles w pl d
“ eac o t e r fi E l o ere h t wn, and h piles we e abou t ve m iles apart . m l gs w ’ cut . t t T h e o s fresh and only about o ne day s supply cu a a tim e. l g t er n ur e u 1 14 15 n 16 . A a w e left u dist b d ntil Septem ber 3 , , a d th t t tim e all lo gs were peeled with h e following resu lts .
T o w n Larv ae fo u nd
Saperda Saperda Saperda a erda M a dalis S p , g M d lis H lur o inu s ru fi es Saperda, ag a , y g p p (a few g alleries) Saperda (few) N one da M a dalis Saper , g fi s l n i l one aller . ru e Saperda (p e t fu ) , g y H p Saperda (few ) Saperda 302 C onnecticut Experiment S tation B u lletin 481
Saperda Saperda (plentifu l) Log s c overed by road reloc ation Saperda Saperda (few ) Saperda (few) Saperda (few ) Saperda (few) Saperda (very few ) Saperda (few) N one Saperda (very few) N one a erda ve f w mi s S p ( ry e ) , ter te Termites in one log
N o S colytu s g alleries were fou nd in any of th e trap lo g piles and t c o fH lu r o inu i u e . r a ae ere comm on only wo ases y g p s fip s S ape da Sp . l rv w
r ll e an In a f c M a dalis . in nea ly a pil s d ew ases were very abu ndant . g sp r Pu m u c no was oun in on h ee es in r near nam . nas s . f d ly t pil o t I h a S colytus mu ltistriatus w as fou nd in any o f the trap lo gs it seem s reaso nable to believe that there is still qu ite an area free from this vector o f th e D u tch elm disease in eastern C o nnecticut and that t t r r h e disease m ay no sp ead ve y rapidly m this area.
THE MEASURIN G AN D SAMPLIN G O F E LM LEAVES
I WA A PH LIP P . LL CE
In th e course o f experim ents to determ ine certain effects o f de
f lm r n ec r to . a s foliation o e t ees , it h as bee n essa y establish valid basi t T f t ro c u e for m easuring and sam pling h e leaves . h e details o h e p ed r and th e relations which were found to ex ist are reported because o f a o n to e a their wide adapt ti r l ted problem s .
Me as u r e m en t
T h e m easurem ent o f tracings Of leaves with a planim eter is so laboriou s and tim e- consum ing that only a very sm all number of leaves per sam ple can be handled when m any treatm ents m ust be f c u m easured . If an e fi ient and m ore rapid m etho d o f m eas rem ent m t e r c f cr e can be e ployed , h p e ision o estim ate c an obviously be in eas d t u f ar er t t m by h e se o l g samples , even thou gh h e m e ho d itself ay u c to om a r be s bj e t s ewh t larg e error .
nc elm ea es a roac th area o f Si e l v pp h an ellipse in shape, and e an ellipse is equ al to th e pro duct o f th e lengths o f th e two axes n 8 4 t on e a co s an . 7 5 f re a m ultipli d by t t , , h e application o a Sim ilar l ti t th area o f elm Pr m easu e ship o e leaves w as investigated . elim inary r m en s and c a cu a ons n c a e a th e e a o n for e m ea es t l l ti i di t d th t r l ti J l l v com ex for t r un e is m ore pl , h e a eas o f larg e leaves is consistently d r
estim ated and sm all leaves overestim ated when th e sam e constant , t is applied o both . It was also fou nd that th e relation between length
Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
and as ou be ex , pec e so Small a f e ence th e ec w ld t d by _ di f r s ond , , row in a e 27 o s a th T bl Sh w th t e data for all four trees could be fitted satisfac ' toril four arallel ines a n — y by p l h vi g a Slope o f bc These lines f ere n can g , o e e in e r ve c di f d Si ifi tly h w v r , th i rti al po sitio ns as Shown by in th e r row o f th e a “ F thi d t ble. Sinc e they did not a gree
s a s c a th e a era e s ' t ti ti lly , v g hape o f th e leaves varied from tree to tree and a enera m ean ase n g l b d o four trees should be considered a provi sio n l a g u e . N e er e ess ese f e enc fi r v th l , th di f r es were small enough th at t h e obser a o ns not sca er excess e aro u nd s . a v ti did tt iv ly ingle curve. in _ c ee f erences r whi h tr di f we e ig nored (Fig ure T he c alculation o f h s cu e is o n in th e as co um n of a e 2 It t i rv Sh w l t l T bl 6 . m ay be written
as Y. 0 . 6818 X . 0143 h c m a be u , w i h y sed for com puting leaf area om th e o u c o f en T fr pr d t l gth by width . h e mean pro du ct from a ran dom se ec o n o f ea es o n a ree m a be l ti l v t y su bstitu ted for X in th efabove e u at o n to o a n th e a ea o f th e a era e e q i bt i r v g l af . This p ro vides a con venient m eans for es m ti ating th e to tal leaf a rea o f a tree and elimi na es th e necess of c t ity onstru cting and m an pu a n an a nm en _ i l ti g lig t
' M ' c ar . oreo er reasona h t v , bly accurate m easurem ents c an be taken a h ou rem n ’ r pidly wit t o vi g any leaves from th e plantf
‘ Le ng t h x wi dt h ( i nc he s ) X
15 . E lm lea m easur m e en s . T h e rela ion o f LW t - o area. Lo lo s FIGURE f t t g g c ale . The M easu ring and S ampling of E lm Leaves 305
B r t u c o f re r t efo e h e p bli ation this po t , h e applic atio n o f Sim ilar m easurem ents for determ ining su g ar beet leaf areas was reported
B D . M unc e . H . t by aten, W . and i , J , Althou gh h e o riginal ’ data and th e m etho d for c alc ulating th e reg ression equ ation are not a a la e a ears a th e re a o ns e e L Y v i bl , it pp th t l ti hip b twe n W and is C o t sim ilar to that found in elm leaves . mpu tatio n o f h e equation as indicated above would undou btedly pro du ce a precise form ula which would autom atically adj ust the differences which were observed for sm all and large leaves .
Sam p lin g
It is well reco gniz ed that sam pling procedure m u st be determined t c c t o rm by h e type and ac ura y o f he inf ation desired , and these factors in turn are o ften dependent on the feasibility o f obtaining t M t n . oreo r h r c o f n a d handling h e sam ples ve , e p acti e applyi g highly acc urate and laboriou s m easurem ents or extensive computatio ns o f great precision to samples which are them selves su bj ect to gro ss t error is o be deplo red .
I th curren x r m en w a e e to m a n an n e t e pe i ts , it s d sir d esti te withi 1 t 2 error o f approxim ately 0 per c ent h e total leaf area o f 4 elm trees , t T f t r r 10 o 15 feet in height . h e Size o h e t ees w as p earranged so that th e to tal number o f leaves on each tree cou ld be counted and sampled io f t within a per d o wo days .
T t t u h e sample size was arbitrarily se a 50 leaves per tree, or abo t 1 r c f t 0 pe ent o h e total .
A random sam ple from a co ntainer ho lding all th e leaves from o u u m u t each tree w ld s pposedly constitu te a goo d basis for esti ate, b
‘ it would require th e rem oval o f all th e leaves; to th e detrim ent o f t t o . M r rm u a and h e investig ati ns o eover , it is very difficult o fo l te follow a standardiz ed m etho d fo r taking withou t bias a random sam ple t t r on r . I r u rees e e from h e leaves a t ee n this p elim inary st dy , h e t w ll t r o o n a sampled and a h e em aining leaves were rem oved , f ll wi g har d frost in O ctober .
f t From each o three trees wo types o f samples were taken, as ” well as a random sam ple from th e rest o f th e leaves after they h ad been rem oved .
t t 1 . . B . m r h e o . m . T C sa ple Seventeen leaves were rem o ved f o p t c o f e c o n. t t t rocee n o ar bran h h r w Comm encing a h e ip , p di g t w d ru n nd ac o t t r nc th e a e th e t k, a b k n h e o pposite side o f h e sam e b a h , lt r nate leaves were rem oved until the required num ber was obtained . Ano ther sam ple of 17 leaves was taken in th e sam e m anner at th e r o f t e c o n 1 r rom th e o es cente h r w , and 7 m ore were em oved f l w t rom th e o t branch f b ttom o f h e crown.
C n r re a en rom th e ranches 2 . ea es e e te sample. Fifty l v w t k f b t c a o e at th e middle o f h e crown in th e m anner des ribed b v .
1 l 33 — 4 Phyto patho o gy 1 07 1 1 07 .
Diprion fru tetorum 307
“ T r m n R . e e a n ea r c 3 . andom sample h i i g l ves we e pla ed in a co n . tainer and 50 ere c o sen at ran om . w , h d
T h e areas o f all leaves from th e three trees were determ ined by m easuring th e leaf axes and applym g th e form u la previou sly dis 18 N T h e r u o f th r u SY SX . 68 es s e a o s cussed , ( ) lt v i m ethods o f sampling are tabulated belo w .
These resu lts have no t been analyzed statistically because th e inform ation is limited to th ree replicates and it could be demonstrated a th e ar ance o f the s an ar error o f es m a e is s gn can th t v i , t d d ti t i ifi tly r reco o f th e errors o f es m a e c o ccu e large. Howeve , a rd ti t whi h rr d f ere and i oss e to e c with these m etho ds of sampling is o f d , it s p ibl s le t c t th ea error e en o u that m etho d which h as been subj e t o e l st , v th gh th e precise lim its c annot be ac curately established .
m am a ears a th e cen er sam es Om itting th e rando s ples , it pp th t t pl offered a better basis for estim ate with an indic ated error o f abou t 1 M t f r the ce er sam es was a r 0 r c . or o er h e error o pe ent e v , nt pl f i ly consistent and should be m ore reliable for u se in com p aring treat rr r can e m a er a re u ce ments . It is believed that this e o b t i lly d d by following th e sam e sampling pro cedure and disregarding th e few very sm all leaves Wt h o ccasio nally are fo u nd .
D IPRIO N FRUT ET O RUM (F . ) l i . . Asso ia n om o o s . A N R c e J V SCH FF ER , J , t E t g t
De rmen o f A icu ur e A ric ul ural Resea c h Adminis ra ion U . . a S p t t gr lt , g t r t t , Bureau o f Ento m olog y and Plant Qu ar antine
T h e intro du c tion o f foreig n tree spec ies and th e larg e- sc ale planting o f co nifers in reforestatio n proj ects have been responsible for a num ber c f t c o f new inse t problem s in Am erica. Som e o h e inse ts involved have been kno wn for a g reat m any years and h ave been relatively n i r A r f c u nim porta t n thei native habitats . defoliato o pines whi h only rec ently h as begu n to attract attention in forest plantations r c 1 th e awfl D r 1 E ur in Am e i a s s y ip ion fru tetoru m (F . ) This 8 a opean c e and a ou e cr F r c u 1 spe i s , , lth gh d s ibed by ab i i s 50 years ago , little can be fou nd in entomolo gical literature reg arding its importance _ o n that continent . Hsin in his studies o f sawfiies in M ecklen ur G erm an rom 1932 to 1 4 r b g , y , f 93 , repo ted that in one severely n es ed s an of nes in 1933 five ec o f Di r on ere re r s n e i f t t d pi , sp ies p i w p e e t d , t t ' a D . ru e oru m t u n 7 u and th t f was h e m ost abu ndant . K tze ( ) st died th e parasitization o f th e larvae In their co coons during th e last stag e n ou rea in e r 1 o f a tb k w ste n Poland in 935 .
Although the earliest kno wn recovery o f D iprion fru tetoru m in th e United States was in 1932 from both M assachusetts and Rhode s an s sawfl s e an to a rac a en on as a se o u s I l d , thi y fir t b g tt t tt ti ri pest “ in Connecticut in 1940 T h e inform ation now at hand indicates that it was established in N orth Am eric a m any years before its discovery here. 308 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
His t o r y in No r t h Am er ic a
$ T h e first published report o f th e o c currence o f D iprion frutetorum on this continent was by G ray wh o fou nd th e larvae feeding on Sco c n i S m r 1 4 e n e e e 93 near N r F . t h pi pt b , iag a a alls , Ontario , Canada C o ns 3 e or it r co er r N lli ( ) r p ted s e v y f om ew Jersey in 1938, th e co coons having been collected from litter in a red pine plantation near Lam t In 1939 um f fl u ing on. larg e n bers o saw y ad lts which h ad been reared o ver a perio d o f years from field-collected m aterial received at th e N ew En an S a on D gl d t ti , ivision o f Forest Insect Investigations , n t t t t were se t o h e Division o f Insect Identification for de ermm a ion. T M h e a e G rac A . ou u c o f s l t iss e Sandh se, wh o determ ined m h thi r tetorum om co coo n m a e a en e as D . ru o ne a u ea e a t i l , id tifi d f d lt r r d fr
I . M co ec e in a Sco c n n a o t M R . in ll t d t h pi e pla t ti n a iddletown, , ay, 1 2 u c c 93 , and one ad lt reared from a larva collected on S ot h pine t M r 1 a e ose M a . in u 932 l , ss , J ly, .
In C onnec cu nso r as i no n D r n t rum was ti t , i fa s k w , ip io fru eto 1 1 t L t s sco e e on Se em er 9 8 i chfi l R . ans fir t di v r d pt b , 3 , a e d by J . H 1 u t s o e r 4 in 194 . bro gh and h e writer . This wa rep rt d by F iend ( ) S ce t 1 r d in h e summ er o f 938, infestations have been found in m any e s pine plantations scattered through C onnecticu t; M assachusett ,
N . . . M uese ew Ham pshire, N ew York and Rho de I sland C . F . W beck h as furnished th e inform ation that th e only specim ens in th e M t a o e United States N ational useum , ou tside h e range indicated b v , P c 1941 are om rr ur n r co e i u . fr Ha isb g , a a d they we e ll ted n J ly ,
It seem s pro bable that if a search were m ade for this insec t it would be found to be m ore widely distribu ted . Because of their ” t o er protective colo ration and solitary h abits , h e larvae are easily v looked u nless th e infestation is h eavy enou gh to cau se no ticeable defoliation. i 1940 This sawfly beg an to attract attention as a serious pest n , M t c cu A cu u a E x e m en when . P . Z appe o f h e Conne ti t gri lt r l p ri t Station found it defoliating a 25-year- old plantation of red pine on t C h e N ew Britain Water Shed in Southington, onn.
“ Brown (1) reported it in 1940 as increasing throughou t southern . f tatIOn but attal m n m e ium Ontario , being generally in a light In es , g d ” t In 1942 Bro n 2 e or e en establ1sh ed status a Windsor . w ( ) r p t d It th throu gh practically all southern Ontario .
Ho s t Plan t s
In N ew E ngland th e favored foo d plants of Diprion fru tetoru m L lvestr s . nd Sco c ne . s i are red pine (P inus resinosa Sol . ) a t h pi (P y ) P ni ra A no and som e T h e larvae will feed on Austrian pine ( . g r ld) “ t t ll o f em h a e een t . n a o thers o f h e hard pine group AS ye , o th v b t e e n es a ions a e thorou ghly tested in th e laboratory . In h fi ld , i f t t h v t k1n ee oun us far on on red ine and Sco c ne. A s r1 g b n f d , th , ly , p t h pi exam ple o f food preference was o bserved during th e summ er o f 1943 t n n an a ons o a o 30 at Litchfield, Conn in wo adj oi i g pl t ti , b ut . b th . f coul be oun In a an a io n years old. N o evidence o feeding d f d pl t t Diprion frutetorum
o f Aus an ne ere s th e a o n n an a f wa tri pi , Wh a dj i i g pl t tion o red pine s g enerally infested
Throughout th e area o f th e known distribution o f Diprion fru t tetoru m in this country , few stands o f natural repro duction o f i s x a t o un favored foo d plants e ist and, s ye , no infestations have been f d T u o r ccu e in these stands . h e m ost serio s infestati ns , thus fa , have o rr d t t in plantatio ns o f red pine where h e age o f h e trees is 25 years or m o re .
De s c r ip t io n o f St ag e s
T h e Ad u l t
c t n These sawflies are sto ky , wasplike insects , having h e fo ur wi g s t T em a e ar Slightly clou dy with bro wn vena 1on. h e m ale and f l e
described below .
L A r ur e en 68 mm . n ennae a e c M ale (Fig gth t l g , bla k, ea and orax ac coarse scu u e a om en a n pectinate;h d th bl k, ly lpt r d ; bd h vi g
‘ ll o f th e as two se men s n x th e venter , a l t g t , a d a wedge e tending up 2 -7 an er or e s rem a n e o f o um ac s o n terga t i ly r ddi h , i d r d rs bl k ; leg xc c x e c r reddish yellow e ept o a , whi h a e largely black .
d l s f l l A u o D r n r e or m a e ri h m e. 16 . t e a FIGURE t ip io f u t u m (R ) Left , f ; g t, n l si x atura ze.
F ur L 7 An nnae e ra em a e e en m m . e s e ack F l ( ig gth , t r t , bl , x ca e and e ce c ar o ea ac x e cept s p p di l , whi h e yell wish ; h d bl k , e cept r ex c n c u areas on ve t , fa e between a tennae, lype s , a spo t on each side ar a o ll f c r below eyes ne b se fm andibles , and a o palpi , whi h a e yellowish ; m andibles reddish ; thorax yellowish with th e follo wing parts black : o f an er o and r f cu um os er o m r n f m ost t i r late al lobes o s t , p t i r a gi o scu e um and os scu e um a om en e o a ans e se t ll , p t t ll ; bd y ll w , with , tr v r er or o r 1 -7 f o f - a n band post i ly n te g a , m ost o 8 , and sheaths egg l yi g c r a end o f n o rgans , whi h a e black ; legs reddish yellow with dist l hi d
tibiae and last tarsal j oints blackish . Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
T h e E g g
T h e freshly deposited egg is yellow long and a con c a e and a con ex e and a e n t ‘ a c . v v Sid t p ri g ea h end It is mm . in u leng th . Us ally one eg g is deposited in a needle (Fig ure It IS nser e in a and is en re conc i t d Slit ti ly ealed , leaving only a yellowish s o roun t c - p t a d h e losed up slit .
ll ill s l Si . 17 . e u r wn f o c a er ar o D . r te or na ura e FIGURE L ft , f y g t p f u t u m , t z Ri h s si im s n l Si g t, egg , x t e atura ze.
T h e Lar va
T h u - ro r t t u e f ll g wn la va, prior o m o lting into he last instar , is abo t u r - fift f c i T r fo h s o an in h n length (Figure h e head is reddish b own, t e o o t c nd h e ey sp ts and a large bl tch o n he frontal area are bla k , a ” - t . V u su ally near h e m iddle o f th e blo tch is a yellowish , , inverted
T h ron t i conca e. sh aped m ark . e f s between h e eyes s slightly v T h e body is light green with longitu dinal dark-green m arkings as o : two nar o r r um oa a er and foll ws r w st ipes on th e do s , a br d l t al u ras iracular e and r o ne at as o f e s on eac a s p p strip , a nar o wer b e l g h ' t e a a m o s side; legs with blac k m arkings on outer side. When h l rv lt
t a r t r xc for t h e e s o s . into h e l st insta , it loses h e darker m a kings e ept e y p t
T h e Co c o o n
T e co co on is ca u e- a ro n o f a s on a e h ps l Sh ped , light b w , tr g p p rlike ' in an r n r t a ou 3 o 4 mm . tex ture, d a ges f om 7 o mm . in length by b t t
sfl tt on one e en width . Oc casionally , som e are Slightly a ened Sid wh x t fl t spu n ne t o a a surface.
312 Connecticu tE xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
I n j u r y
Because of th e m any facto rs involved in c ausing mortality o f t i c h e different stag es of th s inse t , an attempt to forec ast just h ow se ous th e e o a o n be in an n es a on ri d f li ti will i f t ti would be haz ardous . Population studies in red pine plantations during th e last two years have Shown that noticeable defoliation m ay occur when th e cocoo n o u a on in th e s r n r o to em e ence o f t p p l ti p i g , p i r rg h e adults , averages from three to six per squ are foot .
There have been no reports of D iprionfru tetorum ever having caused n th e e T complete defoliation i Unit d States . he po pulation, however , h as been increasing in a number o f forest plantations dur ing the last nn c cu t n few years , and in Co e ti t , h e feedi g h as been heavy in some cul n th N ew B S ou n t lo calities, parti arly o e ritain Water Shed in thi g on. Severe infes tations h ave been o bserved only on red pines and in T n r Stands where th e crowns h ave closed . h e feeding o thrifty ed pines m ay esc ape notice u ntil the population h as bu ilt up to large T nce o f een nee n exc m num bers . h e prese gr dle fragments a d re ent in th e e on th e g ou n m ay be th e s e ence of a ea in litt r, r d fir t vid h vy
t I o at Sou n on th o o f. o a e h as fes ation. n plantati ns thi gt e l ss f li g been
“ so great by th e feeding o f this species during th e last three o r more years that th e ligh t filtering throu gh th e thinned crowns h as favored t c f nd u . ca e ou a prolifi growth o weeds , vines a Shr bs S t er d thr gh t th e area wh ere h e infestation h as been m ost severe, single trees and sm all groups o f trees have died or are now in a dying c ondition. All dead trees ex amined h ad been infested by either Pissodes ap t i nc ese n ec s k I . d ere s e e e a s roximatus Ho . or s s an p p p p , h vid th t th i t are m ultiplying in o ther nearby trees which are in a weakened conditio n .
N at u r al Co n t r o l
T h e m o e m o an na u a enem es o f D i rion ru tetoru m in r i p rt t t r l i , p f f t Co nnec cu nc u e ro en s and s e s e aceous - u s o e ti t i l d d t hr w , pr d _ b g h ' t o ou r family Pentatomidae, and h e sm all imported hym en pter s pa T o m asite M icroplectronfuscipennis Z ett . h e sm all m amm als destr y any o f th e cocooned larvae in th e gro und litter. The pentatomids kill t l u r . M us i enn s o a great m any larvae du ring h e s mm e . f c p i is a p yph agons parasite o f Sawfly cocoons which was introduced from t t f th ruc sawfi Di rion herc niae E u rope o aid in h e control o e Sp e y, p y t was s e a e in Connec cu in 1936 in a s uce (H g . ) It fir t lib r t d ti t pr f ru tetoru m u o D . e e e un plantation at Orange. When st dies f w r b g on in 1 41 a a e was ou n to be m es a in Sou thingt 9 , this p r sit f d fir ly t b t c B lish ed there and w as taking a heavy toll o f h e co oons . ased on x f c n o f cocoons th e arasitiz a th e e am ination o sample ollectio s , p 1941 tion by this species each year h as been as follows : , per 1 4 1 t 1 4 r c n . S nce 9 s c ent ; 1942 , per cent , and 9 3 , pe e t i hi ru te m parasite h as been found in m ost o f th e infestations o f D . f toru in A f r u - n n nsec s are no n to C onnecticu t . number o g o nd i habiti g i t k w
t m a to e e m n . th e feed on th e co coo ns , bu no study h as been de d t r i e t true predators and those that ac only as scaveng ers . M iscellaneous I nsect N otes 3 13
T h e fac t that cocoo ns o f this sawfiy can be fo und in the g ro und r m on in th e ear m a es cond on n r litter eve y th y k iti s ge e ally favorable, co ncern for ose r u - inso far as fo od is ed , th g o nd inhabiting insects c nc u e sawflies in e r i and m am m als whi h i l d th i diet . It s believed that su ch anim als have been largely responsible for th e relatively r on ru tetorum in th e n Slow increase o f Dip i f U ited States .
Ar t ific ial Co n t r o l
E ffective control can be obtained by th e applicatio n o f lead ar t e ae are un T h e o er senate sprays as soon as h larv fo d . p wd ed lead arsenate should be used at the rate o f 4 pounds to 100 g allons o f es e at th e a e o f 4 ou n e water , with fish oil as an adh iv r t ces by w ight o u cu to each pound o f th e powdered insecticide. This f rm la is parti larly r a er a u recomm ended for use in powe spr y s , nd it sho ld be applied in as fine a m ist as possible.
Lit er at u r e Cit ed
nn R n da 4 A u al e or of the o r s sec urve . ana A . 19 1 . e BROWN , A . W . , p t F t I t S y C
i. v . Ann. R t . Di . E nt . c er Dept . Ag r . v , S S p
Annu al Re or o f th s In ur 1 2 e ore sec ve 94 . p t F t t S y ,
i . Ent . i. v . nn anada De . A r . D v Sc er A . t . C pt g , S Rp
A saw l Di on r . nt . an 1938. ri u tetor m E d NS . U COLLI , C W f y ( p f u F ) . S . Bur . 18 62 ns es urve : 5 rocesse . P1. Qu ar I ect P t S y , (P d)
n s i n o f a 1 . An i e a o uro n N R . B . 194 ea saw fl FRIE D , , f t t E p y, Gilpinia fru tetorum ‘ i n om olo i s 4oth R or 1 . onnec cu a e e 940 L C t t St t E t g t , p t, Conn. State Agr .
t . Bul . 445 . 376 . Expt . S a , p
1 N o s on th n f D . 938 . e e occurre ce o Di rion A ru tetoru r . in n 5 . GR Y , E t p f m Fah sou th er — t . n nn R t 1 n rio . E n . oc O ario A . . 937 : O ta S t , p ( ) 68 50 51 .
i s h h . 1 35 . e ra e z ur N a ur e c c de l S N . S 9 e r B a wes n M e . ono . . H I , C , B t g t g i t tt p g z 2 — Ent 2 : 253 294 . Angew . .
n u ini in s — 193 . N o iz e er e e e heimi h K Z R . 5 c e Lo r n 7 . UNT E , , t b g phy us Arte , Hym l — l P . ores . o o r . A . M n u . n 4 2 i wan. b Soc e Se em . 1 S . 1 w w o . , y F t P g , , pp , L
R . A l . E nt 2 : in v . (Abstrac t e pp (a) 5 57 .
MISCELLAN EO US IN SECT N O TES
- A N ew A l e P es t fo r C o n n ec t ic u t . T h e a e ea cu n m e p p ppl l f rli g idg , t m l f . u f Dasyneura a i Kie f , was fo nd or h e first tim e in Connecticut t T orchards during h e summ er of 1943 . h e orc hard in which it was found is lo cated in th e town o f Wilton and is approx im ately seven N D m f t F miles north o f orwalk . a age o h e type Shown in igure 18 u ou t r was seen thro gh t he o chard .
‘ t c h as ee u r . D T h e inse t b n st died by P o f W . . Whitcom b o f h e A cul u E x e M assachusetts gri t ral periment Station, wh o reports thre N re generations a year . o entirely satisfactory m eans o f control we him a ou u e o f n co ne u es and reported by , lth gh s i ti s lfate and m olass , summ er oils a pplied during th e oviposition perio ds appear to have
afforded som e relief . [PHILIP GARMAN$ “ Connecticu tE xperiment Station Bu lletin 481
o f Das ne ra l a n 18 . W or u mai ew a le es in onn i u FIGURE k y , pp p t C ec t c t;
S w ee t C o r n D am a g e d by t h e Lar va e o f A nomala or i entalis Wat er A ro x m a e ree ac e o f 2 — h o u s e . pp i t ly th r s a 0 acre field planted to sweet corn du ring th e seaso n o f 1943 were Severely dam aged by the larvae f th e or en a ee e A nom ala orientali a er o u e u o n o i t l b tl , s W t h se, fe ding p t roo s re few ar ae o f th e a ane e e o illia h e t (Figu A l v J p s be tle, P p t t N . r r t onica ewm e e a so esen bu e n e in h e m ino i . j ap , w l p d fi it ly r ty f th e e ere ea m ra e o re u n Parts o fi ld w h vy g ss b f it w as plowed , res lti g t h r ce . T in . eg g deposition e p e ding season h e inj ury was no ticeable A 1 in Ju ne becom ing m ore severe in July . fter June 5 there was a c o f a n a h c cau e th n u t r deficien y r i f ll w i h s d e i j red plants o wilt apidly ,
as th e drou ght was prolo ng ed .
Fu r t h er No t es o n t h e S c a r ab aeid Aphonus castaneus Mel sh . One adult Aphonus castaneus was reared from larval m aterial 1 obtained
1 — — 1 3 l i d Re o rt Bu l . 47 2 : 306 307 . . P ter 4 o nn te ntom o o st Fo rt c o nso n e 9 . . ta e n Jo h , J , C S E g , y S p , M iscellaneous I nsect N otes
L i t m er f 1 in th e a o f 1942 . a er n he s m o 943 num ero u s adu s f ll t , u , lt were o btained from diggings m ade in th e field to o bserve seaso nal T r u com e r e o m n . e s a s e ans o dev l p e t h fi t d lt , pl t ly t f rm ed , were fou nd 1 O u 29 r u a ns On u 7 . n m o r c with thei p p l ski J ly J ly , e than 66 per ent D t o f th e insects were in th e adult stag e. iggings were m ade a intervals t N u du ring he su mm er seaso n and no eggs were fo und . o ad lts were r ur n a o urs o r ar i t o bse ved in flight d i g d ylight h e ly n h e evening . t T h a All adults fou nd were taken from h e so il . e l st digging s were made o n Septem ber 2 1 and these yielded living adu lts and th e rem ains t o f wo m umm ified larvae.
I t u r n t umm er num erou ru u n h e spring and d i g h e s , s g bs were fo nd m um m n un u Ra n a w a u that had been killed by a ifyi g f g s . i f ll s plentif l t t t t u n r r N o hrou ghou t h e spring bu he s mm er m o ths we e ve y dry. rec ord was m ade o f th e count o f diseased grubs bu t it w as evident that th e fungus was respo nsible for a co nsiderable decrease in th e gru b populations In th e Infested areas
An infested area o n o ne go lf course fairway w as treated with lead t t 1 u t u r th e f arsenate a h e r ate o f 0 po nds o sq a e feet , in fall o
' s D r n n u 194 o n an o c ca ona ru cou d 1942 . u i g June a d J ly , 3 , ly si l g b l t t r M f t n u re ur reco ere be fou nd in h e trea ed a ea . o st o h e i j d t f v d after ' th e treatm ent and o nly th e sm all areas which h ad dried ou t 1 t c ompletely in 942 failed o respo nd .
‘ P N S N [J . ETER JOH O $
n d Anomala orientalis larvae . FIGURE 19 . Cor dam age by 316 Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
m m o v m m m a h m o m o 2 m m w m 9 m m w fl fi a g 3 i n a
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v m m m O m m N 3 m m m H 9 8 m m w 4 fi a fl
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5 5 8 5 C a n h a 8 e fi v m b o . 5 e o C 3 z £ n B s o o o m e x 0 o 8 S o o i o aw 3 m5 mQEmm0
Connecticu t E x eriment Station Bu llet n481 . p i
P h llo ha a n 1 N o t es o n y p g a d T h eir H o s t Pl an t s . T h e year 943 ear for h llo ha x w as a heavy flight y P y p ga. This was e pec ted , as con
‘ siderable turf was destroyed by second- year grubs in Hand collec tions were m ade and a light trap w as used at rather regular ' en ea er con ons rrrntt rom t o f intervals , wh w th diti pe ed, f h e m iddle M ay until early m Jmy T h e beetles were very active when th e tem ° F ut peratu re w as abo ve 70 . b their activity declined rapidly wh en ° d o e t 60 th e em era e o . or e o e few ee es e n t p tur r pp d F b l w , v ry b tl b i g ° c aptu red in th e light trap when th e tem peratu re w as near 60 All th e light trapping and m ost o f th e hand collec tions were m ade in r u a eas not am a t u 1 41 T h in Shelton nea t rf r d ged by he g r bs in 9 . e t t w e no t as ea a ose m n Orc r M o nd fes a ions er h vy s th Pi e h a d , adis n a
Ox ford .
m a o n m n l l c In M adison, s ll r a e tal beech , e m , haze , peach , lim bing
. C e oak and o e e se ere e o a e . o ec ons rose, whit will w w r v ly d f li t d ll ti were m ade there o n a warm evemng and th e drone o f h undreds of t M beetles in h e taller trees co uld be heard from dusk until after 11 P . t e in Ox o co c r c o M ost of h e beetl s f rd were lle ted from alde , hazel , hi k ry C m n ses e e the e er e hos an i S e on and o ak. li bi g ro w r pr f r d t pl t n h lt , t t 29 . where m ost o f h e beetles were taken in he urban area. Table t rate na and P . usca e e mos n e ous a ou h e h P . f r f w r t um r b t t ird
P . h rt l t . . M week in M ay, with i icu a appearing h e last wee k in ay. u la wa ho u ues on th e om nan ec es u n P . hirtic s wit t q ti e pr d i t sp i d ri g t teri o o e . hirt cu la in um e s in h e a ea h e e P . oers i n 1943 . f f ll w d P b r r w r r u t o collecting was done th o ghou t m ost o f h e season. Probably m re
usca and . aterna ou h a e een o a ne h ad een os P . f P fr w ld v b bt i d if it b p t t l M . P a P . ren sible o be in h e fie d m ore o ften In early ay . nxia, c P erster r t u lata and . fo i we e m ost numerous during h e first three weeks mar t u P s . l a ilici ina is nd . mic ns no a ea n o f Ju ne. . , P g a P did pp r til f un or r is was os num e ous in a e“ th e m e o e a e and . t ist m iddl J l t r , P , t r l t
e 30 . June. Tabl [J PETER JOHNSON$
Will o w Fl ea We evil , Orchestes rufipes LeC . While we h ave a num ber f i c on t r it o f specim ens o this weevil n our colle ti , this is he fi st time u t An o ea has been reported ab ndant enou gh o be noticeable. utbr k 1 1 t t tfi l was found on Aug ust 7 , 943 , on som e willow trees in h e S ra e d l A - section o f Fairfie d . number o f broad leaved Willows (S alix pen T r l f t tandra) were infested . he t ees were partially defoliated and a l o h e T t c a c rem aining leaves were brown. h e leaves showed he har cteristi feeding punctures m ade by th e adult weevils and m any of th e blo tch t mines m ade by h e larvae.
‘ T h e eggs are laid in punctures in th e leaves abou t th e latter part r u T o f June and ea ly J ly . h e larvae or grubs are leaf m iners and live t t t u T . inside h e leaf tiss es . h e grubs pupate in h e leaves and he adults r o c em erge during Au gust . The e is only ne generation ea h year and adults are said to hibernate In soil u nder th e trees or under sto nes and beneath loose bark .
1 — o nso n P . 1 42 . ite ru s u rin 1 41 . Co nn. A r . x t . Sta . Bul . 461 . 523 530 . J h , J . , 9 Wh g b d g 9 g E p , pp
Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
1 PUBLICATIO N S , 1943
R B . . FRIEND n m l o o o . T h e Am eri an Boo R o f ven s and r o ress ear E t gy c Year k , a ec ord E t P g , Y 1 2 — 94 . 7 1 h 4 . 69 77 . arc 19 3 , pp M ,
- onnec i l 4 2 115 . c u n m l s nd R . Bu . 7 C t t State E to o ogi t . Forty Sec o eport , pp , 20 fi s w i h nd . M 1 s i e a 94 . ssu u u g , t x y, 3 (I ed A g t, G et Rid f D o is 1943 . eas d Elm s l . Au us re ec . Bu . 2 e T e . Sp , pp g t , C ontr ll n em er eevils in D i s mim eo r a h ed 2 . e g W r ed Bean : Spec . Bul . ( g p ) , pp S pt b , l g4é
Win n P T h e i era or e a ion. uide to th e nsec s o f onnec icu ar g V t G I t C t t, t VI , Dpt '
u li s ol and N at . i s . urv r e e of onne i s l . nn. e . e T F C c t cu t, Fir t Fascic e Co G H t S y — Bu l . N o . . 64 . 166 1 s m 1943 74 3 fi . e er , pp , g Sept b ,
RAIMON L BEARD T h e Signific anc e of Growth Stages o f Sweet Corn as Related to Infestation by h 1 ssued t M 943 . e Fur 0 . fi s. a ean o n B Bu l . 471 1 5 p C r orer . , 3 pp g y, (I une J ,
PHILIP GARMAN omolo ical Loo king Ahead to Insec t O u tbreaks and Insec ticide Su pplies In 1943 . P g
Poin er s N 1 3 1 c olum ns . anu ar 1943 . for nn w rs o . 5 t Co . Fruit Gro e , ( ) J y,
’ n t l ee in P . 2nd Annu a I sec t Control and th e Insec ticide Situa Ion for 1943 . roc 5 M t g , - onn m h 1943 . . o oc . . 2 31 . arc C P ol . S , pp 7 M , Re or n 1 2 2nd Annu al ee i n roc . 5 p t o Parasite Breeding and Distribu tion for 94 . P M t g , onn P — h 1943 . m o ol . . . 74 75 . arc . C Soc , pp M ,
T he n f i rowers N o . 156 s P om olo ic al oin ers or onn. ru I ec t O u tlook . g P t C F t G ,
c olum n . ) . April, 1943
our . Studies o f { educed Sch edules for Control of Apple Insec ts in Connec ticu t . J — E . on . 2 211 21 . A l 1943 c . E nt Vol. 36, N o , pp . 4 pri , t 1 7 s N o . 5 easonal ns m olo i oin ers for onn. rui rower S I ect N otes . Po g cal P t C F G , 1 l c o um n . M 1 4 ( ) ay, 9 3 . i imel n s m l i in rs fo onn. ru T y I sec t N otes for Fruit Grow er . Po o og c al Po te r C F t
row rs N 1 ul 1943 . e o . 59 1 n G , ( c olum ) . J y, Au s fi . on l n 474 . 1 u r o of th e n s s Bu l . 8 C t e Apple Magg o t With Rot o e D u t . , pp g g t, 1943 . ssued (I Oc tober ,
A R AN B R . S O . . H . PHILIP G RM , FRIEND , H . W . DAVIDSON AND JOHN BI H P
Re or o f omm i e on n 2nd Annu al ee in onn. p t C tt e I jur iou s Insec ts . Proc . 5 M t g , C Pom l — o . Soc . . 66 67 . ar c h 194 . , pp M , 3
P J . ETER JOHNSON ’ C utvs — - 1 e ruar rr 0 8 . ardeners Perennial nemies . Hor icu l ure . 8 y c E t t , pp F b i s ng4fi
e e a les in ois n N w n land di ion . 166 . V g t b P o ed Lawns . H orticulture, e E g E t , p A l pri 15 , 1943 .
T he Effec t of H ot Water Treatm ent for Cyclamen Mite Upon Cyc lamen Plants . — our c on. n il 1943 . E t ol. 2 . A r J E V 36, N o , pp . 286 289 . p , n l o f th o tro e 1943 . a n Be l . 1 . une a ese e e irc . 157 8 fi C J p t C , pp , g J ,
N EELY TURN ER s T h e Effec t of Dilu ents on the Toxic ity o f Pur e Ground D erris Root in D u st . — A rIl 1943 . 2 266 272 . our . c on. E nt . o l. o . . J E , V 36, N , pp p , ' l 36 E nt . o . n. V R l n i ides. our . c o eversa s in Order o f Effec tiveness o f I sect c J E , , — N o . 2 r 1 4 . pp . 7 5 728. Oc tobe , 9 3
' Inasm u c h as th e art ic les I n this Repor t writte n by m em bers o f th e D ep ar tm ent all bear th e au tho rs
es t e are no t liste ere . nam , h y d h P u blications , 1 943 32 1
S O S A NEELY TURNER AND JAME G . H R F LL
i . 1 1 . llin P s s dens. rc 55 5 il n f A . Co tro g e t o War Gar C , pp pr , 1943
B . H . WALDEN B l mim l . on ollin oma o nsec s . ec . u . eo ra hed 2 . A ri 1943 C tr g T t I t Sp ( g p ) , pp p ,
R B S . C . OT FORD
P oc . t n in l n l n nn i u inWar im . h n l Civi Mosqu ito Co tro i Co ec t c t t e r 30 A u a Meet g , t m ss — h 1 4 N . . M o . E er . A oc . . 79 80. arc 9 3 . J sq x , pp M , I N D E X
A canthol da er throce hala 242 ’ y y p , Com s o c s meal u 2 t k yb g , 36, 240 , 263 Adel es abietis see S g , pruce g all a h id arasi es 2 p p t , 63 coole i see s ru c e y , p g all aph id Cono ia ex itiosa see p , peac h bo rer A riotes mancus see wh e wi ' - g , at reworm Conotrachelu s nenu har s p , ee plum c urc u lio A lso hila ometaria see ll p p , fa c anker w orm Contarinia rioora see e r py , p a midg e Alum in mace o ora e 280 281 u t b t , , o er C pp , 294 h dro ide el 268 269 2 1 y x g , , , 7 , 273 , arsena e 280 2 t , , 81 76 278 2 Cor thu cha u lmi see elm y , lacebug m a nesium Silic a e el 27 g t g , 1 r oli e 235 2 C y t , , 36, Am erican o ul ro od f b , Cr toh nu s abbre i yp yp v atus , 283 Anasa tristis see s uash , q bu g C llene car ae se i y y , e h c ko ry borer Anomala orientalis see , oriental beetle A no heles uadrima p q culatus , 261 Das neu ra mali s a A nu ra li is rose y , ee apple leaf c urlin u s see . p , r o sy apple aphid g m i A his omi see reen dg e p p , g apple aphid D DT , 280 rumiczs , 238 D erris A honu s castane s , p u , 3 14 , 315 - Diabrotica oittata see stri e A le lea c u rlin mid e 240 1 , p d c u c um ber pp f g g , , 3 3 , 3 14 l a h er 2 beetle e f opp , 40 Dic hloro - di h en l— ric hloro e ane 2 m a o 235 236 239 27 2 p y t th , 80 gg t, , , , 5 , 77 , 279 , 280 Di rion ru tetoru m 237 242 - redbu 240 2 5 2 p f , , , 307 313 g , , 7 , 76 herc niae 312 sc a 275 277 y , b , , , D o wood orer 237 242 A r rotaenia oelu tinana s e b n ed g b , , gy , e red a d D u c h elm disease 235 237 238 243 leaf r oller t , , , , , ' 298- 302 Ascia ra ae see im - p , p orted c abbag e worm
‘ Atta enus iceas see l g p , b ac k c arpet beetle Au to ra ka brassicae see c b g p , a bage looper as ern eld wirewo rm 23 2 E t fi , 6 , 39 , 282 , 285 Ehn lacebu 2 g , 41 l Bacillu s o illiae see mi . ea bee le 241 p p , lky disease f t , Bees 249- 252 m oasca abae see , E p f , p o tato leafh opper Ben oni e 268- 274 27 2 E ilachna varioestis see i t t , , 8, 80, 281 288 p , e can ean , M x b
Ben o ic acid 280 2 1 ee le, z , , 8 b t ' Ben l— e h l s arc h 26 - 1 E itrix cu cu meris see o a zy t y t , 8 27 p , p t to flea beetle Birc h lea - minin sawfl 241 h l n dic hloride di 248 f g y, Et y e e p , Blac c ar e bee le 2 2 uro ean c o rn rer k p t t , 4 E p bo , 236, 238, Lea 10 291 249 2 2 f , , 87 90 , 297 ea 155 288 ou l ro o d 251 L f , f b Bordeaux mi u re 280 281 2 ine sh o o m o h 236 237 244 xt , , , 87 p t t , , , Bou rletiella hortens is see d n s red mi e 235 , gar e pring tail t , , B l tr S u a . 2 ccu ix p , 41
all c an er w o rm 241 F k , abba e a h id 238 29 1 292 C g p , , , we w o rm b , loo er 238 239 p , , Fenusa u sillu s mila see irc h le p (pu ) , b af m a o 238 gg t , m ining sawfly Calom cteru s setariu s see im or d l n y , p te o g erm a e 275 276 278 F t , , , h o rned weevil erric - dim e h l di hi carbam e 2 5 F t y t o at , 7 Cam onotu s hercu leanu s enns lvani p p y cus , i F sh O il, 253 , 3 13 see n c arpe ter ant lo a io n su l u r 272 276 278 F t t f , , ar en er ant 242 C p t , Car oca sa omonella se l p p p , e c od ing m o th as i l 2 - 2 2 2 aleru ella l te l lm e n u e 68 7 74 G c u o a see e le . ee le C g , , , af b t Ceratostomella ulmi see D u c h elm s arden s rin ail 239 , t di ease G p gt , hloranil tetrac hloro uin n : G esaro l 280 C ( q o e tetra , c h loro - -ben o u inone 275 ra e berr m o h 240 p z q ) , G p y t , la 287- 290 Gra holithal molesta see o rien al rui m o h y, p , t f t t odlin m h 240 reen a le a h id 240 g o t , G pp p , o lorad be le 23 s m o h 235- 238 241 247- 249 o potato et , 9 Gyp y t , , , , om m o n s al b rer 242 253- 257 C t k o , I ndex 323
i r b rer 242 P a ai ema nitela see c omm on s al borer H cko y o , p p , t k e a r i ae see c a a e m a o P aratetran chu s ilosus see u ro ean red Hyl myi b ass c , bb g gg t y p , E p i r ra see seed- c orn m a o m i e c lic u , gg t t ' r i ru es 299 301 302 u nu n u is , see s ru c e mi e Hylu gop nu s fip , , , g p t r H hantria u nea see all webw orm P arharmonia ini, see i c h m ass bore yp c , f p p t Pe h rer 240 ac bo , mi e 240 Pear dg , m or ed c a a e w orm 238 239 I p t bb g , , s ll 240 p y a, lon - h orned weevil 236 g , l anx ia 3 1 - 31 P hyl ophaga , 6 8 S 12 Ips p . , 3 - crenu lata, 3 16 318 r ter 3 16-318 foe s i, s e le 236 239 240 242 247 - Ja ane e be t , , , , , raterna 316 318 p f , 248 264- 268 314 s a 16- 318 , , fu c , 3 c n l 2 0 2 1 - o tro 8 , 8 hirticu la 241 316 318 , , si es 263 266 267 - para t , , ilicis 316 3 18 , r n i 3 16- 318 ma gi al s , K l f 2 micans 316- 318 o o og , 73 , - tristis , 316 318 r s 238 244 Pine bliste ru t , , Lambdina athasar’ ia ellu cidaria 242 p , l 243 244 leaf sc a e, , S 2 Lasius p . , 24 mic e, 237 Lead arsena e 236 253 254 268-278 t , , , , , r tu s 312 P issodes app ox ima , 280 281 287 313 315 , , , , m ss b rer 241 Pitch a o , Lema trilineata see hree-lined o a o , t p t t -2 Plum c urcu lio , 240, 275 77 ee le b t teana s e r e berr m o h P olychrosis oi , e g ap y t Le tinotarsa deceinlineata see olorado p , C illia a onica see a anese ee le P op j p , J p b t o a o ee le p t t b t l n 243 244 P op ar c a ker , , - 2 2 Lim e 268 269 271 274 291 9 ' , , , , , r etr a di ar see s m o h P o th i s , g yp y t - p s s r ld wir 1 Lim oniu s agonus , ee ea e n e e t fi P o ash soa 319 m t p , w or 6 239 242 287 288 Potato flea beetle, 23 , , , , Lithocolletis hamadi adella see o ak lea y , f l h er 239 eaf opp , m iner er w o rm 263 tub , L idea mendax see a le red u yg , pp b g 263 S . P seudaphycu s p , ’ i s e om s oc s P seudococcus comstock , e C t k M r n r n lio r' 2 2 m eal u ac oce t us a cy o us , 36, 63 yb g M acrosi hum solani olii 238 P s llia ricola see ear s lla p f , y py , p p y 1 2 P rau sta nu bilalis see uro ean corn a dalis s . 30 30 M g p , , y , E p la oma amer ana s n er orer M a cos ic , ee te t c at b P llite 287-292 pillar e phy , an anese ora e 275-277 280 M g b t , , eadow mice 237 257 M , , Rab i s 237 b t , e ic an ean bee le 236 239 292 - 297 M x b t , , , n ail 257 258 c otto t , , M icro lectron u sci ennis 312 p f p , l n 258 259 repel e ts, , m w ic M icrotu s pennsylvanicus, see eado m e R - l a r oller 240 “ ” ed banded e f , - il disease 236 26 265 . 267 268 k , , 3 , , M y iter s aoi es see ermi e Reticu l me fi p , t t olasses 313 M , olet omonella see a le m a o Rhag is p , pp gg t o s u i o c on rol 237 260- 262 M q t t , , b oliana see ur o ean ine Rhyacionia u , E p p M z s ersi ae 2 y u p c , 38 sh oo t m oth Roden s 237 312 t , , N ic ine 288- 292 c on r o l 237 257- 259 ot , t , , b n ni 2 - 29 Ros a le a hid 240 e to te, 88 0 y pp p , 2 2 0 288 su l a e 290 313 319 Rotenone, 235 , 36 , 8 , f t , , , , Ru sse 75 277 t , 2 ,
O ak lea miner 241 f , 251 r sidia S . 6 bro od Och o p , 23 Sac , il 268 270 278 an o sé sc ale 244 O , , , S J ,
301 302 ‘ s um m er , 313 S aperda Sp . , , whi e 277 280 281 l tus mu ltistriatus see sm aller t , , , S co y , Orchestes ru es see willow l il ur o ean elm bar bee le fip , f ea weev E p k t rien al ee le 236 239 14 eed- c orn m a o 238 O t b t , , , 3 , 315 S gg t ,
ru i m o h 240 247 S erica s . 236 f t t , , p , ar si es 236 263 hrews 237 312 p a t , , S , , O s ersh ell sc ale 243 244 im m il 268- 274 y t , , Sk k , Connecticu t E xperiment S tation Bu lletin 481
m aller ur o ean elm ar ee le 236 T etram eth lthiur am isul S E p b k b t , , y d fide, 287 237 241 298-302 hree-lined o o ee l 2 9 , , T p tat b t e, 3 di ol e - 0 i il r So um eat , 268 27 Tiph a pop liaoo a, 267 o ean our 268 269 275-277 280 vernalis 266 267 S yb fl , , , , , , on 27 2 o 2 1 Sperg , 5, 77 Tobacc , 9 ruce all a hid 243 244 Sp g p , , 242 24 m ite, , 3 Ultraw et , 280, 281 u sh bu 2 9 Sq a g , 3 ri ed c ucum er ee le 239 St p b b t , ln sh ll ur 2 Wa u t e flo , 88 Su l ur 268 269 271 f , , , l sul u r 2 Wettab e f , 76 a s r a moltu ru s see r i s S lvil gu flo id nus , a , y bb t our 2 8 2 2 Wheat fl , 6 , 7 c ottontail wireworm , 285 transitionalis see ra i s c o on ail , bb t , tt t in eevil 236 237 244 White p e w , , , n it la see do wo od o rer Synthanthedo sc a , g b Willow flea weevil, 318, 319 Wireworm s 236 282-286 , , o 288 Wood fl ur , Talc , 288 n r ill r 241 Te t c ate p a , m i 242 30 X disease 244 Ter te, ; 2 ,