An overview of Arbovirology in and neighbouring countries.

Edited by:

Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos Jorge F. S. Travassos da Rosa

BELÉM INSTITUTO EVANDRO CHAGAS 1998 Part 1: Classification, systematics and molecular biology

"The viroses, instead of being single-minded agents of disease and death, now begin to look more like mobile genes. Evolution is still an infinitely long and tedious biologic game, with only lhe winners staying at lhe table, but lhe rules are beginning to look moreflexible. Welive inadancingmatrix ofviruses,' theydart, ratherlike bees,from organism to organism, from plant to insect to mammal to me and back again, and into lhe sea, tugging along pieces of this genome, strings of genesfrom that, transplanting grafts of DNA, passing around heredity as thought at a great party. Theymay be lhe mechanismfor keeping new, mutant kinds ofDNA in widest circulation among us./fthis is true, lhe oddvirus disease, on which we mustfocus so much of our attention in medicine, may be looked on as an accident, somethimg dropped. "

Lewis Thomas

18 INTRODUCTION isolated in the Evandro Chagas Institute, including some described for the first time in the Brazilian Arnazon region, their known hosts, and their pathology for mano

Jorge F. S. TRAVASSOSDA ROSAl Amélia P.A. TRAVASSOSDA ROSAl Pedro F. C. VASCONCELOSl Francisco P. PINHEffiO2 Sueli G. RODRIGUESl Elizabeth S. TRAVASSOSDA ROSAl Leonidas B. DIAS3 Ana C. R. CRUZl

1. Centro Colaboradorde Investigaçãoe Adestramentoem Arboviroses da OrganizaçãoMundial da Saúde, Serviçode Arbovirus, Instituto EvandroChagas, Fundação Nacional de Saúde,Ministério da Saúde.Av. Almirante Barroso,492, 66090-000,Cx. Postal1128, Belém, Pará, Brazil. 2. PanAmericanHealth Organization, 525 Twenty-thirdStreet, Washington, DC, 20037-2895,USA.3. Laboratório de PatologiaClínica Dr. PauloAzevedo, Belém, Pará, Brazil.

19

Arboviruses INTRODUCTION

Arbovirus studies conducted in many areas of the Brazilian Amazon region over the past 40 years revealed the presence of a large number of agents. Between November 1954 and Oecember 1994, almost 10,000 isolations ofat least 186 different virus types have beenmade. Ofthese arboviruses, 157 were first isolated in Brazil, and 84 ofthem have beenconfirmed to be new to the world. Thirty four ofthese serotypes are known to be pathogenie to mau, causing rever, rever with rash, hemorrhagic diseaseand encephalitis. Twenty-nine of them have been isolated from natural infections and three from acquired laboratory infections. Ofthe three arboviruses responsible for encephalitis (EEE, WEE & SLE) only SLE has beenisolated twice from persons in the region, with no signs of encephalitis. Antibodies to these agents have been found at low rates in the majority ofthe towns in Para State (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1982; Pinheiro ~., 1986; Vasconcelos~., 1991). It is important to emphasize that the majority of arboviruses causea mild diseasewith a benign evolution, without death or incapacity. A few exception have beenassociated with a fatal outcome. In this latter group are included yellow rever and Xingu viroses. Yellow rever virus has been isolated in sporadic or ongoing outbreaks. Xingu virus was isolated from a single fatal case in whom it was associate with hepatitis B vírus infection. Arboviruses with indetermined pathogenicity to mau constitute the majority of the arboviruses in Amazon region. It is difficult to appraise the importance of such agents as human pathogens. The arboviruses found in the Amazon are distributed in 20 serological groups containing 134 different serotypes (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1986). The remaining viroses are ungrouped. The Changuinola group, with 42 serotypes, is the largest in number, followed by the Phlebotomus rever group, with 18 types, of which three are pathogenic to mano The remaining groups, A, B, C, Bunyamwera, Guama, Capim, California, Anopheles A, Simbu, Turlock, Gamboa, VSV, Timbo, Mossuril, Kwata, Hart Park, Tacaribe and Corriparta, contain eight or fewer agents. Two groups -C and Guama -were initially formed ofviruses exclusively from the Brazilian Amazon, but later, arboviruses from other regions of the Americas were discovered and incorporated into these groups. Based on their physic-chemical properties, the arboviruses of the Brazilian Amazon are distributed into tive families: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. Agents are algo recognised in the families Arenaviridae, Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Coronaviridae. In the following pages, these arboviruses are listed according to their systematic and antigenic position, and lhe principal sources from which virus has beenobtained: humanfebrile cases,sentinel animaIs, forest arthropods and wild animaIs.

TOGAVIRIDAE,Alphavirus (former group A arboviruses) At present, eight viroses have beenassigned to the genusAlphavirus (Table I). They include the previously unknown Aura (AURA), Una (UNA), Mucambo (MUC) and Pixuna (PIX) viroses, as well as, EEE and WEE isolated for the first time in USA, and Mayaro (MAY) originally isolated in Trinidad, Port of Spain. AURA and UNA have beenisolated in Brazilian Amazonia only from mosquitoes chiefly Aedes serratus and Psorophora ferox, respectively. MUC virus has beenisolated from alI four types of source (man, wild and sentinel animaIs, and arthropods). PIX virus has been obtained twice from mosquitoes (Anopheles nimbus and Trichoprosopon digitatum) and once from a wild rodent (Proechimys guyannensis). This virus was algo associated with no fatal laboratory acquired infection. MAY virus causes a febrile exanthematic disease, associated with persistent joint paio (Pinheiro ~, 1981), and the members of maintenance cycle are Haemagogus mosquitoes, primates and probably birds (Pinheiro, 1982). EEE virus has been isolated from mosquitoes (Culex and Aedes taeniorhynchus), mammals, birds as well from sentinel chicken, mouse and monkey, while WEE has beenisolated from mosquitoes(Culex andAedesfulvus), birds and once from sentinel mouse (Hervé ~., 1986). Triniti virus may be a member ofthe family Togaviridae, but there is insufficient information regarding it to warrant further genus placement (Calisher & Karabatsos, 1988). In Amazonia it has been isolated from a rodent (Dasyprocta aguti) and mosquitoes (Sabethesspp) and Oryzomys sp (Hervé ~., 1986).

20 Table 1. Togaviruses isolated in Brazilian Amazonia between 1954-1994.

TAXONOMY ARTHROPOD VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECTION Wild animals Laboratory Antigenic group Sentinel acquired Group A Mosquito mammals Bird Reptilian Others ** natural

AURÁ * EEE 1 MAYARO MUCAMBO* PIXUNA * UNA* WEE 1 Not grouped TRINITI

* Isolatesfirst roadein lhe IEC; ** Monkeys, chickens,and/or roice. 1. Isolations froro roanwere obtainedin othercountries.

FLAVIVIRIDAE, Flavivirus (former group B arboviruses) Eight tlaviviruses have been isolated (Table 2) in the Amazon region. Bussuquara (BSQ) and Cacipacoré (CPC) viroses were previously unknown. Ilheus (ILH) virus has beenisolated for the first time in east region of Brazil. St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus was recovered for the first time in the USA. Yellow rever (YF) was originally isolated in Africa, and the dengue (DEN) virus (serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4) have been before isolated in other continents.

TAXONOMY ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECTION Antigenic group Mosquito Others mammals Bird Sentinel natural Group B BUSSUQUARA* 1 CACIPACORÉ* DENGUE 1 DENGUE 2 DENGUE 4 ILHÉUS SLE YELLOW FEVER 2

21 BSQ vírus has beeo frequeotly isolated from seotioel mice andmonkeys, and wild rodeots (Proechimys guyannensis), as well as Culicidae mosquitoes. A siogle isolatioo ofCPC virus has beeo obtaioed from wild bird Perenosto/a rnbifrans. ILH virus has beeoisolated io Amazooia from febrile patieots, seotioel monkeys, ooce from a bat and and several times from mosquitoes principally Psorophora ferox. SLE virus has been isolated in Amazonia from forest birds, monkeys, marsupiaIs (Didelphis marsupia/is), sloth (Bradypus tridacty/us), monkey and chicken sentinels,Culicidade mosquitoes (chiefly Culex), once from Giganto//oe/aps sp rnites and twice from mau (Pinheiro ~., 1981; Travassos da Rosa ~., 1982). YF virus has beeo isolated from mosquitoes especially Haemagogus janihinomys,monkeys and mau whereas Dengue viroses have beeo isolated from mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and mau, These two viroses are described in more details in another chapters.

BUNYA VIRIDAE The Bunyaviridae family of arbovirusesin the Amazon regionincludes 44 membersof the genus Bunyavirus 21 agents in the genus Phlebovi rus and few others provisionally placed in this family but that have not been assigned to a genus or group. GenusBunyavirus Within this genus (the fonner Bunyamwerasupergroup), 10 serogroupsarerecognized which are subdivided in ten serogroups on the basis oftheir antigenic relationships.Theyare : groups C, Anopheles A, Bunyamwera, Califomia, Capim, Gamboa, Guamá, Simbu, Turlock, and Pacora. Table 3 lists these viroses and it algo provides infonnation on the source of the isolares (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1986). Anopheles A group: Excepting Lukuni isolated from the first time from mosquitoes in Port of spain, Trinidad, lhe other viroses were isolated for the first time in lhe Brazilian Amazonia. In Amazon region Lukuni has been isolated only from mosquitoes (Aedes scapularis and Anopheles nimbus). Tacaiuma vírus is the only one responsible for naturally acquired human disease,and has algo beenisolated from mosquitoes (principally Haemagogus sp), and sentinelmonkeys. Trombetashas beenisolated once from ungulate Tayassuipecari and anopheline mosquitoes. Arumateua, Caraipé and Tucuruí viroses have been isolated exclusively from anopheline mosquitoes (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1994). Bunyamwera group: Up to now this group has fumished eight different serotypes.With the exceptionofthe Kairi virus, isolated forthe first time in Port ofSpain, Trinidad, from a pool ofAedes scapularis, the remainder have been isolatedoriginally in the Brazilian Amazonia. Kairi has beenisolated from mosquitoesAedes scapularis and once from sentinelmonkey. Iaco has beenisolated from mosquitoes Wyeomyiasp. Macauã has beenisolated from Sabethes soperi mosquitoes and once from Proechimys guyannensis rodent. Sororoca has been isolated exclusively from Sabethini mosquitoes. Maguari has beenisolated from severalspecies of mosquitoesand algo from sentinel mire. Tucunduba has beenisolated from severalspecies of mosquitoesand algo from a child with rever and encephalitis. Taiassui has been isolated from several speciesof mosquitoes and once from sentinel mouse. Xingu vírus was obtained from a singie isolation from a human fatal case. This reported case was associatedwith hepatitis B virus infection. Nothing is known of its natural cycle (Shope ~., 1988). Group C -Viruses of group C were among the first agents isolated at Belém Vírus Laboratory (BVL). Eight antigenic types have been identified, and excluding Nepuyo vírus, isolated for lhe first time in Port of Spain, Trinidad, the remainder are new vírus types isolated at BVL and have been isolated from febrile patients. Wild rodents and marsupiaIs have been implicated as lhe main vertebrate hosts for the group C viroses. Numerous strains have been obtained from Culex mosquitoes, and they are believed to be major vectors. Several strains have algo beenobtained from sentinelmice and monkeys. Caraparu virus emergesas the most commonly isolated type, and in fact it is the most frequently found of alI viroses of Amazonian area (Shope ~., 1988). California group: Serra do Navio vírus is known from a single isolation from a pool of Aedes fulvus. Melao virus originally isolated in Port ofSpain, Trinidad, has beenrecorded from severalspecies ofmosquitoes chiefly Aedinii, and once from sentinel monkey. Guaroa virus, originally isolated from man in Bogotá, Colombia, has been isolated from man and anopheline mosquitoes. Capim group: Seven different types were isolated in the group Capim, and none has been obtained from mano With the exception of Bush Bush and Moriche viroses isolated before in Port of Spain, Trinidad, the other types were firstly isolated in the BVL. Moriche virus has beenisolated once from the rodent Proechimys guyannensis. Bush Bush has beenrecovered from Culex spmosquitoes, Proechimys guyannensis rodent and sentinels mire. Acara and Benfica viroses have been isolated from Nectomys squamipes rodents, sentinels mire and Culex sp mosquitoes. Benevidesvirus has beenisolated from Culex mosquitoes and sentinel mice, but antibodies have been encountered in Nectomys squamipes rodents. Guajará has been isolated from Proechimys guyannensis rodents, sentinels mire and Culex mosquitoes. Capim vírus has beenobtained from

22 Proechimys guyannensis, Oryzomys goeldi rodents, Caluromys philander marsupiais, sentinels mice and mosquitoes, especially Culex sp (Karabatsos, 1985). Gamboa group: Several strains of Gamboa-like vírus have been obtained from birds and Aedeomyia squamipennis mosquitoes, which feed principally on birds (Oégallier ~., 1992). - Guamá group: Viruses of this group were algo among the first agents isolated at BVL. Seven different serotypes have been isolated, and Bimiti is the only vírus that had been previously isolated in Port of Spain, Trinidad, from a pool of Culex spissipes mosquitoes. In Amazon regiDo, it has algo been isolated from Culex spissipes, Cx. portesi, Proechimys guyannensis rodent and sentinelmice. Caro and Guama viruses have been isolated from man, several species of rodents and marsupiaIs, bats, sentinel mire and monkeys, and several speciesofmosquitoes, especially Cx. portesi. Caro and Guama viruses are the secondand third most frequently

Table 3. Bunyavirusesofthe genusBunyavinls isolated in Brazilian Amazonia,1954-1994.

TAXONOMY ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECCTIONS Antigenic group Mosquito Midge Mammals Birds Other Sentinel natural laboratory Group Anopheles A acquired ARUMATEUA* CARAIPÉ* LUKUNI TACAIUMA* TROMBETAS* TUCURUI* Group Bunyamwera IACO* KAIRI MACAUÃ* MAGUARI* SOROROCA* TUCUNDUBA* TAIASSU* XINGÚ* Group C APEÚ* CARAPARÚ* ITAQUÍ* * MURUTUCÚ* NEPUYO 1 ORIBOCA* CARAPARÚ-LIKE* Group California GUAROA MELAO SERRA DO NAVIO*

23 Group Capim ACARÁ* BENEVIDES* BENFICA* BUSH BUSH CAPIM* GUAJARÁ* MORICHE Group Gamboa GAMBOA-LIKE Group Guamá ANANINDEUA* BIMITI CATÚ* GUAMÁ* MIRIM* MOJÚ* TIMBOTEUA* Group Simbu JATOBAL* OROPOUCHE UTINGA* Group Turlock TURLOCK Bunyavirus-like Group Pacora PACORA-LIKE BUNYAVIRIDAE Ungrouped BELÉM* M. DOS CAMPOS* PARÁ* SANTARÉM*

* Isolatesfirst made in the IEC. 1 Isolatedin othercountries. encounteredviroses at the BVL, afterthe group C agentCaraparu. virus has beenisolated from rodents (Proechimys guyannensis, Oryzomys goeldi and Nectomys squamipes), marsupial (Didelphis marsupialis), edentata (Choloepus didactylus) sentinels mice and chiefly Culex mosquitoes. Mirim virus has been isolated chiefly from sentinel mire, ODcefrom sentinel monkey and several speciesofmosquitoes. Ananindeua virus has been isolated from marsupiaIs (Caluromys philandel; Caluromys sp and Didelphis marsupialis), sentinels mire, monkey and chicken, several species of mosquitoes, especially Culex (Mel.) sp., and Doce from a bird Thamnophilus murinus. Timboteua virus has beenisolated only from a rodent Ptoechimys guyannensis and sentinels miçe. No vector has been identified (Shope ~., 1988). Simbu group: Jatobal, Oropouche and Utinga viroses comprise the Simbu group in Amazonia. Jatobal has been isolated once from a carnivorous Nasua nasua. Utinga virus has been isolated only Eram edentata Bradypus tridactylus. Oropouche virus was originally isolated in 1955 from a mau in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The first isolations of the agent in Brazilian Amazonia were made in 1960 from a Bradypus tridactylus and

24 from a pool of Aedesserratus mosquitoes. Since then, many urban epidemics have been reported in the Amazon region of Brazil, in which the biting midge Culicoides paraensis seemsto play a major role in vírus transmission (Pinheiro ~o,1994). This vírus is studied in details in other chapter (see pages 0000.). Turlock group: A single serotype, Turlock vírus has beco isolated in this group in the Brazilian Amazon region, from several species of migrating birds which may explain their relatively widespread distributiono Culex mosquitoes that have been frequently found infected with Turlock vírus, are incriminated as maio vectors. ,o

Table 4. Viruses ofthe genus Phlebovirus, isolated in the Amazonian Brazil, between 1954-1994

TAXONOMY ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECTIONS Antigenic group Mosquito Sandflies Other Bird Sentinel natural laboratory Gr. Phlebotomus Mammals acquired ALENQUER* AMBÉ* ANHANGA* ARIQUEMES* BELTERRA* BUJARÚ* CANDIRÚ* ICOARACI* * ITAPORANGA* JACUNDÁ* JOA* MORUMBI* MUNGUBA* ORIXIMINÁ* PACUÍ* 1 SERRA NORTE* TAPARÁ* TURUNA* URIURANA* URUCURI*

* Isolatesfirst made in the IEC. 1 Transovariantransmission

25 isolated in São Paulo State, Brazil, from sentinelmouse, has been isolated in Arnazon basin several times from marsupiais (Caluromys philandel; Caluromys sp. Didelphis marsupialis), bird (Thamnophilus aethiops), sentinels mice, monkey, chicken and from Culex and Coquillettidia mosquitoes (Trapp ~.; 1965). Pacui vírus has been isolated several times from Oryzomys goeldi rodents and Lutzomyiajlaviscutellata (Aitken ~., 1969). Ariquemes vírus has been isolated from a pool of male phlebotominae tlies, in Ariquemes, Rondonia State.

Genus unassignedand serogroupindertemined lncluded among these possible membersofthe Bunyaviridae family are tive ungrouped viruses. Pacora-like has been isolated from birds Automolus chrolaenus and Phlegopsis nigromaculata and from Culex mosquitoes. Belém virus has been isolated only from birds Pyriglena leucoptera and

Hylophilax naevia. Mojuí dos Camposhas beenisolated Docefrom a Chiroptera species.No vectors are known. Santarémvirus has beenisolated from a rodent Oryzomyssp and from Lutzomyia carrerai sandflies. Pará virus is known only from a single isolation from sentinelmouse in Brazilian Amazonia, however another isolation was recorded in Argentina from a pool of Culex acossa mosquitoes (Karabatsos, 1985).

REOVIRIDAE, Orbivirus Two serogroups comprize the orbiviroses in the Amazon regiDo: Changuinola and Corriparta. Three ungrouped mosquito bome have beenplaced in the genus on morphologic grounds (Travassos da Rosa tl.ill.,

1984; Karabatsos, 1985). Group Changuinola -Fifiy-two viroses in this serogroup have been isolated on single occasions from phlebotomine flies, three from mosquitoes, two others from mammals (Oryzomys goeldi rodent, Choloepus didactylus sloth), and one from Dasypus novemcinctus armadillo. Corriparta serogroup -Acado-like and Jacareacangaviroses have beenisolated from Culex mosquitoes. Ungrouped viruses -leri, ltupiranga and Tembe viroses have beenisolated exclusively from mosquitoes. leri has previously isolated in Port of Spain, Trinidad, while ltupiranga and Tembe are autochthonous (Karabatsos, 1985).

Table 5. Reoviruses isolated Eramdifferents groupes in the Brazilian Amazon region, between,1954-1994. TAXONOMY ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE VIRUS HOSTS Antigenic group Mosquitoes Sandflies Wild mammals Group Changuinola ACATINGA* ACURENÊ* ALMERIM* ALTAMIRA* ANAPÚ* ARAÇAÍ* ARATAÚ* ARUANÃ* ARAWETÊ* ASSURINIS* BACAJAÍ* BACURI* BALBINA* BARCARENA* CANINDÉ* CANOAL*

26 CATETÊ* COARI* CUPIXI* GOROTIRE* GURUPI* IOPAKA* IPIXAIA* * IRUANA* ITABOCA* JAMANXI* JANDIÁ* JARI* JATUARANA* JUTAÍ* KARARAÔ* MELGAÇO* MONTE DOURADO* OURÉM* PACAJÁ* PARAKANÃ* PARANATI* * PARÚ* PEPENDANA* PINDOBAÍ PIRATUBA* PURUS* SARACÁ* SERRA SUL* SURUBIM* TAPIROPÉ* TEKUPEU* TIMBOZAL* TOCANTINS* TOCAXÁ* TUERÊ* TUMUCUMAQUE* UATUMÃ* UXITUBA* XARAIRA* XIWANGA* Group Corriparta ACADO-LIKE * Not grouped IERI * TEMBE* * Isolatesfirst madein the IEC. Rhabdoviridae Two genera have beenestablished within this family. The genus Vesiculovirosincludes the vesicular stomatitis serogroup (VSV) while the genus Lyssavirus includes rabies and the rabies-related viroses. Other serogroups such as Hart Park, K watta, Timbo and Mossuril are assigned to the family Rhabdoviridae, but not assignedto these genera. There are also other viroses in the family but with serogroup indetermined (Table 6). 27

27 Group VSV -Piry virus was isolated from a marsupial Philander opossum.No other isolations have been made from naturally infected human beings, animais or insects, but severalhuman casesofPiry virus infection have resulted from laboratory exposures (Pinheiro & Travassos da Rosa, 1994). Cocal virus was originally isolated from Gigantolaelaps sp mites in Port of Spain, Trinidad and later from mites of the same genus in Pará State. Jurona virus was isolated once from a pool of Haemagogus sp. It was isolated later from a febrile human being in Costa Marques, Rondonia State, Brazil. Carajás and Marabá viroses were isolated more recently from Lutzomyia sp sandflies (Travassos da Rosa ~., 1984). Hart Park serogroup - virus is the single serotype isolated in Brazilian Amazon region. It has been isolated from only from Culex, Mansonia, and J-J)leomyiamosquitoes. Little is yet known about this virus (Karabatsos, 1985). Kwatta serogroup -A Kwatta-like virus has been isolated from culicine mosquitoes and birds in the Amazon basin (Karabatsos, 1985). Timbó serogroup -Timbó, Chaco and SenaMadureira viroses have not beenassociated with a vector and have been isolated on1y from lizards (Ameiva ameiva) in Brazilian Amazonia (Karabatsos, 1985). Mossuril serogroup -Cuiabá virus has been isolated from a toado Marco virus has been isolated on1y from a lizard (Karabatsos, 1985). Antigenically ungrouped rhabdoviruses -Aruac virus was originally isolated from a pool of Trichoprosopon theobaldi mosquitoes, in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Later, it was isolated in Brazilian Amazonia from Culex mosquitoes. virus was isolated once from phlebotominae flies. Xiburema virus is known by a single isolation from a pool of Sabethes intermedius mosquitoes (Karabatsos,1985).

Table 6. Rhabdovirusesisolated in Brazilian Amazonia,between 1954-1994.

TAXONOMY ARTHROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECTIONS Antigenic group Mosquitoes Sandflies Others Mammals Birds Reptilians Others natural laboratory Group Hart Park acquired MOSQUEIRO* Group Kwatta KWATTA-LIKE Group Timbó CHACO* SENA MADUREIRA* TIMBÓ * Group VSV CARAJÁS* COCAL JURONA* MARABÁ* PIRY* Group Mossuril CUIABÁ* MARCO* Ungrouped ARUAC INHANGAPI* XIBUREMA

* Isolatesfirst madein the IEC.

OTHER VIRUSES Six viruses belonging to the families Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Poxviridae are shown in the Table 7.

28

~ Table 7. Viroses from otherfamilies isolatedin Brazilian Amazonia,between 1954-1994.

TAXONOMY VERTEBRATE HOSTS HUMAN VIRUS INFECTION

Antigenic group Mammals Reptilians laboratory acquired ARENAVIRIDAE Arenavirus Group Tacaribe AMAPARI* 1 FLEXAL Not grouped HERPES VIRIDAE Not grouped ÁGUA PRETA* POXIVIRIDAE Not grouped COTIA-LIKE PARAMYXOVIRI- DAE – Not grouped MAPUERA* CORONAVIRIDAE Not grouped BOCAS

* Isolatesfirst madein the IECo 1 Latent infection.

ARENA VIRlDAE, Arena}l;rus A single genus constitutes the family Arenaviridae and alI are membersofthe Tacaribe serogroup (Pinheiro ~" 1977). Amapari and Flexal viroses have been isolated from rodents and only Flexal has been found responsible for human disease,a single casebeing acquired in the laboratory.

HERPES VIRID AE Água Preta virus was isolated Docefrom the whole blood of a bat Carollia subrufa (Karabatsos, 1985).

POXVlRlDAE A Cotia-like virus was isolated once from the whole blood of a rodent Oryzomys sp(Karabatsos, 1985).

PARAMYX o VIRID AE Mapuera vírus was ísolated once from the salivary gland of a bat Saturnia lillium (Karabatsos, 1985).

29 CORONA VIRIDAE Bocas vírus was ísolated once froro the braín of a reptíle Ameiva ameiva.

UNCLASSIFIED VIRUSES Sixteenviroses have not beencharacterized sufficiently by physicochemical,electron microscopi, biological, or molecular methods to warrant placement in a taxaDoThese viroses are listed in the Table 8. , Codajás, Galibi, Marajo, Tracambe, Trocara and Uruara are known for a single isolation from culicine mosquitoes. Iriri, Mucura and Papura viroses were isolatade once from phlebotomine sandflies. Itacaiunas was recovered once from a pool of Culicoides sp midges. Parixá virus was isolated once from a bat Lonchophylla thomasi. Araguari virus was isolated once from a marsupial Philander opossum.Cajazeira and Juruaçáare viroses recovered once from visceras ofundetermined bats.

Table 8. Viroses isolated in Brazilian Amazonia between 1954-1994and not yet classified into families, genus or groups.

VIRUS ARTROPODS VERTEBRATE HOSTS Mosquito Sandflies Midge Wild mammals ARAGUARI BREU BRANCO CAJAZEIRA CODAJÁS CURIONÓPOLIS GALIBI IRIRI ITACAIUNAS JURUAÇÁ MARAJÓ MUCURA PAPURA PARIXÁ TRACAMBÉ TROCARÁ URUARÁ

CONCLUSION

Many areas of this vast region remainto be expIoredfor the presenceof arboviruses,particuIarIy those pathogenicto man and domesticanimaIs. The rapid coIonizationofthe Amazonregion and the consequent increaseof human popuIations.Many of which, are in constantcontact with forest areas, together with environmentaIchanges in the region,raises the concemthat this may Ieadto an exacerbationof arboviruses hazardousto man and also the opportunityfor the appearençeof newserotypes.

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