University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons

CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences

4-10-2010

A TALE OF TWO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS: TUNISIA AND MOROCCO

Steven J. Friedman University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]

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Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, Economic History Commons, Growth and Development Commons, International Business Commons, and the Political Economy Commons

Recommended Citation Friedman, Steven J., "A TALE OF TWO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS: TUNISIA AND MOROCCO" 10 April 2010. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/120.

This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/120 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A TALE OF TWO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS: TUNISIA AND MOROCCO

Abstract Morocco and Tunisia have both achieved robust economic growth over the last 30 years by utilizing prudent economic planning and implementation. The World Bank heralds both countries as prime examples of how market-friendly capitalist systems can be implemented over a short period of time with aggressive goals and benefits for many.

The economic policies of Morocco and Tunisia have transformed both from economically challenged debt-burdened nations into technologically advanced, diversified and thriving middle-class nations. rF om 1962 to the Present Day, Morocco has averaged a GDP growth rate of 5.8% and Tunisia one of 5.1%. To put that in perspective, the World as-a-whole has grown at 2.0% per year and the United States at 1.1% (even the amazing success of China has only produced a GDP growth rate of 9.0%).

The purpose of this thesis is to address the underlying causes of this consistently well above average growth in answering several key questions: What policies did the World Bank recommend? What did Moroccan and Tunisian leaders do to implement these policies? What industries and relationships have allowed both to thrive? What is the outlook for both nations?

Keywords North Africa, Economic Development, Tunisia, Morocco, Social Sciences, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Heather J. Sharkey, Sharkey, Heather J.

Disciplines African Languages and Societies | Economic History | Growth and Development | International Business | Political Economy

This article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/120 ATALEOFTWO ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTSǣ TUNISIAANDMOROCCO   StevenFriedmanǡ —–•ƒ”‘‰”ƒʹͲͳͲǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡•›Ž˜ƒ‹ƒ Dr.HeatherSharkeyǡ†˜‹•‘”ǡ”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‡”Ƭ •Žƒ‹ –—†‹‡• 

 

 

 “TheBestofTimesFromTheMostDifficultofTimes” ǦʹǦ

  

 • ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘ ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ ‘‡

‹‰Š– •ƒ› –Šƒ– ‹– Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ‘ˆ –‹‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘•– –”‘—„Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ –‹‡•Ǥ Š‡

‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š –Šƒ– „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ʹͲ –‘ ͵Ͳ ›‡ƒ”• Šƒ•

„‡‡ ‘•‹•–‡–ǡƒ†Šƒ•Š‡”ƒŽ†‡†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•‹–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‹„‘–Š

ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘‰”‡•• Šƒ• ‘– ‘‡ ‘˜‡”‹‰Š– ‘” ™‹–Š‘—– ™‡ŽŽǦ’Žƒ‡† ƒ† ’”—†‡–Ž›

‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡’”‘ˆ‘—† Šƒ‰‡•‹„‘–Š•‘ ‹‡–‹‡• ƒ„‡•‡‡„›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––™‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡƒ

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™‹–Šƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‡and™‘‡Ǥ

Š‡•–‘”›‘ˆ‡‹ŽƒŠƒ‹ƒ–‹•”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‘–‘Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›•Š‡Šƒ•„‡‡

ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡š’ƒ†Š‡”ˆƒ„”‹ ǡŽ‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†•Š‘‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰„—•‹‡••‹—‹•ǡ—‹•‹ƒ„—–

ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ ‹• ƒ ™‘ƒǤ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ™‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ™‘”

ˆ‘” ‡ǡƒ†™Š‹Ž‡—„‡”•ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘˜‡”‹ˆ›ǡƒ•ƒ›ƒ•ͳͲǡͲͲͲ—‹•‹ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡

‘™Ž‡†„›™‘‡Ǥ•ǤŠƒ‹ƒ–†‹†‘–•–ƒ”–‘—–ƒ•ƒ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”•Š‡

™ƒ•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ ”‡ ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆŠ‡”Š—•„ƒ†ǡ•Š‡‘’–‡†–‘

–ƒ‡Ǧ‘˜‡”–Š‡†ƒ›Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘’ƒ›ǡŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‹—‹•Ǥ†‡”Š‡”™ƒ– Šǡ Ǧ͵Ǧ

Š‡” ‘’ƒ›Žƒ•–‹••Šƒ•†‘—„Ž‡†‹•‹œ‡ǡ–ƒ‹‰‘‘˜‡”ͳʹͷ‡™‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǤͳŠ‡Žƒ‡–•

–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–”ƒ„–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•ƒ‡‹–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”™‘‡–‘‘˜‡‘”‡ˆ”‡‡Ž›

ƒ†ƒ––‡†‡‡–‹‰•–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹” ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ„—––Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”™‘”ƒ––Š‡‘‡ǯ•

–”‡’”‡‡—”•‹‘ǡ•Š‡‹•Š‘’‹‰–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Šƒ–Ǥ

–Š‘—•ƒ†‹Ž‡•ƒ™ƒ›‹ƒ•ƒ„Žƒ ƒǡ‘”‘ ‘ǡ”Ǥ„‡†‡Žƒœ‹œ‹•–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‹Ǧ

‘—–”›ƒƒ‰‡”ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ‹•Š‘—–Ǧ•‘—” ‹‰ ‘‰Ž‘‡”ƒ–‡ƒ‡†–‡–‘Ǥ˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•––‡

›‡ƒ”•ǡ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ˜‡•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›’—•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™Œ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”

‘”‡‡†— ƒ–‡†‘”‘ ƒ•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ•„‡‡‹•—„•‹†‹œ‹‰

–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒǮ‘ˆˆǦ•Š‘”‹‰ǯ‹†—•–”›™Š‡”‡‘”‘ ƒ• ƒŽ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†

Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹ƒ•™‡”‹‰ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡•‹ ”‡ Šǡ’ƒ‹•Šǡ”ƒ„‹ ƒ†

‡˜‡ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ”Ǥ „‡†‡Žƒœ‹œ ”—• –‡–‘ǯ• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‘ ‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡• ‹

’ƒ‹•Š ƒ† ”‡ Š ‘—–•‘—” ‹‰Ǥ †‡” Š‹• ™ƒ– Šǡ ––‡–‘ Šƒ• ‡š’ƒ†‡† ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ƒŽŽ

‡–‡”‹ʹͲͲͲ–‘•‹š ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•‹ʹͲͲͻǡ™‹–Š‘˜‡”͵ǡͲͲͲ‘”‘ ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ‡›‘†–Š‡

Ž‡•• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ƒ† ›‡– Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‡†— ƒ–‡† ™‘” ˆ‘” ‡ǡ –‡–‘ ƒ† ”Ǥ „‡†‡Žƒœ‹œ ‘•‹†‡”

‘”‘ ‘ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‘—–•‘—” ‹‰ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ’”‘š‹‹–› –‘ –Š‡

—”‘’‡ƒ ƒ”‡– ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ —’‰”ƒ†‡• –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ•

‹’Ž‡‡–‡†‹–Š‡–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥʹˆ‘”‡”‘”‘ ƒ

„ƒ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ǡ ”Ǥ „‡†‡Žƒœ‹œ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‡™ Žƒ•• ‘ˆ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”ǡ „”‹‰‹‰ Œ‘„

‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘‡™ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡‘–Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Ǥ

 1 Arab Human Development Reports, UN, “Arab Women Entrepreneurs: A Growing Economic Force,” 2005, http://www.arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdr/papers/2005/hijab.pdf (accessed 2010 March). 2 Atento, Atento Morocco opens its fifth contact center in Meknes, 2009 May, http://www.atento.com/content/new_contactcenter_morocco_en.mmp (accessed 2010 20- March). ǦͶǦ

Š‡•‡–™‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•’‡”Šƒ’•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”•–‘”‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–

•‘ƒ›‘”‘ ƒ•ƒ†—‹•‹ƒ•Ž‹‡–Š‡ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ

ƒ†‘”‘ ‘‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒƒ†–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡–ƒ”›

—† ‘•‹†‡” ‘”‘ ‘ ƒ† —‹•‹ƒ ‰Ž‘™‹‰ •— ‡•• •–‘”‹‡•Ǥ –”‡’”‡‡—”• ‹ „‘–Š

‘—–”‹‡• ƒ”‡ —•‹‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ –‘ ‹‘˜ƒ–‡ ‹ ‡™ ‹†—•–”‹‡• –Šƒ– Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡

‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡Ž› ’”‹ ‡† Žƒ„‘” ƒ† ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–™‘”•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰

‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ† ’”‘†— –•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ „‘–Š ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡

‹’Ž‡‡–‡†™‡ŽŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ‘—–‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•Ǥ

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‘ —‡––Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ƒ–‹‘•

‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡’”‘ˆ‘—†‹’ƒ ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ†‘•‘„›

•›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†„‘–Šƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘

•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǧ„ƒ ™ƒ”†•–ƒ–‡•–‘ƒ”‡–Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–‡ ‘‘‹‡•Ǥ „—‹Ž†‹‰

‘—– –Š‹• ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒ› ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ† †‹•–‹ –‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ Š‡•‡

•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡” ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ‹‘–‹‰Š‘™

„‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ””‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡‹” —””‡– †‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘• —•‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”ǡƒ†›‡–—‹“—‡ǡ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ǦͷǦ

  

  –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘–‹‡–ǡ —‹•‹ƒ •–ƒ†• ‘—– ƒ• ƒ ‡ ‘‘‹  •— ‡•• •–‘”›Ǥ

 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǡ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–”‘„—•–‡ ‘‘‹ 

‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒ› ‘—–”› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ʹͲ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ  Šƒ– ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– Šƒ• ‘– ‘‡ „›

ƒ ‹†‡– ‘” ™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ”† ™‘”Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ƒ› ‡Ž‡‡–• Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ —‹•‹ƒ

‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šǡ–Š”‡‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”•Šƒ˜‡†”‹˜‡–Š‡„—Ž‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ

‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ —‹•‹ƒ ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•

”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ „—†‰‡– †‡ˆ‹ ‹–•ǡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ –ƒš‡• ƒ† ‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ

‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •›•–‡ǡ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ 

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡‹’”‘˜‡†Ǥ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘„”‡ƒ†‘™–”ƒ†‡„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ

‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘†— ‹˜‡ –‘ ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–ǤŠ‹”†Ž›ǡƒ•ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡

‹˜‡•–‡– Šƒ• •‘ƒ”‡†ǡ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡‹–•‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†

ˆ‘ —•‘„‘–ŠǮ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǯǦ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†–‘—”‹•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ

FromFrenchOccupationtoIndependence

‘”†‡”–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Š‘™—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ˜‡”›Š‹‰Šƒ—ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š

”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ ’‡” ‡–ͳ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ʹͲ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ˆ‹”•– ‡šƒ‹‡ —‹•‹ƒǯ•

Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ͳͺͺͲǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Š‹˜ƒ†‡†—‹•‹ƒ„›ƒ••‡”–‹‰—‹•‹ƒ”—Ž‡”•

Šƒ† ‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡† ‘ Ž‰‡”‹ƒǦ ”‡ Š ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ ‘ —’‹‡† —‹•‹ƒ ƒ†

ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ”‡•‹†‡–‹‹•–‡”™Š‘™ƒ•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‘•‡Ž›‰‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡

”‡ Š Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ‰”‘—†™‘” ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  •— ‡•• ™‹–Š ƒ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒˆ— –‹‘‹‰Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡ƒ†‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡƒ”‹‰‹† Ǧ͸Ǧ

ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‡ ”‡ Š ‘–‹—‡†–‘”—Ž‡—‹•‹ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š‘”Ž†ƒ”

Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ™ƒ” †‡ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹‡• „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ†

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „—”†‡Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› ‡š’Žƒ‹• Š‘™ –Š‡ —‹•‹ƒ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘˜‡‡– –Šƒ–

™ƒ••–ƒ”–‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™ƒ”ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Žƒ†•— ‡••ˆ—Ž”‡•—Ž–‹ͳͻͷ͸™‹–Š—‹•‹ƒ

‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡Ǥ͵Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‡ –‡†’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒǡ ƒ„‹„‘—”‰—‹„ƒǡ

“—‹ Ž› •‡– Š‹• •‹‰Š–• ‘ ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǡ •–ƒ–‡ ‡–‡”‡† ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ ‘—”‰—‹„ƒ ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹†—•–”›—†‡”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡”——„”‡ŽŽƒ•ǡ„—–ˆƒ ‡†•–”‘‰‘’’‘•‹–‹‘

ˆ”‘†‘‡•–‹ ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹‰Š–‘˜‡”–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ™‘—Ž†

‘–‹—‡—–‹Žͳͻ͸ͻǡ™Š‡–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†–‘”‡˜‘‡ƒŽŽˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ‹†‹ˆ—‹•‹ƒ

†‹†‘–•Š‹ˆ––‘ƒ‘”‡ƒ”‡–ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤͶ‘–‡š–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ—‹•‹ƒǯ••–”—‰‰Ž‡•™‹–Š

•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹• ˜‡”•—• ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹• —“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ ‹ ”‘ ‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘Ž†Ǧ

ƒ” „ƒ––Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘’’‘•‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ   Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒǯ•

‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹’—•Š‹‰—‹•‹ƒ–‘™ƒ”†•‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•›•–‡ǡ

ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘”‘ ‘ǡ•–”—‰‰Ž‡†™‹–Šƒ•‹‹Žƒ”†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ

MarketFriendlyOrientationTakesHold

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ’‡”•—ƒ†‡†‘—”‰—‹„ƒ–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡Š‹••‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•Ǧ

‹†‡† ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‹•–‡” ™‹–Š ‘‡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ƒ”‡–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› ƒ† ™Š‘ •—’’‘”–‡†

ǮŽ‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯǤͶ ͳͻ͹͵ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‘—”‰—‹„ƒ‹••—‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡ƒ”‡– ‘”‹‡–‡†

–‡Ǧ›‡ƒ” ’Žƒǡ ƒ‹‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ ͸Ψ  ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘—”‰—‹„ƒ ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š –Š‹•

ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ‰‘ƒŽ „› •—’’‘”–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒǯ• Ž‹‰Š–

 3 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Tunisia, 2009, http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-46620 (accessed 2010 20-January). 4 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Ǧ͹Ǧ

‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ—†•™‡”‡•‡–ƒ•‹†‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡Š‘’‡•‘ˆƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽˆ‘‘†•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǤͷŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰•Š‹ˆ–•

•‡–‹‘–‹‘ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›‘˜‡†—‹•‹ƒ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ

•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ”‡–‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•”‡ƒ‹‡†Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡

•‡ –‘”ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‡”–ƒ‹‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†•—„•‹†‹œ‹‰™Š‡”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ͸„—–’”‘†— –‹‘Šƒ•

„‡‡ ‡–‹”‡Ž› ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡† ƒ† ‹• †”‹˜‡ „› ƒ”‡– ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘–‹—‡ ‰”‘™–Š

„‡›‘†–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ •–‡’• –‘

ˆ‘•–‡” ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–‡’• ™‡”‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† ™Š‡

‘—”‰—‹„ƒ ™ƒ• ‘—•–‡† ‹ ƒ ‘—’ „› Š‹• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’‘‹–‡† •— ‡••‘”ǡ ‹‡ Ž

„‹†‹‡ ‡ Ž‹ǡ ™Š‘ ƒˆˆ‹”‡† —‹•‹ƒǯ• ‘‹–‡– –‘ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– „›

Dz”‡‘˜‹‰‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•–‘”‡ˆ‘”dzǤ͸’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–—†‡”‡Ž‹Šƒ•

‘‹––‡† –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ •–”‘‰  ‰”‘™–Š „› ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ ›

’Žƒ‹‰ǡƒ†„›ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

PuttingTunisia’sInternalFinancialPoliciesInOrder

ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒǯ•

‡ ‘‘›ǡ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ ‡”‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒƒ‰‡‡–™‡”‡‡š–”‡‡Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ǥ

šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ •— Š ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ƒ† ‘˜‡”Šƒ—Ž‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡

–ƒšŽƒ™•Ǥ‡Ž‹‹••—‡†ƒ•™‡‡’‹‰‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒƒ•Š‡–‘‘‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹ͳͻͺ͹Ǥ ‡

 5 Thomson Gale, Tunisia Economic Development, 2006, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tunisia-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html (accessed 2010 22-January). 6 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). ǦͺǦ

ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”ƒŒ‘”•–”— –—”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ”‡ˆ‘”•†‡ƒ†‡†„›–Š‡  ƒ†‘”Ž†ƒ‹‘”†‡”

ˆ‘”—‹•‹ƒ–‘ ‘–‹—‡•‡ —”‹‰ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ͹

‡Ž‹ǯ•’Žƒ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”ƒ”‡–Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‹ ‹‰ƒ†”‡†— ‡†–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–—”‹‰Š‹•

ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‡ Ž‹ ™‘—Ž† ˆ‹”•– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‡••‹‰ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ

—‹•‹ƒǯ••‡˜‡–Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒǣ“—‹ Ž›”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ǤŠ‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–

‹ͳͻͺ͸™ƒ•ͷǤ͵Ψƒ†—‹•‹ƒŠƒ†ƒ ƒ•ŠˆŽ‘™’”‘„Ž‡Ǥȋ•ƒ„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ–Šƒ–

ͳͻͺ͸ͷǤ͵Ψ„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹– ‘’ƒ”‡•–‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǯ• —””‡–ƒ†ƒ–‡†ƒš‹—

†‡ˆ‹ ‹–‘ˆ͵ǤͲΨˆ‘”‡„‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ǤȌ ‘”‡‹‰†‡„–™ƒ•”‹•‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒ•—‹•‹ƒ„‘””‘™‡†

ˆ”‘ ƒ„”‘ƒ† –‘ ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‹˜‡•–‡– ‹ –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡ –‘”Ǥ—„•‹†‹‡•ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”

‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͷΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–•’‡†‹‰Ǥͺ›’ƒ••‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡™Žƒ™•–Šƒ–’”‘‘–‡†

’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ ˆ—†• ™‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ”‡‘˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „—†‰‡– ‘” †‹˜‡”–‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ

’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ—†•™‡”‡”‡†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‹•‘‡›™ƒ•—•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘’”‘‘–‡‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†’”‘†— –•–Šƒ–

Šƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ Š‡Ž’ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‡ —‹•‹ƒ –”ƒ†‡ †‡ˆ‹ ‹–•ǤͻŠ‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘”‡†— ‡

•’‡†‹‰ ™‡”‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘™‡”‡† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ „—†‰‡– †‡ˆ‹ ‹– –‘ —†‡” ͵Ψ ‹

ʹͲͲ͹ǤͳͲ

 7 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 8 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 9 Thomson Gale, Tunisia Economic Development, 2006, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tunisia-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html (accessed 2010 22-January). 10 IMF, Tunisia and the IMF, 2008, http://www.imf.org/external/country/TUN/index.htm (accessed 2010 23-January).; World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). ǦͻǦ

Ž‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ǡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘™ƒ••‡‡ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”‡›‹–‡”ƒŽ

‡ ‡••‹–›„›ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡–‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡  ƒ†–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǤ•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–„‡‰ƒ

’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘›ǡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ’”‹ ‡ ‘–”‘Ž• ƒ†•—„•‹†‹‡•™‡”‡”‡‘˜‡†

ƒ† ’‡”ƒ‡–Ž› †‹• ‘–‹—‡†Ǥ   —‹•‹ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ˆŽ‘ƒ– ‹–• —””‡ ›ƒ†ƒ†Œ—•–‹–•

ƒ ”‘‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ • ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ —””‡ › ǮˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ǯ ˜‹ƒ

†‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥˆ–‡”—‹•‹ƒǯ•†‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘™ƒ•

‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡ ‘”†‡† ƒ– ͺΨ ƒ† —‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™ƒ• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ Ž‘•‡” –‘ ͳͷΨǤͳͳŠ‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡•’‘†‡†–‘”‹•‹‰‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•ǡ‹‹—

™ƒ‰‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ™‡”‡ ’‡‰‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡ ‡•—”‹‰ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•

”‡ƒ‹‡† ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥͳʹ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘—–”›’—”•—‡† ƒ –‹‰Š– ‘‡–ƒ”› ’‘Ž‹ › ™Š‡”‡

‘‡›•—’’Ž›™ƒ•‡’–Ž‘™ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ —”„‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǤŠ”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ʹͲͲͲ•ǡ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•

‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•–ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒʹͲͲͻ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͵ǤͶΨǤͳ͵

‡›‘†‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡƒ„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ›‡–•‹••—‡Šƒ• Š”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›’Žƒ‰—‡†–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ƒ••‹˜‡ͳͻͺ͹‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡•–”— –—”‹‰ǡ‹–‡”‡•–‡š’‡•‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š

ˆ‘”‡‹‰ †‡„– ƒ ‘—–‡† ˆ‘” ʹͲΨ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ ‡š’‘”– ‹ ‘‡ǡ ƒ ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ˆ‹‰—”‡ „› ‘•–

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•Ǥ›‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰•—„•‹†‹‡•ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰‡š’‘”–‘”‹‡–‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•

ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ‘„ƒ–‡†–Š‹•‹••—‡‘ˆ„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ

’ƒ›‡–• ™‹–Š •‘‡ •— ‡••Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–”› ‘™ ‡ƒ”• ‘”‡ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹ ‘‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ

 11 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).;William Zartman, “Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform,” 122-124, 146 (Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, 1990). 12 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 13 CIA World Fact Book - Tunisia, 2010, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ts.html. (accessed 2010 23-January) ǦͳͲǦ

‡š’ƒ†‡†‡š’‘”–•ƒ†Šƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›”‡†— ‡†ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‡„–ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–

Šƒ•–‘’ƒ›Ž‡••‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ†‡„–•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ‡•—’‘Ž›ͻΨ‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡š’‘”–‹ ‘‡ǤͳͶ

‡ˆ‹ƒŽƒŒ‘”‹–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›™ƒ•–Š‡—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† Žƒ”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –ƒš ƒ†

‘”’‘”ƒ–‡”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ•—‹•‹ƒ„‡‰ƒ‡–‡”‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•–”ƒ†‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ǡ‘•–

”‡“—‹”‡† –Š‡ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒš ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‡– ‘†‡Ǥͳͷ—‹•‹ƒ”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‹•

”‡“—‹”‡‡–‹–Š‡ ˜‡•–‡–‘†‡‘ˆͳͻͻ͵™Š‹ Š

ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ȏ”‡‰‹‘•ȐǤƒšƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ ‡–‹˜‡•

ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •‡ –‘” ‘†‡• ™‡”‡ —‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ ™‹–Š ͳͲǦ›‡ƒ” –ƒš Š‘Ž‹†ƒ›• „‡‹‰ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ ‡™

‹˜‡•–‡–• ƒ† ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ –ƒš „”‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ˆ‹”• ™Š‹ Š ’”‘‘–‡† ‡š’‘”–•ǡ ‹–”‘†— ‡† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†„ƒ•‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹Ž‡••Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†”‡‰‹‘•Ǥͳ͸

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘†‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š •Š‹ˆ–‡† –ƒš ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† –ƒšƒ–‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ

”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ƒ† ‘–‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ™‡”‡ –™‘ˆ‘Ž†Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ •–ƒ”– —’ ‘’ƒ‹‡•

ˆƒ ‡† ˆƒ” Ž‡•• ”‡† –ƒ’‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡–”ƒ ‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ —‹•‹ƒ ƒ”‡–Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘™ –ƒš

‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘—’Ž‡† ™‹–Š ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ„‘” ‘•–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •–”‘‰ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” ‘—–•‹†‡

‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘‡–‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡Ǥ

ExternalPoliticsReduceBarrierstoFreeTrade

 14 Anwar Shabon, The Political, Economic , and Labor Climate in Tunisia (Philadelphia, PA: Industrial Research Unit Press, 1985).;Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).; World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 15 World Bank, The EU Agreement & Tax Reform in the Mediterranean Region, 2005, http://www.worldbank.org/mdf/mdf1/tax.htm (accessed 2010 24-January). 16 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). ǦͳͳǦ

• –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ › ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š ‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒ „‡‰ƒ–‘•Š‹ˆ–—‹•‹ƒ

–‘™ƒ”†•ƒƒ”‡–‡ ‘‘›ǡ‡Ž‹ƒ†–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ•‘–‘‘†‡ ‹•‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘

™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•–•Š‹ˆ–‹‡š–‡”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘‘’Žƒ ‡

ƒˆ–‡”—‹•‹ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›Œ‘‹‡†–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‰”‡‡‡–‘”ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ”‹ˆˆ•ȋ ȌǤ 

™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –‘ ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‡ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ• ƒ† ”‡†— ‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ

—‹•‹ƒ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† —†‡””‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‹‹ͳͻͻͲǡƒ†‹Š‡”‡–Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ†Œ—•–ƒŽŽ

–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•–‘Dzƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•dzǤͳ͹Š‹•‘–‹‘‘ˆ”‡†— ‹‰–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•™‡–Šƒ†Ǧ‹ǦŠƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡

‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒŠƒ†‘‹–‡”‡•–‹‹’‘”–•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ƒ†‹•–‡ƒ†ƒ‹‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹”

‡š’‘”–• ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‘–Š‡‘’‡™‘”Ž†ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‹• ‘‹–‡––‘ˆ”‡‡ƒ†‘’‡–”ƒ†‡ƒ•

’ƒ”– ‘ˆ  ƒŽŽ‘™‡† —‹•‹ƒ –‘ Œ‘‹ –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ”ƒ†‡ ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ‹ ͳͻͻͷ ƒ• ƒ

ˆ‘—†‹‰‡„‡”Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•†‹”‡ –Ž›‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡†•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ

—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”„‘‘•–ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

TunisiaandtheEuropeanUnion

Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ —Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– –Šƒ– —‹•‹ƒ ’—”•—‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹–•

‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ › ™ƒ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘Ǥ Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ ‘•—‡•

”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͺͲΨ‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ‡š’‘”–•ƒ†ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”Œ—•–‘˜‡”͹ͲΨ‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ‹’‘”–•Ǥͳͺ•

’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ǤǤǦ—‹•‹ƒ”ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‡––Šƒ–™ƒ••‹‰‡†‹ͳͻͻͷǡ –Š‡ ǤǤ ƒ† —‹•‹ƒ

ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ —–—ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ǤǤ Šƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ—†‹‰ ‹

‡š Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ• „› ʹͲͳͲͳͺǤ—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–

 17 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 18 Tunisia - Overview. European Union Information, http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/tunisia/intro/index.htm (accessed 2010 20- February). ǦͳʹǦ

‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒ ‘—–”›–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•— Šƒƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ–Šƒ•‹’ƒ”––‘‡Ž‹ǯ• ‘•‹•–‡–

‘‹–‡– –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‡– ƒ† ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‡š’‘”–• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡

”‡†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ•Ǥ • ƒ Dz’”‡ˆ‡””‡†dz —‹•‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”ǡ ǤǤ ‘—–”‹‡• ‡Œ‘›

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‹”‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡—‹•‹ƒƒ”‡–ǡƒ•–Š‡–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•–Š‡›ˆƒ ‡

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘‘Ǧ’”‡ˆ‡””‡†’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ”‡†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‘™‡”Ǥͳͻ

‘–Š‡”—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡––Šƒ–Šƒ•ˆƒ –‘”‡†‹–‘—‹•‹ƒǯ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ

‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ†‹” ƒ† ”‡ƒ– ”ƒ„ ”‡‡ ”ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡

‰ƒ†‹” ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ˆ”‡‡ –”ƒ†‡ œ‘‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘”†ƒǡ —‹•‹ƒǡ ‰›’– ƒ†

‘”‘ ‘‹ʹͲͲͶǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‘—” ‘—–”‹‡•‡ƒ Šƒ‰”‡‡†–‘–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘ˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡„›‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›

”‡†— ‹‰–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•ƒ† —•–‘ˆ‡‡•‘’”‡Ǧ•‡Ž‡ –‡†‰‘‘†•„›ʹͲͲ͸ǤʹͲŠ‹•ˆ‘—†‹‰‰”‘—’‘ˆ

ˆ‘—” ‘—–”‹‡•Š‘’‡†–‘—•‡–Š‡‰ƒ†‹”ƒ‰”‡‡‡––‘Dz‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡””ƒ„‹ ˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡ƒ”‡ƒǡdz™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†™Š‡–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡” ”‡ƒ–”ƒ„

”‡‡ ”ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ™ƒ• •‹‰‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͷǤʹͳŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡””ƒ„ ”‡‡”ƒ†‡”‡ƒ

ƒ‰”‡‡‡–‹’ƒ”–‡†‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡„ƒ•‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•–Šƒ–

‡ Ž‹ ƒ† Š‹• ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–• ‹ ‘”†ƒǡ —‹•‹ƒ ƒ† ‰›’– ƒ‰”‡‡† —’‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰ƒ†‹”

’ƒ –Ǥ

GrowthofForeignDirectInvestment

‡‘˜‹‰–”ƒ†‡„ƒ””‹‡”•ƒ†•‹‰‹‰‡™—Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–• Šƒ† ƒ

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ†”ƒ–Š‡”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–‹—‹•‹ƒǤ ”‘ͳͻͻͳ

 19 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 20 Agradir Agreement(2004) Bilateral Agreements, 2005, http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=2513 (accessed 2010 20-January). Ǧͳ͵Ǧ

–‘ͳͻͻͷǡ†‹”‡ –ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–‹—‹•‹ƒ†‘—„Ž‡†ǡˆ”‘̈́ͳʹ͸‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘̈́ʹͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥʹͳ

Š‹•†‘—„Ž‹‰ǡ ‘—’Ž‡†™‹–Š‡™ƒ†‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›

‘—–Ž‹‡†ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† —‹•‹ƒ –‘ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‘•–‡” ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ›

ʹͲͲͻǡ‡–ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–ȋ  ȌŠƒ•‰”‘™–‘‡ƒ”Ž›̈́ͳǤ͸„‹ŽŽ‹‘†‘ŽŽƒ”•ƒ†‘™

”‡’”‡•‡–•͵Ψ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ—‹•‹ƒ ȋƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆʹΨ•‹ ‡ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡƒ•  

Šƒ•‰”‘™ǡ–Š‡•‡ –‘”•‹™Š‹ Šˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•Šƒ˜‡‹˜‡•–‡†Šƒ˜‡•Š‹ˆ–‡†Ǥ ͳͻͻʹǡ‡ƒ”Ž›͸ͲΨ

‘ˆ   ™ƒ• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‡ –‘”ǡ ™‹–Š ‘Ž› ͳͲΨ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‡

ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ •‡ –‘”Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ‘Ž› ʹʹΨ ‘ˆ   ™ƒ•

‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š‘˜‡”͵Ͳؐ‘™•Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘”‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǦ‹–‡•‹˜‡

‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥʹʹ—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘—–”‹‡•™‹–Š‹‹–•”‡‰‹‘–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡

Š‘™ ‹’‘”–ƒ–   ƒ „‡ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ƒ† Šƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•–

’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ   –‘  ‘ˆ ‹–• ’‡‡” ‰”‘—’ ˆ”‘ ͳͻͻͷ –‘ ʹͲͲͲǤ ‘”‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ‘–Š‡”

‘—–”‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‘”‘ ‘ǡ‰›’–ǡƒ†‡˜‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‰—–‘ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ‘—”–  

ƒ†ƒ”‡•–ƒ”–‹‰–‘ƒ– Š—‹•‹ƒǯ••— ‡••‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‘”•Ǥʹ͵

InfrastructureDevelopmentAllowsFurtherProgress

ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹•–Š‡–Š‹”†‡Ž‡‡––Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒ‡’Ž‘›‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘

’”‘‘–‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ”‘ͳͻͺ͹–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–†ƒ›Ǥ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–

™ƒ• ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ’Žƒ‡† ƒ† ‘‹–‘”‡† „› ”‡•‹†‡– ‡ Ž‹ ƒ† ‘—–•‹†‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ 

‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’’”‘‘–‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ–Š‡„ƒ‹‰•›•–‡™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹œ‡†Ǥ•‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–

 21 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 22 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 23 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). ǦͳͶǦ

„‡‰ƒ ‰”‘™‹‰ǡ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‘˜‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ •–ƒ–‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†

‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ ‘†‡”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •›•–‡ ™‹–Š ‡™Ž› ˆ”‡‡†Ǧ—’ ˆ—†•ǡ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ

‡™–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ

•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ› Šƒ‰‡•–‘–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡

’Žƒ ‡ǡƒ‡™ƒ†‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–„ƒ‹‰•›•–‡™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ”—‡–”ƒŽƒ‘ˆ

—‹•‹ƒ–‹‰Š–Ž› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–Š‡„ƒ‹‰•›•–‡—–‹Žͳͻͺ͹ǤʹͶ ͳͻͺͺǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹••—‡†

ƒ’Žƒ™‹–Šˆ‘—”’‹ŽŽƒ”•–‘’”‘‘–‡–Š‡•–”— –—”ƒŽƒ†Œ—•–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡„ƒ‹‰•›•–‡ǤŠ‡

’Žƒ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ ‘” •‡˜‡”‡Ž› Ž‹‹–‹‰ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡–• ƒ†

Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰„ƒ‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘Š‡Ž’ƒ‡—‹•‹ƒƒŠ—„‘ˆ„ƒ‹‰‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ 

’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ —‹•‹ƒ †‹† –Š‹• „› Dz„”‡ƒ‹‰ †‘™ ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‡‰ƒŽ „ƒ””‹‡”• „‡–™‡‡

‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ „ƒ•Ǥdzʹ͵•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”•„‡‰ƒ–‘–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†ǡ

•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ „”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–”ƒŽƒ„”‘‡‘ˆˆ–‘•‡”˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡”‡

ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡” ͹͸ͷ ‹†‡’‡†‡– „ƒ‹‰ ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•Ǥʹ͵††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ ‘‘‹ 

‹‹•–”›’”‘—†Ž›„‘ƒ•–•–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒ‹•ƒDzˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡–‡”‘ˆ’”‹‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ǡdzDz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–Š‡”ƒ„‘”Ž†dz™‹–Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆDz‹–‹„ƒǡ‹ǡ dzƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‡ƒ†‹‰

‹˜‡•–‡–„ƒ•Ǥʹͷ

’”‘˜‡†Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

—‹•‹ƒ‹†—•–”›–‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡š–‡–Ǥ ͳͻͺͲǡ’‡–”‘Ž‡—„ƒ•‡†’”‘†— –•ƒ†‡—’‘˜‡”ͷͲΨ

‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ‡š’‘”–•ǡ™‹–Š–‡š–‹Ž‡• ‘’‘•‹‰–Š‡‡š–ͳͺΨƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ–ͺΨǤ›ʹͲͲ͸ǡ

–‡š–‹Ž‡•‰”‡™–‘”‡’”‡•‡–͵͵Ψ‘ˆ‡š’‘”–•ǡ™‹–Šƒ Š‹‡”›ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰

 24 William Zartman, “Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform,” 122-124, 146 (Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, 1990). 25 Tunisia Online, The Financial System, 2006, http://www.tunisiaonline.com/economy/economy2.html (accessed 2010 19-January). ǦͳͷǦ

ͳͻΨƒ†ˆ—‡Žƒ–‘Ž›ͳ͵ΨǤŠ‹•†”ƒƒ–‹ •Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡’”‘†— –ƒ‡Ǧ—’‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒǯ•‡š’‘”–•

Šƒ•‘–‘Ž›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—‹•‹ƒ–‘„‡––‡”™‹–Š•–ƒ†•Š‘ •‹ ‡”–ƒ‹•‡ –‘”•ǡ•— Šƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

†‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ ’‡–”‘Ž‡— ’”‹ ‡•ǡ „—– ‹– Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ƒ ‡› †”‹˜‡”‹–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰

‹ ‘‡‡ƒ”‹‰•Ǥʹ͸

•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‡–‹‘‡†ǡˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–Šƒ•‰”‘™•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡

‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰•‡ –‘”ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•‘ —””‡†ƒ•—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ‘—”–‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•–Šƒ–

‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ǯ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡†ǯ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ •‡ –‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰ Š‹‰Š ’ƒ›‹‰ Œ‘„•

–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ –‘” ƒ‘ˆˆ‡”ǤƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹•ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ ”ƒ™ ’”‘†— –•

ƒ”‡ ƒ••‡„Ž‡† ‹–‘ ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ’”‘†— –•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ‘” •ƒŽ‡ ‹ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ”‡–•ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ

ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ —”•‘•–‘ˆ–‡™‹–Š–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ†Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”’”‘†— –•‹—‹•‹ƒǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡

’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘— Š‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ•— Š

ƒ• ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ Šƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ʹͲͲͲ•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡

‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ —‹•‹ƒ ‡š’‘”–• Šƒ• ˆŽ— –—ƒ–‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ Žƒ•–

†‡ ƒ†‡ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†‡š’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡‰”‘™ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›„‡–™‡‡ͳΨƒ†͵Ψ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”Ǥʹ͹

BetterInfrastructureLeadsToBetterAgriculture

‹–Š ƒ †‡Ǧ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† „ƒ‹‰ •›•–‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ‘”‡ ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ —‹•‹ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ •

’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‡–‹‘‡†ǡƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ —–ˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ–Š‡ˆ—†•™‡”‡

”‡†‹”‡ –‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ˆ”‘ ͳͻͺ͸ –‘ ͳͻͻͳǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •’‡†‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž›

 26 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 27 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). Ǧͳ͸Ǧ

†‘—„Ž‡† ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •’‡†‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ‘Ž› ͷͲΨǤʹͺ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͻΨ‘ˆ

—‹•‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ˆ—†• ™‡”‡ •’‡– ‹ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ‘†‡”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ

‹†—•–”›Ǥʹͻ›–Š‡—„‡”•ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹•˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ––‘—‹•‹ƒǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž›ͶǡͲͲͲ

•“—ƒ”‡ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡† ˆƒ”Žƒ† ’”‘†— ‹‰ ‘Ž‹˜‡ ‘‹Žǡ ‰”ƒ‹ ƒ† ‹–”—• ˆ”—‹–•Ǥ  

—‹•‹ƒǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”‡ƒ”Ž›ͳ͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‘˜‡”ʹͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ͵Ͳ

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ͳͻͺ͹  ‘‘‹  Žƒ „› ‡ Ž‹ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ†‡ ƒ

‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‘ —•ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ †ƒ• ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ͵ͳ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͲͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘™‡†ˆƒ”‹‰Žƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡•‘Ž†‘””‡•–”— –—”‡†

ˆ‘” ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– —•‡Ǥ ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ™‡”‡

—†‡”–ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘’‡• ‘ˆ  Dz’”‘‘–‹‰ •‡Žˆ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ†

’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥdzʹ͹ Ž‘‘‹‰„ƒ ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡ˆ‘”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •— ‡••ˆ—Žǡ ƒ• ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ –Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†—•–”› Šƒ• ”‡ƒ‹‡† •–”‘‰Ǥ 

’ƒ”–ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ •–”‘‰ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘•—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒ

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† —†‡” –Š‡ ǤǤ —Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡

ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ

‹–Š •–”‘‰‡” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ‹ ’Žƒ ‡ǡ ƒ›”—”ƒŽ—‹•‹ƒ•

Šƒ˜‡‹‰”ƒ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†• ‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•––™‘†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ Š‡ƒ’

Žƒ„‘”Ǥ Š‹• ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ Žƒ„‘” Šƒ• ‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š ƒ› ˆƒ –‘”• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›  28 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 29 Thomson Gale, Tunisia Economic Development, 2006, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tunisia-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html (accessed 2010 22-January). 30 CIA World Fact Book - Tunisia, 2010, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ts.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 23-January). 31 William Zartman, “Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform,” 122-124, 146 (Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, 1990). Ǧͳ͹Ǧ

”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ —‹•‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ˜‡”› •–”‘‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹ 

•‡ –‘”Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•†‡ ‹•‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘‹ͳͻͺ͹ǡ‡Ž‹‘–‘Ž› ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘””‡†— ‹‰–Š‡†‡„–ǡ

Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ’”‹ ‡•ǡ ”‡†— ‹‰ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‡š’‘”–•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡

‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›•–ƒ–‡‘™‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ͵ʹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ‡Ž‹‡™–Š‹•

”‡ˆ‘”™ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š‹—‹•‹ƒǡƒ†Š‡

™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘“—‹ Ž›‹’Ž‡‡–’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡŠ‡ Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡™ƒ›

–Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– †‡ˆ‹‡† ™Šƒ– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• ‹– ‘™‡† ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†Ǥ ‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‡

‹‹— ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ˆ”‘ ͳͲΨ ‰‘˜‡”‡–

‘™‡†–‘ͷͲΨ‰‘˜‡”‡–‘™‡†Ǥ͵ʹŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Šƒ†‡† ‘–”‘Ž–‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡‘™‡”•ˆ‘”

–Š‘•‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ˆ‡ŽŽ„‡–™‡‡ͳͲΨ–‘ͷͲΨ‰‘˜‡”‡–‘™‡”•Š‹’Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†•Š‹ˆ–‡†

†‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒŽŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ †‡Ǧ

‘‘’‘Ž‹œ‡†ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘™ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒŽŽ Dzˆƒ –‘”‹‡•ǡ

ˆƒ”•ǡŠ‘–‡Ž•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡•dz™‡”‡•‘Ž†–‘–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ͵ʹ

ANewSourceofPrivateCapitalEmergesinTunisia

Š‡‡†”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ –‹‘•™ƒ••‡‡‹ƒ‡š–”‡‡Ž›“—‹ •Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›

•‘—” ‡‘ˆ•–ƒ”–—’ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹—‹•‹ƒǤ ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–™‡–ˆ”‘̈́ͻͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘

†‘ŽŽƒ”• ‹ ͳͻͺ͹ –‘ ̈́ͳʹʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘  †‘ŽŽƒ”• ‹ ͳͻͻͳ ™Š‹Ž‡ †‹”‡ – ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹˜‡•–‡–

™‡–ˆ”‘ͷǤ͸Ψ‘ˆ –‘ʹǤ͸Ψ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ

ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ™‡– —’ ˆ”‘ ʹͲΨ ‘ˆ  –‘ ʹʹΨ ‘ˆ ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ–

 32 William Zartman, “Tunisia: The Political Economy of Reform,” 122-124, 146 (Boulder, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc, 1990). ǦͳͺǦ

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– • ƒŽ‡† „ƒ  ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ǡ ‘–Š‡” ’”‹˜ƒ–‡

•‘—” ‡•‘”‡–Šƒ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‹•†‘™™ƒ”†•ƒ†Œ—•–‡–Ǥ͵͵

‡ ƒ•’‡ – –Šƒ– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ ‹ ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†—•–”› ‹• Š‘™ –Š‡

—‹•‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡

—‹•‹ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †”‹˜‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ

ƒ‹‰ǡ „—– –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›’ƒ••‹˜‡‡ƒ•Ǥ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‹• —••‡†ǡ Žƒ”‰‡ –ƒš

‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•™Š‘‡‡– ‡”–ƒ‹ ”‹–‡”‹ƒǡ•— Šƒ•„‡‹‰

ͷͲΨ ‘” ‘”‡ ‡š’‘”– ‘”‹‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ’”‘†— – ‹š ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ –Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™

–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ͵ͶŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘‡š–‡†

DzŠ‘‡›‘‘dz–ƒš‡š‡’–‹‘’‡”‹‘†•ˆ‘”—’–‘–‡›‡ƒ”•‹ˆ‡™ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ‰”‡‡–‘‘ˆˆ‡”

–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‘”˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰–‘‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ͵ͷ

•–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ƒ†‡’–ƒ–ƒƒ‰‹‰‹–• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›

’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ”‡–‡ ‘‘›ǡ”‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—–‘

•Š‹ˆ––Š‡‹”ˆ‘ —•–‘‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ•— Šƒ•‹’”‘˜‹‰

–Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”•Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆͳͻͻ͹ȂʹͲͲͳ‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒǡ‡Ž‹ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡

–‘–ƒŽ ”‡•–”— –—”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹†—•–”›ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ† „‡‡ —†‡” •–ƒ–‡ ‘–”‘Ž

•‹ ‡’‘•–Ǧ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹•ǤŠ‡‘•–ǡ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ƒ†‡Ž‡‰”ƒ’ŠȋȌ™‡”‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›„”‘‡—’

‹–‘•ƒŽŽ‡”’ƒ”–•ƒ†‘•–™‡”‡•‘Ž†–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡

—‹•‹ƒ ‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–‡”ǡ –‘†ƒ›ǡ —‹•‹ƒ „‘ƒ•–• ƒ •–”‘‰ 

 33 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). 34 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 35 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). ǦͳͻǦ

™‹”‡Ž‡••’Š‘‡•›•–‡™‹–Š–Š”‡‡’”‹ƒ”›’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘’‡–‹–‘”•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡͳʹ ‘’ƒ‹‡•

Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—–‘‘ˆˆ‡” –‡”‡–ƒ ‡••ƒ–†‹ƒŽ—’ƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡†”ƒ–‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”Ǥ‘–Š

–Š‡‘„‹Ž‡ ’Š‘‡ƒ†‹–‡”‡–’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‘—„‡”•ƒ”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’”‘˜‡‡–•ƒ†

•Š‘™ƒ ‘• ‹‡–‹‘—•ƒ” Š–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ͵͸

Tourism,TheKnowledgeEconomyandUnemploymentinTunisia

“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž›ǡ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ†‡‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡•–”‹†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‡ ‘‘‹  •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

•‹ ‡ͳͻͺ͹Ǥ‡Ž‹Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›‹†‡†’”‡•‹†‡–‹‰—‹†‹‰‘–‘Ž›•Š‹ˆ–•‹

–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ„—–‹’”‘‘–‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ•

™‡ŽŽǤŠƒ–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ—‹•‹ƒ•–‹ŽŽŠƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡””‘‘ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ‹”•–ƒ†

ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡ —‹•‹ƒǯ• ƒ› ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• –‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Ž‘™‡”

—‡’Ž‘›‡–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›—•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ‘†ƒ›ǡ—‡’Ž‘›‡–‹•ƒ”‘—†ͳ͵Ψǡ͵͹

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ ‹– ™ƒ• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻ͸Ͳǯ•ǡ „—– •–‹ŽŽ

—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž› Š‹‰ŠǤ  ƒ› ‡ ‘‘‹•–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ •‹ŽŽ‡† Žƒ„‘”‡”• Šƒ•

‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‹• ƒ„‘”ƒŽŽ› Š‹‰Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ —‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ  ”‡•’‘•‡ǡ –Š‡ —‹•‹ƒ

‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‡ ‘‘› ‹ ‹–• ‘•– ”‡ ‡–

‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒǡ†—‡–‘‡š’‹”‡ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‹•›‡ƒ”Ǥ͵ͺ

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’Žƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‡ Ž‹ Š‘’‡† –‘ ƒ––”ƒ – Š‹‰ŠǦ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›

‘’ƒ‹‡•™‹–Š–ƒš‹ ‡–‹˜‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”–”ƒ‹™‘”‡”•ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ

‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› „—‹Ž– —’ ƒ  36 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009). 37 CIA World Fact Book - Tunisia, 2010, https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ts.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 23-January). 38 Thomson Gale, Tunisia Economic Development, 2006, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Tunisia-ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT.html (accessed 2010 22-January). ǦʹͲǦ

‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ –‘—”‹• ‹†—•–”› –Šƒ– Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ› ‡™ Œ‘„• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Ž‡••

’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ‘ƒ•–Ǥ —””‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‹•–”› ‹• ™‘”‹‰ –‘ˆ—”–Š‡”Ž‘™‡”

—‡’Ž‘›‡–—†‡”–Š‡ƒ–”ƒDz–™‘‡™–‘—”‹•–„‡†•ǡ‘‡‡™Œ‘„Ǥdz

Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‡”Ǧ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ –‘—”‹• ‹†—•–”› ‹ ‘„ƒ–‹‰

—‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ‘–„‡‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡†ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–‘—”‹•Šƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘‡‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒǯ•

ƒ‹•‘—” ‡•‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰ —””‡ ›•‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ǡ–‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Šƒ•‘”‡ͷ•–ƒ”

Š‘–‡Ž•–Šƒ‹–†‹†Š‘–‡Ž•‹–‘–ƒŽ‹ͳͻ͹ͳǤŠ‡”ƒ’‹†‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘–‡Ž‹†—•–”›Šƒ•„‡‡

Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”–‘—”‹••‡”˜‹ ‡•‹†—•–”›Ǥ ͳͻ͹ͳǡ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ†ƒ•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†

Dz„‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›dz‘ˆͶͲǡͲͲͲǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹ʹͲͲ͸ǡ–Šƒ–—„‡”Šƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡†‡ƒ”Ž›ʹ͵ͲǡͲͲͲǤ—‹•‹ƒ

Šƒ•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‘’‡‹‰‘”‡‡š‘–‹ ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡–‘—”‹•–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘

‘ˆ †‡‡’Ǧ™ƒ–‡” ’‘”–•ǡ ”‡Žƒšƒ–‹‘ •’ƒ•ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‘–‘—”‹• ‡–‡”•Ǥ Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰

˜‹•‹–‘”• Šƒ• Ž‹„‡† †”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ• –Š‡•‡ ‡™ –‘—”‹•– ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ ‘ǦŽ‹‡ǡ ˆ”‘

Œ—•–‘˜‡”ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ʹͲͲ͵–‘‡ƒ”Ž›͸Ǥͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Žƒ•–›‡ƒ”Ǥ͵ͻŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›

› Ž‹ ƒŽƒ†‘•––‘—”‹•–•ƒ””‹˜‡‹–Š‡•—‡”‘–Š•ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–˜‹‡™•–‘—”‹•ƒ•

‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡•– Š‘’‡• –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘„ƒ– —‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ ͳͳǤͷΨ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒ• ƒ”‡

’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›‡’Ž‘›‡†‹–Š‡–‘—”‹•‹†—•–”›ǡƒ†ƒ›‘”‡‘ƒ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•Ǥ

• ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ ”‘•• ‘”–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡• ˆ‘” –‘—”‹•

†‘ŽŽƒ”•ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”’ƒ›‹‰Ǯ‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡†ǯŒ‘„•ƒ”‡‘‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡‡––‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†

‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ•–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†‹–•ǡƒ•Dzƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡‡šŠƒ—•–‡†ƒ†

‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†— –•ƒ†ƒ”‡–•dz–ƒ‡•Š‘Ž†ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡†

 39 Mohamed Bouamoud, Radioscopie du tourisme tunisien 2003-2006, 2006, http://www.webmanagercenter.com/management/article.php?id=35380 (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 21- February). ǦʹͳǦ

Œ‘„• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–ŠǤ  ‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ –Šƒ– Dzƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰

‹†—•–”‹‡• ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ƒ‘‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‹–Š Ž‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡdz –Š‡ —””‡–

‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒ ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ––”ƒ – •‡ –‘”• ™‹–Š ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǣ –‡Ž‡ ‘ǡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‘’—–‡” •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ •—’’‘”– •‡”˜‹ ‡• –‘

‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡƒ†’Šƒ”ƒ ‡—–‹ ƒŽ•ǤͶͲŠ‹Ž‡‹–”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡Š‘™•— ‡••ˆ—Ž—‹•‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ

„‡‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡”• ƒŽ‡™‹–Š„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡†‡ ‘‘›ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‹••—‡†

”‡’‘”–•ƒ—ƒŽŽ›‘–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‘”–••‹ ‡ʹͲͲͶƒ†ƒ”‡Š‘’‡ˆ—Ž–Šƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡†Œ‘„•™‹ŽŽ

Š‡Ž’ ‘—–‡”—‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ”‘‰”‡••ǡƒ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ‹–Š‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ

‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ •‡ –‘”• ‹• ’”‘‹•‹‰ ƒ† Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ƒ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ ‘ —” ‹

‘–Š‡”•‡ –‘”•Ǥ

WomenintheTunisianEconomy

 ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ †‹ Š‘–‘› ‡š‹•–• „‡–™‡‡ ™‘‡ ™‹–Š‹ —‹•‹ƒ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• ‘–Š‡”

’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›”ƒ„‹ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•‹–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒŽƒ •ƒ›‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž†‹•–‹ –‹‘

„‡–™‡‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ƒ† ƒŽ‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ƒ† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’—”•—‡ Š‹‰Š‡”

‡†— ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‰—–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹–‘ƒ‘”‡‡“—ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡‹–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ

‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒŽ‡–‹‡‘‰Šƒ†ƒǯ•‘–‡•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›ͶͶΨ‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒ•™Š‘ƒ”‡

‡’Ž‘›‡†‹ˆ‹ƒ ‡ǡ‹•—”ƒ ‡ƒ†”‡ƒŽ‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ”‡™‘‡ǡƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”’‘”–‹‘

–Šƒ‹‘”‘ ‘‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”‹††Ž‡ƒ•–‡”ƒ†‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒȋȌ ‘—–”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ

ƒ†ƒ”‡””‡ƒŽ‹–›‹‰Š–„‡ƒ•‡†„‡Š‹†–Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–ǡƒ•‘‰Šƒ†ƒ‘–‡•

–Šƒ–™‘‡‹—‹•‹ƒƒ”‡ˆƒ”‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡—‡’Ž‘›‡†–Šƒ‡ȋ‡ƒ”Ž›͵ͲΨ˜‡”•—•

–Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ͳͶΨ —‡’Ž‘›‡– ”ƒ–‡ȌǤ Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡†ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‘ˆ‹‡† –‘  40 Tunisian Investment Authority. Knowledge Based Jobs in Tunisia., 2008, http://www.investintunisia.tn/document/295.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 08-March). ǦʹʹǦ

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•–Šƒ–†”ƒ™ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™™ƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡•Š‡

†‘‡• ’”ƒ‹•‡ —‹•‹ƒ ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡•– ƒŽ‘‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘—–”‹‡• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ

‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ™‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡‹” ‘’‡ǡ ‡š’‘”– ‘”‹‡–‡† ‡ ‘‘›ǡ ™‘‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡

Dzƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ™‘”‡”• ȏǥȐ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ Š‘‡ „ƒ•‡† ™‘”‡”• ‘” ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ™‘”‹‰

‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǤdzͶͳŠ‡•‡–™‘”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡ—‹•‹ƒǯ•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›‡†— ƒ–‡†™‘‡‹–‘

Š‹‰Š’ƒ›‹‰•‡ –‘”••— Šƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹†—•–”›™Š‹Ž‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰–‘

”‡ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”‡„‘–Š’”‘‹•‹‰ƒ†

‘ ‡”‹‰Ǥ‘‰Šƒ†ƒ Ž‘•‡•‹‘–‹‰–Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›‹‰‡†— ƒ–‡†™‘‡‹•ƒDz‹’‘”–ƒ–

™ƒ›–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡƒ––”ƒ –‘”‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ”ƒ‹•‡

™ƒ‰‡•ǡƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†’‘˜‡”–›ǡƒ†•‡”˜‡–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‡ŽŽǤdz –‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–

—Ž‹‡ƒ›‘ˆ‹–•’‡‡”•ǡ—‹•‹ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†•–Šƒ–‹–•‡ ‘‘‹ ˆƒ–‡‹•‹Žƒ”‰‡’ƒ”––‹‡†–‘

‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡™‘‡‹–‘–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǤŠƒ–”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹•‹ˆ‹–••— ‡••

‹ ‡”–ƒ‹‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ„‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”—‹•‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ

DemocraticReformsandCapitalistDevelopment

Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒ ƒ† –Š‡   Šƒ˜‡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› Žƒ—†‡† —‹•‹ƒǯ• ‡ ‘‘‹ 

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”•Šƒ˜‡‘–

ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† –Š‹• ‡ ‘‘‹  ’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ  –Š‡ ʹͲͲͺ ‡‘ ”ƒ › †‡šǡ —‹•‹ƒ ™ƒ• ”ƒ‡†

ͳͶͳ•–‘—–‘ˆͳ͸͹ ‘—–”‹‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘’‡‡••ƒ†™ƒ•Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ

 41 Valentine M. Moghadam, Women, Work, and Economic Reform in the Middle East and North Africa (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).

Ǧʹ͵Ǧ

ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ”‡‰‹‡Ǥ ‘””‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ ”ƒ™ƒ•”ƒ‡†ͳͶͷ–Šƒ†Š‹ƒ™ƒ•”ƒ‡†ͳ͵͸–ŠǤͶʹ

‹‡ ‡ Ž‹ Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡Ǧ‡Ž‡ –‡† „› ’‘’—Žƒ” Ǯ˜‘–‡ǯ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ –‹‡• •‹ ‡ Š‹• ƒ• ‡•‹‘ –‘

’‘™‡” ‹ ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ™‹†‡Ž› ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ• ‹ŽŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ǡ ˆ‹š‡† ƒ†

ˆ”ƒ—†—Ž‡–ǤŠ‹Ž‡—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘”‡‘’‡ǡ–Š‡•‡Ǯ”‡ˆ‘”ǯ

ƒ––‡’–•Šƒ˜‡•‹’Ž›ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰•–ƒ‰‡†

‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ˜‡”›ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ‹‡‡Ž‹Šƒ•™‘™‹–Š ‘ƒ†‹‰ƒŒ‘”‹–‹‡•ȋ‡ƒ”Ž›ͻͲΨ

‹Žƒ–‡ʹͲͲͻȌǤ—‹•‹ƒ‹•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†ˆ‘”•—’’”‡••‹‰‘’’‘•‹–‹‘’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†

ˆ‘”Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‡•‘”‹‰–Š‡‡™•‡†‹ƒƒ†‹–‡”‡–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǤͶ͵—‹•‹ƒ•Šƒ”‡•–Š‡

†—„‹‘—•†‹•–‹ –‹‘‘ˆ„‡‹‰ƒDz‡‡›‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”‡–dz™‹–Š ‘—–”‹‡••— Šƒ• ”ƒǡ‘”–Š

‘”‡ƒ ƒ† ƒ—†‹ ”ƒ„‹ƒǤͶͶ‹‡‡Ž‹ˆ‹”Ž› ‘–”‘Ž•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡Œ—•–‹ ‡

‹‹•–”›ǡƒ†ƒŽ™ƒ›•™‹•ƒ••‹˜‡ƒŒ‘”‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”Š‹•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–› ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›

•›•–‡Ǥ

”‘ ƒ economic’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‹• ‡–”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”Šƒ•‘–

‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›„‡‡ƒ‡–‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”—‹•‹ƒǤ‹‡‡Ž‹Šƒ•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒƒ‰‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’

ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–•™‡‡’‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒ••‡˜‡”ƒŽ–‹‡•‘˜‡”•‹ ‡ͳͻͺ͹ǡƒ†Š‹•

‘•‹•–‡–ƒ†’”—†‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–›Ž‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ•›‹‡Ž†‡†‡ ‘‘‹ „‡‡ˆ‹–•ˆ‘”–Š‡

‘—–”›Ǥ ƒ”‰‡Ž›ǡ –”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ǤǤ ƒ† –Š‡ ǤǤ Šƒ˜‡ ‹‰‘”‡† —‹•‹ƒǯ• Ž‡••

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ™ƒ›•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ’”‘‘–‹‰ˆ”‡‡–”ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‰‹‰†‡‡’‡”‡ ‘‘‹ –‹‡•Ǥ ƒ

”‡ ‡–‘”Ž†ƒ”‡’‘”–ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰—‹•‹ƒǯ•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘‰”‡••ǡ‘Ž›Ͷ•‡–‡ ‡•‘ˆƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ  42 2008 Democracy Index, 2009, http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021185552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20I ndex%202008.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 20-February). 43 Tunisia: Human Right’s Lip Service, 2008, http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press- releases/tunisia-human-rights-lip-service-20080623 (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 24-January). 44 Enemies of The Internet Named, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6124420.stm (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 20-January). ǦʹͶǦ

’ƒ‰‡ †‘ —‡– ™‡”‡ †‡˜‘–‡† –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡ •‡–‡ ‡ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ‘

“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–‘–Š‡ ”‡†‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ–Šƒ–†—‡–‘”‡ ‡–’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆ‘”ǡDzˆ‘—”

ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Šƒ˜‡•‘ˆƒ”‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡ Žƒ”‡†–Š‡‹”‹–‡–‹‘–‘”—ƒ‰ƒ‹•–

‡ Ž‹ǤdzͶͷŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†‹‡‡Ž‹ǯ• Žƒ  ‘ˆ

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘’–‡†–‘ ‘–‹—‡™‘”‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹–‘’”‘‘–‡Š‹•

‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž›ǡ‹‡‡Ž‹ǯ•‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ —‡Šƒ•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ†–Š‹•’‘™‡”‹–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†‹–‘‰”‡ƒ–’‡”•‘ƒŽ

™‡ƒŽ–Šˆ‘”Š‹•‡ŽˆǡŠ‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†Š‹• Ž‘•‡•–ƒ†˜‹•‘”•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡‹•™‹†‡Ž›†‹•’—–‡†ǡ

‘”„‡•ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹‡‡Ž‹‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”–Š‘ˆƒ•— Šƒ•

̈́ͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤǤ‹ʹͲͲ͹ǤͶ͸

–Š‡Ž‘‰”—ǡ‹–‹•— Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†–‘ƒ

‘”‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›‹—‹•‹ƒǤƒ›• Š‘Žƒ”•Šƒ˜‡ ‘†— –‡†™‘”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡

”‘Ž‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ›•‹‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”•™‹–Š‹ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‹Ž‡

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‡–ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ™‘” ‘ ‡”•Š‹ƒƒ†™Š‡–Š‡””‘ƒ”‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š

™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘” ‡ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆ‘”ǡ –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‡••ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ƒƒŽ›•‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‡•‡ ƒ•‡

ƒ’’Ž› –‘ —‹•‹ƒǤ ‰Ž‡Šƒ”– ƒ† ‡Žœ‡Ž ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ƒ†

‹ˆ‘”‡† ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ•• ‹• –Š‡ ‡› ‹ ˆ‘” ‹‰ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆ‘”• ‹ Š‹ƒ ƒ† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ

Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ•ƒ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••‡‡”‰‡•‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ

•›•–‡•ǡ ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ•• ‹–‹œ‡• ™‹ŽŽ ’—– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡• ‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡––‘ƒŽŽ‘™

–Š‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”•ƒ›‹–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘—–”›ǤŠ‹• —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ™ƒ‡‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡  45 Tunisia Country Brief, 2009, http://go.worldbank.org/M7QSXSK3G0 (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 21- January). 46 Historic Growth Trend of Tunisia’s Economy, 1962 – 2007, 2009, http://www.nawaat.org/portail/2009/04/10/historic-growth-trend-of-tunisias-economy-1962- 2007/ (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 22-January). ǦʹͷǦ

„”‘—‰Š– —’‘ „› ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡†‘• ƒˆˆ‘”†‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹††Ž‡ Žƒ•• ‹

•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„—–†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‘—–”‹‡•ǤŠ‹•‡™ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†—”‰‡ˆ‘”

‘”‡ ”‹‰Š–• ™‹ŽŽ •’”‡ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡™ ‡†‹ƒǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡

–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǤͶ͹

Šƒ–”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹•‹ˆ–Š‹•ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –Š‡‘”›™‹ŽŽ ‘‡–‘’ƒ••‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‹‡

‡ Ž‹ǯ• –‹‰Š– ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† Š‹ –‘ ”‡†‹„Ž› ‹’Ž‡‡– Š‹• ‡ ‘‘‹ 

‘˜‡”Šƒ—Ž’ŽƒǤŠ‹Ž‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡–‘ƒ‡—‹•‹ƒappear‘”‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘’‡ǡ

‘‡™‘—Ž†„‡Šƒ”†’”‡••‡†–‘ˆ‹†‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆƒ›real‘˜‡‡––‘™ƒ”†•ƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ 

”‡‰‹‡Ǥ —‹•‹ƒ• †‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡•• –‘ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡  ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡– ƒ† ƒ”‡

‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‡†— ƒ–‡†ǡ „—– –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Ž‘•‡Ž› •‡•‘”• ‘•– ‡†‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

‘’’‘•‹–‹‘‹• Ž‘•‡Ž›‘‹–‘”‡†ƒ†”‘—–‹‡Ž›•—„Œ‡ ––‘Šƒ”ƒ••‡–Ǥ

TheTunisianSuccessStory?

 ”‘ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡Žƒ ‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‰‡”‹‰

—‡’Ž‘›‡– †‹Ž‡ƒ ƒ”‡ ‘Ž› •ƒŽŽ ‹••—‡• ‹ ™Šƒ– Šƒ• ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ „‡‡ ƒ

‡š–”ƒ‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž›•— ‡••ˆ—Ž —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•–•‘ ‹‡–›‹ƒ•Š‘”–’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ ƒ

ͳͻͻ͵”‡’‘”–ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ••— ‡••‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡†ǡ‡š’‘”–

‘”‹‡–‡ ‘‘›ǡ–Š‡  ‘–‡•–Šƒ–

 47 Inglehart and Welzel, How Development Leads to Democracy (Foreign Affairs, March / April 2009). Ǧʹ͸Ǧ

—‹•‹ƒǯ• ’”‘‰”‡•• ȏǥȐ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ’”‹‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡ ‘‘›

ˆ”‘‘‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†„›‰‘˜‡”‡––‘‘‡„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ”‡–‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ”‘ƒ‹™ƒ”†

Ž‘‘‹‰–‘ƒ‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‘‡ǤͶͺ

”‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‹ƒ†–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒƒ‰‡†–Š‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡

  ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ™‹–Š ‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹ ›

‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

–‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡Ž‹™ƒ•‡•—”‡†ƒŽ‘™„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ƒ†‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡ǡƒ†Š‡Ž’‡†

ƒ””‘™–Š‡‰ƒ’‹—‹•‹ƒǯ•„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ›‡–•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘•–”‘˜‡–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡

–ƒš•–”— –—”‡ǡƒ‹‰•—”‡–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ† —–ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡

”‡†–ƒ’‡Ǥ‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘Š‹•‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ‡Ž‹•‘—‰Š–ƒƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ

–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•ǡ™‹–Šƒˆ‘ —•‘’”‘‘–‹‰‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‰‘‘†•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‹

‘”–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ–‘’—”•—‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‡ ƒ†ǡƒ†™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ†”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘” ‡

„‡Š‹† –Š‡ ǤǤ —Ž–‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ –Š‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒŽ —‹•‹ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡„›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–ƒ†

–”—•–™‘”–Š›„ƒ‹‰•›•–‡–Šƒ–™ƒ•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Šˆ‘”‡‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ ‡‘˜‡†„‡›‘†–Š‡

„ƒ‹‰ •›•–‡ ‹ ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‘–‹‰ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– •–ƒ–‡ ˆ—†• –‘ ‘†‡”‹œ‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ

’”‘†— –‹‘ „› ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‹‰ Žƒ† ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ Š‡

ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•–ƒ–‡‘™‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•„› Šƒ‰‹‰‘‘’‘Ž›Žƒ™•ƒ†

•‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆˆ•–ƒ–‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡‡†”‡•—Ž–Šƒ•„‡‡–”—Ž›”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǡ—‹•‹ƒ‹•

–Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘—–”› ‹ ‘”–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ –Šƒ– Šƒ• ‘˜‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ Dz‹††Ž‡ ‹ ‘‡dz

 48 Emma Murphy, “Economic and Political Change in Tunisia,” p. 125, 130, 138 (New York, USA: St. Martin’s Press, 1999). Ǧʹ͹Ǧ

ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡—‹•‹ƒ ‘‘‹ —”‡ƒ—„‘ƒ•–•–Šƒ–‘˜‡”ʹǡͳͲͲˆ‘”‡‹‰ˆ‹”•‘™†‹”‡ –Ž›

‹˜‡•–‹—‹•‹ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǤŠ‡–”‹ Ž‡†‘™‡ˆˆ‡ –ˆ”‘Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ•–”‘‰‡”ƒ†‘”‡

ƒ”‡– †”‹˜‡ ‡ ‘‘› Šƒ• „‡‡ ™‹†‡ ”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ —‹•‹ƒ –‘†ƒ› Šƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–

Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›”ƒ–‡•‹–Š‡”ƒ„™‘”Ž†ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͲȀͷͲΨ’ƒ”‹–›„‡–™‡‡ƒŽ‡•ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡•

™Š‘ƒ”‡•‡‡‹‰’”‹ƒ”›ǡ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›ƒ†–‡”–‹ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

•—‹•‹ƒŽ‘‘•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Š‘’‡•–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹

‹–• —””‡– ‘—”•‡‹‡„”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–‡ ‘‘›ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ›ʹͲͳ͸ǡ–Š‡›

Š‘’‡–‘”‡†— ‡—‡’Ž‘›‡–„›ͶΨ–‘ͳͲΨǡ”ƒ‹•‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹˜‡•–‡–„›ͷΨƒ††‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›

–Š‡ ‡ ‘‘› ‡˜‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”ǤͶͻŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•’ƒ‹–ƒ„”‹‰Š–‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ

ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›–‡‹ŽŽ‹‘—‹•‹ƒ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ

Š‹”–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǡ—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ•‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ †‹•ƒ””ƒ›ǡ™‹–Š‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•–ƒ–‡

”— ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• ƒ† ’‘‘” ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡ –Šƒ• ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ ’ƒ”– –‘ –Š‡ •–”‘‰

‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›’”—†‡–”‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‹ǡ–Š‡•ƒ‡ ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡•ƒ‹†Ǥ

 ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›‡šƒ‹‹‰ƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰—’‘‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›’Žƒ‹‰ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•

–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‡Ž‹ƒ†–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ

ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒƒ”‡–Ǧ†”‹˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‘†‡ŽǤ•–Š‡’”‡•‹†‡–ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ž‘‘–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ

–Š‡› —“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ‹‰–‘•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘”‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡ ‘‘› ƒ•

™‘”‡”• „‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ‡†— ƒ–‡† ƒ† •‹ŽŽ‡†Ǥ † ‹ˆ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •— ‡•• ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡‹”

‰‘ƒŽ•‹•ƒ›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—–—”‡•— ‡••ǡ—‹•‹ƒǯ•‹ ”‡†‹„Ž‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–

–™‡–››‡ƒ”•‹•„‘—†–‘ ‘–‹—‡ˆ‘”•‘‡–‹‡–‘ ‘‡Ǥ

 49 Tunisian Investment Authority. Knowledge Based Jobs in Tunisia., 2008, http://www.investintunisia.tn/document/295.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 08-March). ǦʹͺǦ

 

 ˆ–Š‡—‹•‹ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•

ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– Ž‹‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ• ‘™ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘ ‘ —””‡† ‹ ƒ ǦŽ‹‡

•Šƒ’‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡˆ”‘’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ 

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› †‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ• ƒ† ‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ Š‹•

†‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ’‡”‹‘† ƒ„‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘

‘Šƒ‡†ǯ•ƒ† ƒ••ƒ ǯ•Ǯ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥ†‡”–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ

’‘™‡” ™ƒ• ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‘ƒ” Šǡ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘ ˜‡‡”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‹’‘”–

•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘•– ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ”‹•‹• ‡ƒ”Ž›

„ƒ”—’–‡†‘”‘ ‘ǡƒ† ƒ••ƒ ™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡‹‘”†‡”–‘

™‹†‡„–ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡••ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ‡Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ–Šƒ–‡•—‡†ǡ

–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”™ƒ•Žƒ‹†ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘†ƒ›ǯ•”‘„—•–‡ ‘‘›„›†‡Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‹‰–Š‡ —””‡ ›ƒ†„›

‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‡š’‘”–‘”‹‡–‡†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•Ǥ ƒ••ƒ ǯ• •— ‡•• ‹”‡Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‰‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•

ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ƒ••ƒ ǯ• •‘ǡ ‘Šƒ‡†  ǡ –‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ

‡ ‘‘›Ǥ‘Šƒ‡† Šƒ•ˆ‘”‰‡†‹–‘‡™ƒ†‡š ‹–‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ•— Šƒ•‘—–•‘—” ‹‰ƒ†

‡š‘–‹ –‘—”‹•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•‹’”‡••‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•‹–Š‡ʹͳ•– ‡–—”›Ǥ

FrenchOccupationtoIndependence

• –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• Žƒ‘—‹–‡ †›ƒ•–› †‹‹‹•Š‡†ǡ —”‘’‡ƒ–”ƒ†‡ƒ†

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡ ƒ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‡ ”‡ Š•Š‘™‡†

•–”‘‰‹–‡”‡•–‹‘”‘ ‘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡˜‡”Ǧ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ‘Ž‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ•

‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳͺ͵ͲǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›–Šƒ–‹•‘”‡‘”Ž‡••—‹ˆ‹‡†–‘†ƒ›”‡ƒ‹‡††‡‡’Ž› ǦʹͻǦ

‘–‡•–‡†„›ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ’‘™‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ–Šƒ†ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›ǤͷͲ

ͳͺͶͶǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–™‘ ”ƒ ‘Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•‡”—’–‡†ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ

”‡ Š –”‘‘’• ‹ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ – –Š‡ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘ˆ •Ž›ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ Ž‘•– †‡ ‹•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ†

‘”‘ ‘ǯ• —Ž–ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‘” ‡† –‘ ƒ ‡’– ”‡ Š ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‹ Š‹• –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ ’ƒ‹ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†

”ƒ ‡ǯ• Ž‡ƒ† ‹ ͳͺ͸Ͳ ƒ† •–ƒ–‹‘‡† –”‘‘’• ‹ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‘”–Š‡”‘”‘ ‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰

‘‡” ‹ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘”– ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹‡”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘—–Š‡” Ǯ‡•–‡” ƒŠƒ”ƒǯǤ Š‹• –”‘‘’

ƒŽŽ‘–‡– „‡‰ƒ ƒ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͷͲǦ›‡ƒ” ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ —”‘’‡ƒ “—‹„„Ž‹‰ ‘˜‡” ‘”‘ ‘ǡ

™‹–Š‘ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘ —’›‹‰’‘™‡”Ǥ ͳͻͲ͸ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ –‘ˆŽ‰‡ ‹”ƒ•ǡ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•ƒ‹

–”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”•ǡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ǤǤǡ –Š‡ ǤǤǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ’ƒ‹ ƒ† ”ƒ ‡ǡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ

Œ‘‹– ”‡ Šƒ†’ƒ‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‹‘”‘ ƒ’‘”– ‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‹• –†‹†Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡

•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ Š’”‡•‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ†’ƒ‹•Š‘˜‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹” Žƒ‹

‹‹’‘•‹‰ƒ’”‘–‡ –‘”ƒ–‡‘˜‡”‘”‘ ‘‹ͳͻͳʹǤŠ‡’ƒ‹•Š‘ —’‹‡†–Š‡‘”–Š‡”ƒ†

‘—–Š‡”‘•––‡””‹–‘”›ƒ†–Š‡ ”‡ Š‘ —’‹‡†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥͷͳ

‹–Š–Š‹•ǡ‘”‘ ƒ‰—‡”‹ŽŽƒˆ‹‰Š–‡”•Žƒ— Š‡†–Š‡•‡ ‘† ”ƒ ‘Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ

ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ ––Šƒ–™‘—Ž†‡š–‡†‹–‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͵Ͳ•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡ǡ–Šƒ–—Ž‹‡Ž‰‡”‹ƒ

™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘Ž‘‹œ‡† ‹ ͳͺ͵Ͳǡ ƒ† —‹•‹ƒ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‘Ž‘‹œ‡† ‹ͳͺͺͳǡ‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•

“—ƒ•‹Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡––Š”‘—‰ŠͳͻͳʹǤ‹ ‡„‘–Š‘”‘ ‘ƒ†—‹•‹ƒƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡

ƒ–”‘—‰ŠŽ›–Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ”‡ Š ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ

ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ’‡”‹‘†• Šƒ† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• Žƒ–‡” ‡ ‘‘‹ 

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡ Š ‹˜‡•–‡† Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‹ —‹•‹ƒ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ„›ͳͻͳʹǡ ”‡ Š”‡•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡•‡˜‡”‡Ž›•–”‡– Š‡†ƒ† ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–  50 C.R Pennell, Morocco since 1830: A History ( New York: New York University Press, 2000). 51 Morocco - History, 2009, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Morocco- HISTORY.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 4-March). Ǧ͵ͲǦ

™ƒ•ˆƒ”‘”‡Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ†–ƒ”‰‡–‡†Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ–Š‡ –‘ˆŽ‰‡ ‹”ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ

‘ˆ Ǯ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǯ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• –”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”•ǤŠ‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ˆ‘” Ž‘•‡

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Šƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•ǡ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǡ

™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ –‘”‘ ‘ǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ

Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– ‘˜‡‡– •Ž‘™Ž› ‰ƒ‹‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘

ˆ”‘ͳͻ͵Ͷ‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ ͳͻͶ͵ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ȋ •–‹“ŽƒŽȌ

ƒ”–›™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡—Ž–ƒǡ‹†‹‘Šƒ‡†„‹—•—ˆǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•˜‘ ƒŽ

•—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ —Ž–ƒ ™ƒ• ‡š‹Ž‡† ˆ‘” –™‘ ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ͳͻͷ͵ǡ

’”‘’–‹‰™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†’”‘–‡•–•‹‘”‘ ‘ǤŠ‡ ”‡ Š™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘”‡–—”

–Š‡—Ž–ƒ–‘’‘™‡”‹ͳͻͷ͸ǡ™Š‡‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰”ƒ–‡†‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡

—Ž–ƒ™ƒ•ƒ‘‹–‡†‘”‘ ‘ǯ•‘ƒ” Šƒ•‹‰‘Šƒ‡†Ǥͷʹ

PostǦIndependenceEconomicPlanning:1956Ǧ1972

‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒ‹‰‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡™ƒ•

†”‹˜‡„›–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ–™‘†‹˜‡”‰‡–‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǣƒ”—”ƒŽƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›

ƒ†ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰—”„ƒ‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘Šƒ‡†™ƒ•’Žƒ ‡†‘–Š‡–Š”‘‡™‹–Š–Š‡

•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡—”„ƒǦ„ƒ•‡† †‡’‡†‡ ‡ƒ”–›ǡŠ‡™ƒ•‡‡Ž›ƒ™ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ

–Š‡ –”‹„ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ „ƒ•‡ ™ƒ• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ Š‹• •— ‡••Ǥͷ͵ ͳͻ͸Ͳǡ‘”‘ ‘

‹••—‡†‹–•ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘—”Ǧ›‡ƒ”‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒǡ™‹–Šƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š‰‘ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡’Žƒ

ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ƒ ‹†—•–”› ƒ† ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ‹†—•–”› ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ™‹†‡Ž› Š‡Ž† „› ”‡ Š ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ†  52 Morocco - History, 2009, http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Morocco- HISTORY.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 4-March). 53 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵ͳǦ

™Š‹ Š ‘•–‹–—–‡† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ƒ Ǥ  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ™ƒ•‘–

‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡƒ†™ƒ•—•‡†‘”‡ƒ•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ”‡–ƒ –‹ –‘„”‹‰–Š‡”—”ƒŽ‡Ž‹–‡‹Ž‹‡

™‹–Š‹‰‘Šƒ‡†ǯ•™‹•Š‡•ǤŠ‡–Š”‡ƒ–‘ˆŽ‘‘‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–

™ƒ• ‡‘—‰Š –‘ “—‹‡– ƒ› ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž ‘’’‘‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™ Š‹ –‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›

‰‘˜‡”ǤͷͶ

ˆ–‡”‘Šƒ‡†ǯ•’ƒ••‹‰‹ͳͻ͸ͳǡŠ‹••‘”‹ ‡‘—Žƒ› ƒ••ƒ •— ‡‡†‡†

‘Šƒ‡†  –‘ –Š‡ –Š”‘‡Ǥ ƒ••ƒ  ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ‘‹––‡† Š‹•‡Žˆ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–‡š’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘•‡˜‹•‹‘‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’ŽƒǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž›Š‡

‘–‹—‡† –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ –Š”‡ƒ– ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ƒ –‹‘ ƒ• ƒ „ƒ”‰ƒ‹‹‰ Š‹’Ǥ ˜‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹•

•— ‡••‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽƒ†‡Ž‹–‹•–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ •–‹“ŽƒŽ’ƒ”–›Šƒ†„”‘‡‘ˆˆ–‘ˆ‘”

–Š‡ ‹‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡• ‘” ‡• ‘’—Žƒ‹”‡• ȋ Ȍ ’ƒ”–› ‹ ’”‘–‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰ǯ• ‰”‘™‹‰

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’‘™‡”Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘’”‡˜‡–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ—”‡•–ǡ ƒ••ƒ ‡’––Š‡”—”ƒŽ‡Ž‹–‡‹Ž‹‡

„›–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ†™Š‹Ž‡‰ƒ”‡”‹‰™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ •—’’‘”–ˆ‘”Š‹•

–Š”‡ƒ–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ ”‡ Š ”—”ƒŽ ’‘‘”ǤͷͷŠ‡•‡”—”ƒŽ‡Ž‹–‡•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ˆ‡ŽŽ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡

–Š”‘‡ǡƒ†„‡ ƒ‡•‘‡‘ˆ ƒ••ƒ ǯ•‘•–ƒ”†‡–†‡ˆ‡†‡”•Ǥ

 –Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– –™‘ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒ•ǡ •’ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ ͳͻ͸ͷ ƒ†

ͳͻ͹ʹǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•Š‹ˆ–•‘ —””‡†Ǥ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡƒ––Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǯ•—”‰‹‰ǡ‘”‘ ‘„‡‰ƒ

–‘ ƒ‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǦ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ‹ ‹–• ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‡ •‘Ǧ

ƒŽŽ‡†ǮʹͲ†ƒ•ˆ‘”ʹǤͷ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ ”‡•ǯ’‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†”‹˜‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ

‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹†—•–”› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•–ͶͲ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ ƒ† ‹• —“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž›”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡

 54 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 55 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵ʹǦ

ˆ‘”‘”‘ ‘ǯ•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡•–”‡‰–Š–‘†ƒ›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ™ƒ•–‘†”‹˜‡

ˆ‘‘†•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡƒ†–‘†ƒ›ǡ‘”‘ ‘‹•–Š‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž›ƒ–‹‘•‹‹–•”‡‰‹‘–‘„‡

ƒŽ‘•– ‡–‹”‡Ž› ˆ‘‘† •‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ• –Š‹• •Š‹ˆ– ‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹˜‡•–‡–™ƒ•

‘ —””‹‰ǡ ƒ••ƒ „‡ ƒ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–Š‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ‘–”‘Ž

‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡ ƒ••ƒ ǯ•‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒ•™‡”‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Žƒ›‹‰–Š‡‰”‘—†™‘”ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡

‰”‘™–ŠǡŠ‡™ƒ•—ƒ„Ž‡–‘†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ˆ‘”‘”‘ ƒ•‹

–Š‡ ͳͻ͸Ͳ•Ǥ Š‡ —‡“—ƒŽ ™‡ƒŽ–Š †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡† —†‡” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹• ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ‡

™‘”•‡—†‡” ƒ••ƒ ǯ• ‘–”‘ŽǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–‘”‘ ƒ•”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡›Šƒ†

—†‡”–Š‡ ”‡ Š”‡‰‹‡ȋ–Š‡’‘‘”‡•–ͳͲΨ‘ˆ‘”‘ ƒ•†‡ Ž‹‡†ˆ”‘͵Ǥ͵’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ

‘•—’–‹‘ –‘ ͳǤʹ ’‡” ‡–Ȍǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǯ•™‡ƒŽ–Š™ƒ•‘™

‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡ ”‡ Š‡Ž‹–‡Ǥͷ͸‘”•‡‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ 

ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ž‡†–‘–™‘—•— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‘—’ƒ––‡’–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡ ƒ••ƒ ™ƒ•˜‡”›

‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‹•–Ǧ ǡ„‘–Š ‘—’ƒ––‡’–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘‹‰ǯ•‘™

”‹‰Š–‹•–Ǧ •–‹“ŽƒŽ ’ƒ”–›Ǥ  –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ƒ––‡’–ǡ –Š‡ ‹‰ǯ• Š‡ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘”†‡”‡†Š‹•‘‡‹‰

’Žƒ‡–‘„‡•Š‘–†‘™ƒ•‹–”‡–—”‡†ˆ”‘ƒ”‹•ǤŠ‡‹‰–‘‘ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ‡ƒ†

†‡ ‹†‡†–‘ˆƒ‡Š‹•‘™†‡ƒ–Š˜‹ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹‘Ǥ ‡–Š‡Š‹†‹–Š‡’Žƒ‡ǯ•”‡ƒ” ‘’ƒ”–‡–

ƒ†™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡–—”„ƒ –‘Š‹•’ƒŽƒ ‡—†‡”–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ†”‡Ǧƒ••—‡ ‘–”‘Ž‘ˆ

–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ‘–Šƒ––‡’–•†”‘˜‡ ƒ••ƒ –‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡Š‹•’‘™‡”ǡƒ†Š‡„‡‰ƒ

ˆ‘” ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ••‡”–‹‰Š‹•†‘‹ƒ ‡‹ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ––‡”•Ǥ‘Š‹ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ–

 56 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵͵Ǧ

‘–‘Ž›•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡„—•‹‡••†‡ƒŽ‹‰•‘ˆ‘”‘ ƒ•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ǡ

‹–‡ƒ–Ž‹‹–‹‰ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ͷ͹Ǥ

The‘Moroccanization’oftheEconomyfrom1973to1977

ƒ••ƒ ǯ• ‡™ˆ‘—† †‡•‹”‡ –‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘™‡” ‰ƒ˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ –Š‡

Ǯ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ•–‡”’Žƒ‘ˆͳͻ͸Ͳ–Šƒ–

ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡Ǧ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•

™ƒ• ‘– ‡ƒ –‡†ǡ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹͵ –‘ ͳͻ͹͹ ’Žƒ ™ƒ• ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ™‹–Š ‰”‡ƒ– ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ  ƒ••ƒ 

‡†‡ƒ˜‘”‡† –‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ™‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‘—† Š‹ „› –ƒ‹‰ †‹”‡ – ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘”‘ ƒ ‹‡•ǡ ”ƒ‹Ž”‘ƒ†•ǡ ƒ† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ „—•‹‡••‡• ƒ† †ƒ‹”›

‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ‘‰•–‘–Š‡”•Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡŠ‡™ƒ–‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽ

‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘‡ –‡†–‘Š‹••–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ†‘–

–‘‘–Š‡”‘”‘ ƒ‡Ž‹–‡•ǡ‘ˆ–‡™Š‘ ‘—–‡†ƒ‘‰Š‹•™‡ƒŽ–Š›‘’’‘‡–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡—‹•‹ƒ

„‡‰ƒ ‹–• †‡Ǧ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”‡–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ‘’‡ ‡–ƒŽ‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‹† ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ ‘”‘ ‘

–‘‘ƒ— Š‘”‡—ƒ ‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ‡™”—Ž‡•™‡”‡

’—– ‹ ’Žƒ ‡ –Šƒ– ‡š’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ Žƒ† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹–‡• ȋ„‘–Š ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ†‘”‘ ƒȌǡƒ†

†‹•–”‹„—–‡† –Š‡ Žƒ† –‘ •ƒŽŽ Žƒ†‘™‡”• —†‡” –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡Ǧ”—

‡–‡”’”‹•‡•Ǥ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ’—„Ž‹ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ƒ†‹’‘”–•—„•–‹–—–‹‘™‡”‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†ƒ•–Š‡

„‡•–™ƒ›ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›Ǥͷͺ

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹͵ –‘ ͳͻ͹͹ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒǡ –Š‡ ƒ„‹‰—‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡‘”‘ ƒ

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ• ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š „‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ ƒ••ƒ  ‹••—‡† ”—Ž‡• ”‡“—‹”‹‰ ƒŽŽ  57 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 58 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵ͶǦ

‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘• „‡ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͷͳΨ ‘”‘ ƒ ‘™‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ Žƒ—†‹‰

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ•‹’‘”–ƒ–ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’ƒ”‡– ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘™ƒ•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡

‹‰‹•ƒ›‹‰–Šƒ–™Š‡Dzƒ‡–‡”’”‹•‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒ ‘—–”›ǡ‹–•Š‘—Ž††‘•‘‹–Š‡

‘—–”›ǯ•‹–‡”‡•–Ǥdzͷͳ‘™Š‡”‡™ƒ•–Š‹•†‡•‹”‡–‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡Š‹• ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”‹†—•–”›‘”‡

‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ™‹–Š–Š‡’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‘•’Šƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘”‘ ‘ǯ• Š‹‡ˆ‡ ‘‘‹ 

‡š’‘”–•‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͻͷͲ•ǡƒ† ƒ••ƒ ™ƒ•‹–‡–‘—•‹‰’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡”‡˜‡—‡–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”Š‹•

’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ †‡” –Š‡ ‹‰ǯ• †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ ”‡˜‡—‡ ˆ”‘

’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „—†‰‡– ƒ† —–‹Ž‹œ‡† –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡”

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ •–‡‡Ž ƒ† ‡‡– •‡ –‘”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ 

”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†Žƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡’—”•—‹–‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡

ƒ†‘‹Ž”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ –‘”‡†‹–‘‘”‘ ‘ǯ•†‡•‹”‡–‘ ‘–”‘Ž–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ•‹ ‡

–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ͷͻǤ

TheCrisesof1979–1983

‡•’‹–‡Šƒ˜‹‰•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹‡†—’”‡ ‡†‡–‡†‡ ‘‘‹  ‘–”‘Ž†—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡ ƒ••ƒ

”‡ƒ‹‡†‹•‡ —”‡‹Š‹•”‘Ž‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘’”‘‘–‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šƒ†Š‡Ž’

•‘Ž˜‡ Ž‹‰‡”‹‰ —‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹••—‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹‰ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘‹––‡† –‘ —•‹‰ –Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡––‘Š‡Ž’•–‹—Žƒ–‡–Š‡‡ ‘‘›‹Š‹•ͳͻ͹ͻ–‘ͳͻͺ͵‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ•–‡”’ŽƒǤŠ‡

’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’—„Ž‹ ‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒŽŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†Š‡Ž’‡†Ž‡ƒ†–‘

”‡ ‘”† ‰‘˜‡”‡– †‡ˆ‹ ‹–•Ǥ  Œ—•– ‘‡ †‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ†

„‡ ‘‡•‘†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰„‘””‘™‹‰–Šƒ–’—„Ž‹ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ†‡„–Šƒ†•‘ƒ”‡†ˆ”‘̈́͹ͲͲ

 59 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵ͷǦ

‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤǤ‹ͳͻ͹Ͳ–‘̈́ͳͲǤͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ͳͻͺͲǤ͸Ͳˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡””‡–—”•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆ”‘‰‘˜‡”‡–‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•”‹•‡‹†‡„–™‡”‡‘ˆˆ•‡–„›

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‡˜‡”‡†”‘—‰Š–•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹  ‘–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–ƒš‡•Ǥ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•

‡ ‘‘› ‘–‹—‡†–‘•—ˆˆ‡”—†‡”ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‡„–Ž‘ƒ†ǡ•‘ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘‘† ‘•–•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡

†”‘—‰Š– ƒ† ”‡†— ‡† ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ƒ‰‡”

‡”—’–‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›•’‘”ƒ†‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘ͳͻͺͳ–‘ͳͻͺ͵ǡ™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽ˜‹‘Ž‡–’”‘–‡•–•

”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ†‡ƒ–Š•Ǥƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’•™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ˆ‹”‡‘–‘ ”‘™†•ƒ†ƒ””‡•–

—‹‘ ƒ† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ •‘‡ •‡„Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ • –Š‡ —”‡•–

–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡† ƒ••ƒ ǯ• ‘–”‘Žǡ†™‹†Ž‹‰ˆ‘”‡‹‰”‡•‡”˜‡•ˆ‘” ‡†‘”‘ ‘–‘”‡•–”— –—”‡

‹–•‘™ƒ••‹˜‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ†‡„–„—”†‡Ǥ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ˆ‘”†‡„–ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡••ƒ†”‡•–”— –—”‹‰ǡ

–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒ”‡“—‹”‡†ƒ‡™’ƒ–Šǡƒ‡™’ƒ–Š–Šƒ–Ž‡†–‘’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ

The1983AdjustmentǦThe‘DeǦMoroccanization’ofMorocco

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡„– ”‡•–”— –—”‹‰ —†‡”–ƒ‡ „› –Š‡   ƒ† –Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǡ

‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•™‡‡’‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ǥˆ–‡”‡š–‡•‹˜‡

‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•‹ͳͻͺ͵ǡ ƒ••ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ˆ‹˜‡ƒ‹‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•‡™‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ‘ˆ–‡

”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡Ǯ‡Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǯ‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘Ǥˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹˜‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†‘•–

‹’‘”–ƒ–™ƒ• —””‡ ›†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’‡‡••Ǥ›ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ —””‡ ›–‘DzˆŽ‘ƒ–dzƒ†

†‡˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ‘”‘ ‘‘˜‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹’‘”–•—„•–‹–—–‹‘’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ƒ†‡

‘”‘ ƒ‡š’‘”–• Š‡ƒ’‡”ǡ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‡‹‰ —””‡ ‹‡•Ǥ‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ™‹–Š

ƒ‡™Ǯ Š‡ƒ’‡”ǯ —””‡ ›ǡ‘”‘ ‘ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›‡š’ƒ†‡š’‘”–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•„›

‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰‘”‘ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –•ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ”‡–•ǤŠ‹”†Ž›ǡ  60 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵͸Ǧ

‘”‘ ‘ ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ •–”‹ – „—†‰‡–ƒ”› ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ ”‡†— ‡–Š‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–„›

“—‹ Ž› • ƒŽ‹‰ „ƒ  •—„•‹†‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ› ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ

‘—”–ŠŽ›ǡ‘”‘ ‘ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡‹–‡”‡•–”ƒ–‡•ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Žˆ‘”ƒ‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ

–‹‡–‘Š‡Ž’ˆ‹‰Š–‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ —””‡ ›†‡Ǧ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡–‹‡†™‹–Š

ƒƒŒ‘”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ —””‡ ›‘™ ƒ’—” Šƒ•‡Ž‡••‰‘‘†•ǡ

ƒ† ’”‹ ‡• ”‹•‡Ǥ ‹‰Š ‹–‡”‡•– ”ƒ–‡• Š‡Ž’ ‘„ƒ– –Š‹• ’”‘„Ž‡ „› ’”‘‘–‹‰ •ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ†

‹˜‡•–‡–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘•—’–‹‘ƒ†•’‡†‹‰Ǥ ‹ˆ–Šƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ••ƒ  ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘

†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡˜‡”•‡ ‘—”•‡ǡ ƒ† ‘•‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡†

‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ͸ͳ

Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡™’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•™ƒ••‡˜‡”‡ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”

‘•– ‘”‘ ƒ•Ǥ ‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ —””‡ › †‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‹ —‰—•– ͳͻͺ͵ǡ

‘•—‡” ’”‹ ‡• •‘ƒ”‡† —’™ƒ”†• ‘ˆ ͵Ͳ ’‡” ‡–Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‡– ™‹–Š ‘–‹—‡†ƒ†

™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ —”‡•–ǡ —”‡•– –Šƒ– ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ Š—†”‡†• ‘ˆ †‡ƒ–Š• ƒ† –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ

ƒ””‡•–•Ǥ‘ ƒ••ƒ ǯ• ”‡†‹–ǡŠ‡•–— ™‹–Š–Š‡‡™Ž›‹’Ž‡‡–‡†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ž‘‰‡‘—‰Š–‘

ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ƒ–‹Ǧ‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• –‘ Š‡Ž’ ”‡•–‘”‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘”†‡”Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡

‘–‹—‹‰’—„Ž‹ —‡ƒ•‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•‡™†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹‰ǯ•‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ —”–ƒ‹Ž

–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•ǡ”‡†— ‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•—„•‹†‹‡•ƒ†’”‘‘–‡‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ

LongTermImpactsofthe‘DeǦMoroccanization’

 –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘–‡š–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ••ƒ ǯ• †‡•‹”‡ –‘ •‘Ž‹†‹ˆ› Š‹•’‡”•‘ƒŽ’‘™‡”„›

‡Žƒ”‰‹‰ Š‹• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‡ Šƒ† †‡Žƒ›‡† –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ ‡ ‘‘‹  ”‡ˆ‘” „›

 61 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). Ǧ͵͹Ǧ

‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ †‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ  ‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

“—‹ ‡•–‡ ‘‘‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ‘•–ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†

‘—–”‹‡• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–‘ˆ‘˜‡”͵Ψ—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡†— ‡

–Š‡‹”„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ˆ”‘ͳʹΨ‹ͳͻͺ͵–‘Ž‡••–ŠƒʹΨ‹ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ͸ʹ‡˜‡”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•Š‡Ž’‡†

”‡†— ‡–Š‡„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰Ž‘™‡”‹–‡”‡•–’ƒ›‡–•–‹‡†–‘Ž‡••‡š–‡”ƒŽ†‡„–ƒ†

‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡˜‡—‡•ˆ”‘‡™ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ†–ƒš‡•Ǥ͸͵Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Žƒ–‡ͳͻͺͲ•ƒ†

‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻͲ•ǡˆ‘”‡‹‰‡š Šƒ‰‡‡ƒ”‹‰•‰”‡™‘ƒ ‘•‹•–‡–„ƒ•‹•ǡ‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ–‘”‘ ‘

„‡‰ƒ‰”‘™‹‰‹–•‡š’‘”–•ˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ‹–•‹’‘”–•Ǥ ˆŽƒ–‹‘†‹† ƒŽƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡŠ‘˜‡”‹‰

ƒ–ƒ‘”‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡͸Ψ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•ƒ†‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ͸ͶŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”•

‘„‹‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ”‘„—•– ͶΨ –‘ ͸Ψ ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‹  –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡

ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡– ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ ‘”‘ ‘ ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› ƒ Š‹‡˜‡

–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹‡ƒ Šˆ‘—”Ǧ›‡ƒ”‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ•–‡”’ŽƒǤ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ†˜ƒ ‡• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ• ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻͲ•Šƒ˜‡

ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›–‘„‡ ‘‡‘”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡––‘‹–‡”ƒŽƒ†‡š–‡”ƒŽ•Š‘ •Ǥ

•ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— ‡”ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡‡˜‡”›•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘†”‘—‰Š–

›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‹• ‹• •–‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ –‘ •‘‡ ‡š–‡–ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘—–’—– ‹• ˆƒ” ‘”‡

†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻͺ͵ Ȃ ͳͻͺ͹ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ•–‡” ’ŽƒǤ Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‹•

†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡•‡‡‹‘”‘ ‘ǯ•‡š’‘”–‡ƒ”‹‰•ˆ”‘ͳͻͻͶǤ–Š‡ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ǡ‘Ž›

͹ͲΨ‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‡ƒ”‹‰• ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• ‘„‹‡†Ǥ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡

 62 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). 63 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 64 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). Ǧ͵ͺǦ

‘”‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡†ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡Ž ƒ† •Š‘‡

‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”ͳͺΨ‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•‡š’‘”–‡ƒ”‹‰•‹ͳͻͻͷǤ͸ͷš’‘”–ˆ‹‰—”‡•Šƒ˜‡

‘–‹—‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†ǡƒ•Ž‘‰–‡”’Žƒ‹‰Šƒ•Šƒ†‹–•†‡•‹”‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ǥ

‘†ƒ›ǡ–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ† Ž‘–Š‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–͵ͷΨ‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‹ ‘‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‹‰

ƒ–Œ—•–ʹͲΨƒ†’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•ƒ–ͳ͹ΨǤ͸͸

•–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ‡—’‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ••Š‹ˆ–‡†ǡ•‘Šƒ•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ—•‡†–‘

•–ƒ”–‡™„—•‹‡••‡•ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•™‹†‡Ž›•‡‡ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž›•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‡–‹

–Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͺͲ•ǡ ™‹–Š ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‘ˆ Œ—•– ̈́͹Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ‹ͳͻͺ͵Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„›ͳͻͻ͸

ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ”‡ƒ Š‡† ̈́͹ͲͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘͸͹ƒ†‹ʹͲͲ͵‹–Šƒ†•‘ƒ”‡†–‘‘˜‡”̈́Ͷ

„‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ͸ͺ ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ––”ƒ ––Š‹•‘˜‡”•‡ƒ•‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡† –‘

‘ˆ”‘– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ”‘ƒ†„Ž‘ • –‘ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ — Š Ž‹‡ —‹•‹ƒǤ  –—”ǡ

‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘’ƒ•••—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‘’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡ƒ†—’‰”ƒ†‡

‹–• –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘™‡” ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ • ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘–‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘”‘ ‘

Žƒ‰‰‡†„‡Š‹†—‹•‹ƒ‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰  ‹–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ–Š‹•Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ

‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡‘ˆ  ‘ˆ‹–•‘”Ž†ƒ’‡‡”‰”‘—’Ǥ͸ͻ

TheEuropeanUnionandMorocco

 65 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 66 E.U. Morocco Strategy Paper 2007 - 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5- March). 67 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). 68 E.U. Morocco Strategy Paper 2007 - 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5- March). 69 World Bank, Tunisia's Global Integration (Washington: World Bank, 2009). Ǧ͵ͻǦ

‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡Ž‘‰–‡”‹’ƒ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͺ͵•Š‹ˆ–•ƒ†–Š‡ —””‡–

‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ‡—’‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘ǡ‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡”‘Ž‡–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ƒ†

–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†‹‘”‘ ‘ǯ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ƒ†‹”‡ – ‘–”ƒ•–™‹–Š—‹•‹ƒǡ

ƒ••ƒ ǯ• †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ’—”•—‡ ‹’‘”– •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ•Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‘”‘ ƒȂ

—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‹†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥƒ†ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‡”—”‘’‡ƒ ‘Ž‘‹•–•™ƒ•

‡š’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ† –”ƒ†‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›

—”–ƒ‹Ž‡†Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡””‘” ‘ˆ Š‹• ™ƒ›•ǡ ƒ••ƒ  ”‡˜‡”•‡† ‘—”•‡ ‹ ͳͻ͹͸ǡ

•‹‰‹‰–Š‡ͳͻ͹͸ ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ƒ‹†

™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ”‡†— ‹‰ ’‘˜‡”–› ƒ† —‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ͹Ͳ†‡”–Š‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ‘”‘ ‘

”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘˜‡”‘‡„‹ŽŽ‹‘—”‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘˜‡”–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ•ƒ†

ͳͻͻͲ•Ǥ

ʹͲͲͲǡ‘Šƒ‡† •— ‡‡†‡†Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡” ƒ••ƒ ǡƒ†—†‡”Š‹•‡™”‡‰‹‡ǡ

–Š‡ ǤǤ Ȃ ‘”‘ ‘ ‰”‡‡‡– ™ƒ• ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š ‘ ”‡–‡ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‰‘ƒŽ• ˆ‘”

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’”‘†— –•ǤŠ‡ʹͲͲͲ‰”‡‡‡–ƒ‹‡†–‘

‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡ƒŽŽ–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•‘˜‡”ƒͳͲǦ›‡ƒ”’‡”‹‘†ǡ•–ƒ”–‹‰‹ʹͲͲͶǤ†‡”–Š‡ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ‘”‘ ‘

“—‹ Ž› „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‹‘ǯ• Žƒ”‰‡•– „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ DzǤǤ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡdz ƒ

’”‘‰”ƒ †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› •—’’‘”– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ǤǤ –”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ ”‘ ͳͻͻͷ –‘

ʹͲͲͳ ƒŽ‘‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ—‡Ž‡† ‘˜‡” ‘‡ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ —”‘• ‹ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘”

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ͹ͳŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲͲͲ‰”‡‡‡–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ‡˜‡

 70 Commission Staff Paper, E.U. - Morocco Country Report, 2004, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/morocco_enp_country_report_2004_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 3-March). 71 Commission Staff Paper, E.U. - Morocco Country Report, 2004, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/morocco_enp_country_report_2004_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 3-March). ǦͶͲǦ

Ž‘•‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘Ǥ  ʹͲͲͺǡ –Š‡ ‹‘™‡–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–‘‰”ƒ–

‘”‘ ‘ –Š‡ –‹–Ž‡ ‘ˆ Dzƒ†˜ƒ ‡ •–ƒ–—•ǡdz ƒ‹‰ ‘”‘ ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–‹–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”

‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ •— Š ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ  Š‹• ‡™ •–ƒ–—• ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ •‹’Ž› ƒ

ƒ ‘Žƒ†‡ˆ‘”‘”‘ ‘Ǣ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹–”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡•‘”‘ ‘ǯ•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ

ƒ†Ž‡‰ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡•ƒ†ƒ‡•‘”‘ ‘Dz‘”‡–Šƒƒ’ƒ”–‡”„—–Ž‡••–Šƒƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡

—”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘Ǥdz ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–ǡ Dz‘”‘ ‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ––”ƒ – ‘”‡

—”‘’‡ƒ‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†•‡ —”‹–› ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Ž‹‡Ž›•‡‡–ƒ‰‹„Ž‡”‡•—Ž–•Ǥdz͹ʹ

TheUnitedStatesandMorocco

Ž‹‡ƒ›‘ˆ‹–•‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒ’‡‡”•ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ••–”‘‰‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‹Ž‹–ƒ”›

”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡‰ƒ™Š‡ ‘”‘ ‘„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•–

ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Š‡‡™Ž›‹†‡’‡†‡–‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǡ‹•‹‰‹‰ƒ–”‡ƒ–›‘ˆ

ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’‹ͳ͹͹͹Ǥ‘”‡”‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘”‘ ‘ ”‡‡”ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‡–™ƒ•

•‹‰‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͶ ƒ† ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‰”‡‡‡– ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡• ͻͷΨ ‘ˆ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ•

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•ǤǤƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡

‘”‘ ƒ –”ƒ†‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–›ǯ• ’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†–Šƒ–‹ ‘–‡š–ǡ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•–”ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ’ƒŽ‡•‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ

–Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘Ǥ Ž› ͵Ψ ‘ˆ ‘”‘ ƒ ‡š’‘”–• ƒ”‡ •‡– –‘ –Š‡ ǤǤ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘

‹’‘”–•‘Ž›ͷΨ‘ˆ‹–•‰‘‘†•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ͹͵ ”‘ʹͲͲͳ–‘ʹͲͲͺǡ‘Ž›ͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡

 ‹‘”‘ ‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡„›ǤǤ„ƒ•‡†ˆ‹”•ǡƒ†–Š‘•‡ˆ‹”•™‡”‡‡ƒ”Ž›‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›‹

 72 Naoufel Cherkaoui, EU grants "advanced status" to Morocco, 2008 ɣɢɥ 10, http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/10/19/featur e-01 (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 4-March). 73 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). ǦͶͳǦ

–Š‡‘˜‹‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ͹Ͷ –”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹ˆ–Š‡ǤǤ™‹ŽŽ‡š’ƒ†‹–•‡ ‘‘‹ 

‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ‘”‘ ‘ „‡›‘† –Š‹• ‹‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ „—– ™‹–Š ƒ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‹

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’‘•—”‡ „› ˆ‹”• ‹ –Š‡ ǤǤǡ ‹– ™‘—Ž† •‡‡ —Ž‹‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ” ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

‘”‘ ‘ǯ•™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ‘‹Ž‹–ƒ”›‹••—‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘—–‡”–‡””‘”‹•

ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡ƒ ‡‡‡’‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‡Ž› Š‡Ž’•ˆ—‡Ž –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ •–”‘‰‡”

‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‹Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–Š‡ǤǤ‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ ‘‘‹ ’ƒ”–‡”ˆ‘”‘”‘ ‘ǡ

„—–ǤǤ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ”‡•’‡ –•™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘ˆ

–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘Ǥ

TheEconomyToday:Industry,Tourismand‘Offshoring’inMorocco

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰Š‘™ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘

•Šƒ’‡–Š‡‘†‡”‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›ǡ‹–‹•ˆƒ• ‹ƒ–‹‰–‘‡šƒ‹‡–Š”‡‡•Š‹ˆ–‹‰‡Ž‡‡–•

‹ ‘”‘ ‘ǣ ȋͳȌ ‹–• ‡˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽǦƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡šǡ ȋʹȌ ‹–• –‘—”‹• ‹†—•–”› ƒ†

ȋ͵Ȍ –Š‡ ‡™ Ǯ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ǯ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ  • Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘–‡†ǡ ‘”‘ ƒ ‹†—•–”› ƒ†

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Šƒ˜‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ‘˜‡””‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘‘†ƒ†

’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡‡š’‘”–•ƒ†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰‘”‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –•ǡ•— Šƒ•–‡š–‹Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–

Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘’Ž‹‡–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •–”‘‰ ’—•Š –‘ ”‡Ǧ‹˜‡– –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ –‘—”‹• ‹†—•–”›ǡ

™‹–Š ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ ‘‡ ˜‹•‹–‘”• ƒ† ”‡•‘”– ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡‡™

Ǯ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ǯ ‹†—•–”› ‘ˆˆ‡”• ’”‘‹•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š‡” ’ƒ›‹‰ Œ‘„•ǡ ƒ• ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡† ‹–•

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘’‡–‡ ‹‡•ǡƒ†–”‹‡†–‘’‘•‹–‹‘‹–•‡Žˆƒ•–Š‡ †‹ƒǦŽ‹‡‘—–•‘—” ‹‰†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ ŠǦǡ’ƒ‹•ŠǦƒ†”ƒ„‹ Ǧ•’‡ƒ‹‰™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‹˜‡•–‡†Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›

 74 Hassan Benabderrazik, “Capitalizing On The Morocco-US Free Trade Agreement,” http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/4334/05iie4334.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 4- March). ǦͶʹǦ

‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘ƒŽŽ‘™‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘•–‘

‘—–•‘—” ‡ ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”„ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘”‘ ‘Ǥ

ACloserLook:TheShiftingFaceofIndustry,AgricultureandPhosphates

•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•”‡†— ‡†‹–•‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†

’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•Ǥ  ͳͻͻͷǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ͵ͲΨ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘”– ‹ ‘‡ ƒ† ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•

”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ͵ͷΨǡ ™‹–Š ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ƒ† –‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ– ͳͺΨǤ͹ͷ‘†ƒ›ǡ–Š‘•‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•Šƒ˜‡

‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡˜‡”•‡†ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ƒ† –‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ– ͵ͷΨǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ– ʹͲΨ ƒ†

’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• ƒ– Œ—•– ͳ͹ΨǤ͹͸ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†–‡š–‹Ž‡‡š’‘”–•–‡†–‘„‡Ž‡••’”‘‡–‘

†”ƒƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ’”‹ ‡ ‘” †‡ƒ†ǡ ™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‘” ‘‘†‹–‹‡•

‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ˆ‹•Š‹‰ ”‡ƒ‹ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ–

‘”‘ ƒ ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡„„ ƒ† ˆŽ‘™ ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ’ƒ––‡”• •–‹ŽŽ†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ –

‘”‘ ƒ Ǥ ‡•’‹–‡ ‘Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ʹͲΨ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘”– ‹ ‘‡ –‘†ƒ›ǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡

‘–‹—‡•–‘‡’Ž‘›‘˜‡”ͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†—Ž–‘”‘ ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™’‘•‹–‹˜‡

”‡ƒ–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•‹•–Š‡ǯʹͲ†ƒ•ƒ†ʹǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ ”‡•ǯ’Žƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‘‡

–‘’ƒ••ǡ™‹–Š‘˜‡”–Š”‡‡‹ŽŽ‹‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ ”‡•‘ˆˆƒ”Žƒ†‹ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ͹͹‘”‘ ƒˆƒ”‡”•ǡ

•ƒŽŽƒ†Žƒ”‰‡ǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›–Š‡‹”’”‘†— –•ǡˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ”Ž‡›ƒ†

™Š‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘–‘‘”‡‡š‘–‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹–‡••— Šƒ• ‹–”—•ǡ‰”ƒ’‡•ǡƒ†‡˜‡ ‘––‘

 75 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 76 E.U. Morocco Strategy Paper 2007 - 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5- March). 77 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). ǦͶ͵Ǧ

‹ •‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡Ž‹‡† Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‘ ‹–• ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•–‘Š‡Ž’„‘Ž•–‡”

‡š’‘”–•ǡ•—’’Ž›‹‰—’–‘ͳ͸Ψ‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒˆ‹•ŠǤ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Šƒ˜‡

’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ—‡’Ž‘›‡–Šƒ•†”‹˜‡ƒ›Ž‘ ƒŽˆƒ”‡”•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡

‹ŽŽ‹ ‹–†”—‰–”ƒ†‡Ǥ‘„ƒ–‹‰–Š‹•–”‡†ƒ†‡•—”‹‰ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•

ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹•ƒ‡›’”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡†‘”‘ ‘ǦǤǤƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡Ǥ͹ͺ

 • –Š‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹š ‹ ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• •Š‹ˆ–‡†ǡ •‘ Šƒ• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹Ž‡‘”‘ ‘Ž‹‡Ž›Šƒ•—’™ƒ”†•‘ˆͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡

”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡• Šƒ• †‡ Ž‹‡† •–‡‡’Ž› †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ʹͲͲͺ ƒ† ʹͲͲͻ

”‡ ‡••‹‘Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹†—•–”›–Šƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ʹͲΨ‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‹ ‘‡„—–

ͶͲΨ‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ–Š‡’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡‹†—•–”›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡•ͳ͹Ψ‘ˆ‡š’‘”–‹ ‘‡„—–‘Ž›ʹΨ

‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†–‘•‘‡‡š–‡––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

–‡š–‹Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‘–Š‹‰ ‹†—•–”›ǡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘†‹–‹‡• ’”‹ ‡ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‘ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•

™ƒ•Ž‡•••‡˜‡”‡–Šƒ‹– ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡‡Ǥ‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ Ž‘–Š‹‰ƒ†•Š‘‡•‘™

‘•–‹–—–‡‘˜‡”ͶͲΨ‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡™‹–Š–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•

•— ‡‡†‡† ‹ ‹ ‡–‹˜‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ› •ƒŽŽ‡” •–ƒ”–Ǧ—’ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š –ƒš

”‡„ƒ–‡• ƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹ˆ—•‹‘•Ǥ͹ͻ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡›Š‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ

‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡•ƒŽŽ‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ•— ‡‡†‹‹’”‘˜‹‰—”„ƒ—‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ

ACloserLook:TourisminMorocco

 78 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). 79 E.U. Morocco Strategy Paper 2007 - 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5- March). ǦͶͶǦ

 ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ –‘—”‹• ‹• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘–‡™‘”–Š› ˆ‘” ƒ ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ •–ƒ–‡

•— Š ƒ• ‘”‘ ‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ †›ƒ‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ǧ•Šƒ’‡ ƒ† ‹˜‹‰‘”ƒ–‡ ‹–•

–‘—”‹• ‹†—•–”› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ͷ –‘ ͳͲ ›‡ƒ”• ‹• ‘–‡™‘”–Š›Ǥ ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• ˆ‘”‰‡† ƒ ’ƒ–Š

–‘™ƒ”†• ™Šƒ– –Š‡› Žƒ„‡Ž Dz‹•‹‘ ʹͲͳͲǡdz ƒ ƒ„‹–‹‘—• —†‡”–ƒ‹‰†‡•‹‰‡†–‘ƒ––”ƒ –ͳͲ

‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘—”‹•–•‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳͲǡ—’ˆ”‘ͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘‹ʹͲͲͺǤ ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–Š‹•

‹’”‡••‹˜‡–ƒ•ǡ‘Šƒ‡† ‹•ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›’—•Š‹‰–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Š‘–‡Žƒ†

”‡•‘”– ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ͳͷͲǡͲͲͲ‡™–‘—”‹•–„‡†•ƒ†ƒ††‹‰•‘‡

͸ͲͲǡͲͲͲ Œ‘„•ǤͺͲ‘Šƒ‡† ǯ•ƒ•–‡”’Žƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡•‘”–•ǡ–Š‡•‹‰‹‰‘ˆƒ‘’‡ •‹‡• ƒ‰”‡‡‡– –‘

’”‘‘–‡Ž‘™ ‘•–ƒ‹”Ž‹‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ”‘ƒ†ƒ†–”ƒ‹‡–™‘”•Ǥ

Š‡ •‹š ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ”‡•‘”– —†‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”‡ ‹–‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ ’Žƒ‡†

‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ† Š‘–‡Ž ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†•

—”‘’‡ƒƒ†‡”‹ ƒ‹˜‡•–‘”•ƒ†–‘—”‹•–•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡™‘’‡•‹‡•–”‡ƒ–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡

‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ˆƒ” ‡ƒ•‹‡” –‘ ”‡ƒ ŠǤ ‘Šƒ‡†   Šƒ• •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡

—„‡”‘ˆ†‹”‡ –ˆŽ‹‰Š–•ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘„›ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›–Š”‡‡–‹‡••‹ ‡

ʹͲͲͷǤ›ƒƒ‹”ǡƒ•› ‡–ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‘™ ‘•–ƒ‹”Ž‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰†‹”‡ –ˆŽ‹‰Š–•ˆ”‘

ƒ› —”‘’‡ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ› ”‡•‘”– †‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ””ƒ‡ Šǡ ‡œ ƒ† –Š‡

‘ƒ•–ƒŽ–‘™‘ˆ••ƒ‘—‹”ƒǤŠ‡•‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”’‘”–•ǡ™Š‹ Š—•‡†–‘‘Ž›”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‘‡•–‹ 

–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ•ƒ„Žƒ ƒǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡—’‰”ƒ†‡†–‘•—’’‘”–ƒŽƒ”‰‡”‹ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–‘—”‹•–•Ǥ‘

‘’Ž‡‡– Š‡ƒ’‡”ƒ†‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ‹”ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡•‡–‘—”‹•–ˆ”‹‡†Ž› ‹–‹‡•ǡ‘”‘ ‘

‹• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ ‹ ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ ‹–• Š‹‰Š™ƒ› ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ† Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡† ”ƒ‹Ž ‘‡ –‹‘• ‹  80 Morocco's Vision 2010 Program - Morocco Investment Brief, 2007, http://www.essentialmorocco.com/investment-brief-for-morocco.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 24- February). ǦͶͷǦ

‘”†‡”–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‡ƒ•›–”ƒ˜‡Ž‘ ‡‹‘”‘ ‘ǤͺͳŠ‹Ž‡‹–‹•‘–›‡– Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘ ‘

™‹ŽŽŠ‹–ͳͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘˜‹•‹–‘”•‹ʹͲͳͲǡʹͲͲͻ–‘—”‹•ˆ‹‰—”‡•™‡”‡—’‡ƒ”Ž›ʹͲΨˆ”‘ʹͲͲͺ

ƒŽ‘‡ǤͺʹŠ‹•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹˜‡•–‡–—†‡”‘Šƒ‡† ǯ•‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡

„‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ”—‹–Ǥ

ACloserLook:OffshoringandtheKnowledgeIndustryinMorocco

Š‹Ž‡‘Šƒ‡† ǯ•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘”‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ–‘—”‹••‡ –‘”

Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ”Ǧ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ’”ƒ‹•‡ǡŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‡š’ƒ†‹–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰

†‡•‡”˜‡ ‡“—ƒŽ ’”ƒ‹•‡ ƒ† ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ  • ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Š‹• ʹͲͲ͸ ‡ ‘‘‹  ’Žƒǡ ‘Šƒ‡†  

‡ƒ”ƒ”‡†‰‘˜‡”‡–ˆ—†•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰•‡ –‘”‹‘”‘ ‘Ǥ›

–Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲͲ͹ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ†•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ––”ƒ –‡†”‘—‰ŠŽ›ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆƒŽŽ ”‡ ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒŽŽ

‡–‡”•ƒ†—‡”‘—•’ƒ‹•ŠǦ•’‡ƒ‹‰ ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒ‹‡•

”–‹ Ž‡ǡ Dz ʹͲͲ͹ –Š‡ ‘—–”› Šƒ† ƒ„‘—– ʹͲͲ ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ͵Ͳ ‘ˆ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •‹œ‡ǡ

–Šƒ–‡’Ž‘›ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ‘˜‡”ͳͺǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥdz‘”‘ ‘‹•ƒƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•— Š‘ˆˆ

•Š‘”‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‘–‘Ž›‘ˆˆ‡”•†‹˜‡”•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡™‹–Š ”‡ Šǡ’ƒ‹•Šƒ†

”ƒ„‹ ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ† ‹–•

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‡ƒ’’‘‘Ž‘ˆŽƒ„‘”ǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›•—„•‹†‹œ‡†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ‰‘‘†‡”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•’ƒ ‡•‡ƒ”ƒ•ƒ„Žƒ ƒ‹–Š‡ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ”Š‘”‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡’ƒ”ǤŠ‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–•—„•‹†‹œ‡•–”ƒ‹‹‰ˆ‘”‡™‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒ›‰Ž‹•ŠǦ„ƒ•‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•

Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡†–Š‡‹” —•–‘‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡ ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•ǡ–Š‹• ‘ ‡’–‹••–‹ŽŽƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›

 81 Morocco's Vision 2010 Program - Morocco Investment Brief, 2007, http://www.essentialmorocco.com/investment-brief-for-morocco.html (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 24- February). 82 Morocco confirms large growth in tourism, 2009 ɣɢɥ September, http://www.afrol.com/articles/13862. ǦͶ͸Ǧ

‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šˆ‘” ”‡ Š ‘’ƒ‹‡•Ǥ‘”‘ ‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—–”›‹•™‡ŽŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†

–‘ ƒ’–—”‡‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ Š‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡ƒ• ”ƒ ‘’Š‘‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•†‡ ‹†‡

–‘‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‡ ‘•–•ƒ˜‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‹•‘˜‡Ǥͺ͵Ž‰‡”‹ƒŠƒ•–ƒ‡‘–‡‘ˆ

‘”‘ ‘ǯ• •— ‡•• ‹ –Š‹• ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‰— –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ‘˜‡ –‘™ƒ”†•

‘’‡‹‰ ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”•Ǥ –”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‰‹˜‡‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Š‡ƒ†•–ƒ”–ǡ‹ˆŽ‰‡”‹ƒ

ƒ ƒ’–—”‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–•Šƒ”‡Ǥ

Š‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰‹†—•–”›‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ’‡”Šƒ’•ƒƒŒ‘”†‹˜‹†‡‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘”‘ ‘

ƒ† —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘‡ ƒ„‘—– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‹Ž‡

—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡ǡŠ‹‰Š’ƒ›‹‰Œ‘„•‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹†—•–”‹‡••— Šƒ•

ˆ‹ƒ ‡ ‘” ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘”‡ ‘ ’Žƒ ‹‰ —‹˜‡”•‹–›

‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡• ‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†• •— Š ƒ• ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ

‰”‘™‹‰ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘”‘ ƒ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ „‡ ‘‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š

ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ › ”ƒ–‡• ‹ ‘”‘ ‘ ƒ”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›

Ž‘™‡”–Šƒ‹—‹•‹ƒǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ— ŠŽ‘™‡””ƒ–‡‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›ƒ†–‡””‹–‘”›• Š‘‘Ž

‡”‘ŽŽ‡–ǤͺͶŠ‡•‡–”‡†•ƒ”‡‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆƒŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ––‹–—†‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘

ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–Š‘† –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”

–Š‡‹” ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•Ǥ

WomenintheMoroccanEconomy

Š‹Ž‡ƒ•–”‘‰‡ˆˆ‘”–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ†‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡–‘„‡‘”‡ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ ‘ˆ

™‘‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •’Š‡”‡•ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‡ ‘‘› ‹• •–‹ŽŽ †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒŽ‡• ‹ ‘•–  83 Anouar Atmani, “Morocco Offshoring Strategy,” North Africa Times, 2007 ɣɢɥ November, http://www.alarab.co.uk/Previouspages/North%20Africa%20Times/2007/11/04- 11/NAT090411.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5-March). 84 Ahmed Driouchi, Introduction To The Knolwedge Economy In Morocco (2004). ǦͶ͹Ǧ

‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ‡ ‡–ˆ‹‰—”‡•™‘—Ž†‹’Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘™Š‡”‡‡ƒ”’ƒ”‹–›‹–Š‡”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡

ƒ†™‘‡‡”‘ŽŽ‹‰‹’”‹ƒ”›‘”•‡ ‘†ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–ŠͻͻǤͻΨ‘ˆƒŽ‡•‡”‘ŽŽ‡†‹

’”‹ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Œ—•–ͺͶǤͷΨ‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡•Ǥͺͷ ƒ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰•‹‰ǡ”‡ ‡–ˆ‹‰—”‡•Šƒ˜‡

•Š‘™–Šƒ–ˆ‡ƒŽ‡• Š‘‘Ž‡”‘ŽŽ‡–Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ȋˆ”‘Œ—•–͸ͷΨ‹ͳͻͻͲ–‘

ͺͷΨ‹ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”’‘•‹–‹˜‡•‹‰‹•–Šƒ–‹‘”‘ ‘ǡ–Š‡ƒŽ‡Ǧˆ‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒ’ƒ–‡ƒ Š‘ˆ

–Š‡ –Š”‡‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ • Š‘‘Ž‹‰ ‹•ƒ””‘™‹‰Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•‘”‡•‘–Šƒ —‹•‹ƒǡ ‘”‘ ‘

‘–‹—‡•–‘•—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘ƒ—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡ǡ™‹–Š•Šƒ”’Ž› ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘™‘‡‹‡ƒ Š•‡––‹‰Ǥ—”ƒŽ™‘‡ƒ”‡ˆƒ”‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡—†‡”Ǧ‡†— ƒ–‡†ǡ

—†‡”Ǧ‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ†‹ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‡Ǥͺ͸ƒ ‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›•‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡

ƒ†‹”‡ –‡ˆˆ‡ –‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‘‡‹–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ™‘”’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ ‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ —‹•‹ƒǡ™‘‡‹‘”‘ ‘ƒ”‡ˆƒ”‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ™‘” ‹

‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘” „‡ —‡’Ž‘›‡†ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡ ‡– —‡’Ž‘›‡–

‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ͶͲΨ ˆ‘” ™‘‡Ǥ ‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ

‘”‘ ƒ •‡–‹‡– –‘™ƒ”†• ™‘‡ ‘ —””‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͶǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡

Dz‘—†ƒ™ƒƒdz ‘” ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‡™ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘†‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘†‡ †‹† ‘– †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ††”‡••

™‘‡‹–Š‡™‘”’Žƒ ‡ǡ‹–†‹†ƒ––‡’––‘’”‘‘–‡‘”‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ’”‡†‹ ƒ–‡†

‘–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–”‡ƒ–‡––ŠƒŠƒ”‹ƒŽƒ™Ǥ‘‡™‡”‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡“—ƒŽ

—•–‘†› ”‹‰Š–• ‘ˆ Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ǧ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† †‹˜‘” ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ƒŽ‹‘›

ƒˆ–‡”†‹˜‘” ‡Ǥͺ͹— Š•–‡’•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‡‡‹‰Ž›•ƒŽŽ„›™‡•–‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ ‘—Ž†‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒ

‰‡‡”ƒŽ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘”‘ ƒ ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ  85 Ahmed Driouchi, Introduction To The Knolwedge Economy In Morocco (2004). 86 Valentine M. Moghadam, Women, Work, and Economic Reform in the Middle East and North Africa (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998). 87 Hakima Fassi-Fihri, Perspectives: Morocco's family code, 5 years later, 2009, http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?id=25395&lan=en&sid=1&sp=0 (accessed 2010 4-March). ǦͶͺǦ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• –‘ „‡ •‡‡ ‹ˆ ‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ• ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ’’‡–‹–‡ ˆ‘” ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ƒ•

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰™‘‡‹–Š‡™‘”’Žƒ ‡Ǥ

IllicitTradeInMorocco:DrugsandFossils

‘”‘ ‘ǯ• •— ‡•• ‹ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‡™ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ† ‹ Ž‘™‡”‹‰ —‡’Ž‘›‡– Šƒ•

Š‡Ž’‡† ‹ †‹‹‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ‹ ‹– ƒ”‡–’Žƒ ‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ•

†”—‰•ƒ†ˆ‘••‹Ž•Ǥ•ƒ”‡ ‡–”‡’‘”–•—‰‰‡•–‡†ǣDz‹‘”–Š‡”‘”‘ ‘Ž—”•ƒ‡› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡

–‘–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ•–ƒ–‡ǣƒ’‘–‡–‹š‘ˆ†‹• ‘–‡–ǡ†”—‰•ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†

”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ‘”‘ ‘̵• †”—‰ „ƒ”‘• Šƒ˜‡ •–‡ƒ†‹Ž› ƒ†‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹–‘ ƒ •‡”‹‘—• ”‹‡

’”‘„Ž‡ƒ†•‡ —”‹–›–Š”‡ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒŒ‘”’Žƒ›‡”•‹–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡Ǥdzͺͺ 

–Š‡‘”–Š‡””‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ–Š‡†”—‰Ž‘”†•ƒ†–Š‡ •Žƒ‹ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•–•Šƒ˜‡

ˆ‘”‡†ƒƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡‘ˆǦ•‘”––‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ” Š›Ǥ•–Š‡”‡’‘”–‘–‡•ǣ

DzŠ‡†”—‰„ƒ”‘•ƒ†–Š‡ •Žƒ‹•–•‹–Š‡‘”–Š†”ƒ™—’‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ†‹• ‘–‡–‡†

’‘‘”ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡•ǡ •Šƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ† –ƒ –‹ •Ǥ  ‘ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡

ˆ‘” ‡• ‘—Ž†•Šƒ‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘‹–• ‘”‡Ǥdzͺͻ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–Šƒ•Š‹•Š’”‘†— ‡”ǡƒ›

™Š‘ ƒ‘– ˆ‹† Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –—” –‘ ™‘”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ †”—‰ –”ƒ†‡Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘Ž› ƒ •Š‘”– †‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘”‘ ‘ ƒ† ‘”–Š‡” ’ƒ‹ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‡ƒ•‹Ž›

–”ƒ˜‡”•‡† „› „‘ƒ–Ǥ ‘Ž‹ ‹‰ –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘ ƒ† •Š—––‹‰ †‘™ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‹ ‹– †”—‰ –”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹‰ –Šƒ–

—””‡–Ž› –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹• ƒ ‡› ’”‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǤǤ Ȃ ‘”‘ ƒ ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡Ǥ  • Šƒ• „‡‡

‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‹‡š‹ ‘ƒ†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡƒ• ”ƒ Ǧ†‘™•‘–Š‡†”—‰–”ƒ†‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘”‡

ƒ† ‘”‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Žǡ –Š‡ ƒ”–‡Ž• ƒ† •—‰‰Ž‡”• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‹ˆ–‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ

 88 James Ketterer, Networks of Discontent in Northern Morocco: Drugs, Opposition and Urban Unrest, http://www.merip.org/mer/mer218/218_ketterer.html (accessed 2010 4-March). 89 James Ketterer, Networks of Discontent in Northern Morocco: Drugs, Opposition and Urban Unrest, http://www.merip.org/mer/mer218/218_ketterer.html (accessed 2010 4-March). ǦͶͻǦ

ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ •— Š ƒ• Š—ƒ •—‰‰Ž‹‰ǡ –‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” Ž‘•– ’”‘ˆ‹–•Ǥ  ƒ› ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–

“—‡•–‹‘ ‘Šƒ‡†  ǯ• ‘‹–‡– –‘–”—Ž› ‡†‹‰–Š‹• ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥƒ›ƒƒŽ›•–•

•’‡ —Žƒ–‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹‰‹•—™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘‡š’‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ„›ƒ––ƒ ‹‰‘”–Š‡”†”—‰

’”‘†— ‡”•‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡›‹‰Š–‹ ‹–‡‰”‡ƒ–‡””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡–Š”‘‡Ǥ

‡›‘†–Š‡†”—‰–”ƒ†‡ǡ‘”‘ ‘‹•‘™‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡•–ˆ‘••‹Ž‡š’‘”–‡”•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹•‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•Žƒ”‰‡ƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ‹••—‡ƒ•–Š‡†”—‰–”ƒ†‡ǡ‹–‹•™‹†‡Ž›

‘†‡‡†„›‡•–‡”• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ•‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡••–Šƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽǤ‹‡–Š‡†”—‰–”ƒ†‡ǡ

ƒ›‘”‘ ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘™‘”‹‹ŽŽ‹ ‹–ˆ‘••‹Ž‡š’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Žƒ ‘ˆ‘–Š‡”‘”‡˜‹ƒ„Ž‡

‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘‡ ƒ—†‹ ”ƒ ‘ ”‡’‘”–ǡDz‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲǡͲͲͲ

‘”‘ ƒ• ‡ƒ” –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘••‹Ž ƒ† ‹‡”ƒŽ •’‡ ‹‡ ‹‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’‘”–

„—•‹‡••ǤdzŠ‡‹†—•–”›•—’’Ž‹‡•‡ƒ”Ž›̈́ͶͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆ‹ ‘‡’‡”›‡ƒ”–‘‘”‘ ƒ•™Š‘

ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘˜‡”–Ž›‡š’‘”––Š‡‹”ˆ‹†‹‰•–‘—”‘’‡ǡ–Š‡ǤǤǡ ƒ’ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ— Š‘ˆ

–Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘••‹Ž ˆ‹†‹‰• ‰‘‡• –‘ ‹††Ž‡‡ ƒ† –”ƒ•’‘”–‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘

•—‰‰Ž‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹‡•‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘ͻͲǤ

TheEconomicDilemmasAssociatedWithTheWesternSahara

Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒŠƒ•Ž‘‰’‘•‡†ƒ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹••—‡•ˆ‘”

‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥˆ–‡”’ƒ‹ǯ•™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‹–Š‡ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ǡ‘”‘ ƒ‘ƒ” Š•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

Ž‘ ‡†‹ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘•–Ž›ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡„ƒ––Ž‡ȋƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•™ƒ”Ȍ™‹–Š

–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‘˜‡‡–‘™ƒ•–Š‡‘Ž‹•ƒ”‹‘ˆ”‘–Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ƒ––Š‡’‡ƒ‘ˆ

ƒ••ƒ ǯ•‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘”‘ ‘™ƒ••’‡†‹‰—’–‘͵ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡

 90 Dr. Andrew A. Sicree, Morocco's Trilobite Economy, 2009 ɣɢɥ April, http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200902/morocco.s.trilobite.economy.htm (accessed 2010 2-March). ǦͷͲǦ

‘—–”‹‡• ‘‹–•™ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ž‹•ƒ”‹‘ˆ‹‰Š–‡”•Ǥͻͳ‹ ‡–Š‡ǤǤ„”‘‡”‡†’‡ƒ ‡–”‡ƒ–›

‹ͳͻͻͳǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹Šƒ„‹–‡†’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒǤ

†‡”‘Šƒ‡† ǯ•”—Ž‡ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘‰”ƒ––Š‡”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͷͲͲǡͲͲͲ ‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ

–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Š––‘ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡†—‘‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ

‹ƒŽ‹‡ƒ„Ž‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ  Š‡ †‹•’—–‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡•–‡” ƒŠƒ”ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ’—„Ž‹ ‹–› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ †—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•

‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ—’’‘”–‡”•‘ˆƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ•–ƒ–‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–•‹’Ž›

ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ–”‘ ‹–‹‡• ‘‹––‡†„›–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ”•‹

–Š‡ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͻͺͲ•™ƒ•‘–•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ǡƒ†–Šƒ–‘Šƒ‡† •Š‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ

‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡†—‹†‡–‡”‹‹‰‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒǯ•ˆ—–—”‡Ǥͻʹ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘–‹—‡†‡š’‡•‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‡•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡””‹–‘”›”‡ƒ‹

Š‹‰Šǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ ”‡˜‡—‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†

–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘‹Ž”‡•‡”˜‡•‹–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒǤ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†’‡”‹–•

ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ƒ†‡š’Ž‘‹–‘‹Ž™‹–Š‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ǤǤ

ƒŽŽ‡† ‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•ǡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ

‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–ƒŽǤǤ‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡ǡŠƒ˜‡ŠƒŽ–‡†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥͻ͵

CapitalistProgressWithLittleDemocraticReform

 91 Gregory White, A Comparative Political Economy of Tunisia and Morocco (Albany, Ny: State University of New York, 2001). 92 Naoufel Cherkaoui, EU grants "advanced status" to Morocco, 2008 ɣɢɥ 10, http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2008/10/19/featur e-01 (accessed 2010 4-March). 93 U.N. Security Council, "The status of Western Sahara under Moroccan administration," 2002, http://www.undemocracy.com/S-2002-161 (accessed February 20, 2010). ǦͷͳǦ

‹‡—‹•‹ƒǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– ƒ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› •–”‘‰ǡ ‡š’‘”–Ǧ

‘”‹‡–‡† ‡ ‘‘› ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‡–‹”‡Ž› ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆ‘”• –‘ –Š‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ

•›•–‡Ǥ  ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‹• ˆƒ – ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šƒ†

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ʹͲ ›‡ƒ”• ƒŽŽ• ‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ

ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹•‹‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ •›•–‡•ǤŽ‹‡—‹•‹ƒǡ‘”‘ ‘‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‘”‡

–‘Ž‡”ƒ– ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‹••‡–ǡ ƒ† ƒ ™‹†‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‘”‡Ǧ‘”ǦŽ‡•• — ‡•‘”‡† ‘’‹‹‘• ƒ”‡

‘’‡Ž›ƒ‹”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š†‹••‹†‡–‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǤŠƒ–‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‡˜‡‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•‹–•Ž‹‹–•ǡ

ƒ† ‘’‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡•–‡” ƒŠƒ”ƒ –‡””‹–‘”›ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ › ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘ƒ” Š›‘”‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ •Žƒ™‹–Š‹‘”‘ ‘ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ž›–‘Ž‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ–Š‡

•ƒ‡†‡‘ ”ƒ ›”ƒ‹‰•–Šƒ–’Žƒ ‡—‹•‹ƒƒ–ͳͶͳ•–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†’Žƒ ‡‘”‘ ‘ͳʹͲ–Šˆ‘”

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘’‡‡••ǤͻͶ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‡••–‹ŽŽ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Š‡‹‰ƒ•–Š‡•—’”‡‡ǡ †‹˜‹‡Ž›

•ƒ –‹‘‡† ”—Ž‡”ǡ ‡”–ƒ‹ǡ ‘”‡ ‹ ”‡‡–ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‘”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡

ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”› •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘™ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘‘‹ƒ–‡–Š‡”‹‡

‹‹•–‡”ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡›™‹ƒƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ǯ••‡ƒ–•ǤŠ‹•‘ —””‡†‹ͳͻͻ͹Ǥ

ƒ™• ƒ ‘™ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡ Š‘™‡˜‡” –Š‡ ‹‰ Šƒ• –Š‡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡

ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ƒ ‡’–‘””‡Œ‡ –ƒ›•— ŠŽƒ™™‹–Š‹͵Ͳ†ƒ›•Ǥͻͷ•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹—‹•‹ƒǡ‘•–

‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹–‘”‹‰‰”‘—’•”‡‰ƒ”†–Š‡•‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ•Ž‡••–Šƒƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ

 94 2008 Democracy Index, 2009, http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021185552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20I ndex%202008.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 20-February). 95 Azzedine Layachi, Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (London: Praeger, 1998). ǦͷʹǦ

Šƒ–‹•’‡”Šƒ’•‘”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”‹‘”‘ ‘ǡ

˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• —‹•‹ƒǡ ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‹™Š‹ Š‘Šƒ‡† ”‡ƒ‹••ƒ†™‹ Š‡† „‡–™‡‡

‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ — Š ƒ• Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡” ƒ••ƒ  ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻ͹Ͳ•Ǥ

‘Šƒ‡†  ǯ• •— ‡••‡• ‹ †”‹˜‹‰ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ ƒ› •‡ –‘”•ǡ

•— Š ƒ• ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ ƒ† –‘—”‹•ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘– “—‹‡–‡† ”‹–‹ • ‘ ‡‹–Š‡” ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ

’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•’‡ –”—ǤŠ‡‘”‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š‹‘”‘ ‘ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡–Š‡˜‡”›

‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ƒ” Š ƒ† ‡•’‘—•‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” †‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ Š‡ ‹ ”‡‡–ƒŽ •–‡’•

–‘™ƒ”†•†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘” ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ––‡’–•„›–Š‡‹‰–‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡–Š‡•‡

‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‹–‡Ǥ ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘Šƒ‡† Šƒ•„‡‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž

‘––‘‹‰‘”‡–Š‡†ƒ‰‡”’‘•‡†„›—Ž–”ƒǦ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡š–”‡‹•–•Ǥ— Š‡š–”‡‹•–•

Šƒ˜‡ —•‡† ‘Šƒ‡†  ǯ• ™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• –‘ ’ƒ•• –Š‡ ‘—†ƒ™ƒƒ ƒ† Š‹• ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ

™‡•–‡” ˆ‹Ž ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘ ‡”–• ƒ• ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‰ ‹• ‘– •Žƒ‹  ‡‘—‰ŠǤ 

‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‹–‹ •Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–”‹ –Šƒ”‹ƒŽƒ™

ƒ†–Š‡†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰Ǥ –”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹ˆ‘Šƒ‡†  ƒ ‘–‹—‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰

–Š‡ˆ‹‡„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•–”‘‰ ‘–‹—‡†•–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡

‡ ‘‘› ƒ‘Ž›•‡”˜‡–‘•–”‡‰–Š‡Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡™ƒŽŽ‡–•ǡƒ†–Š—•ǡ„›’”‘š›

™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–•ƒ†‹†•‘ˆ‘•–‘”‘ ƒ•Ǥ

Morocco:TheFurtherDownAnEconomyGoes,TheFurtherUpItCanGrow

•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•–ƒ–‡†ǡ‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ •–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’ ƒ„‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•ƒǡ™‹–Š

‡ ‘‘‹  †‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†”ƒ’‹†‡ ‘‘‹ 

‹’”‘˜‡‡– ˆ”‘ ͳͻͺ͵ ‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ Ž‹‡ —‹•‹ƒ –Šƒ– “—‹ Ž› –—”‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ‹–•

•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ–Š‡—‹“—‡’‘™‡”†›ƒ‹ •‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘†”‘˜‡ ƒ••ƒ –‘‡„”ƒ ‡ Ǧͷ͵Ǧ

‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡ ’‘™‡”ǡ ƒ••ƒ  ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ› ’”‹˜ƒ–‡

‘’ƒ‹‡• ƒ† ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰

‡ ‘‘› ™ƒ• Š‹‰ŠŽ› †‡’‡†‡– ‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ ‡š’‘”–•ǡ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡

ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ǡƒ•†”‘—‰Š–••‡–‹ƒ†’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡’”‹ ‡•ˆ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘„‘””‘™

‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›„—”†‡•‘‡ƒ‘—–•ˆ”‘ƒ„”‘ƒ†–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‡‹–••’”ƒ™Ž‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

ƒ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘ƒ˜‘‹††‡ˆƒ—Ž–ǡ ƒ••ƒ ™‹•‡Ž›ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡‹–Š‡

‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͺͲ• ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ „ƒ‹Ž‘—– ’ƒ ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡   ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒǤ ›

ƒ ‡’–‹‰–Š‹•’ƒ ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ••ƒ‡„”ƒ ‡††‡Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ †—‡ ‘—”•‡ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†

–‘†‡Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡–Š‡ —””‡ ›ǡ‘”‹‡––Š‡‡ ‘‘›–‘„‡‘”‡‡š’‘”–ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒ††‹˜‡•–‡ƒ”Ž›

ƒŽŽ‘ˆŠ‹••–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡†ƒ••‡–•ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‡•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‹••Š‹ˆ–™‡”‡—†‘—„–‡†Ž›

’ƒ‹ˆ—Žƒ† ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽǡ–Š‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‹’ƒ – ƒ‘–„‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†Ǥ‘”‘ ‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ

™ƒ”™‡Ž ‘‡ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”–”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•ǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡

ͳͻͻͲ•ǡƒ‰”‘™–Š‹˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‡š’‘”–•Šƒ•Š‡Ž’‡†ˆ—‡Ž•–ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ

Š‹•‰”‘™–Šƒ†•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Šƒ•ƒˆˆ‘”†‡†‘Šƒ‡† –Š‡’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡‘ˆƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›

’—”•—‹‰‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹‡™•‡ –‘”•Ǥ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›–Š‡–‘—”‹•‹†—•–”›ǡ

„›’”‘‘–‹‰Ž‘™ ‘•–ƒ‹”ƒ ‡••ˆ”‘—”‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•’‡‹‡•

ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ ‡ Šƒ• ƒ– Š‡† –Š‹• †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ –‘—”‹• ™‹–Š ƒ ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‡š ‹–‹‰

‹˜‡•–‡–‹‘”‘ ‘ǯ•‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•ǡŽ‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ –ƒŽ‡–„ƒ•‡

ƒ† Š‡ƒ’Žƒ„‘”’‘‘Ž–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡™‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†„—•‹‡••‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡‡š ‹–‹‰ǡ–Š‡•‡‡™†‹”‡ –‹‘•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‡š‹•–ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›

–”‘—„Ž‹‰ ‹••—‡• ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‘ƒ†„Ž‘ •ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡

Žƒ Ž—•–‡” ‘‹–‡– –‘ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›ǡ –Š‡ —”‡•‘Ž˜‡†ˆ—–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” ǦͷͶǦ

ƒŠƒ”ƒǡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› ‹ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ™‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ‡ ‘‘› ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”• ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›’”‡•‡– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡ–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•

Šƒ˜‡‘–’”‡˜‡–‡†”‘„—•–‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’”—†‡–‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒ‹‰Ǥ˜‡‹

ʹͲͲͻǡ ™Š‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†  ‘–”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ ‰”‘™

 „› ‘˜‡” ʹΨǤ ”ƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡ ʹͲͲͻ  ‰”‘™–Š ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ʹΨ ™ƒ• ˆƒ”Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡

ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͸Ψ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ‹ ʹͲͲͺǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” –Š‡

‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•–‘”Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›‹•‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†–‘†ƒ›ǡ”‘„—•–†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”

–‘—”‹• ƒ† •–”‘‰ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ Š‡Ž’‡† ‘ˆˆ•‡– –Š‡ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡

†‡ƒ†ƒ†—”‘’‡ƒƒ’’‡–‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‰‘‘†•Ǥ—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–Šƒ• ‘–‹—‡†

–‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‰”‘™–Šƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Šƒ‡† ǯ•ƒ•–‡”’ŽƒǤŠ‹•‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–Šƒ•

‘–‘Ž›Š‡Ž’‡†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡š’‘”–•ǡ„—––Š‘•‡‡š’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡‹‰

—””‡ › ”‡•‡”˜‡• ˆ‘” ‘”‘ ‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘”‘ ‘ –‘ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›’ƒ›†‘™‹–•†‡„–Ǥ

—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ †‡„– ™ƒ• ͸ͷΨ ‘ˆ  ‹ ͳͻͻͻǡ ƒ† ‘Ž› ͵ͷΨ ‘ˆ  ‹ ʹͲͲͷͻ͸Ǧƒ

”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Š‹‰Š‡”‹—”„ƒƒ†Ž‡••‡†— ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ

™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–ͻΨ‹ʹͲͲͻǡƒƒŽŽ–‹‡Ž‘™ˆ‘”‘”‘ ‘Ǥͻ͹

–Š‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘ʹͲͲͻ ƒ‘Ž›Š‡Ž’˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”

‡ ‘‘‹  ’ƒ–ŠǤ ˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•– –—”„—Ž‡– ‘ˆ –‹‡•ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‘”‡ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†

”‡•‹Ž‹‡– ‡ ‘‘› ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‰”‘™ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–•‡˜‡”‡

”‡ ‡••‹‘•‹‘†‡”–‹‡•Ǥ•‘Šƒ‡† ‡–‡”•Š‹••‡ ‘††‡ ƒ†‡‘–Š‡–Š”‘‡ǡ‹–

”‡ƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡‹ˆŠ‡ ƒƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒŠ‡ƒ†ƒ•ƒ†‡’–Ž›ƒ•Š‡Šƒ•’”‘‘–‡†  96 E.U. Morocco Strategy Paper 2007 - 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_morocco_en.pdf (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 5- March). 97 CIA World Factbook - Morocco, 2010, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/mo.html (accessed 2010 4-March). ǦͷͷǦ

•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ˆ ’ƒ•– ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ƒ› ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

ˆ—–—”‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ‘‡™‘—Ž†„‡‹ŽŽƒ†˜‹•‡†–‘„‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹Ǥ Ǧͷ͸Ǧ

    Ƭ    Ƭǯ  

”‡˜‹‡™‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‘”‘ ‘ƒ†—‹•‹ƒǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰

•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‡‡”‰‡Ǥ – –Š‡ ‘”‡ǡ „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘†‡”‹œ‡

–Š‡‹”‡ ‘‘‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ‘—–•‹†‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•„›’”‘‘–‹‰‡š’‘”–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡†‰‘‘†•

ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ† „› ‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‘•‹•–‡– ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ’”—†‡– Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ ‘–Š

‘—–”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘Ž‘‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡ Š ƒ† –”ƒ•‹–‹‘‡† –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ’‘•–Ǧ

‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥ  ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘”‘ ‘ ‹• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž› Žƒ”‰‡” ˆ”‘ ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘

ƒ†Žƒ†Ǧƒ”‡ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡–Šƒ—‹•‹ƒǤ‘”‘ ‘‹•Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒƒ†

Šƒ•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‡š ‡‡†•͵Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǥ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—•–‘˜‡”

–‡‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ†‹•‘Ž›•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‡‘”‰‹ƒǤ‘”‘ ‘ǯ•Žƒ”‰‡”•‹œ‡Šƒ•

‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‹••—‡•–Šƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’ƒ –•ǡ•— Šƒ•

–Š‡‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –†‹• —••‡†ƒ–Ž‡‰–Šƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ—‹•‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ˜‘‹†‡†•— Š’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘–Ǧ™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘•–Ǧ

‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ •–”— –—”‡• ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ǯ

‡ ‘‘‹ ‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

TransitiontoIndependence

—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ• ‘Ž‘‹œ‡†‹ͳͺͺͲƒ†–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‡†–‘‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡‹ͳͻͷ͸™‹–Š–Š‡

‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘—”‰—‹„ƒǤ ‘” Š‹• ˆ‹”•– –™‡–› ›‡ƒ”• ‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ‘—”‰—‹„ƒ

‹’Ž‡‡–‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ •—’’‘”–‹‰ ™‹†‡Ǧ•’”‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†

‹’‘”– •—„•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š Š‡ ˆƒ ‡† •‘‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹†—•–”›ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–

’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†—–‹Žͳͻ͹͵™Š‡–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒˆ‘” ‡†‘—”‰—‹„ƒ–‘ Šƒ‰‡ ‘—”•‡ƒ†

‹’Ž‡‡–ƒƒ”‡–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›‡š’‘”–‘”‹‡–‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ‘Š‹• ”‡†‹–ǡŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ‡ Ǧͷ͹Ǧ

–Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •‘‘–ŠŽ› ƒ† „‡‰ƒ –‘ ’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡

‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‹† ”‡ƒ‹ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ —‹•‹ƒ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„›†‡’Ž‘›‹‰•—„•‹†‹‡•ƒ†–ƒš„”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†•‡ –‘”•Ǥ

•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‘–‡†ǡ‘”‘ ‘ǯ••Š‘”–‡” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†ǡˆ”‘ͳͻͳʹ–‘ͳͻͷ͸ǡŽ‡†–‘

Ž‡••‘ˆƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–„›–Š‡ ”‡ Šƒ†’ƒ‹•ŠǤŠ‡—Ž–ƒ‘Šƒ‡†

–‘‘ –Š‡ –Š”‘‡ ‹ ͳͻͷ͸ǡ Š‡ ™ƒ• ˆƒ ‡† ™‹–Š †‹˜‹•‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ‡Ž‹–‡• ƒ†

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰—”„ƒ Žƒ••Ǥ‹‡”‡•‹†‡–‘—”‰—‹„ƒǡŠ‡‘’–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•–”‹ –ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†

•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ‡ ‘‘‹  ’ƒ–Šǡ ƒ† —•‡† –Š‡ –Š”‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ‡š’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘• –‘

‡‡’˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘’’‘‡–•”‡’”‡••‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡ƒ›

‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ ƒƒ––‡’––‘–—”ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ••ƒ ‘’–‡†–‘

†‘—„Ž‡Ǧ†‘™ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹• ˆƒ–Š‡” ™‹–Š ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘” –Š‡

ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–‹”‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  •‡ –‘”• ‹ ͳͻ͹͵Ǥ • ‘—”‰—‹„ƒ ™ƒ• ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ‰—‹†‹‰

—‹•‹ƒ–‘ƒƒ”‡–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›•›•–‡ǡ ƒ••ƒ ‘’–‡†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘›‹–Š‡

‡šƒ – ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ †‡” Š‹• ™ƒ– Šǡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹••—‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡

ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰†‡„–‹‘”†‡”–‘’—” Šƒ•‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ‡•‹’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹†—•–”›ǤŠ‹Ž‡–Š‹•

’‘Ž‹ ›ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šƒ†Œ‘„ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–†‹††”‹˜‡—’–Š‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‡„–

„—”†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‘ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‹–Š ”‹•‹‰ ƒ† —•—’’‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ †‡„– •‡”˜‹ ‡

”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ƒ••ƒ ™ƒ•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ ‘””‡ – ‘—”•‡‹ͳͻͺ͵ǤŠ‡‘”Ž†ƒƒ†

‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹•–‹–—–‹‘•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘Š‡Ž’ƒ††”‡••‘”‘ ‘ǯ•„—”‰‡‘‹‰†‡„–’”‘„Ž‡—–‹Ž

ƒ••ƒ ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘‹’Ž‡‡–ƒƒ”‡–†”‹˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ •›•–‡Ǥ ˆ–‘†ƒ›ǡ—‹•‹ƒ‹‰Š–„‡

‘•‹†‡”‡†‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹ ‡”–ƒ‹‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›ƒ––”‹„—–‡–Š‹•–‘

—‹•‹ƒǯ•–‡›‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†•–ƒ”–‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒƒ”‡–ˆ”‹‡†Ž›‡ ‘‘›Ǥ ǦͷͺǦ

AdoptingExportOrientationandaMarketǦFriendlyMentality 

—‹•‹ƒ‘˜‡†–‘ƒ‘”‡ƒ”‡–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›•›•–‡‹ͳͻ͹͵ǡ™‹–Šƒ„‹–‹‘—•‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ

”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ͸Ψ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ ‘—”‰—‹„ƒ ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‹• „›

’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‹‰Ž‹‰Š–‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰‘—–•‹†‡‹˜‡•–‡–”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•ƒ†’”‘Š‹„‹–‹˜‡

–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•Ǥ•—‹•‹ƒŒ‘‹‡† ƒ†–Š‡ƒ•ƒˆ‘—†‹‰‡„‡”ǡ–Š‡˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‡š’‘”–

‘”‹‡–‡†‰‘‘†•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡Ž‹ǯ•’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ˆ”‘ͳͻͺ͹‘™ƒ”†•

Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† –Š‹• ‰”‘™–Š •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‹˜‡•–‡–‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†

‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ

 ‘”‘ ‘ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ‘– —–‹Ž –Š‡ ͳͻͺ͵ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ‡Ǧ‘”‘ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– •‹‹Žƒ”

’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• „‡‰ƒ –‘ –ƒ‡ Š‘Ž†Ǥ  “—‹  ‘”†‡”ǡ ƒ••ƒ  ™ƒ• ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†ˆŽ‘ƒ––Š‡

—””‡ ›ǡ’‘•‹–‹‘’”‘†— –•ˆ‘”‡š’‘”–ǡ”‡†— ‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–ǡ‡‡’‹–‡”‡•–”ƒ–‡•

Š‹‰Š–‘ ‘„ƒ–‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‹œ‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•Š‡Šƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘˜‡”

–Š‡’”‹‘”–‡›‡ƒ”’‡”‹‘†Ǥ

‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ•–”‹ –’ƒ–Š–‘™ƒ”†•‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ•’”‘‘–‡†

„› –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ–Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ™‹†‹‰ †‘™

‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ •’‡†‹‰ ƒ† †‡ˆ‹ ‹–• „› ”‡†— ‹‰ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• †‹”‡ –‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ ‹†—•–”›

™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ”‡‘˜‹‰ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ• ƒ† „ƒ””‹‡”• –‘ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡Ǥ  –Š‡ –‡ ›‡ƒ”•

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›

•‹‹Žƒ”„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡†— ‡††‡ˆ‹ ‹–•ǡ•–ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘™–Šƒ†‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‹•‹‰‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‹•‡˜‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š‡”ˆ‘”‡‹‰†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ

BuildingInternalInfrastructure

 ǦͷͻǦ

 ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ––”ƒ – –Š‹• ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ †‹”‡ – ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ „‘–Š ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ† –‘

ˆ‘ —•‘”‡ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ‘–Šƒ–‹‘•Šƒ†–‘†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›

”‡†— ‡–Š‡‹”„—†‰‡–†‡ˆ‹ ‹–•‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘’Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰Ž‡†‡”•Ǥ‘–Š

”‡ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡‹” –ƒš Žƒ™• ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘” —‹•‹ƒǡ –Š‹• ‡ƒ–

•‹’Ž‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒš ‘†‡ „› ”‡‘˜‹‰ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ †‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡• ƒ†‹–‡ƒ–”‡ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡

„ƒ‹‰•‡ –‘”–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ† ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹˜‡•–‡–• „‘–Š ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ ‹• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”ƒŽ

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ•†‹• —••‡†ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ••–‡ƒ†ˆƒ•–Ž›ƒ†Š‡”‡†–‘ ƒ••ƒ ǯ•

†ƒƒ†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡƒ†–Š‹•Šƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†™‹†‡Ǧ•’”‡ƒ†

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ” ‡ˆˆ‘”–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˜‡”› •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‹ —‹•‹ƒǡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡

”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ˆ‘‘† •‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† Ž‡•• ˜‘Žƒ–‹Ž‹–› ‹ ˆ‘‘† —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ Š‡•‡

ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹””‘”‡† ‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” • ƒŽ‡ „› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ

‹˜‡•–‡–• ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‡–™‘”•Ǥ ‘”‘ ‘ǡ ‹

’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ Šƒ• ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘†‡”‹œ‡† –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”‹ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ˆ‘”‡‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ‘–Šƒ–‹‘•‡ˆˆ‘”–•‹ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‰

•–”‘‰‡”‹–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ†•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•–

–™‡–››‡ƒ”•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡—“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ

FosteringForeignRelationships

‡˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† „‘–Š ƒ–‹‘• –‘ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ› –Š‡‹”

‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘–Š‘”‘ ‘ƒ†—‹•‹ƒ‡Œ‘›˜‡”›•–”‘‰ ‘‡ –‹‘•

–‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ƒ†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ”‘—‡”‘—•‰”‘—†Ǧ„”‡ƒ‹‰ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•Ǥ

—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘—–”›–‘ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–ƒ”‹ˆˆ”‡†— –‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ Ǧ͸ͲǦ

ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†‘’–‡†‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ—‹•‹ƒ‹•

‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ• ƒ ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –”ƒ†‹‰ ’ƒ”–‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ǤǤǡ ™Š‹ Š ‰‹˜‡• —‹•‹ƒ

‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ ‡••–‘‡ ‘‘‹ •—’’‘”–ƒ†ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–•‹™Š‹ Š–‘•‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”‰‘‘†•Ǥ

‹–Š ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ƒ• ‡•‹‘ –‘ Ǯƒ†˜ƒ ‡† •–ƒ–—•ǯ ‹ ʹͲͲͻǡ ƒ› —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ ‡„‡”•

Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ‘˜‹‰ —‹•‹ƒ ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ’ƒ–ŠǤ  †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ‘‰•– –Š‡ ǤǤ

‘‹••‹‘ ƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› ƒ• ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͳͲǡ ‹– •‡‡‡† Ž‹‡Ž› –Šƒ– •—’’‘”– ‡š‹•–‡† –‘ ƒ‡

—‹•‹ƒ–Š‡ǤǤǯ••‡ ‘†ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•’ƒ”–‡”Ǥͻͺ

‘–Š ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ˜‹‡† ˆ‘” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ† „‘–Š Šƒ˜‡

ƒ––‡’–‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹”‡š’‘”–•–‘‹‘ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ‘”‘ ‘™‘—Ž†’”‘—†Ž›’‘‹––‘‹–•

†‡•‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•’ƒ”–‡”ƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡ǤǤ‹•

ƒ• •–”‘‰ ƒ• ‘” •–”‘‰‡” –Šƒ –Šƒ– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ǤǤ ƒ† —‹•‹ƒǤ  ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ‘—–‡”

Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‹•ƒ•— Šƒ„‘—– ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‡˜‡”Ǧ

‹’‘”–ƒ– ™ƒ” ‘ ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‹ŽŽ‹ ‹– †”—‰ –”ƒ†‡ ƒ• ‹– ‹• ƒ„‘—– †‡‡’‡‹‰ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „”‘ƒ†

‡ ‘‘‹  –‹‡•Ǥ  ‘”‘ ‘ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ˆ”‘ ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡

‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‹•ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡˆ‘ —•‡•

‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†Šƒ•ƒˆƒ”Ž‡••‹’‘”–ƒ–‹’ƒ –‘‘”‘ ƒ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ

DiversifyingtheEconomy,SupportingNewIndustriesandIntegratingWomen 

 Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š–Š‡—‹•‹ƒƒ†

‘”‘ ƒ‡ ‘‘‹‡•ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–„‘–Šƒ”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†–‘†ƒ›–Šƒ–Š‡›

™‡”‡ ƒ– ƒ› –‹‡ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ʹͲ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –‘—”‹• –‘ „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•

 98 European Parliament Debates, EU-Tunisia relations, 2010 ɣɢɥ 21-January, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20100121+ITEM- 002+DOC+XML+V0//EN (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 24-March). Ǧ͸ͳǦ

ƒ‘–„‡—†‡”•–ƒ–‡†Ǥ— Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–•–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒƒ†‘”‘ ‘

Šƒ˜‡—†‡”–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Žƒ•––‡›‡ƒ”•Šƒ˜‡•‡”˜‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–‘—”‹•ƒ†–Š‡

–›’‡ ‘ˆ –‘—”‹•–• „‘–Š ƒ––”ƒ –Ǥ ‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› •‡‡‹‰ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –‘—”‹•–

•’‡†‹‰ „› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘”‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ‹” •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘‡ –‹‘• –‘ —”‘’‡ǡ ‘”‡ Ž—š—”‹‘—•

ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘”‡‹ Š‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘’–‹‘•ǡŽ‹‡‡ ‘Ǧ–‘—”‹•Ǥ

‡›‘†‘—”‹•ǡˆ‘”—‹•‹ƒǡ‡„”ƒ ‹‰–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰–Šƒ–

Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•—‹•‹ƒǯ••—’‡”‹‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡Šƒ•„‡‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹‘˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘

”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ ˆ—‡Ž ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ •—’’‘”–‡† ‰”‘™–Š ‹ ‹–• ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •‡ –‘” „›

—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ „ƒ‹‰ ‘†‡ ”‡ˆ‘”• –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• –‘ Ž‘ ƒ–‡

ƒ†–”ƒ•ƒ –‹—‹•‹ƒǤ

‘”‘ ‘ǡ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡŠƒ•†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡

„› ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ –‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ Ž‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ† ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰•‡”˜‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡

’”‘˜‹†‡†“—ƒŽ‹–›Œ‘„•–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•ǡ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•‘–‡š’ƒ†‡†‹–•‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†

‹†—•–”› ƒ• ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž› ƒ• —‹•‹ƒǤ ‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ‹

‘”‘ ‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‰—–‘†‹• —••–Š‹•†‹• ”‡’ƒ ›ƒ†‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•‹–‡–

‘ ‘””‡ –‹‰ ‘—”•‡‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡’Ž‘›‡–‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ‘‰•––Š‡

‘•–Ž— ”ƒ–‹˜‡–›’‡•‘ˆ™‘”ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹˜‡•–‡–

ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡• ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ —‹•‹ƒ Šƒ• ‡„”ƒ ‡† –Š‹•

ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ ƒ† ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ •‡‡ ‹ˆ ‘”‘ ‘ ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰

•‘Ž—–‹‘•‘”‹ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

‡›‘† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ —‹•‹ƒ ƒ†

‘”‘ ‘ Šƒ˜‡ •–”‘‰Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ™‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ™‘”’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Ǧ͸ʹǦ

‡ ‡–—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘†‡„ƒ–‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰—‹•‹ƒǯ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘

—‹˜‡”•ƒŽŽ› Žƒ—†‡† –Š‡ ‘—–”› ˆ‘” ‹–• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ™‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ

’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡•Ǥ › ‘–”ƒ•– ƒ† ƒ• ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ™‘‡ ‹

‘”‘ ‘ƒ”‡Ž‡••Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡‡†— ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒ’”‹ƒ”›ƒ†•‡ ‘†ƒ”›Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡‘”‡Ž‹‡Ž›

–‘„‡—‡’Ž‘›‡†–Šƒ‡Ǥ‘”‘ ‘Šƒ•ƒ†‡•–”‹†‡•–‘ Ž‘•‡–Š‹•‰ƒ’ǡ„—–™‘‡ƒ”‡

•–‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ‹‡†„›‘”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜‹‡™•Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹‘”‘ ‘ ƒ‡™‹–Š–Š‡

”‡˜‹•‡†ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘†‡•ǡ„—––Š‡•‡ ‘†‡•”‡ˆŽ‡ – Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•ˆƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†‘–

ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰™‘”’Žƒ ‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‘‘ˆ‘”‘”‘ ‘–‘‹’”‘˜‡ƒ†”‡ƒ Š–Š‡

Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒŠƒ• —””‡–Ž›ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ

LackofDemocraticReforms

‘–Š‡” •‹‹Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‹• ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘—–”‹‡• Žƒ  ‘ˆ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ

—‹•‹ƒ• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‹••‹†‡–• ˆƒ ‡ •‡˜‡”‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‰‡† ƒ†

‡–‹”‡Ž› ‹ŽŽ‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ǥ ‘”‘ ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ˆ”‡‡†‘• ƒ† †‹••‡– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡

‘ƒ” Š ‹• ’‡”‹––‡†ǡ ‹ˆ ‘Ž› ‹ ƒ —–‡† ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ˆƒ•Š‹‘Ǥ ‘”‘ ‘ †‘‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ

Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ–‡Ž›‡Ž‡ –‡†’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–•–‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡•–Š‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡

‹‰ –‘ ’ƒ•• Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘”‘ ‘ǯ• ‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•ƒƒ‰‡†–‘ Ž‘•‡Ž›

–Š”‡ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹††Ž‡Ǧ‰”‘—†‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ‹–Š’”‡•‡–

–Š”‡ƒ–• ˆ”‘ „‘–Š •‹†‡•ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡š–”‡‹•–• ƒ† ‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǧ•—’’‘”–‹‰ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‹–‡•ǡ ‹–

Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡Ž›–Šƒ––Š‹•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘ ‘–‹—‡‹–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

 –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ”‡†‹„Ž› ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘–‹—‹–› ‘ˆ

‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Šƒ•—“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ Šƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‘–Š”‡•‹†‡–‡Ž‹ƒ†‹‰‘Šƒ‡† Šƒ˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡†ǡ™”‹––‡ƒ†‹’Ž‡‡–‡† Ǧ͸͵Ǧ

•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ ’Žƒ•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡’”‡†‡ ‡••‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡’Žƒ•Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 

‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡†”‹˜‡–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘”

‹’”‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‡™•‡ –‘”•™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”Ž† ƒǡ Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž›

‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡† –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ”‡ˆ‘”•ǡ Š‘‘•‹‰ ‹•–‡ƒ† –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹ 

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ „‘–Š —‹•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘Ǥ ƒ› ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǤǤ ‘‹••‹‘

Žƒ‡–‡†–Šƒ–—‹•‹ƒ™ƒ•‘–ƒ‹‰ƒ›”‡ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”•‹–Š‡

ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ƒ—ƒ”›†‡„ƒ–‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‘•‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡”•™‡–‘–‘‡†‘”•‡

–Š‡˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ—‹•‹ƒǯ•’‡†‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†•–ƒ–—•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥͻͻ

BestofTimesfromtheWorstofTimes

‘” —‹•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘ǡ ‹– –”—Ž› Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ „‡•– ‘ˆ –‹‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘•–

–—”„—Ž‡–‘ˆ–‹‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›ǡƒƒ‰‡‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǦǦˆ”‘–Š‡

™‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡•’ƒ‹”Ǣ„‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‡‡”‰‡†‹–‘ƒ•’”‹‰‘ˆŠ‘’‡Ǥ”—†‡–‡ ‘‘‹ 

’Žƒ‹‰Šƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†‡ƒ Š ‘—–”›–‘‹’Ž‡‡–ƒƒ”‡–Ǧ†”‹˜‡‡š’‘”–‘”‹‡–‡†‡ ‘‘›

–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†–Š‡‹” ‹–‹œ‡•Ǥ•‡š’‘”–•Šƒ˜‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹ ‘‡ƒ††‡ˆ‹ ‹–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

”‡†— ‡†ǡ „‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡• ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ –‡†

•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ‘”‡‹‰ †‹”‡ – ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ  ‘†ƒ›ǡ „‘–Š ‘”‘ ‘ ƒ†—‹•‹ƒ‡Œ‘›•–”‘‰

‘‡ –‹‘•–‘–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ‹‘ƒ†–‘‘–Š‡”–”ƒ†‹‰’ƒ”–‡”•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ǥ

Š‡›„‘ƒ•–‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†‡ ‘‘‹‡•ƒ†Š‘’‡–‘ ‘–‹—‡•–ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘™–Š„›‡„”ƒ ‹‰

–‘—”‹•ǡ ‘ˆˆ •Š‘”‹‰ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ •Ǥ ‡‹ŽƒŠƒ‹ƒ–ƒ†”Ǥ Ǥ

 99 European Parliament Debates, EU-Tunisia relations, 2010 ɣɢɥ 21-January, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20100121+ITEM- 002+DOC+XML+V0//EN (accessed 2010 ɣɢɥ 24-March). Ǧ͸ͶǦ

„†‡Žƒœ‹œǡ †‹• —••‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡ ‹ ”‘ ‘•• ‘ˆ –Š‡‡™‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–Šƒ–

‡š‹•– ˆ‘” •‘ ƒ› ‘”‘ ƒ• ƒ† —‹•‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›

‘‡ –‡† ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† „‘–Š —‹•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘”‘ ‘–‘–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘

‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž›‹††Ž‡ Žƒ••ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‘”‘ ƒƒ†—‹•‹ƒ

‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –Š‹”–› ›‡ƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ Šƒ”† –‘

‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡ǤŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ž‹‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†ǡ•— Šƒ• ‘ˆ”‘–‹‰‰‡†‡”‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ—‡“—ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹ 

†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‡˜‡–—ƒŽ‡‡†ˆ‘”†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ”‡ˆ‘”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Šƒ˜‡

‘–‹’‡†‡†–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ •— ‡•••–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ‡‹–Š‡” ‘—–”›–‘–Š‹•’‘‹–ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡

”‡ƒ•‘–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡ƒ›–‹‡•‘‘Ǥ



















 Ǧ͸ͷǦ

WorksCited 2008DemocracyIndex.ʹͲͲͻǤ Š––’ǣȀȀƒ͵͵ͲǤ‰Ǥƒƒƒ‹Ǥ‡–Ȁ͹Ȁ͵͵ͲȀʹͷͺʹͺȀʹͲͲͺͳͲʹͳͳͺͷͷͷʹȀ‰”ƒ’Š‹ •Ǥ‡‹—Ǥ ‘Ȁ Ȁ‡‘ ”ƒ ›ΨʹͲ †‡šΨʹͲʹͲͲͺǤ’†ˆȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹͲǦ ‡„”—ƒ”›ȌǤ

AgradirAgreement(2004)BilateralAgreements.ʹͲͲͷǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ„‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ’Š’͵ǫ‹†̴ƒ”–‹ Ž‡αʹͷͳ͵ȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹͲǦ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

”ƒ„ —ƒ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‡’‘”–•ǡǤDz”ƒ„‘‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǣ ”‘™‹‰  ‘‘‹  ‘” ‡ǤdzʹͲͲͷǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ”ƒ„Ǧ Š†”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ‘–Š‡”ȀƒŠ†”Ȁ’ƒ’‡”•ȀʹͲͲͷȀŠ‹Œƒ„Ǥ’†ˆȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲƒ” ŠȌǤ

–‡–‘ǤAtentoMoroccoopensitsfifthcontactcenterinMeknes.ʹͲͲͻƒ›Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ–‡–‘Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ‡™̴ ‘–ƒ – ‡–‡”̴‘”‘ ‘̴‡Ǥ’ȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲ ʹͲǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

–ƒ‹ǡ‘—ƒ”ǤDz‘”‘ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‹‰–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤdzNorthAfricaTimes.ʹͲͲ͹‘˜‡„‡”Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤƒŽƒ”ƒ„Ǥ ‘Ǥ—Ȁ”‡˜‹‘—•’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ‘”–ŠΨʹͲˆ”‹ ƒΨʹͲ‹‡•ȀʹͲͲ͹ȀͳͳȀͲͶǦ ͳͳȀͲͻͲͶͳͳǤ’†ˆȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͷǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

‡ƒ„†‡””ƒœ‹ǡ ƒ••ƒǤDzƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œ‹‰Š‡‘”‘ ‘Ǧ ”‡‡”ƒ†‡‰”‡‡‡–Ǥdz Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’‹‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ Šƒ’–‡”•̴’”‡˜‹‡™ȀͶ͵͵ͶȀͲͷ‹‹‡Ͷ͵͵ͶǤ’†ˆȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲ ͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

‘—ƒ‘—†ǡ‘Šƒ‡†ǤRadioscopiedutourismetunisien2003Ǧ2006.ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ™‡„ƒƒ‰‡” ‡–‡”Ǥ ‘Ȁƒƒ‰‡‡–Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ’Š’ǫ‹†α͵ͷ͵ͺͲȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲ ʹͳǦ ‡„”—ƒ”›ȌǤ

Š‡”ƒ‘—‹ǡƒ‘—ˆ‡ŽǤEUgrants"advancedstatus"toMorocco.ʹͲͲͺͳͲǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ‰Šƒ”‡„‹ƒǤ ‘Ȁ ‘ ‘‘Ȁƒ™‹ȀšŠ–ŽͳȀ‡̴ Ȁˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ȁƒ™‹Ȁˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ȀʹͲͲͺȀͳ ͲȀͳͻȀˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ǦͲͳȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

CIAWorldFactBookǦTunisia.ʹͲͳͲǤ Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‹ƒǤ‰‘˜Ȁ ‹ƒȀ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁˆƒ –„‘‘Ȁ‰‡‘•Ȁ–•ǤŠ–Žȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹ͵Ǧ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

CIAWorldFactbookǦMorocco.ʹͲͳͲǤŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‹ƒǤ‰‘˜ȀŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ȁ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ–Š‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǧ ˆƒ –„‘‘Ȁ‰‡‘•Ȁ‘ǤŠ–Žȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

‘‹••‹‘–ƒˆˆƒ’‡”ǤE.U.ǦMoroccoCountryReport.ʹͲͲͶǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ‡ Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ™‘”Ž†Ȁ‡’Ȁ’†ˆȀ ‘—–”›Ȁ‘”‘ ‘̴‡’̴ ‘—–”›̴”‡’‘”–̴ʹͲͲͶ̴‡Ǥ’†ˆ ȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲ͵Ǧƒ” ŠȌǤ

‘— ‹ŽǡǤǤ‡ —”‹–›Ǥ̶Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ‡•–‡”ƒŠƒ”ƒ—†‡”‘”‘ ƒƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ̶ ʹͲͲʹǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ—†‡‘ ”ƒ ›Ǥ ‘ȀǦʹͲͲʹǦͳ͸ͳȋƒ ‡••‡† ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ

”‹‘— Š‹ǡŠ‡†ǤIntroductionToTheKnolwedgeEconomyInMorocco.ʹͲͲͶǤ Ǧ͸͸Ǧ

E.U.MoroccoStrategyPaper2007Ǧ2013. Š––’ǣȀȀ‡ Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ™‘”Ž†Ȁ‡’Ȁ’†ˆȀ ‘—–”›Ȁ‡’‹̴ •’̴‘”‘ ‘̴‡Ǥ’†ˆȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͷǦ ƒ” ŠȌǤ

 › Ž‘’§†‹ƒ”‹–ƒ‹ ƒŽ‹‡ǤTunisia.ʹͲͲͻǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ‡„Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǧ Ͷ͸͸ʹͲȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹͲǦ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

EnemiesofTheInternetNamed.ʹͲͲ͸ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥ„„ Ǥ ‘Ǥ—ȀʹȀŠ‹Ȁ͸ͳʹͶͶʹͲǤ•–ȋƒ ‡••‡† ʹͲͳͲʹͲǦ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

—”‘’‡ƒƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–‡„ƒ–‡•ǤEUǦTunisiarelations.ʹͲͳͲʹͳǦ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡—”‘’ƒ”ŽǤ‡—”‘’ƒǤ‡—Ȁ•‹†‡•Ȁ‰‡–‘ Ǥ†‘ǫ’—„‡ˆαǦ ȀȀȀȀΪΪʹͲͳͲͲͳʹͳΪ ǦͲͲʹΪΪΪͲȀȀȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

ƒ••‹Ǧ ‹Š”‹ǡ ƒ‹ƒǤPerspectives:Morocco'sfamilycode,5yearslater.ʹͲͲͻǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‘‘‰”‘—†‡™•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ’Š’ǫ‹†αʹͷ͵ͻͷƬŽƒα‡Ƭ•‹†αͳƬ•’αͲ ȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

HistoricGrowthTrendofTunisia’sEconomy,1962–2007.ʹͲͲͻǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ™ƒƒ–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’‘”–ƒ‹ŽȀʹͲͲͻȀͲͶȀͳͲȀŠ‹•–‘”‹ Ǧ‰”‘™–ŠǦ–”‡†Ǧ‘ˆǦ–—‹•‹ƒ•Ǧ‡ ‘‘›Ǧ ͳͻ͸ʹǦʹͲͲ͹Ȁȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹʹǦ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

 ǤTunisiaandtheIMF.ʹͲͲͺǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ˆǤ‘”‰Ȁ‡š–‡”ƒŽȀ ‘—–”›ȀȀ‹†‡šǤŠ– ȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲʹ͵Ǧ ƒ—ƒ”›ȌǤ

‡––‡”‡”ǡ ƒ‡•ǤNetworksofDiscontentinNorthernMorocco:Drugs,OppositionandUrban Unrest.Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡”‹’Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡”Ȁ‡”ʹͳͺȀʹͳͺ̴‡––‡”‡”ǤŠ–Žȋƒ ‡••‡†ʹͲͳͲͶǦƒ” ŠȌǤ

ƒ›ƒ Š‹ǡœœ‡†‹‡ǤEconomicCrisisandPoliticalChangeinNorthAfrica.‘†‘ǣ”ƒ‡‰‡”ǡ ͳͻͻͺǤ

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Moroccoconfirmslargegrowthintourism.ʹͲͲͻ‡’–‡„‡”Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒˆ”‘ŽǤ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁͳ͵ͺ͸ʹǤ

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