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Variation of Insect Assemblages in Fox and Marten Faeces Collected in Southern Poland

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Variation of Insect Assemblages in Fox and Marten Faeces Collected in Southern Poland Ann. Zool. Fennici 45: 308–316 ISSN 0003-455X (print), ISSN 1797-2450 (online) Helsinki 27 August 2008 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2008 Variation of insect assemblages in fox and marten faeces collected in southern Poland Tomasz Skalski1 & Izabela Wierzbowska2 1) Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL-30-060 Krakow, Poland (e-mail: [email protected]) 2) Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, PL-30-387 Krakow, Poland Received 1 Mar. 2007, revised version received 23 Oct. 2007, accepted 23 Oct. 2007 Skalski, T. & Wierzbowska, I. 2008: Variation of insect assemblages in fox and marten faeces col- lected in southern Poland. — Ann. Zool. Fennici 45: 308–316. Remains of invertebrates, especially insects, are frequently found in carnivores’ faeces. Invertebrates are generally restricted to a given area and many factors such as land- use pattern, vegetation structure or even moisture can separate different groups; thus, LQYHUWHEUDWHVFDQEHXVHGDVELRLQGLFDWRUV)RUW\ÀYHVDPSOHVRIPDUWHQDQGIR[VFDWV were analysed for the presence of insect species. Thirty insect species — which were H[SHFWHGWREHIRXQG³ZHUHLGHQWLÀHG&DQRQLFDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQDO\VLVLQGLFDWHG WKDWWKHIDFWRU¶VSHFLHV· LHPDUWHQDQGIR[ ZDVWKHPDLQIDFWRUGHWHUPLQLQJLQYHU- tebrate species variation. Redundancy analysis allowed us to identify invertebrate ecological groups associated with these two carnivores. Martens prefer nest-building insects as a supplementary source of food and mainly forage in meadows, whereas IR[HVIRUDJHGLQIRUHVWZLWKKLJKYROXPHVRILQVHFWVDVZHOODVQHFURSKDJHV0DUWHQV SUHIHUUHGVPDOOHUZKLOHIR[HVSUHIHUUHGODJHULQVHFWV:HFRQFOXGHWKDWLQVHFWVIRXQG in faeces might play an important role in understanding food and habitat relationships between sympatric predators. Introduction very similar (Fedriani et al 5HPDLQV RI LQVHFWV RU EURDGO\ VSHDNLQJ $ ODUJH QXPEHU RI FDUQLYRUH VSHFLHV FRH[LVW LQ invertebrates, frequently occur in carnivore WKHVDPHWHUULWRU\DQGH[SORLWVLPLODUUHVRXUFHV faeces. Their occurrence in the consumed food HJ IRRG KDELWDW 6FDW DQDO\VLV KHOSV XV WR depends on the predator (Kauhala et al understand feeding behaviour and habitat prefer- Fedriani et al5XVVHOO 6WRUFK RQ ences as well as niche separation of sympatric DYDLODEOH UHVRXUFHV =LHOLQVNL et al 5H\- VSHFLHV -ĕGU]HMHZVND -ĕGU]HMHZVNL QROGV $HELVKHU DQGRQVHDVRQ /DQV]NL Most dietary analyses focus on the frequency .|UPHQGL*HQRYHVLet al 7KLV distribution, fresh biomass and source of prey. NLQGRIIRRGLVPRVWO\VXSSOHPHQWDU\ &DUYDOKR In case of opportunistic carnivores such as mar- *RPHV EXWPD\DOVRFRQVWLWXWHDYDOX- tens (Martes martes, M. foina DQG WKH UHG IR[ DEOH SURSRUWLRQ RI IRRG IRU IR[HV EDGJHUV DQG (Vulpes vulpes WKH PDLQ VRXUFHV RI IRRG DUH raccoon dogs (Kauhala et al )HGULDQL et Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annales-Zoologici-Fennici on 30 Apr 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by University of Connecticut ANN.ZOOL.FENNICI Vol.45 • Variation of insect assemblages in fox and marten faeces 309 al/DQV]NL .|UPHQGL UHDFKLQJ 1DWLRQDO 3DUN 213 1 ( DQG XSWRRIIUHVKELRPDVVRIIDHFHV6WRPDFK *RUFH1DWLRQDO3DUN *13 1( DQDO\VLVRIIR[HVVKRZHGWKDWXSWRRIWKH located in southern Poland, each differing in fresh weight of insects can be digested by this KDELWDWXVHDQGODQGFRYHU213LVDVPDOOGHFLG- FDUQLYRUH 5H\QROGV $HELVKHU XRXVIRUHVWFRPSOH[RIDSSUR[LPDWHO\KDRI In spite of the high frequency and, some- patchily distributed woods, surrounded by many times, important role in dietary supplementation, semi-natural and anthropogenic habitats, whereas information on insect composition and group *13FRQVLVWVRIDODUJHEHHFKDQGVSUXFHIRUHVW SUHIHUHQFHVLVVFDUFH.RçHQi UHFRJQL]HG FRPSOH[ KD ZLWKVPDOOSDWFKHVRIVHPL FDUDELGEHHWOHVLQRIVDPSOHVRIIR[VFDWV QDWXUDO PHDGRZV 5HG IR[ Vulpes vulpes DQG The treatment of this fraction as ‘unrec- both species of martens, i.e. beech or stone RJQL]DEOH· VHHPV WR EH DQ RYHUVLPSOLÀFDWLRQ marten (Martes foina DQGSLQHPDUWHQ Martes /DQV]NL DQG .|UPHQGL DQG 5XVVHOO martes DUH FRPPRQO\ GLVWULEXWHG PHVRFDUQL- DQG 6WRUFK ZKR LGHQWLÀHG VRPH LQVHFW vores in Poland. They are abundant in both study remains to species level, indicated a rich vari- areas and as it is not possible to differentiate ety of insect groups in particular samples and between the scats of marten species using visible EHWZHHQ DQDO\VHG FDUQLYRUHV 2QO\ 6NãRGRZVNL features, we recorded their scats as belonging to DQG 3RVãXV]Q\ DQDO\VHG GLHWDU\ GLIIHU- PDUWHQVSS :LHU]ERZVNDet al ences between pine and stone martens on the 6FDWV ZHUH FROOHFWHG IURP WUDQVHFWV DORQJ basis of beetle composition. IRUHVWU\ URDGV 7UDQVHFWV ZHUH ZDONHG WZLFH D Individual invertebrates are generally restricted month and only fresh scats were collected. To to a given area and many factors such as land- eliminate the preferences of a few carnivores, use pattern, vegetation structure or moisture can ZHUDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGVDPSOHVIURPDODUJHU separate different species groups, and are, subse- collection for a particular analysis. The total quently, of great use in bioindication (Boscaini et QXPEHURIFROOHFWHGIDHFHVZDVLQ213DQG al 5DLQR 1LHPHOl ,QIRUPDWLRQ LQ*136FDWVZHUHFROOHFWHGGXULQJGLIIHU- RQWKHSUHVHQFHRIVSHFLÀFLQVHFWVLQWKHGLHWRI ent seasons and from different localities. Fresh carnivores might be useful for assessing not only VFDWV ZHUH SODFHG LQ SODVWLF EDJV DQG IUR]HQ DW food preferences, but also habitat preferences and ²&DQGZHUHSUHSDUHGXVLQJWKHPHWKRGRO- the behaviour of predators. On the basis of varia- RJ\ RI *RV]F]\ĸVNL DQG 5H\QROGV DQG tion in the composition of invertebrates in the diet $HELVFKHU of carnivores, we might be able to separate niche Faeces were rinsed with tap water through dimensions such as a meadow–forest gradient, D VLHYH ZLWK D PHVK VL]H RI ² PP 0LFUR- nocturnal–diurnal activity, etc. scopic and macroscopic fragments were sepa- Our main goal was to show variation in food rated into food categories. The dry mass of each preferences and invertebrate species composi- food category was measured. Arthropod remains tion in relation to habitat use by two sympatric ZHUHWKHQVHSDUDWHGLQWRRUGHUVDQGLGHQWLÀHGWR FDUQLYRUHV IR[HV DQG SLQH DQG VWRQH PDUWHQV species level using reference insect collections One of our aims was to show that high variation from each region. The number of specimens was in invertebrate composition and abundance in counted for each species on the basis of replica- the food of carnivores depends not only on food EOHSDUWVRIWKHH[RVNHOHWRQVXFKDVWKHKHDGWKH DYDLODELOLW\ EXW DOVR RQ VSHFLÀF SUHIHUHQFHV RI pronotum, abdominal appendages and legs. the consumers in the type of supplementary food 7KH H[SHFWHG VSHFLHV QXPEHU LQ WKH HQWLUH consumed. data set was estimated using the Bootstrap esti- PDWRU RI VSHFLHV ULFKQHVV 6PLWK YDQ %HOOH Material and methods m Sbot = Sobsȸ ²pk The collection of carnivore faeces was car- ULHGRXWLQ²LQWZRDUHDVLH2MFyZ where Sbot is estimated species richness, Sobs is Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annales-Zoologici-Fennici on 30 Apr 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by University of Connecticut 310 Skalski & Wierzbowska • ANN.ZOOL.FENNICI Vol.45 Fig. 1. Expected number of insect species collected in the carnivores faeces using the Bootstrap estimator (± SD) of species richness. total number of observed species in all samples Fig. 2. A biplot of the first two canonical axes of a cor- pooled, p is the proportion of samples that k respondence analysis of insect species (M) in relation contain species k, and m is the total number to environmental variables. Arrows represent environ- of samples. The randomisation of samples was mental dummy variables: main predators (marten and SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ WKH SURJUDPPH (VWLPDWH6 fox) and different landscapes (GNP = Gorce National &ROZHOO Park, ONP = Ojcow National Park). Biomass of the most frequent species was calculated using the formula in-DURVLN Results B a :HZHUHDEOHWRGHWHUPLQHVSHFLHVRIDUWKUR- where a is mean body length an individual. SRGVPDLQO\EHHWOHVDQGZDVSV 7DEOH Their The selection of beetles of a particular car- frequencies varied between groups and samples. nivore was evaluated on the basis of the relative :H ZDQWHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH H[SHFWHG QXPEHU abundance of beetle species in a given commu- of species in the area. The species rarefaction nity. curve, based on the bootstrap analysis, indicates To determine the relationship between car- WKDW WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH H[SHFWHG IDXQD LQ WKH nivores and the insect community collected area was collected )LJ from the faeces UHGXQGDQF\ DQDO\VLV 5'$ To determine the relationship between the DQG FDQRQLFDO FRUUHVSRQGHQFH DQDO\VLV &&$ arthropod species collected and large carnivore ZHUHXVHG WHU%UDDNWHU%UDDN äPLODXHU consumption, a canonical correspondence analy- 5'$UHYHDOVLIWKHUHH[LVWVDOLQHDUUHOD- VLV ZDV XVHG 7KH RUGLQDWLRQ GLDJUDP )LJ tionship between response variables (insect indicated that the variation in species abun- FRPPXQLW\ VWUXFWXUH SDUDPHWHUV DQG SUHGLFWRU GDQFHV DPRQJ UHSOLFDWHV IDHFHV ZDV DVVRFL- YDULDEOHVV FDUQLYRUHV DQG VLWH 7KH XQLPRGDO ated mainly with carnivore species and habitat response model was selected in order to study FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DOWLWXGHDQGODQGXVHW\SH 7KH particular relationships between species and ÀUVWIRXUFDQRQLFDOD[HVGHVFULEHGRIWKH environmental factors, which are included in the YDULDQFHRIWKHVSHFLHVGDWDDQGRIWKHVSH- &&$GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWPD[LPXPDEXQGDQFH FLHV²HQYLURQPHQWDOUHODWLRQ 7DEOH 7KHLQVHFW occurs
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