Conflict Resolution Program Staff
Director: Harry Barne A ·ociate Director: Joyce Neu Assistant Director for Project : Sue Palmer Assi rant Program Coordinator: Sara Tindall Assi rant Program Coordinator: Kirk Wolcott Re earch A i tant: Stacey Hillock Program Administrative Assistant: DiAnn Watson
The Conflict Reso lution Program would like to thank Research Assistant Rob Joyce and all of our interns who worked on this project, especially Kaya Adams, Elizabeth Bloodgood, Noah Gold berg, David Huang, and Sarah Meeks. In addition, we would like to acknowledge Pam Auchmutey, Publications Manager at The Carter Center, for her ass istance, and Rachel Maloney for design and layout of this publication. We especially would like to thank the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for their generous support.
For more information about The Carter Center, please write us at The Carter Center, One Copenhill, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, Ga. 30307, U ..A. or see our web site at http://www.emory.edu/CARTER_CENTER. © 1995 hyTheCarterCcntcr TABLE OF CONTENTS Ill
Preface ll lnrmduction by former U .. Prestdenr Jimmy C1rtcr 1
Map: Major Armed Conflicts 4
Locatwn of MaJor Armed Confltcts
6 Algeria ------· AFRICA Angola 8 Ltberia 10 Rwanda 12 Somalia 14 uJan 16
18 Afghantstan ------ASIA Bangladesh 20 Cambodia 22 India 24 Indonesia 26 Myanmar (Burma) 28 Philippines 30 ri Lanka 32 Tajikistan 34
------· CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA Colombia 36 Guatemala 38 Peru 40
------· EUROPE A:erhaijan 42 Bosnia-Hcr:egn\ 111.1 44 Cmnria 46 Georgi,\ 48 United Kingdom 50
52 ------· MIDDLE EAST Iran Iraq 54 brad 56 Turkey 58
ummary Comparison of Conflict Information 60
Bibliography/ elected Readings 61
Ahnut the International Negotiation Network 62
About The Carter Center Back Cover PREFACE II
he State of World Conflict Report includes maps, demographics, and statistical information on the 2 7 locations where 33 major armed conflicts were waged in 1993-94 and narrative summaries for these conflicts through early 1995 (as at the time of publication stati tical information was not available for 1994-95). South Africa was purposefully excluded from this publication since the conflict there was successfully resolved with the Tholding of national elections in April1994. 1 All of these conflicts were con idered armed civil or intra-state conflicts. Certain common features define what is meant by "armed civil conflicts," including the fo llowing: they involve the use of violence to achieve goal that might be otherwi e unattainable; they all indicate a breakdown of political order; and all presuppose certain capabilities of violence by those who incite the internal war and certain incapacities for preventing violence among those against whom incemal war is waged.1 Any discussion on the number and scope of world conflicts ultimately depends on the manner in which "conflict" is defined. As in the first edition of the State of World Conflict Report, we employ here the definition for a "major armed conflict" u ed by Peter Wallensteen and Karin Axel! of the Srockholm International Peace Research ln titute (SlPRl) as follows:
Major Armed Conflict: prolonged combat berween the military forces of two or more governments, or of one govemmenc and at least one organized armed group, and incurring the battle-related deaths of at least 1,000 people du ring the entire confl ict.'
Conflict location are designated by the internationally recognized borders of a state. ln some cases, countries are involved in more than one conflict, thus yielding a larger number of conflicts than conflict locations. One example is Bosnia-Herzegovina, where Bosnian government forces were engaged in major armed conflicts with both Croatian government forces and the Bosnian Serb army. Certain conflicts do not appear because they fai l to meet the above definition. For instance, fighting in C had, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, and other countries subsided to a point where these conflicts were considered low-level, or minor conflicts, rather than major armed conflicts. In Bu rundi, there remains some question whether the massacres carried out in 1993-94 were perpetrated by individuals eeking personal retribution or by organized groups seeking specific political goals; the latter is a necessary condition to be defined as a major armed conflict. Meanwhile, the battle-related deaths of more than 1,000 between Russian forces and armed groups in Chechnya occurred after 1994 and will be included in the next edition of the State of World Conflict Report. Each narrative summary provides a brief history of one or more conflicts in a given location through the end of 1994. For stati tical data, efforts were made to supply the most current information available, and in every case the time frame and source of information is listed. Those instances where figures were not available are indicated with "na." Statistical information is provided for the government of the country listed rather than for opposition or rebel groups, unless other wise specified. In the category labeled "The Conflict," the term "incompatibility" refers to the notion that the conflicts are contests for control of either government (type of political system, a change of central government, or a change in its composition) or territory (control of territory, ecession, or autonomy).4 ln some instances, figures for the "Number of War-Related Deaths 1945-1992" may differ from figures for total number of deaths in the conflict summaries because summary figure~ may include deaths due to famine, disease, starvation, or other causes not directly related to war. Summary figures represent the latest information available as of early 1995, whereas table figures repre em information only through 199V Finally, reliable data were unavailable for many countries on d1e number of war-related deaths of women and children, despite the fact that they adly remain the greatest victim of major armed conflicts.
1 In 1993, 34 majnr .mned cnnnict' were waged m 28 lncanom around rhe world, occorJmg to Peter Wallemteen and Karin Axel I. Our numher ul 33 contltct> in 27 kx:m~
mce the publication of the first State of tion of talks I helped to facilitate during my June World Conflict Report in 1992, the interna 1994 visit, the United State!:> and North Korea tional political arena has continued ro signed an agreement in Geneva on Oct. 21 that S change dramatically. With the end of the served as a major step toward ending 50 years of Cold War and the unity provided within many hostility and easing international fears about a countries by the notion of a "common enemy" possible nuclear weapons buildup in North Korea. dismanrled, old prejudices and wounds have been reopened, resulting in a multitude of armed struggles In September 1994, Gen. Colin Powell, Sen. Sam and secessionist movements around the globe. Nunn, and I traveled to Haiti, on behalf of the U.S. Overall, conflict within nations has increased. government, to negotiate the peaceful departure of Conflict between nations, meanwhile, has de the military leadership and the return of President creased. The spl intering of multiethnic region~ -;uch jean-Bertrand Aristide. Roherr Pastor, an Interna as the former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet tional Negotiation Network (INN) member and Union accounts for many of the new armed civtl director of The Carter Center's Latin American and conflicts. The end of the Cold War and the active Caribbean Program, served as the team's special efforts of the United Nations and others in monitor adviser for the negotiations. ing conte ted borders such as those between Iraq and Kuwait and Macedonia and Greece contribute In December 1994, I embarked as a private citizen to the recent decline in international wars. on a peace mission to Bosnia to meet with leaders of the two warring parties and to support efforts to end the civil war there. I was able to lay the groundwork for a four-month cease-fire agree ment and a pledge from both sides to resume peace talks. I maintained throughout the cease-fire and after its resumption that the parties to the conflict, the Bosnian-Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serbs, should be strongly encouraged to engage in peace nego tiations, which ts the only way to prevent a downward spiral to increased \'iolence, death, and suffenng.
During the last two years, other INN mem bers have tried also to build peace around the world. For instance, Vanuk Volkan and Harold Saunders along with Carter Center staff conducted worbhops in 1994 and early 1995 in the former Soviet republic of Estonia. These workshops were held in conjunction with local groups and addres ed such issues as the integration of Russian-speaking residents INN members Marie-Angelique Savane, wrth the Umted Nations Fund for Population, and Gen. Olusegun ObasanJO, former into the Estonian society. The workshops president of Nigeria, attend the annual INN consultation at The stimulated dialogue between the groups and Carter Center in Ap7'il1994. (Photograph b~ Billy Howard) challenged some of the stereotypes they had of each other.
The dispute between North and South Korea is The Carter Center's Conflict Resolution Program one of the few remaining examples of an inter-stare and others are continuing with this effort and ex conflict, yet one which lands outside our definition panding it to Latvia. It may provide a new model for of a major armed conflict. Building on the resump- conflict prevention. In Africa in 1994, INN member A rchbishop More recently, I arranged a cease-fire agreement Desmond Tutu and I made separate visits to Liberia between the Sudanese government and the southern to meet with the disputing parties and encourage rebe l groups that began in March 1995. The primary interested groups to find a peaceful settlement to the purpose was to permit the leaders and citizens of conflict. The protracted Liberian war has left thou Sudan, working with humanitarian organizations, to sands homeless and produced a horrify ing number of take steps to eradicate G uinea worm disease, prevent child soldiers. As of early 1995, more than 6,000 river blindness, and immunize children against polio children under age 15 were serving in Liberian rebel and other diseases. The parties agreed to a two armies. INN member Lisbet Palme, chair of the month extension of the cease-fire beginning in June, Swed ish committee fo r UNICEF, h as been working and The Carter Center continues to assist with these diligently for years to resolve these and other dangers health in itiatives, and to encourage movement on confronting children in war-tom societies. the peace front.
Meanwhile, INN members Gen. O lusegun The tragedy of armed conflict often extends Obasanjo and Kumar Rupesinghe visited Burundi on beyond the battlefield. Few practices are more cruel separate peace missions last year. Gen. Obasanjo than the deliberate withholding of food supplies as a and former Malian President A madou Toumani tactic of war. Recently, food deprivation h as Toure were members of a mission attempting to find emerged as one of the major con tributors to world an African solution to the crisis there. International hunger. In 1993 alone, more than 29 countries had Alert, headed by Kumar Rupesinghe, co-sponsored a conflict-related food shortages that forced millions of colloquium on Burundi with the U.N. special repre people from their homes and into crowded, often sentative of the secretary-general to that country. inhumane, refugee camps. This practice places an Several proposals were made concerning reconcilia increasing burden on humanitarian aid agencies and tion, legal and constitutional reform, security issues, highlights the daunting challenges facing the inter and the role of the media. Following the devastation national community in the post-Cold War era. in Rwanda in 1994, it is imperative that adequate conflict prevention initiatives begin to avert a Another equally tragic result of armed conflict is similar fa te in neighboring Burund i and al o to the targeting of innocent, typically defenseless, provide for the safe return of refugees to Rwanda. civilians. By some estimates, women and ch ildren
Former First Lady Rosalynn Career (left) , former Presidenc)immy Career (center), and Harry Barn es (right), director of The Carter Center's Conflict Resolution and Human Rights programs, are briefed ac UNPROFOR (United Nations Protection Force) hecul. quarcers in Sarajevo in December 1994. Also present, though not shown in chis photograph, was Joyce Neu, associate director of the Conflict Resolution Program. (Photograph by UN PRO FOR)
Z- Sutah Afncan Archbrshup Oe~mond T11w (center), an INN member, and Rrchanl Joseph (back nght), former director uf The Caner Center's African Got•er• rumce Program, meet u:irh mem bers of the Liberran Transitional Legrslam·e Assembl-y m Monrovw in) rll-v 1994 . (Photograph b)' PaHI McDennott)
constitute 80 percent of recent war-related deaths. -and to seek mutually beneficial and more effecti\'e Since 1984, more than 1.5 million children have ways to resolve and prevent armed conflicts wher been killed worldwide in armed conflicts, more than ever they arise. 4 million have been physically disabled, 5 million forced into refugee camps, and as many as 12 mill ion I would like to thank INN memhers Oscar Arias left homeless. In addition to enduring the trauma~ nt Sanche:, Tahseen Basheer, Hans-Otetrich Genscher, armed conflict, children continue to be forced w Tommy Koh, Christopher Mitchell, Olusegun clear mmefield~ and participate m other dangcrou~ Ohasanjo (as nf this writing unfortunately under and demeaning aspects of war. The preceding ex arrest in Nigeria), Lisbet Palme, Robert Pastor, Ja,·ier amples are but a few of the fundamental challenges Perez de Cuellar, Shridath Ramphal, Kumar to the international community as it seeks to pro Rupesinghe, Harold Saunders, Marie Angelique mote peace in a rapidly changing world. lncrcm Savane, Desmond Tutu, Brian Urquhart, William ingly, parties in conflict turn to the United Nattons Ury, Cyrus R. Vance, Vam1k Volkan, Peter to fulfill this role. With a number of member ~tates Wallensteen, Elie Wiesel, and Andrew Young for presently in arrears over membership dues, however, their individual and joint acnons to help bring peace it 15 extremely difficult for the United Nations to to our world. maintain its growing number of peacekeeping mis sions and undertake adequate conflict prevention and resolution initiatives. This second edition of the State of World Conflict Report is being is ued on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. The high number of armed conflicts still being waged around the world points to the immedi ate need for all of us to re-examine the role the United Nations-as well as other international and Jimmy Carter regional bodies and nongovernmental organizations Chair, International Negotiation Netwnrk
- 3- II MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS
Labeled countries represent the 27 locations where 33 major armed conflicts were waged in 199 3-94. Major armed conflict is defined as "prolonged combat between the military forces of two or more govemments, or of one govemment and at least one organized armed group, and incurring the battle related deaths of at least I ,000 people during the entire conflict." (P. Wallensteen and K. Axell, "Major Armed Conflicts," SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) , 81 .
-4- MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS II
~IUPPINES ~ ~ STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT ALGERIA
THE CONFLICT r -.J . J SPAIN Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of Atlantic parties strength deaths in 1993 Ocean ((f Government Guvernmcmt 139,000 I ,100-2,400 ~ 0 r:n Algiers nf Algena vs. F!S* 10,000- 15,000** vs.GIA na Canary Islands (SPAIN) <;rveral ann«l hlamoc gn•ul" '"" hrouuhc w.:cthcr unJer rhc c••mm.mJ ''ructurc uf the AS mol nary wong. lin.ol.rren~th ,,, all armcJ molot.,nt>. Source: C. A>hcrg, K. Axel!. B. Heldt. E. Md.mJcr. K N,orJI.ju"t· .mJ T Ohl"'n. "'MaJOr -\nncJ CunfloLt>, 1993," SIPRI )carbouk 1994 (Oxf,orJ Oxl<>rd Unovc,.,ory Pre-s. 1994), 93.
Area: 2.3 I, 740 >q. km. Population: 27, 95,068 Ethnic Divisions: Arab/Berber Other ystem of Government: Republtc MAURITANIA MALl Languages: l Arabic (official) Berber 1185 km.l d i alect~ ..1 French (Percentage breakdown not available) Re ligions: ivil conflict ha raged throughout Algeria for unni Muslim (state rcltgton) 99'l{, Christian and Jcwbh I% the past three years, resulting in the death of S.>ur
- 6- AFRICA II
HEALTH PROFILE Ma rCo en 1 nal Weapon lmporu 1990-94 Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 It' e birth.,) 1993 68 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant mortahry rate (under 1) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve htrths) 1993 57 rates, rounded)
Annual number fbtrths (th us nds) 199'; 920 Total 1,600
Ltte xpect ncy at btrth (years) 1993 66 Unttcd Stares ()
dA up en II d m pnm ry hod US-.;R/Ru 1a 1,143 (gr ) 198692 95 rrancc 0 Ye •r f tte 1 t to prem rure de th FRO/German) 0 (perl,OOO pe pie) 1990 27 Chtn.t ll2
Tubercul IS c 1 es (per 100,000 people). 1990 53 Untted Km~.:Jom 42
}.!,ll.ma o"~s (per 100,000 pcOJlc expo eJ I<• C:cchoslovakJa 61 malana-tnfe~.:ted em tronmcnts): 1991 na Netherlands 0
AIDS case~ (p..:r 100.000 p..:l•pk·): 1992 0.1 lraly 0
o/o Fully irnmuni:::cd 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swtrzerland 0 TB 87 Others 41 Otphthcna, pertussts, tcr,mus 73 Pl1 ho 73 S.>urcc· SIPRI, Arm' TraJc D.ll.tha,c, 1995. Measles 69
o/o Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 36 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT use rate(% dtarrhea case~ in children under 5 rreated with ornl rchydrnti(m thernpy): 1987-93 27 u.s. $ millton ( 1985 rrict:s/rares) 1,599
Populmion per ductor: 1990 2.330 U.S. $ pt:r capiw 59
Population per nurse: 1990 16,450 %ofGDP/GNP 2.7 ' .. ~'""" ~~ ~~. .. tAunr·'"'""'"f Dd,••lee ExrenJuurc .m.l \lthr.lfY M.tni">wer I'IHS 19'12 . Nur.es per doctor: 1990 0.1 .\hbwn Balan.. J % of Population with access t0 safe Jnnkmg water: T to health scn·tc..:s: Tutal 8!:1 n.t na n,t na 1985-93 Urban 100 Rur.1l 80 Puhltc expendtture on health(% nfG DP): 1990 5.4 ECONOMIC IND CATORS Total expenditure on health ( *Thegn )~"' cnmllmclll rn tan 1 ~ rhe H,lt:ll numhcr of ch1h.lrcn cnrollcJ m a ,dwolu'IJ.! lcvd whl·t h.l·r vr nut rhey hchmu m rhc rclcvilnt ilJ.::C gmup ftu that lc:vcl cxprt•,wd . h .1 External debt, 1994: U .S. $26 btllion rl'TCl"n t;lgl· 11f the ((lt,ll numhcr tJ( ch1JJrcn In the rl'lcvant .I$.W group t(1T th.at Jc.•\·d ~<>urcc C IA. Thr W"nriJ Ft~uhwk /9'14 (W.l'h tn~rnn , O.C. Ccntr,l ll md l o~cm:c A~cncy. """""' UNICEF. The Suur of the \Yiorkl'> ClukJrrn 1'195 (N,·w Yurk: OxfnrJ Untn·r,tv 19 7 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT ANGOLA THE CONFLICT Lske Ttlngsnyiks Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993* 0 Luanda Government Government Greater than 20,000 Luena• nf Angola 50,000 South \'S. UNITA Greater than Atlantic . Lobito ~45 ,000 • L-______. ______Menongue • Whe n c~tl maun~.: ull war... relnred dearh~. mchu..l m,:: vtcnms of war.. mJ uceJ starvaru.m and Jo<,ea;e, th• U.N. 'u~est 4 50,000-500,000Jcath, on Angol.> on Oc;t. 1992-Dec. 1993. Source: C. A\l>c r~ . K. Axcll. B. llciJt, E. Melander, K. NorJquost, and T. Ohlson, "MaJor AnncJ CunOow., 19<)1," S/PR/ Yearbuok /994 (OxforJ· OxfnrJ Unovc"llYPr e,., 1994). 93. ZIMBABWE Area: 1,246,700:;q. km. Population ; 9,803,576 Ethnic Divisions: NAMIBIA Ovimbundu 37% Me~ rico 2% Kimbundu 25% European 1% Bakongo 13% O ther 22% ) BOTSWANA ystem of Government: T rnnsinonal government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong p r e~ i dem i a l system 250 km. Languages: I Portuguese (official) Bantu and other African language5 SOUTH AFRICA (Percentage breakdown not available) Religions: indigenous he liefs 47% ince gaining independence from Portugal in Roman Catholic 38% 1975, two parties in Angola have emerged in a Prmestant 15% Source: CIA, The W'orld Fcu:tbook /994 (W,.,hongton, D.C.: Centmllmcllogcnce Agency. Smilit ary and political struggle that has claimed 1994). 9- 11. the lives of 300,000 people from 1975-92 and an other 500,000 from 1992-94. The Ango lan civil war, which began in 1975, attracted actors from both NUMBER OF WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945·92"' sides of the Cold War. The Soviet Union and C uba provided arms and training to the Popular Liberation Total Military Civilian Movement of Ango la (MPLA ), while the Uni ted 355,000 na na States, Zaire, and Soutl< Africa gave comparable •Data ts for all co nOoct' Wtthln th os locmton for the yea" notc'l.l support to the National Union fo r the Total Inde Sourco· R. ovarJ, "Molot.t'6 TrcnJ>," 1'\/orld M rluary and Socwl ExJ>e>Will ·8 AFRICA Ill HEALTH PROFILE Ma or Co vent1o IW pon Imp 1990 94 Under 5 m n l1ty rate (per 1,000 h\ e btrth ). 199) 292 Exporting U.S. $ million Infant m nahty rate (under I) Countr): ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve btrths) 1993 170 rates, rounded) Annual number of birth~ (thousands): I 993 529 Total 882 Ltfe expectancy t birth (years): 1993 47 Umted Sratcs 1 % ot Age roup enrolled 10 pnmary school USSR/Russia 828 (gross)· 1986 92"' 91 France 0 'I car of ltfc 1, to prcm tture death FRG/German} 0 {per 1,00C people) 199C na Chma 0 __,,~ , Tuberculo~ts case~ (per 100,000 people): 1990 Umted KmgJom 0 Malan.t c •~cs (per 100,(100 peopll' exposl·d lll Czechnsl,wnkia 2 malana•mfccrecl em iwnments): 1991 na Netherlands 0 AIDS cases (per 100,000 pet)plc): 1992 1.7 italy 0 % Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Switzerland 8 TB 53 Others 42 Diphthcna, pertussis, tetanus 30 Polio 28 S.•urcc: SIPRI. Arm, Tr.1Jc [\uaha-e, 1995. Me % Fully immunized pregnant women : 1990-93 Tewnus 14 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT use rate (% diarrhea cases m children under 5 treated with oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 48 U.S.$ mill ion ( 1985 prices/rate~) 2,732 Population pe1 doctor: 1990 14,290 U.S.$ per capita 280 Population per nurse: 1990 870 % ofGDP/GNP 35.5 .. . .- S.•ur,e· ~~~~. "C~>mpan'""' .,(Defence ExrcnJuurc .mJ ~!,lu.m ~l.mr<•"er l'l!-i) l'l'l2,' Nurses per docwr: 1990 16.4 \lrLwn R.rlanc< I'IQ1 llll/4 (J.,mJ.m· Bra--ey\, 19 % of Population with access to safe drmking water' Total 41 1988-93 Urhan 71 DISPLACED PERSONS Rural 20 (a of December 1994) to adequate sanitation: Total 19 Total Internal Ext~:rnal Ho~t countric~ and 1988-93 Urhan 25 number of refu~ces received Rural 15 2,344,000 2,000,000 344.000 Zatre 220,000 to health 'en· tees: Total 30 Zambia 110,000 1985-93 Urban na Congo 13,000 Rural na Namihia 1,000 Snun.:c· U?urkl Refu~~l' \urt·l',, J9Q5 (\\1a~hm~-:tnn, D.C.; lmtnt).:r.Hillll .md Refugee Servu,i..·' Public expcndtrure on health(% ofGDP): 1990 1.8 nl Amcnca, IIJ95). 4Z-44 Total expendlture on health ('}'u of GDP): 1990 na External atd flows to health (% of total health expenditure): 1990 6.0 ECONOMIC INDICATORS *Thegn»' enrollment rano" Lhe tmal numher of chdJrcn enrolled m a ;chmlm~ k·"cl Gross Dome~tic Product (GDP), 1993 c~timatcd: lJ.S. $5.7 hillH>n whether'" nnt thl'\' hclong m the rcl~v.mt age group fur thar lc"e)....,xpr~''"J ,,, a pcrc.:ent.Jce lJt the wt~ll number l>f c.:hdJren an the rele\':lOt age J.:Wur for that ll'\'cl. GOP per capita, 1993 estimated: U.S. $600 ::O.•urce.: UI"ICEF. Th,· Suuc of the \\\'orld\ Cluldren 199~ (N~w Y,~rk : Oxlord UtHI'CNt\ Pre". l'N4), on. 70 UNDP. Human Dctdn{>rnenr Re(' "nurcc' ( 'lA, The \Vvrtd F<1cthmk 1994 (W.l'hm~ton, D.C.: Ccmr.ollmdh~cncc 1\gtnL\, )<)94). 10. STATE OF \'V'ORLD CONFLICT REPORT LIBERIA THE CONFLICT /. BURKINA FASO GUINEA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government 200-400 Less than 2,000 < COTE D'IVOIRE of Liberia, ECOMOG 15,000- 17,000 vs. NPFL 10,000 Source: C. Asherg, K. Axcll, B. lleldt, E. Mcl:mdcr, K. Nordyui>t, and T. Ohbon, "Major Buchanan• Armeu Confl icts, 1991 ," SII'RI Yearbook 1994 (Oxforu: Oxford Un tvcrsuy Pre,, 1994), 93. Area: ll1,370sq. km. Population: 2,972,766 Ethnic Divisions: Harper Indigenous Africans 95% (including Kpclle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grcbo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella) Americo-Lihcrians 5% (descendants of repatriated slaves) System of Government: Republic South Atlantic 125 km. Languages: Niger-Congo 80% (about 20 local languages come from this language family) English (official) 20% Religions: Traditional 70% Muslim 20% ar broke out in Liberia in December 1989 Christ ian 10% Suu r~c: C IA. The World Factbwk 1994 (Washmgtnn, D.C.: CenmollmcllogcnLe Agency, after Charles Taylor's National Patriotic 1994). 23 1-232. W Front of Liberia (NPFL) instigated an armed campaign to overthrow the government of President amuel Doe. The heavy fighting and massive refugee NUMBER OF flight that followed led surrounding states to respond. WAR~RELATED DEATHS 1945-92* ln August 1990, the Economic Community of West Total Military Civilian African States (ECOWAS) began seeking ways to 25,000 10,000 15,000 restore peace, including dispatching peacekeeping forces • Data "for all conflocr.' "'tthon thos locauon for the yc;m noteJ. known as the ECOWAS Cease~fire Monitoring Group Source: R. ovmu, "Molowry Trcnu>," World Molowry and Socoal Expenduures /993, 15th cd. (ECOMOG) and convening negotiations of the warring (Washmgton , D.C.: World Pnorolte>, 1993), 21. parties. ln September, forces under Prince Johnson, a former Taylor military commander who broke ranks to form d1.e Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), captured and killed President Doe. Following Doe's death, Taylor's forces marched on but were unable to conquer the capital city of Monrovia, leaving a three~way tand~off between the NPFL, the lNPFL, and remnants of President Doe's Armed Forces of Liberi a (AFL). Fighting e calated and a series of cease~ fire agreements failed, until July 1993, when the three major disputing parties-the NPFL, the newly formed United Liberation Movement for Democracy in Liberia (ULIMO), and the Interim Government of National Unity (lGNU)-signed the Cotonou Accord, which established a temporary cessation of hostilities. The accord, however, did not resolve factional differences, and fighting continued through out the country as of early 1995. A second peace accord was signed in September 1994 in Ako ombo, Ghana, followed by the Akosombo C l ar ifi ca~ tion Agreement and the Agreement of Acceptance and Accession in Accra. The Accra Accords provided for a cease~fi re, which began on Dec. 28, and the establishment of a five~member ruling council to carry out interim government duties until the elections scheduled for November 1995. As of March 1995, negotiations had stalled, and warring factions refused to disarm, making it difficult to repatriate Liberian refugees or prepare for democratic elections. - 10- AFRICA II R 1 Und r 5 m rt hr~ rate (per I ,000 h\ biTCh )· I 993 217 Exporting U.S.$ million In~ nt m< rtaht) rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 IVC b1rth ) 1993 145 rates, rounded) Annu l number fbi ( an ) 1993 BS Total na Ll~ expec y t ITCh ( rs) 993 56 U m red State:; na A gr up en ll d m pnm ry h I USSR/Ru ~ ~ na ( r ) 19 69 . 31 France n~ '\ f I tt r m ure de h FRG/Gcrm::m~ n• (rcr I 000 pe pi 19 n. Chma nl Tuherculo ~~ c (per 100 000 people)· 1990 na Untted Kmgdom na Malana cases (per 100,000 people exposed to C:cchoo;lovak ta na mal m a·mte"ted ' m tronmcnt ): 199 1 na Nctherlan&, na AIDS ca~e s (per I 00,000 people). 1992 0. 1 Italy na Switzerland na •x, Fully immunized 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 T B 86 Othe~ na Dtphthena, pcrtu ' ''· tc t . mu~ 20 Polio 39 Measles 38 % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE Tetanu~ 20 (as of 1992) ORT use rate (% dtarrhca case.' m ch iiJn.:n under U.S.$ m tlhon ( 1985 pno.:cs/rates) na 5 rrcmed w1rh oral rehyJr.ltt % of Population with acce~., to ~afe dnnkmg water: Tmal 50 19 ~-93 Urban 93 Rum! 22 Total H ost countrie anJ number of refugees receh ed to aJ<.:ljU.HC '<1nll,l[l1111' Tutal na 1988-93 Urhan n,l 1,884,000 1,100,000 784,000 Gumc.t 420,000 Rural 8 Ct>te J'lv.me 320,000 Gh:ma 20,000 ro he,llth 'crvtces: Tnr.tl 39 Sterr,! Leone 20,000 1985-93 Urhan 50 Ntgen,l 4,000 Rural 30 ~~urce· \Xrorld R..·Jus;:'-r SJ4rt.-n, 14Q~ (W'.t,hmt.:fl\11, IlC lmnHJ.!r.Hh•n ,mJ Rctuc~t> St:f\'tu·~ "' Ameru.:;o, I INS), 42·44 Public expendtture on hc.1lth (')(, ofGDP): 1990 3.5 Total expenditure''" health(% of GOP): 1990 na External md fll'w' tu health (%of rota! health expcndtrurc): 1990 na $2.3 btllton *The l:f'~' cnmllmcnr r.~to!lo• th1• r.•r.ll number.,,. choiJrcn cnr,•llcJ "'a ><:h,.,lm~ lc\d wherher nr nnt the\ 1-elnn~ on th<· rdc\',ont 'S:C I."'"'P tnr rh 11 lc•d...-xrro:s.scJ .o ~ ~rctntdj,'C nl the t<>t,ol numhcr ut choiJrcn on the rclc\'.11\t u~c t:rnup t.. r th.u l,·,·cl :-.•ur - I I- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT RWANDA THE CONFLICT Lak e Albert UGANDA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 KENYA Government Government 40,000 Less than 1,000 ofRwandt~ v~. RPF 10,000· 15,000 Source: C. A>hel')!, K. Axdl, B. HdJt, E. MdanJcr, K Nnnlquo,l, .mJ T Ohl><>n, "MaJor Arm ed Conflocts, 1993," SIPRI ~earl>nuk 1994 (Oxl,•rJ Oxtord UnovcNt)' Prc Area: 26,340 sq. km. Population: 8,373,963 Ethnic Divisions: Huru 90% ~~ 9% Twa (pygmord) l% ZAIRE System of Government: Republic; prcsrdcntial system Languages: TANZANIA Kinyarwanda (official) French (officwl) Kbwahdr (Percentage hreakdown not avarhli:llc) 50km. Religions: Lake Tanganyika Roman CathohL 65% Protestant 9% Muslim 1% lndrgenou:. belief, and other 2 5% he late t outbreak of ethnic strife in Rwanda Source· CIA, The \\:'.,rid F Annu In mher fbtrth (th usand ). 1993 407 Total nn Ltfl expect ncy t btrth (y n;): 1993 46 Un1t<.~d States n.l (A u nrlldn r m 11 h I ( ) USSR/Russta na 19 6 9 .. 71 France 111 \c; of life I r t M l.m ase (per 100,000 people c.'(~cd t Necherl;1nds n.l malana mfecrcd tronmertts): em 1991 na Italy na AID c cs (per I 00,000 people): 1992 3i.5 Swic::erland na 00 Fullv immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Others na TB 94 D1phrhenJ, pcrru"l', ret mu~ 5 Poho 85 Mea~Ics 8 1 1Yu Fully immuni%ed pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDiTURE Tetanus 88 (as of 1992) ORT usl' mte ('X, diarrhc,t cases in ch1ldrcn under L'.S. $million ( 1985 pricc,/r.m·s) 101 5 treated with nrnl rchvdratiun therapy): 1987-93 47 U.S.$ per capita I 4 Populnnon per dncror: 1990 50,000 %of GOP/GNP 6.8 . Populanon per nurse: 1990 29.410 ~~ur'-t..' IISS, "C,,mp.tn:-.,,n, ,,f [)cfl'lh.t.' E:\(x·nJrturt.· .m .. l \lllll.lf\ !\.1.11lll()\H'r )'l'-1-,- Jllt)2," \ltlwm Ralan.::< f % of Population with accc~s ttl safe dnnkmg water: Tl1ml 66 198 -93 Urban 75 Rural 62 to .1dcquate samtat1on: Total 58 Total Internal Extcrn,tl Host countries and 1988-93 Urhan 77 number of refugee~ received Rural 56 2,915,000 1,200,000 1,715,000 Zmre 1,000,000 to health sen Ices: Tom! 0 1im:::.m1.1 550,000 1985-93 Urh,m na BurunJ1 160,000 Rural nn UJ::anJa 5,000 Si>liTCt' WOriJ R<{~r Sunn Puhlu.: expcmhrure on health (% of GOP)· 1990 1.9 vf t\mcnc.l, [Q'I;). 4!-44 1i1tal expenditure on health(% of GOP): 1990 3.5 Extem •nll'l!fn'' cnr,,ltml·nt r.lfH> 1~ th~ hlt,tl number''' chtiJ rt!n enr,,llcJ m .1 !\(,.hllt,lma: lt.•\l'l whl•fher ~~r nut rhcy lx-lnng 10 ch~ rclt.•\'t\0( ltgc ~roup f(lr th.u lt.·vd-cxrrc~'fd ·~'~ ol pt.:rl:cnt.JUC ,,t tht• hlt.tl numhcr ~ll chtiJren m the rclc\'.lnt 11-:e }:roup t.,r rh.u lcH:I GDP per cap1t:1, 1993 e'tlmated~ U.S. $800 """'' U~ll H\ Th.· Swu uf w ll:i>rld'< Cluldrm /u """""' CI.A., Tile \X'nr/J Ftt(ll><>~l. 1'1<14 (W.t,hlll~l I ) STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT SOMALIA THE CONFLICT SAUDI ARABIA SUDAN Red Incompatibility Warring TrtlOp Total number of Sea parties ~trength deaths in 1993 ERITREA Government Government \lf na na Gulfof Somalia Aden ~ vs. USC (;Jction/ na na SNA S.'Urcc: C A'bcrJl, K. Axell, B. Hekh, E. Melander. K. NmJqu"'· .mJ T. Ohi >On, "M.I)Ilr AnncJ C:.mfhct>, 1991." SIPRI Year!x.,k 1 Area: 637,660 sq. km. Population: 6,666,873 Ethnic Divisions: Somala 85% Banbtu J (Complete percentage breakdown not available) Ara s ystem of Government: omaha has no funcuonmg government; presidential elections la>t hckl Dec. 23, 1986 Indian Ocean La nguages: Somali (official) A rabic Italian TANZANIA English (Percentage breakdown nor ava1 lable) Religions: Sunni Muslim <;,>ur - 14 - AFRICA H LTH R Fl r nvPntinn,.J \1?. 990- 4--.-~· Under-5 m rtahty rat (per 1 000 h\e barth ): 1993 211 Exporting U.S. $ million lntant m rtahty rate ( und r I ) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per I ,000 It\ e btrths). 199) 125 rates, rounded) Annu I number fbanru (thous.-md >· 1993 480 Total n Lafe expectanc at barth ( ears): 199) 47 Umted Stares na fA gr up enn lied m pnmal") chool USSRJRusst.l na ( !fO s) 1986 92 11 France n.1 )ear of hfe I t t prem ture death FRG/Gt:rman} na (per 1,000 people) 1990 na C hm,1 na Tuhercul LHa cs (per 100,000 people)· 1990 222 Untred Kmgdom na Malarta cases (per 100,000 pe •pic exposed to C:echo lovakta na malana-tntcetcd em aronment ) 1991 na Netherland~ na AIDS case' (per 100,000 pcopk·): 1992 na Italy na %Fully imrnuni:cd 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swu:::crland na TB 31 Others na Daphthcria, pcrtu 1,, tC't.lOli' I ~ Po lao 18 Mea.~les 30 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE %Fully immunized prc~:nant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 5 (as of 1992) ORT use rate (% UHHThca case.\ in children under U.S. $ nullton (1985 pnce~/r:ues) na 5 treated with orJ I rehydr:mon rhcrapy): 1987-93 78 L.S. $ per captta na Populauon per J oe tor: 1990 14,290 %ofGDP/GNP na Populauon per nur.c.c: 1990 2,010 N u rse~ per d 1lCWr: 1990 7.1 DISPLACED PERSONS % of Population with acce!>~ (as f Dec ber 994 to safe dnnkmg water: Total 37 19 '8-93 Urban 50 Total Internal External Host countries and Rural 29 number uf rcfu~:ecs received to au equate san lliltlon: Toral 44 958,700 500.000 45 ,700 Kenya 220,000 1988-93 Urban 18 Ethtl•pt.l 180,000 Rural 5 Djthouu 40,000 Yemen 10,600 to health ~e rvtcc s: Total 50 Egvrr 6,000 1985-93 Urban 15 Paktsr,m 900 Rur.1l 27 Syna 800 1ndt.1 350 Public expcndtturc on health(% ofGDP}: 1990 0.9 t-.falaysta 50 "'"'' \1:\lTid R External aid flows to he;tlth (%of total health cxpcndtturc): 1990 45.6 ECONOMlC INDICATORS •Th~ ~""'' ~nrullmmt r.ouo" rht· ll>r.ol numl-ocr nl chciJrcn cnroii,.J m a ...:h"•lmg lcwl Gross Domeo;[lc Prod u ~: t (G OP), 1993 esumated: U.S. $3.4 balhon "·her her or not rhl"} hclnng m thl rdc\..lnt ~•~o:e J,.•t\Jur t,,r rh.H lc' d-exrn.!'~J .h a pt:n.. cnt.IL!e ut the h.lt..ll number o l '-haiJrcn tn tht• l'dC'\'.lnt t!J:t.: ~ruur (llf th;_tt lt:\CJ. GDP per capit,t, 1993 csnmmed: U.S. $500 SouRcs: Ui"ICEF. Til., Sc.u~ uf llc,• \t:'tii'IJ\ Ch,IJrom /W~ INc" York ~>xtorJ Unc•eNII Pre"· 19<14). 66, 70. UN[)P,IIwrum I>,·,~~>flllli:>ll Rrt•m / 1N4 (t--:c" Y.~rk· OxtnrJ Un>vcr-.rv Pre''• 1994), I 'iZ External debt, 1989: U.S. $1.9 billion O.,nu>w CIA. The \XIorld Fuul>ook /994 (Wa,hm~c.•n. IH ( cnlr.ol ln1dllgcnn• A~cn -11 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT SUDAN THE CONFLICT EGYPT SAUDI ARABIA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of partie~ strength deaths in 1993 Terri tory Government 72,800 na of the Sudan vs. SPLA na Khartoum O (Garang faction) Source' C. A;herg, K. Axel!. B. Heldt, E. Mcl.mdcr, K Non.l~" " ' · .mJ T Ohb..m, "MaJor ArmtJ Cunflrcr>. 1993," SIPRI ' camx•k 1<194 (OxlorJ O Area: 2,505,810sq. km. Population: 29,419,798 DJIBOUTI Ethnic Divisions: Black 52% Arab 39% Beja 6% Other 3% ystem of Government: Ru lmg mdttary junta, Revolutwnary Command Council, J rssolveJ on Oct. 16, 1993 Languages: Arabic (official) Nilotic Nubian English Ta Bedawie (Percentage breakdown not availahlc) Religions: unni Mushm 70% he civil war in udan has been waged inter l ndige no u ~ be lr e f~ 25% Ch.nstian 51\o mittently for nearly four decades between the ~>u r - 16- AFRICA II HEALTH PROFILE ctinnal ~eapon~ rt 1990-94 Under 5 m n hey rate (per 1.000 live btrth ) 1993 128 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant m rmltcy re (un rl) Count11: ( 1990 prices/ {per 1,000 ltve btrths) 1993 77 rates, rounded) Annual number ofbtnhs (thous ruis) 1993 1.146 Total 16 Ltfe expc tancy t btrth (year5) 1993 52 Umted States 0 fA u enr lied I pnm ry ht I USSR/Rus % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE Tecanu' 9 (as of 1992) ORT usc rare (% dtarrhea case~ m chtldn:n under u.s.$ mtlhon (1985 rnces/rates) 531 5 treated 1nth oral rehydr•~rion therapy): 1987·93 47 u.S. $ per captta 20 Popu Lmon per doctor: 1990 11,110 %ofGDP/GNP 15.8 Popuhmon per nur~e: !990 4,120 .. Sour.:c II~S. "C:omroro"'"' uf Dcfcn % of Population with acce~s to ,afc Jrinkmg warer: Total 48 1988-93 Urhan 55 Rural 43 Total Internal External Host countries and tl> adl-quate s:mnanon: Total 89 number of refugees rcceh ed 19 .93 Urban 65 Rural 75 4.5 10,000 4.000,000 510,000 Uganda 300,000 Zmre 110.000 to health Cl'\' ICC'! Total 90 Ethit'PI3 50.000 19 5-93 Urban 40 Cenrral Afr. Rep. 25,000 Rural 51 Kenva 25,000 !'><•urcc· IX'urld R<{IIS:<< Suf\on, 1<195 (IX'.I.,hon~t Total cxrcndtture on h~.o-alth (% of GOP): 1990 3.3 E.xtemal md !low' to health NO Cl ICATORS (% of mml health exrendmtrc): 1990 IJ.O Gwss Domc~tJC Pmdul't (GOP), 1993 e:sttmatcd: U.S. $21.5 htllton •The Ill"'' enrollment raton" the tllt.ol number <1l choiJrcn cnn•llcd on ,o -.:ho~olon~ lc,d whc..·thcrt'r n•,l rhr} ~dun..: m rht: rclcv 'nt t~c .:n,ur fl•r chou lr\'d-cxprc,-.cJ ~~ •' r•:r~tnr.ogc of ch~ roc.ol mom~ ot choiJrcn on the rclc\',ont .o~c ~rnup fnr rh.or 1.,., I GOP per Cclptta, 1993 csuma£Cd: U.S. $750 ~ "'""' t.,;NICEF. T~ St.:lU oj th.: \1: 11rld' t hildrcn /W~ (~<'" )<>rL. Oxford Ln"m"' Prc>-<,1'194). 66,70 UNDP, Hmrun Dm·L•I'""'..,' R~ 1994 (Nc" y.,r\. Oxk•rJ Extt.:'mal debt, june 1993 esumated: U.S. $17 btllton L'no«rMt\ Pre'· I'N4). IS~ 17 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT AFGHANISTAN THE CONFLICT TURKMENISTAN I CHINA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government na 2,000-3,000 of Afghan1smn vs. Hezb-1·blam1, na He:b-1-Wahdat vs. Uzbek m1liria na Oandahar • (Dostum) Source. C. A;l:>crg, K. Axdl. B. Heldt, E. Mcl.mJer, K. NmJ'Itll>t, .mJ T Ohl""'· "MaJor Armed C..mfloc:t,, 1991." SIPRI )'wrbo<>k 1994 (Oxf,>rd: OxfmJ LnoveNr) Pre''· 1994), 90. PAKISTAN A rea: 647,500sq. km. Population: 16,903,400 Ethnic Divisions: IRAN ra~ htun 3 % Ta)ik 25% Hazara 19% - INDIA U~e k 6% Ocher 12% System of Government: Transimma! govcmment (blam11..) Gulf of l 125 km.l Languages: Oman Afghan Persmn (Dan ) SO% Pashtu 35% Turkic language II% (pnmanly U:bek and Turkmen) Balochi, Pashai, and ocher 4 l+o n 1978, the People's Democratic Parry of Afghani Religions: stan (PDPA) overthrew the government and unni Muslim 84% created a single-party, Marxist-Leninist state. hi'a Musltm 15"\, I Other 1% Civi l war ensued when the Mujahideen (Islamic Source: CIA. The W(}Tid F"'rhook 1994 (W."hon~mn, D.C.: Cemr.lllmdlo~cnlc A~cnq, guerrillas) took up arms again t the new secular 1994). 1·2 government. Financially upported by the United State , Saudi Arabia, China, and Paki tan, the NUMBER OF Mujahideen had gained substantial territory by 1979, WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-92• forcing the PDPA to seek military assistance from the Total Military Civilian Soviet Union. By December 1979, more than 80,000 1,500,000 500,000 1,000,000 Soviet troops had been deployed to the country. Despite the PDPA's attempts to encourage reconcilia • Data" 'lor .111 c:onflocr- wothon th~> loc.ouon for rhc year- n•>reJ S.10rcc: R. S"·.ml, "Molot.ol)· Trend,," World /l.hluan and St,.oal E.-q><.'Tidor~trc< 19<13, 15th eJ. tion in the 1980 , Afghani tan plunged deeper into (Wa>hon~t ,•n. D.C WuriJ Prumlll..,, I Q91 ), ~I civil war. From 1979-89, more than 1 million Af ghans were killed. The 1988 Geneva Accords called for Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan by February 1989. The Mujahideen, who were not included in thi agreement, continued armed re i ranee against the PDPA, eventuall y capturing the capital city of Kabul and a uming control of the government in 1992. Once the oviet-installed regime col lapsed, however, fighting broke out among the Mujahideen's variou factions. An interim government establi hed under Burhanuddin Rabbini was repeatedly challenged by a number of force , including the Hezb-i-Wahdat (Unity Movement) and Rahid Do tum's Jumbe h (Front). Political debate often turned to armed fighting, prima rily between the Jamiat-i-lslami (Islamic Society), led by President Rabbini's military commander Ahmad hah Massoud, and Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-lslami (Islamic Party). In the ummer of 1994, a new force, called Taliban, emerged within the Afghan power truggle. Compo ed mainly of religiou students and former Mujahideen fighters who had become di enchanted by the rebel group's corrupt practices, Taliban defeated Prime Minister Hekmatyar' force and, by early 1995, was poi cd to take over Kabul. lb- ASIA II HEALTH PROFILE MaorC entto Weapons Imports 1990-94 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 lave births): 1993 257 Exporting u.s.$ million Infant rncm:alitv rate (under 1) Couauy: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 l e births): 993 165 rates, rounded) Amwal numberofbtn:hs thousands). 1993 1,()86 Total 6,431 Life expeaancy at bin:b. (years) 1993 44 Unued States 12 % of Age group enro led primary &ehool USSR/Russta 6.3i2 (gro&&)· 986- 24 Fr::m~,:c 0 Yea of ife lost t prematUre death FRG/Germam 0 (per l,OOOpeople): 1990 na Chtna 23 Tu~rculosiS cases (per 100,000 people): 1990 278 Unttcd Kingdom 0 Malana case:; (per 100,000 people exposed to C:echnslov,lkt.t 0 malana-mfected envtronments): 1991 3.170 Netherlands 0 AIDS cases (per I00,000 pt!opl<:): 1992 na Italy 0 %Fully immuni:ed 1-year-tlld children: 1990-93 Switzerland 0 TB 60 Others 23 Otphrhcria, pertussis, tetanus 34 Polio 34 ~ourcc: SIPRI, Arm< Trade Dataha>c, I 995 Measle~ 42 % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE Tct;mus 9 (as of 1992) ORT usc rate (% diarrhea cases in children under U.S. $ million ( !985 pri cc4rate~) na 5 trearcJ with ornl rchydrmton therapy): 1987-1993 26 U.S.$ per capita na Pllpulation per doctor: 1990 6,430 % ofGDP/GNP na Population per nurse: 1990 9,190 . :-nur % of Popuhtion with access to ,afc dnnkmg \\'atcr: Total 23 DISPLACED PERSONS 1988-93 Urban 40 (as of De ember 1994) Rural 19 Total Internal External Host countries and number of refugees received to nJcquate 'anitatton: Tom! 13 198!:i·93 Urban na Rum! na 3,o35,300 1,000,000 2,835,.300 Iran 1,60o,OOO Paktstan 1,200,000 w health scrvtce': Tor:1l 80 lndta 22,150 1985-93 Urban 17 Ta) tktstan 2,500 Rural 29 U:bckistan 2,000 Kyrs.,•y:::.mn 350 Ka%•tkhstan 300 Publa: cxpendtture tll1 health (% ofGDP): 1990 1.6 S.•urcc: W'orlJ Rcli.gcc Sunt')', / External atd flows to health (%of tntal healrh expenJtrure): 1990 na ECONOMIC INDICATORS The gr''" cnrnllmcnt """'" rhc rural numhcr t>f chtldren enrolled m ,, >eh<~>lm~ lc<·d whl·thcr nr nur they belong 1t1 the relevant age group ftJr that levcl-exprc~scd ~• .., a Gross Dnmc~ttc Product (GDP), 1993 estimated: na "'"""""'~<· nf thr tntal numhcr .,(children m rhc rclc<•ant age group f,>r rhat level GOP per cnpita, 1993: lcs:; than U.S. $1,000 'i11urcc,: UNICEF. The Suuc of tlw World'.• Chtldren 1995 (N<·w Yt>rk: Oxford Um<'eNty l'rc", 1'194), 66, 70. UNDP, Human Deve&>prncnt RcJH>Yl 1994 (Ne« York: Oxfnrtl Uni<'<'NlY Pr<·"· 1994 ), 152. External debt, 1991 c~t t mated: U.S. $2.3 btllion Source>: CIA, " EconomiC l'rnfdc, " I lan - 19- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT BANGLADESH THE CONFLICT CHINA Incompatibility Waning Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 BHUTAN Territory Government 107,000 Less than 25 of Bangladesh vs. JSS/SB 2,000-5,000 S..mrce: C. Asberg. K. A.-cell, B. Heldt, E. MelonJer, K. Nnrdqul>l, nnd T. Ohl«m, "MOJOr Armed Conf11m, 1993," S/PRI Yearbook /994 (Oxford: Oxford UniVCNII)' Pre-s, 1994), 90. Area: 144,000 sq. km. Population: 125, 149,469 Ethnic Divisions: Bengali 98% INDIA Biharis 1% Other 1% System of Government: Republic Languages: Bengali English MYANMAR (Percentage breakdown not available) Bay of Religions: Bengal Muslim 83% Hindu 16% 0 Buddhist, Christian, and other I !.1 Source: C IA, The Work/ Facrbook 1994 (Wa,hmgmn, D.C.: Ccntrallntdil~cncc A~cncy, 1994). 34-35. he ethnically distinct population of the NUMBER OF Chittagong H ill Tracts ( CHT) region in WAR~RELATED DEATHS 1945~92• T southeastern Bangladesh, consisting mainly of Buddhists, Christians, and Hindus, has been waging a Total Military Civilian 500,000 guerri lla war against Bangladeshi police and Muslim 1,000,000 500,000 settlers since 1974, when the government began • Dnta 1s for all conOict> w1th m this locanon for the yea" notcJ. sponsoring the settlement of Bangladeshi Muslims in Source: R. S1vard, "Mtlu:ary Trends," World Mdaary and Scx:wl E.~IJ<'lldlllll"l!l 1993, I Srh cd. (Washm~ton, D.C.: World Priorities, 1993), 21. the region. In 1971, the CHT's popu lation formed the Parbattya Chattagram }ana Sanghati Samiti (JSS) and a JSS military wing, called the Shanti Bahini (SB). Under the leadership of Manabendra Larma, the JSS/SB began insurgent activitie after the government did not respond to its appeal for regional autonomy. Since 1974, more than 2,000 people have died, and approximately 48,000 Shanti Bahini member have been displaced by Bangladeshi forces and Muslim settlers. Widespread atrocities committed by the SB against Muslim settlers led the government to adopt a bill in 1980 that gave police and army officers unlimited authority to make arrests without warrants and to open fire on us ~ peers. In October 1983, the government offered a general amnesty, which included provisions for cash payments, plots of land, and free rations to all rebels who surrendered by Feb. 25, 1984. While this offer was later extended to April 26, only 200~300 of the nearly 3,000 guerrillas accepted. In an effort to suppress the continued ins u r~ gency, the government introduced concessions providing limited autonomy for the region in the form of three new semi~autonomous hill districts in 1989. The powers vested in the councils of these new d i trier were de signed to provide local groups with the authority to regulate the further influx of Muslim settlers into the region. Even with these concessions, violence continued, and nearly 60,000 tribal refugees fled to India. In August 1992, the SB declared a cease-fire and agreed to negotiate with the government. While the peace talks and truce were extended during 1993, fighting between Muslim settlers and tribal factions continued. Vio lence subsided somewhat in the CHT in 1994 and, as of early 1995, the cease ~ fire continued to hold, despite sporadic clashes between the CHT rebels and the settlers. - 20- ASIA HEALTH PRO ILE Ma' rCon n 1onal Weap n Imports 990 4 Undcr-5 mortahty rate (per 1,000 live births): 1993 122 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant mortality rate (under 1) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1.000 hve births). 1993 94 rates, rounded) Annual number f b1rths (thousands) 1993 4,712 Total 948 L1te expectancy at b1rth (years)· 1993 53 Umted States 0 % of Age•fUOup enrolled m pnmary schuol USSR/Ru sta 0 (gro sl: 1986-92• 77 Franct· 0 Years of hfe lost to premature death FRG/G~rmany 0 (per 1.000 people): 1990 69 Chma i56 Tuberculosis ca'es (per 100,000 people): 1090 220 Untted Kmgdom 0 Malaria case~ (per 100,000 people expCised tu 50 Cze1.ho~kJVakia 0 malana-mfe.:tt!d cnvmmmcnt,): 1991 Netherland~ 0 AIDSca>es(pcr IOO,OOOpellple): 1992 na Italy 0 ~o Fully immuni:c:d 1-yc:ar•old children: 1990-93 Swit;erland 0 TB 95 Others 191 Diphtheria, pt:rttls.,is, tetanus 74 Pnho 74 Mea~les 71 o/o Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 80 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as 1992) ORT u>e rare(% d1arrhea cases in children under of 5 treated w1th oral rchyJrat1on therapy): 1987-93 26 U.S. $ millton (1985 pnces/rate~) 234 Populauon per doctor: 1990 6,670 U.S.$ per capita 2 Population per nurse: 1990 8,340 o/o ofGDP/GNP 1.3 Nur~es per docror: 1990 0.8 s\1urc.:c: II~S. "(..,,mrar'"",no; ,11 l)refcnct:' Expc.:nJuurl· mJ ~tatu,lr\' \LIOf'\\\\t'l 1'.)\(~ .. JqQ~." \lllum-:> B,Jance I to adequate sanitation: Total 31 DISPLACED PERSONS 1988-93 Urban 63 (a o D c mber 1994) Rural 26 Total Internal External Host countril>s and to health ~erncc' : Tow I 45 number of refugee~ rccci\'cd Urhan na Rural na na na 48.300 Indta 48,300 Source: Wnrld Refu~c:< Sun•n. 1995 (Wa>hmgtnn, ll.C lmm•~mtlnn and Rdug<'l" Public expenditure on health (% of GDP): 1990 1.4 o.;CI'\'ICC' of AmencJ, J<)<)'i), 42·44. Total expenditure: on health (%of GOP): 1990 3.2 External aid flows ro health (%of total health expenditure): 1990 17.9 ECONOM C IND CATORS The ~rn" enmllmcnr rat1o " the total number of ch1IJren enrolled m a ...:hoohng level Gross Domemc Producr (GDP), 1993 estimated: U.S. $122 htlhon whether or nm they l>dnng m th< rclcvnnt oge ~mup f,>r that level ·cxprc"cJ ·" ,, pcrccntas.:e of rhe total numher ot' chaiJren m rht.• re levant ·llle gro\1(1 fnr thott lc\•el GOP per captta, 1993 estimated: U.S. $ 1,000 "'''"'c" UNICEF, Th< Swu of th< World'> Cluklrc:n fQQ5 (Ne" Ynrk Oxf,~rJ Umvcr,lty Pre", I 91l4 ). 66, 70. UNDP. IIunum Dewlopmenr RctKm l'N4 (New Ynrk. Oxtnrd L'n1VcNtV Pr"''· 1994). I 52 Exremal Jehr, June 1993: U.S. $13.5 billilln Source: CIA. Th, \X'nrkl Facrhmk 191l4 (\lt'.,,hml[lo•n. D.C .. Ccnrrnllmclhccncc A~cncv. l - 21- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT CAMBODIA THE CONFLICT MYANMAR LAOS Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of L 0 parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government of 135,000 na Cambodia THAILAND vs. PDK 8,000-10,000 SuurLe: C. Asbcrg. K. Axe II . B. HciJt. E. Melander. K. NorJ 4u1>t, JnJ T. Ohlson. "Md)Ur Armc.J Confhcts. 1993," SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (OxfurJ: Oxfurd Unowr"tY Pres.~, 1994), 90. Andaman Area: 181,040sq. km. Population: 10,264,628 Sea Ethnic Divisions: Khmer 90% Vietname;e 5% Chinese l% South Other 4% China System of Government: Multiparty liberal democracy under a Sea constitutional monarchy established in September 1993 Languages: Khmer (official) French !125 km. l (Percentage breakdown not available) Religions: Theravada Buddhi~ m 95% Other 5% S.>urce: CIA. The Wvrkl FCIC:tl>vok 1994 (Washmgwn. D.C.: Ccntmllntcl lo gcncc Agency, 1994 ). 69·70. ince gaining independence from France in 1953, four separate factions have ruled: the NUMBER OF Sroyalist regime of Prince Norodom Sihanouk WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945,92* untill970; the conservative, pro,American d ictator ship of Lon Nol (1970-75); the genocidal reign of the Total Military Civilian 1,22 1,000 379,000 842,000 Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot (1975-78); and the communist, Vietnam-supported admini tration Oata .. for all confl oct> wothm th" locauon ror the year> nnted. Source: R. Sivard, "Molotary TrcnJ ,;• \'ilorld Moluary and Sucwl Exp.?ndltllTCS 1993 , I Sth cJ throughout the 1980s. The transition from one regime (Wa1hmgron, D.C.: World Pro omo e>, 1993 ). 21. to the next was marked by coups, wars, and invasions. More than 1 million people perished during the Khmer Rouge regime, which was one of the most systematic genocide campaigns directed by a central government. In an effort to end the Cambodian civil war, the United Nations launched in 1991 its most ambitious and expensive operation at the time. Under the framework of the Paris Peace Accords, which was igned by all parties and acknowledged by regional powers, the U.N. Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) held successful multiparty, democratic elections. The National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Coop erative Cambodia party (FUNCIPEC) won the elections and later formed a coalition government with the Cam bodian People's Party (CPP) when the latter threatened to divide the country. While many have praised the peace process in Cambodia as a model U.N. mission, the success of the FUNCIPEC/CPP government remained in doubt as of early 1995. The Khmer Rouge (also known as the Party of Democratic Kampuchea, or PDK) did not participate in the May 1993 election and continued to threaten the government's stability. After the United Nations withdrew in November 1993, the Khmer Rouge launched a military and diplomatic campaign for inclusion in the coalition government. In Ju ly 1994, following an attempted coup by CPP officials, the Cambodian government passed legislation outlawing the Khmer Rouge, which retali ated by systematically destroying villages and killing civilians. Skirmishes between the Khmer Rouge and govern ment forces in northwestern Cambodia, where the Khmer Rouge have held the most influence, continued into early 1995. - 22- ASIA HEALTH PROFILE ....., v ...... , u;.,._l"''"' r 1990..94 Undcr-5 mortalll) rate (per 1,000 t.' e bu'th:.)· 1993 181 Exponing U.S. $ million Infant morrat.ry rate (under 1) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1.000 h\e births): 1993 Jl5 rates, rounded) Annual number of births {thousand~) : 1993 351 Total 271 L1fe expectancy at h1rth (years) : 1993 51 Una ted Stare' 0 f Age-group enr lied m pnm r, chc I USSR/Ru 1a 170 (gross)· 1986 92* na France 0 Y~rs of lltc lost to prernmure death FRG/Germ.my 0 (per 1,000pcop1e): 1990 na Chm:1 20 Tubl·rculos1:. c,1scs {per 100,000 J'l'ople ): 1990 235 United Kmgdom 0 Ma1ana cases (per 100,000 pe\)p1e expused to C:echt>slovakta 0 mal;~ria-mfecrcJ em•Jmnmenrs): 1991 5,040 NeLherlamh 0 AIDS cases (per I 00,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 % Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Sweden 0 TB 57 Others 81 D1phrheni1, perrussi:., tetanus 35 Polio 36 s,,urce: I. Anrhony, P Clacwm, G. Ha~mcycr-Gavcru,, E. Sknn,, S. Wc:cman, "Tahlcs nt rhc Value .,f The TraJc 111 MaJm Cmwcntllm.ol Wca [X>th," SIPRI Yearh.Hik 1993 {Oxfmd Measle.~ 37 Oxford Unrvc"''l' Pre..,, IQ'Il), 479-4!12. % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 22 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ORT use rate (% d1arrhea c~es in children under (as of 1992) 5 rrcated w1th oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 6 U.S.$ md11on ( 1985 pnces/rates) 58 Population per doctor: 1990 25.000 U.S.$ per cap1ta 7 Population per nurse: 1990 3, 130 % ofGDP/GNP 4.8 Nur~es per doctor: 1990 8 Source 11:-i~. "C.•mrarr ... ,n, ol Dclcncc Exrcndllur~ .ond Mtliury M.mpower 191\S !991," .\lrltlal"\ Baluna l'N.l Ill External a1J flow~ tO health (% nf total health expen~hrure) : 1990 na The~'~''''' enrollment r.tthl 1!'. rhc total numl'Cr ut chdJren enn.)llcJ 1n .~ 't4..hooltnJ! le\'d U.S. $6 billalm whether nr not thC}' N!lon~ m chc- rdcvant a~e J.:rnur tnr thilr lcvel-exrn:,-.cd ·l' .1 percentage of the tutal numher of l:haldren m the relevant dJ.!C 1-!nlllp tnr th.n lc..·vcl GOP per cupira, 1993 e~tima t ed: U.S. $600 Sour CHINA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Tern tory Government 1,265,000 Greater than of India 3,000** vs. Kashmir na insurgents vs. Sikh na insurgen ts* • Whdc rhe govcrnmenr of lndm f<>ughr agaaru.! oevcral group•. all figure> rcprc.>enr conflact• wath l Arabian Bay of Bengal Area: 3,287,590 sq. km. Population: 919,903,056 Sea Ethnic Divisions: Indo-Aryan 72 % Dravidian 25% Mongoloid and other 3% System of Government: Federal republic Languages: I 200 km. I Hindi (narionallanguage) 30% English (associate status) Numerous regional languages India officiall y recognizes: Benga li, Telugu, Marath1, Tamil, Urdu, G uj arari, Oriya, Ma layalam, Kannada, Punjabi, Ass::~ mesc, Kru; hmiri, Sindhi, Sanskrit, Hindustani, O ther thnic, language, and religious divisions have (Complete percenrage breakdown not available) been at the root of many ongoing conflicts in Religions: Hindu 80% Buddhi ·r 0.7% EIndia since independence. Following the Muslim 14% Jains 0.5% Paki tan-India partition in 1947, the two countries Christian 2.4% O ther 0.4% Sikh 2% have waged war three times. A major cause of the Source: CIA, The \~orld Factb.JOk 1994 (Wa,hangron, D.C.: Ccnt r:al lntd lagcnce A~cncy , enmity ha been over Kashmir, the only Mu lim 1994). 184· 186. majority state in India, which remained under martial law as of early 1995. NUMBER OF The Indian government has been accused of WAR,RELATED DEATHS 1945,92* various human rights violations in its campaign against Total Military Civilian an assortment of separatist and fundamentalist groups, 856,000 27,000 829,000 including the Jammu-Kashmir Liberation Front, which • Dato as fl>r all confla cts wathan th" lnc<> taon fm the yc"" noted. seeks Kashmiri independence, the Pakistani-supported Suurce: 1\. SivarJ , "Malitary Trend>, " \~orW Malu -24- ASIA II Cl.. .. u Imports 1990,94 Under 5 mortaht) rat (per 1,000 h\e btrths) 1993 122 Exporting U.S. $ million lnfanr mort hi) rote (under 1) Countn: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 h\e btrths). 1993 81 rates, rounded) Annual number fbtrths (thousands): 1993 26,063 Total 9,528 L1te expectanco, t btrth (years): 1993 61 United States 10 ,of A e roup enr 11 d m pnmary sch( ol USSR/RussJ,t 7.180 (gros:;). 1986 92* 98 Fmnce 350 Years of hfe lo:.1: to prem,tturc de.tth FRG/Gcrmany 230 (per 1.000 people) 1990 n1 Chma 0 Tuherculos1s ca e~ (per 100,000 peL'ple): 1990 220 U mred KmgJom 690 M.tlana c:.1 e ~ (per 100,000 pe( pll• eXp(l'eJ to Czechoslovakia 0 mal.ma-mfccted L'n\·ironmcnt~) : 1991 260 Netherlands 548 AIDS c.1,cs (per 100,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 %Fully immuni:ed 1-ycar-o1d children: 1990-93 Swttzerland 0 TB 92 Others 520 Oiphthcrta, pcrtu~s1s , tcranw. 90 Polio 90 :,ourcc: SIPRI. Arm' Trodc D.otaha..e, J %Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Teran~ 77 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE O RT use rate (% diarrhea cases in children under (as of 1992) 5 treated with oral rehydranon therapy): 1987-93 37 U.S. $ millton (1 985 prices/rates) 7,550 Populanon per doctor: 1990 2.440 U.S. $ per cap1ta 9 Populanon per nurse: 1990 2,220 %ofGDP/GNP 2.5 ~ ...... Nurses per doctor: 1990 1.1 ~urcc: 11:>:,, (''"'I'·'""'"' PI l"lclcnc< ExpcnJnur<· .m,l ~lolu.on· ~t.onpnwer i%'i-1992 \lrltwn Rakmcel9Q_l 19 Total expenditure on health (% of GDP): 1990 6 External md tlows to health (% of total health expenditure): 1990 1.6 ECONOMIC INDICATORS •Th~ J:n."-' enrullmenr r.ttln '' rhe cur.tl number of chtldren enrolled tn a -.chuulm~,! lt:vcl whether ur nm the~ hclnng an the relevant age Amur for rh.u level-exrrc... ..,cd ,,~ ,, Gro,s Domestic Product (GDP), 1994 c nmareJ · IJ.S. $ 1.17 rnlll(ln perccnlJ~c of dw tot.tl numhcr of choiJren on the rele<·ant age I.'TPUP for that k•\'cl. Smorcc" UNICEF. The State of Lite World\ Cluldrcn /995 {New York· OxlorJ UnowNt\ GOP per capita, 1994 estimated: U.S. $ 1,300 Pre"• 1994). 66, 70. UNDP, Human Dc~elopmem Report /994 (New Ymk. Oxt.ud Unowr-oty Pre''• 1994 ), I 'iZ External debt, March 1993: U.S. $90.1 htllwn -,.,urcc: C IA. The World Facr/oouk l'i'l4 (\XI,,,h,ngt _')) ~ STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT INDONESIA THE CONFLICT Pacific Ocean Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Territory Government 279,900 Less than 50 of Indonesia vs. Fretilin 150-200 SuUice: C. Aoberg. K. Axcll, B. Heldt, E. Mel.mder, K. NorJ4u1st, and T. O hlson, "Major AnneJ Conflom, 1993," SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (Oxford: OxfmJ Uno\'e"ity Pre"'· 1994), 9 1. Area: 1,9 19,440sq. km. Population: 200,409,741 Ethnic Divisions: Javanese 45% Sundanese 14% Madurese 7.5 % Indian Coastal Malays 7.5 % Ocean Other 26% System of Government: Republic Languages: AUSTRALIA Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay) (official) English Dutch I 2so km. 1 Local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese) (Percentage breakdown not available) Religions: Muslim 87% Hindu 2% hree separate armed conflicts have been waged Protestant 6% Buddhist 1% during the last two decades in Indonesia with Roman Catholic 3% O ther 1% Source: C IA. The Wlorld Factbaok /994 (Wa,hons:ton, D.C.: Ccnrral lntcll•gence .'\gent)', T varying degrees of intensity. In Irian Jaya (a 1994). 187-188. western New Guinea province), the Free Papua Movement has sought unification with Papua New NUMBER OF Guinea since 1977. In Aceh (a northern province in WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-92• Sumatra), sporadic fighting has continued since the Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh) group declared its inde Total Military Civilian 51,000+ 604,000+ pendence from Indonesia in 1977. In the former 691,000 Portuguese colony of East Timor, the Revolutionary * Data tS for ,lll cunflict~ Wtlhm tht.., locauun for tht:' y~ar.., uutcd. Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) has Sclurcc: R. 1vard, "Molotary Tremls," World Miluary and Sonal Expcndu~trc.< 1993, 15th cd. (Wa•hington, D.C.: Worl d Proontocs, 1993), 21. struggled since proclaiming an independent state in 1975. Ethnic and religious conflict in East Timor began when the government occupied the region in 1975 and forcibly annexed it as Indonesia's 27th province a year later. An estimated 200,000 civilians and military person nel (nearly one- third of the pre-197 5 East Timorese population) have been killed in the fighting between the predominantly Roman Catholic East Timore e and the predominantly Muslim Indonesian troops. About half of those casualties occurred during the height of fighting from 197 5-79, when civilians were interned in camps. Indonesia d o ed East Timor to outsiders from 1975-89 and again in November 1994, after students protested at the U.S. embas y in Jakarta during a state visit by U.S. President Bill C linton. The protest commemorated the Nov. 12, 1991, government massacre of 270 unarmed civilians at the Santa C ruz cemetery in Dili, East Timor's capital. In 1992, Fretilin leader Xanana Gumao was captured and imprisoned, prompting East Timor to continue its fight against government forces. Fretilin has favored a gradual transition to independence under the interim protection of U.N. peacekeeping forces. As of early 1995, the U.N. did not recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and had repeatedly condemned the government for its severe human rights violations. - 26- ASIA I II HEALTH PROFILE Maor 0 tt nal Weapons Imports 990 94 Undn-5 morralat} rate (per 1,000 lave b1rth~) · 1993 111 Exporting U.S. $ million Infant mortahty r ne (under 1) Country: ( I 990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve btrths): 1993 71 rates, rounded) Annual number of btrths ( thousanlb): 1993 5,149 Total 1,118 L1fe expectancy at l:mrh (years): 1993 6' Umtcd Stares 406 USSR/ Ru s.,la 0 )h tA• •rDup enr• lled m pnm I) schuol (grrn; ) 1986 92* 116 France 17 Ye a r~ of hfe I st t< premature Ieath FRG/Gcrm.1m 464 )6 (per L,OOOpcople): 1990 Chma 0 Tuhcrcul o:;1 c 1sc (per 100,000 people): 1990 220 Umtcd Kmf.(dom 83 Czecho~ 1ovak i a 0 M.ll.trla c.1scs (per 100,000 people cxpmcd w malana-mti.·cted cnvmmmcnts): 1991 10 Netherlands 109 AIDS c.1sc, (per 100,000 people): 1992 n<1 Italy 0 Switzerland 0 o/o Fully immunized 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 TB 94 Others 38 Diphtheria, pertussis, temnus 89 Pol1o 93 Measles 90 o/o FuUy immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 67 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ORT use rate(% d1arrhea ca,es m children under (as of 1992) 5 trea ted with oral rehydration thempy): 1987-93 78 U.S. $ mtlhnn ( 1985 pnces/rates) 2,003 Populanon per doctor: 1990 7.1 40 U.S.$ per cap1ta 11 Populanon per nur.e: I 990 2,550 %ofGOP/GNP 1.4 . Nur.es per Jocmr: 1990 2.8 'ouur,c· liS~. "C<>mp.trt><111.' "' l'lclcncc ExpcnJtturc .mJ Mtltt.tn· M.mp<"«c< l w .Jdcqumc samtntion: Total 44 1988-93 Urhan 64 Total Internal External Host countries and Rural 36 number of refugees received tn hc<1lth sCI"\'ICCs: Total 80 9,900 na 9,900 Papua New Gumea 9, 700 19 5-93 Urban na Malays1a 200 Rural na ~,ur~e . \t'OT'ld R~fu.£el" SuTl'L"'\ 1 199hc cxpcndtture on health(% nfGDP): 1990 0.7 Total expenditure on health (% of GDP): 1990 2.0 External ~·u rce: CIA, Tlw IX\>rld F,u.·r/.,••k IW4 (WO\htn~tnn. D.C.. Centrallntclltg~nce :\~encv. 11lll4l. IHh )~ --1- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT MYANMAR (BURMA) THE CONFLICT CHINA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Territory Government 286,000 na of Myanmar VIETNAM vs. KNU 4,000 SnU>cc: C. A>hcrJt, K. Axcll, B. Heldt, E. Mcl.mJcr, K. NmJqu"', .mJ T Ohls.>n, "MaJor AnneJ Cnnflrct;, 1993," SIPRI Yearbook /994 {OK II>r& O•fnnl Unover>rty Pre<\, 1994), 92. Area: 678,500 sq. km. Population: 44,277,0 14 South Ethnic Divisions: Bayof RangooJ' 9 o;., Bengal China Burman 68o,o h;m THAILAND Sea Karen 7% Rakh111c 4'lo Chmese 3'l -2S- ASIA II n HEALTH PROFILE c~..... ·~" · .~t"""" - 4 Undcr·S mortality rate ~_1.000 ll\e births)· 1993 Ill Exporting U.S. $ million Infant mortahry rate (und r I) Country: ( I 990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve births): 1993 81 rate:., rounded) Annual number of b1rrhs (thousands) 1993 1,446 Total 814 L1fe expccranq r bmh (year~): 1993 58 Unncd t te 0 USSR/RI.ISSia 0 fA upe r d lm I (J.:ms.s ):. I 6-92 97 France 0 y, ht 1 tt p m tu d rh FRG/Gcrmany 0 (per 1.000 people): 1990 na Chma 739 TuberculosJ~ ca~e:> (per 100,000 people): 1990 189 Umted Kmgdom 0 C:et.:ho,Jovuka.l 0 M 1larm cases (per 100,000 people exposed to m,JI:ma·mfe<.red ennwnmems): 1991 130 Netherland~ 0 AIDS ~.:."e' (per 100,000 pel'ple): 1992 na Italy 0 Swtt:crlanJ s %full) immunized l·year-old children: 1990..93 TR 80 Others 70 D1phthcna, pertu"JS• tetanu' 73 '><•oorcc -.IPRI.- :\m" Tr.oJc ll.u.oi-L"'"• l~h- Poho 73 ~1e;l,(c, 71 'lo Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE Tetanus 66 (as of 1992) O RT use rate (%diarrhea c.tsc' in children under U.S.$ rnillton ( 198S rnl.e,/ra te~) 269 5 rrcarcJ \l.tth oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 37 U.S.$ per captta 6 Populatton per d,>etor: 1990 12,500 "o of GOP/GNP 3.1 Populatton per nur.c: 1990 3,130 .. .. ~'"''~ liS~. C.<•n'r·'''""""tl\·kn« Exl"'nJuure .m.l \hlu.tr' M."'l""" I ' l''i. J "" of Population with ac~.:c~~ til qf..: Jnnkmg water: Tutnl 32 1981:\.QJ Urhan 37 Rural n.t to aJc<.~uate samratllm: Total 36 Total 19o8-93 Urh,1n w Internal External Host countries and number of rdugecll received Rural 35 701,300- soo.ooo. 1m,,oo E\,mgbd~h 116,000 1,203,)00 l,OOO.UOO Thatland 70,600 to he.llth services: Total +B Chma 10,000 19o5-93 Urhan na M.tlay••·• 5,100 Rural na lndt.l 1.600 Puh!tc expcndtrurc on he;1lth (% llf GOP): 1990 0.8 ~PIIf Exrcmal aid flows m health (% of total health expenditure): 1990 na •Tiu: gtu5s enrollment raun t!'l lhe tnt.ll numhcr ut ch.IJrcn c:nr,,Jit.'tl m •• ~h . .,olmJ:: 1nd "hrth~r '''nor rhe1 1-elonc on rh~ n:lc,.mr llj;<· ~""f. k•r th•n 1~, cl-ext•n,,..-....J "• !"'I"I:Onrdj:c <•I rhe lo>tal numh<-r PI 'iour,e CIA, Th, \'ilm-(d h orrl>t••k 1<1<14 (W.t,hongtom, [).C. ( 'cntr. o llmcllo~L'ncc Ag~nlV, 1994). 66 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT PHILIPPINES CHINA Pacific THE CONFLICT Ocean Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength death~ in 1993 Gm·crnment Govemmenr of 106,500 523* the Philippmes vs. NPA 8,400- South 0 12,500 China Manila Legaspi Sea • • Fot-:urc rcprc"Cnts fir>t SLX month' uf liN} unl)· S.1ur.c: C. A>bcrg, K. Axell, B. Hddt, E. Mcl.mdcr, K. NorJqu ~>t, and T ()hJ.,.,n, "MJJ<>r ArmcJ Conflow , 1993." SlPRl Y~arl><••k 19'14 (Oxt,>rd: Oxfl•rd Unl\'cr\lty Pre", l\194), 92. Iloilo • Philippine Area: 300,000 sq. km. P opulation: 69,808,930 Sea Ethnic Divisions: Christian Malay 91.5% Muslim Malay 4% Chmese I.S"'o BRUNEI .., Other 3% ystem of Government: Repuhbc Languages: MALAYSIA Plltpmo (official) English (official) _,. f (Percentage breakdown not available) INDONESIA Religions: Roman Catholic 83% Protestant 9% Muslim 5% ince its founding in 1969, the communist New BuJJhist and other 3% S.•un;e· Ct.\, 1ft.! ltOrld Fat:tb -30- ASIA Ill HEALTH PROFILE ...... 1' Under-5 m nal t) rare (per I ,000 live btnhs) 1993 59 &porttng U.S. $ million In m nahry rare (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve btrths) 1993 45 rates, rounded) Annual number ofbtrrhs (thousand,): 1993 1,999 Total ZH Ltfe expectancy rbtrrh(~ea~) 1993 65 Umrcd Stares lti9 fA !T"Oup c:nr llcd m I nmar) school US~ R/Ru ta 0 ( •Hi s). 1986 Q2 110 Fran<.:e 0 Ye r of ltte lo t to prem 1ture death FRG/Germanv (per 1,000 pt:l)plc:), 1•NO 27 Chma 0' Tubcrcull.l:i l c c (per 100,000 people)· 1990 • 0 Unttl-d.. Ktngdom 5 Malana t.::.'lSe (per 100,000 people expoM:d to C:echo~lov<~kaa 0 malan.t·mfcc rcd em m nments): 1991 530 Netherlands 0 A ID!:i C.1'c (per 100,000 penp1c): 1992 na lmly 31 0 o Fully immuni:ed 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swtt:erlanJ 0 TB 90 Other~ 7 Daphrhena, pcrru" ''· reranu' 38 Pola n 89 Mcasb 87 ~o Fully immuni:ed pregnant women: 1990-93 Tctanu5 66 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ORT usc rate (% dwrrhca ca~cs in children under (as of 1992) 5 treated wtth oral rchyJranon therapy): 1987-93 63 U.S.$ millaon ( 1985 pnces/r.l!e,) 8'31 Population per d ~ Nurses per d0<.:wr: 1990 3.1 ~'" Jl::,;... .( .,mpiln '"'"I Dcicn<~ E:.xl"'nJuurc on,J ~ltllluv \l.u'fX"' to adequate ~.mitatton: Total 69 1988-93 Urban 79 Rural 62 Total Internal External Host countries and number of refugees received to healrh scrvaces: Total 76 1985-93 Urhan 77 na na na Rural 74 Puhlac cxpendtrure <>ll healrh (% nfGDP): 1990 1.0 Total cxpcndaturc on health(% ofGDP): 1990 2.0 External aad flnw' ro health (%of t •The gn~"ii cru,,llmcnt r.ltH.• t!\ tht: tnt.ll numher \lf ch1IJrcn cnrullcJ 1n .a OrtCh._,.,tmg ll·\c:l wht:thcr or nt~t the\ l~hmu m thl· relcv.mt ;:tue J..~'·-"'r. for th,u lc\'cl-cxprc""'J ,,, a J"t·ru·nu'=l" ld th~ h1t.1l numher nf chaiJrcn 1n rhc rc: e\·:lnt 1~c J..'T''ur f,,r rh.u ll·\c:l GOP per captta, 1993 e.~umared: U.S. $2,500 ~•urcc>. LJJ-,;Il'Eh fltc Swr~ n/tltc W'urld\ Chtldr S•>urcc C IA. Th,• W'orkl F ' 1 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT SRI LANKA THE CONFLICT Bay of Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of deaths in 1993 Bengal parties strength Territory Government of 110,800 Greater than INDIA Sri Lanka 2,000 vs. LTTE 7,000 S.>urcc: C. A;bcr~. K. Axe II. B. HciJr. E. Mcl.anJcr, K N,uJ4u1M, .onJ T. O hlson, "M"l"' ArmeJ Cunflom, 19<13.'' SIPRI Ytarbook 1994 (L'» - 32 - ASIA Ill HEALTH PROFILE rC~o. .. ·• \\_-=-•puu:. lmpo'1:s 1.990-94 Under 5 monahry rate (per 1.000 h\e btrth))· 1993 19 Exporting U.S. $ million lnfan mortalt rate (under I ) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per ,000 ve I ) 1993 15 rates, rounded) Annu I number f btnhs ( thous,mds): 199 3 370 Total 165 L1fe expectan t btrth (year.;) 1993 n Umted Scate 0 fA e •r 1up enr lieu m rrunary school U~SR/Russt,J 21 (gr ) 1986 9 ... 10 Fran.:e 0 )ear f ltte lo t t pr matured~ th FRG/Germnn\ 0 (per I ,000 pcopl )· 1990 14 Chma 113 Tul:>c ul 1 C.l c (per 100,000 people)· [<)90 167 Untt~J Kmgd,1m 5 M:~lana C:N~S (pL"r 100,()()(\ people exposed ro C:cchu,kwal: 1.1 8 malana-mfccted envtronmems): 1991 3.150 Netherland~ 0 AID cases (per 100,000 people): 1992 na !tal~· 0 %Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Swtr:erland 0 TB 86 Orhers 17 Dtphthcna, pertu' 1s, tetanu' 91 Polio 91 ::X•urcc: SIPRI, Arm' Tr.~J~ Dar.•~·'"'· I1NS Measles 89 %Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanu~ 51 DEFENSE EXPE!'Ii"'DITURE (as of 1992) ORT use rate (% dt,\rrhea ca~es in chddren under 5 treated with oral rehydration therapy): 1957-93 76 U.S.$ mtllton ( 1985 pnce,/ratcs) 350 Poru l:lunn per Jounr: 1990 7,140 U.S.$ rer capita 20 Popularaou per nul"e: 1990 1,400 %ofGOP/GNP 4.9 ···- ··' - Nurse per doctor: 1990 5.1 ~•>llf«" II''· "l •mp.m""· ul 1\:tcncc h[' % of Population "'ith acce'' to afe dnnkmg water: Tor;-~ I 60 1988·93 Urban 60 Rural 55 to 1,h:quare santt,ltton: Tom! 50 1988·93 Urhan 68 Rural 45 Total Internal External Ho~L countries and number of refugee~ recein.-d tn health service,: Total 93 629,000 525.000 104,000 lndta 104,000 1985-91 Urban na Rural na ~ ourcc \XO,.Id Rcfucee Surw' lmnut:t.Hitln .mJ Rciul.!t.'~ "crvh.t"j; ot Ameroca, (IJQ5), 42·44 Publtc expenditure on h~alth (% uf GOP): 1990 1. Total cxpendtturc un health (%of GOP): 1990 3 .7 External mJ flows to health (% l1f total health expenditure): 1990 7.4 •The ~ro~'i c:lu,,llmcnt rtHH.l •~ the l\)lo.ll numher u( chtldrcn enn,llcJ 111 ;l "'-houl m~o: l"·"'d whether ur ll1lt thev N!long 1n the relevant .tee ,cTtlup fur that level-i!xrrc~~J a~ :t [X'rctnt.IL:'-' ut the tut.J( numh_:r vf cluiJrcn 10th~ rdc:\.tnt ,tgc ~fnUJl t,tr th.n Je\'d S.ourcc' UNICEF. Th .. Star.•uf th~ W(,IJ\ Chtldun 11N5 (Nc" Yurk Oxf.,rJ Um\'cr-tt) GOP per captra, 1993 esttm:ttcd: U.S. $3,000 Pre._, 1994). 60, 70. UNl)P, H14man D~wl.. pment Rc(> Source· CIA. The Wlor/J Fw:thuo..k /QI/4 !W.,•Iun~'''"· D.C. Ccnrr•l lntclhJ:cnLc A~cn .. ,·. l KAZAKHSTAN THE CONFLICT KYRGYZSTAN Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 UZBEKISTAN Government Government of 2,000-3,000 16,000-20,000 Tajiktstan, Russia, 2,030,000 CHINA Uzbekistan 40,000 vs. Popular Democratic Army na Source: C. Asher~. K. Axcll, B. Helot, E. Melander, K. Nmd4u•••· and T. Ohl"'"· "MaJOr Armed ConfliCt;, 1993," SIPRI Ycarlx"'k 1994 (Oxford: Oxford Un•vcr.;tty Pre"· 1994), 92. Area: 143,100 sq. krn. Population: 5,995,469 Ethnic Divisions: Tajik 64.9% Russian 3.5% AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN Uzbek 25% Other 6.6% System of Government: Republic Languages: Tajik (officia l) INDIA Russian 125 km (Percentage breakdown not available) Religions: Sunni Muslim 80% Shi'a Mu~lim 5% Other 15% Source: CIA. The World Facrbook /994 (W,bhtn~ron. D.C., Ccnrmllnrclhgcncc Agcnc~o he deployment of predominantly Russian 1994 ), 385-386. troops in support of the communist govern, NUMBER OF T ment of Tajikistan in December 1992 halted a WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-92* yearlong civil war that took the lives of some 20,000 Total Military Civilian people (with some government reports as high as 20,000 na na 100,000). Violent clashes between government forces and oppo ition demonstrators, who demanded the • Data" for all conOICts w1thm till, lncanon for the years notcJ. Snurcc: R. Sivartl, "Military TrcnJ;," World Mlliwry and Socurl Ext>enduure!i 199.!, 15th eJ. resignation of President Rakhmon Nabiyev and his (Washmgron, D.C.: WoriJ Pnori•·•e,, 1993), 21. council, had empted earlier in the year after nearly two years of political unrest and instability. In May 1992, a truce was signed, which ended fighting temporarily in the capital city of Dushanbe and pro, vided for the inclusion of opposition members in a reorganized government. Nabiyev supporters, however, re, sponded with a new round of fighting, which quickly spread to opposition strongholds. By September, the Popular Democratic Army (PDA), a military coalition of opposition Islamic and democratic groups, had seized control of Dushanbe and forced President Nabiyev to resign. Southem Tajikistan remained under the control of the militant Taj ik People's Front (TPF), and in November the Tajik Supreme Soviet established a new parliamentary republican government composed mainly ofNabiyev sympathizers. Troops from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) were deployed and, in January 1993, the govern, ment regained control of Dushanbe. Fighting continued, however, with more than 16,000 people killed before a cease,fire went into effect in September 1994. By early 1995, most of Tajikistan's 600,000 displaced people, includ, ing 60,000 refugees who had fled to Afghanistan, had returned to their homes. Meanwhile, Iran and Russia, which support the Islamic opposition and the communist government in Taj ikistan, respectively, pressed the two sides to hold U.N.,sponsored peace talks. By March 1995, U.N. peacekeepers had arri ved in Tajikistan to monitor the truce. - 34- ASIA II r.,.. ... "...... ,.;...,.,,.t n: HEALTH PROFILE - ,.. I ()(){).04--r~ ..~ , ·~· - ... -. Under·5 morraht) rate (per 1.000 ltvc btrth:;)· 1993 83 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant ffi Annual numlx.-r <)I h1rth~ (rhou5anJ~): 1993 222 Total na Life expectancy at h1rth ( ye rs): I 993 69 Un1reJ ~t.1tcs na fA c r< up r •lied m pnm ry h I USSR/ Russ1a na (gn ss) 1986 92* na Fr. m~.; c na i cars of ltfc lo t to pn:m ture death FRG/Germany na (per 1.000 people)· !9':JO 24 C hma na Tulx rculo. I C.l~l'' (per I 00,000 re•>ple) 1990 na UnncJ KmgJ om na Mal.m.l ca.,cs (per 100,0\.10 pcr>ple cxpo~..:d ro Czecho~l,l\' AIDS ca.,cs (per 100,000 pcoplc): 1992 na Italy na Swm:erland na % Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990·93 TB 69 Others na Otphthena. pertussis, tetanus 82 Polio 74 Measles 97 % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus na DEFENSE EXPE:r-."DITURE (as of 1992) O RT use rate (% Jiarrhea cases m chtiJren unJcr 5 treated w1 th oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 na U.S.$ mtlli(m (1985 pnce~/ r a te~ ) 203 Populnrion per Jocmr: 1990 350 U.S.$ per cap1ta 39 Population per nurse: na 1990 % of GOP/GNP 3.7 ' .. .. 1\urse~ per doctor: 1990 na 'onurc~ 11:->S, L•mr.or'""'' cof l),:fcnc<' Expcnduurc .tnd :-.t.lu.•n r-I.•npmH'r )%~ .] Qll~. ,\11iuan RalmK<' J t to hcalrh serv1ccs: Tmal n.J 165,000 na 165,000 Russian FeJ. 145,000 19b5-93 Urhan na Af~:hants [an 20,000 Rural na Suun.:c· Wurld Rc/u~,!l!t' Sunt"\ JQ'-IS (\X'.a"hmJ.:ron, D.l": lmmiJ..'T:Uinn .mJ Rclln!e:t. St.~r\"1'-t"' <~I Amtncn, lll9S), 42·44. Public expcnJtture on health(% ofGOP): 1990 na Total cxpenJ1ture on health(% of GOP): 1991 6.0 External aid flow to health (% oftotal health expenditure): 1990 na U.S. $6.9 hdlton *Thl' gr"-"'"' .:nr~.-,llmem ran~''" rhc coral nutnbt'r n( cht!Jrl.!n ~nrolleJ m a ..chuohng lcvel "·hethcr lf not the\· hclllns,t m thC' rcle\'an{ ag"· J,.~"nmp tnr that lt=\'el-csrrc .. ""C'J ;l., ,1 pen.:cntal.w ,,f thi: tnt a I numhcr nf chdJren Ill rhc relt.•,·ant age ~roup lor thM len·l. G OP percap1w, 1993 estimated: U.S. $1,180 SnuJ -35 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT COLOMBIA THE CONFLICT Caribbean Sea Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Govemment Government 139,000 1,500* VENEZUELA of Colombia vs. FARC na vs. ELN 8,000 • Medellin • Fi~ure represents m1l11:ary deaths onl y. Source: C. Asberg, K. Axell, B. I feldt, E. Melander, K. NordquiSt, and T. Ohlson, "MaJllr o Bogota Armed Conflict>, 1993," SII'RI Yearbook /994 (Oxford: OxJmJ Umver>t ry Prc:;s, 1994), 95 . • Cali Pacific Ocean Area: l,l38,910sq. km. Population: 35,577,556 Ethnic Divisions: Mestizo 58% White 20% Mulatto 14% Black 4% BRAZIL Mixed Black-Indian 3% Indian 1% System of Government: Republic PERU r Language: Spanish Religions: Roman Catholic 95% Other 5% Source: CIA, The \'ilorld FacWook 1994 (Wa,hmgton, D.C.; Central fntelltgence Aj,>ellC\'. he irnon Bolivar Guerrilla Coordinating 1994). 88.90. Board (CGSB), representing the 1987 merger NUMBER OF T of six guerrilla groups, began 1995 by present, WAR,RELATED DEATHS 1945,92* ing a new peace proposal, which included the suspen, sion of military operations and the establishment of Total Military Civilian 323,000 108,000 214,000 contacts for holding future peace talks. For 35 of the past 43 years, a high degree of civil unrest and internal • Data IS for all confltcts Wlthm th1s locauon for the year.. nmeJ. Source: R. S1vurd, "Mllmtry Trends," \'ilorld Mil1cary and SocUJI Expendiwres /993. 15th eJ violence, emanating from a centurylong rivalry be, (W.uhmgron, D.C.: WorlJ Pnonucs, 1993), 21 tween the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, had forced the Colombian government to operate under declared states of emergency. In January 1991, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), two of the six CGSB members, launched an attack on the government. It was hoped that the July 1991 signing of a new constitution would put an end to this fighting and a state of siege imposed in 1984 in response to escalating political and drug,related violence in the country. Without the participation of FARC and ELN , however, guerrilla warfare continued and, by 1992, the government was forced to intensify anti, insurgency mea, sures and abandon peace negotiations with rebel groups. Heavy fighting continued throughout 1993, with the death toll climbing above 30,000 and another 300,000,600,000 people forced from their homes. In june 1994, relatively peaceful national congressional and presidential elections were held, with Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper winning the presidency. As of early 1995, however, more than 160 paramilitary groups continued to operate in Colombia, where the human rights situation remained cri tical. A rash of political and extrajudicial killings, disappearances, tOrtures, and other physical abuses were reported as being routinely carried out by these groups, as well as by the police and security forces. Despite the capture and killing of drug kingpin Pablo Escobar in 1993, the country continued to be criticized for not vigorously attacking and disassembling its various drug networks. In early 1995, Colombia faced the potential loss of millions of dollars in trade benefits and "nonhumanitarian" aid if it could not convince the United States that it had made substantial reductions in drug trafficking. -36- CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA II -' "'- '"Imports I~ L1te expectancy t h1nh (ye rs): 1993 69 Umted ::;rates zoo ( I A c rr up nr led mpnm n s h I US..'>R!Rus.sta 0 ( ) 1986 92 Ill Fr:mce 0 'I c:Jrs of ltte I t r premature: death rRG/Gcrmany 0 (per I ,000 pe pi ) 199 11 Chma 0 c se (per 100,000 people)· Tubercul 1990 67 Un1red KmgJ,lm 0 M lan % Fully immuni:cd 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Switzerland 0 TB 94 Other.. 172 D1phrlwna, pc.:rtu•sts, rctanu~ S3 P % Fully immuni:cd pre~nant \\-·omen: 1990-93 Tetanus 40 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT usc rate (% d1arrhca ca.-;es tn children under 5 treated w1th mal rehydr:mon 1herapy): 1987-93 40 U.S.$ mil hun ( 1985 pm:e~/rate~) 1,162 Population per J,x:w r: 1990 1,150 U.S. $ per captta 36 Popul,ltlon per nurse: 1990 1,920 %ofGOP/G p 2.4 ' , .. :-t•urn· II""· ..C.•mr·"'"'"'"' Pdcn«' Exr % of Population with access t<) sate dnnkmg wmcr: Torn I 86 1988-93 Urb:m 87 Rural 82 wudequarc s,mitarion: Total 64 1988-93 Urb.m l:i4 Total Internal External Host countries and Rural 18 number of refugees received 600,200 600.000 2L'X) Ecu.1dor I00 to health St't\'ICC~: Tow! 60 Mextw 100 19 5-93 Urban na Rur,tl na Publ1c expcndmue on health(% ofGDP): 1990 l. T<>t,ll cxpcmhrurc on hcotlth (%of GOP): 1990 4 Extcmal.tiJ fkw•s to health ECONOMIC INDICA: ORS (% ot tot.ll health expcndtturc): 1990 1.6 e'umat~J: *The J:r ,.., ('nwllmc-nt r.nut 1~ the hlt:tl number ,l( ch1IJn·n cnr,,IIC"J m lr1 5t.:h,x•hn~o: h:vd Gro" Domestt<: Produ<:t (GOP), 1993 U.S. $192 b•llwn whr:rht.·r ,,r nor the\ hcktn.: m rht.· rdr\'.ml .tee '-"'"'"'If' for th.u lc\'cl-t:"xrre, .. c-J a.o; .t rc-n.t.·nc.1f.!t.' "' th<· tot.1l numher <'l ~. :->uurcc. ( lA. Tlk \~ 'rrrkl F,ll·tl..,k 11/<14 (W.a,htn~h>n, I H ( -37- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT GUATEMALA TilE CONFLICT Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Bay of Campeche Government Government 43,900 ~than 200 of Guatemala vs. URNG 800- 1,100 MEXICO Source: C. Asbcrg, K. Axell. B. Heldt, E. Melander, K. Nordquosr. and T. Ohlson, "MaJor Armed Conllocts, 1993," SIPIV \'carb.xJk /994 (Oxford: Oxford Unoverslry Press, 1994). 95. Area: 108,890 sq. km. Population: I0,72 1,387 Caribbean Ethnic Divisions: Sea Ladino 56% (or Mestizo-mixed Indian and European ancestry) Indian 44% System of Government: Repuhlic Languages: SpaniSh 60% Indian languages 40% HONDURAS (including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi and others) Religions: Pacific Roman Catholic Ocean Prote.ram (NICARAGUA Traditional Mayan (Percentage breakdown nor available) Source: CIA, The World FactlxXJk J 994 (Washon~tun, D.C.: Ccntrol lnrdlogcnce A~cncy, 1994). 163· 164. he multigroup National Revolutionary Unity of Guatemala (URNG) guerrilla movement T and its predecessors have been fighting NUMBER OF Guatemala's military government and government WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-91* sponsored C ivil Defense Patrols (PACs) since 1967. Total Military Civilian The PACs, estimated at 43,000 members, included 141 ,000 40,000 100,000 villagers in areas where URNG operated. In August *Data IS for ~II connocts worhon tho> lucmoon for the year- noted. 1987, the presidents of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Source: R. Sovard. "Molotary Trend,," \Vorld Moluary and Socoal Expenduuw 1993. 15th ed. Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua signed an (Wa>hingtun, D.C.: Worltl Pnoroue;, 1993), Zl. accord in Guatemala City to establish a regional peace plan. Following this signing, the Commission on National Reconciliation (CNR) was formed to address regional conflicts and, in October 1987, the government and URNG representatives met in Spain fo r peace talks. Although no agreement was reached, the government promised to introduce legislation that would provide amnesty to all URNG members and to hold further talks with URNG leaders. While the amnesty law passed, right-wing pressure forced postponement of the planned March 1988 talks and inspired the addition of a disarmament condition to any future negotiations. Meanwhile, the URNG proposed a truce and continued to call for negotiations. The CNR attempted to jump-start the peace process by holding a meeting with URNG representatives in Oslo, Norway. In April 199 1, new peace talks resulted in the government and rebels agreeing on negotiating procedures and setting an agenda for further talks. Meanwhile, members of the ecurity forces, displeased with the negotia tion efforts, designed a campaign of violence to destabilize the government and upset the reconciliation process. Despite these efforts, the talks continued and, in August 1992, the government conceded to URNG demands not to expand the PACs. In March 1994, the government and the URNG reached a human righ ts accord, which led to the September introduction of the U.N. Mission for the Verification of Human Rights in Guatemala (MINUGUA). As of early 1995, both peace negotiations and figh ting continued, as the death toll rose to nearly 150,000 civilians and military personnel since the beginning of the civil war. - 3S- CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA II HEALTH PRORLE . Q _ .-··-- ·..U \17. lS l 4 -.- Under S m rt lat) te (per 1,000 h\e harths} 1991 73 Exporting U.S. $ million lnt tmrtlry te (under 1) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per barths) 1,000 11\e 1993 53 rates, rounded) Annu number f barth! ( th usands) 1991 7 Total na Lafe expectancy at barth (years) 1993 65 Umred Scares na f A e group cnr lied m pnmary school USSR/Ru IJ n;~ (gr ). 1986 9_ France na Yea fhf I ([ premarur de th FRG/Gennany na (per I,OOC people). 1990 41 Chma na Tuberculosa ca es (per people): 100.000 1990 110 Unu •.:d Kingdom na Malana cases (per 100,000 people exposed to C:~ho-kMtkaa na mal.ma-mf... ~red l.'nvaronments): 1991 1,500 Netherlands na AIDS Ches (per 1('10,000 pcople): 1992 09 ltah na % Fully immuni::~d 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swar::crlanJ na TB 46 Others na Daphthen,l. pertussi~. rctanus 75 Po lao 77 Mc;tsles 71 %Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tet,mu~ 18 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT u~e rare (% da,mhea case' m children under 5 treated wath oral rehydr;Hion therapy): 1987-93 24 U.S.$ mallaon ( 1985 prices/rates) 144 Population per doctor: 1990 2,?.70 US. $per captta 15 Populanon per nur~c: 1990 910 %ofGDP/G~P !.I .. - ... . . , " :-:ur s per do >e tor. 1990 2.5 ~ \Ufl.l' ll~'i (,...,mran ,, ot 1\ttnc..: F.xf't'n~luur~ m~J ~ltlll.lf'\ !\t.mrxl\\lr (t.)~""~- )\)Q_, ~lolir.n-. &Lut to nJel)uate sanitation: Total 60 1988-93 Urban 72 Total Internal External Ho~t countric~ and Rural 52 number of refugee.' received to health scn·u:cs: Total H 245,050 200,000 45.050 Mcxicn 42,900 1985-93 Urban 47 Rur:1l 25 Bcli:c 2,150 S.:•Uf Total expenditure llO health(% of GOP): 1990 3.7 External aaJ flows to health (% llf tot.tl hcalrh cxpendirurc): 1990 I 1.1 "Thr ~''"' cnr<>llmcnt r 1110 " th< tot.tl numh<:r .,f choiJrcn cnrollo:J on .o ... h.,olonglcl d " herh\!r or nnr rh.:y he.: Io n~.: m rh c rclev.mt ~lf.!c ).!n1ltp fc,r that le"clo--exprc ..... cd .t, a t''rn•nr.t~t 11! the !Pt.II nuonhcr 111 ,hoiJren on rhe rcln·.tnt ·•~c gn•up fnr rh.u le\'cl GOP per capata, I '>93 ~o-stunatcJ: U.S. $3,000 Sou""" UN!l'l·l'. Th.• Srat~ ujth.: \\'or/J\ Choldr<'fl 1'1<1~ (Ne\\ ).,rk Oxtor.l Uomcr.ll\ Pre". 1<1<14). 67, 71 Ut-.:DP, Homo Source: t 'lA, The Wlurld Fnctl>ook 11><14 (Wa,hon~lllll, ll( Cenro.ol lo11<'111~<·ncc A~cn cv. I Q94), 104 -'39 STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT PERU THE CONFLICT COLOMBIA Pacific Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of Ocean parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government 115,000 Les~ than 1, 700 of Peru vs. Sendero 5,000- BRAZIL Luminoso 8,000 vs. MRTA 500 Source: C. A~he rg, K. Axe II, B. Heldt, E. Melander, K. Nmdqu>Sl , nnd T. Ohlson, "Major Armed ConOict>, 1993," S/PR/ Y"arbook /994 (OxforJ: Oxford Un > ver>~ r y Pre>>, 1994). 95. Area: 1,285,220 sq. km. Population: 23,650,671 Ethnic Divisions: Indian 45% OLima Mestizo 37% (mixed Indian and European ancestry) Ocher 18% System of Government: Republic Languages: BOLIVIA sokm. 1 Spanish I Qucchua \ Aymara CHILE (Percentage breakdown not available) Religions: Roman Catholic Source: C IA, The World Facrbook /994 (Wa;hmgt<>n, D.C. Centrallmcllogcnce Agency, lternating periods of mili tary dictatorship and 1994). 312-3 14. civilian administration have characterized the NUMBER OF A politics of Peru since 1824. In the 1980s, WAR,RELATED DEATHS 1945,92"' various guerrilla factions took up arms in an effort to Total Military CiviJjan overthrow the Peruvian government. Two of the more 26,000 6,000 20,000 powerful challengers included the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), which began its • Data"' for all confloct> wothon th" locauom for the year< noted. Source: R. SovarJ, "MolotM)' TrcnJ;," Wurld Mrluary and Scxoa/ Exf>endwcrel /993, I Sth eol. insurgency in 1984, and a Maoist terrorist group ( Was hon~ton . D.C.: \V,>riJ Pnumoe;, 1993) , 21. known as the Sendero Luminoso, or the Shining Path. More than 17,500 people died during the 1980s in violence between government forces and Shining Pa[h guerrillas. In the early 1990s, the Shining Path intensified its armed struggle and began making strategic bombing attacks on power plants, government and military buildings, and rural defense groups (militias established by the govern, ment). The government responded to these raids by extending a state of emergency and granting the mi litary unprecedented powers to bypass individual and civil rights. In 1992, government security forces captured Shining Path founder Abimael Guzman, who was tried by a military court and sentenced to life in prison. His capture was considered a major victory for President Alberto Fujimori's authoritarian,style government, which had set as a top priority the reduction of the Shining Path's influence. While the Shining Path continued to commit random acts of violence, including sporadic bombings and killings, the rebel group lacked leadership and a coherent strategy after Guzman's incarceration. By early 1995, President Fujimori's special police force had imprisoned most of the rebel's central committee, while other guerrilla fighters had turned themselves in with the hope of prosecutorial exemption. Despite these government victories, much of Peru remained under a state of emergency, in a country dominated by military control. -40- CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA II HEAl.: PROFILE n· • • ,1 n I 1ClCll't.Q4 -t' ~.. llll!JUCI.l> ,,,~- Under 5 morta1tty rate (per 1,000 lt\·e btnhs): 1993 62 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant mortahty rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 hve births): 1993 43 rate.';, roundl.-d) Annual number f btrths (thousands): 199) 662 Total 364 L1fe expectancy at btrth (years): 1993 65 Unttcd ~tares 18 A e gn up enr 'lied m pnm· rv schu ,[ USSR/Rus.,la 129 {gr ): 1986-92* 126 France 0 Year ot hfe lost to premature death FRG/Gcnn,m\ 4 (per 1,000 people). 1990 32 C hma 7 Tubo:rcull"IS ca~cs (p~r 100,000 pcopld J9QO 250 Umted Kingdom 0 Malaria C:l!it.:s (per 100,000 f'l'oplt• cxroscJ ro C:t:~;ho~ l ovak l a 0 malana-mfccted en\ Ironment,): 1991 460 NcrhcrlanJs 0 AIDS cases (per 100,000 penple): 1992 0.3 Italy 2 % Full)' immuni:ed 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Swtrzerland 0 TB 87 Others 203 D1phthena, pertussts, n:tanus 34 Polio 86 Suurcc SIPRI, t\ron' Tr.,Jc n.... oh.he, 199'i. Measles 75 % Fully immuni::ed pre~nant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 30 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT use rate (% d1arrhca cases in cht!J ren unJ er 5 treated with oral rchyJranon thernpy ): 1987-93 3 1 U.S.$ million (1985 prices/raLes) 604 Population per doctor: 1990 970 U.S. $ per cap1ra 28 Population per nurse: 1990 1,080 %ofGDP/GNP 3.8 .. Nurses per Jnctor: 1990 0.9 "''""'' II""·"( ..rnparo> Total expenditure on health (% of GDP): 1990 3.2 External aiJ flows to health (%of roral health expenditure): 1990 2.7 Gr Snur -41- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT AZERBAITAN TilE CONFLICT RUSSIA Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of GEORGIA parties strength deaths in 1993 Tern tory Government of 42,600 Less than 2,000 AzerbaiJan • Sumgait vs. Republ1c of 10,000 Nagorno- 0 Karnbakh, Baku Armenta 20,000 TURKEY S.•urcc· C. !\ Area: 86,600 'ill· km. Population: 7,684,456 Casp1an Ethnic Divisions: Sea A:en 2. 7 '~u Oage.,ranl IRAN Russ ~an 5.6% O ther Armenian 5.6% System of Government: Rcpuhlic Languages: Azcn 82'}b Armcman 5% IRAQ Rus~ i an 7% O rher 6% 125 km. Religions: Mw.lim 87% RuSltian O rthodox 5.6% Armenian O rrhodox 5.6% O ther 1.8% "morce: CIA, The \\'lorld Faah -42 EUROPE II :rHPROFILE ·C.... -• \11. 1 oon_~' -.,... •.~ .....' t"'• .., .,..,.,. Under 5 m Jrt he) rate (per I ,000 h\e h1rthsl 1993 52 Exporting U.S.$ million Infant m nal t rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 IY"cesl (per I ,000 hve barths). 1993 36 rate:;, rounded) Annual n mber fb rths (th usand ): 1993 1 3 Total 64 La e expc tanc t b rth ( ye.ITS) 1993 ~1 Umted tate 0 fA up ll d an pn urv I 1<'1 USSR/ Russta 64 ( r ) 19 6 92"' France 0 Years t ~~~ I It pr m turc death FRO/Germany 0 (per 1,000 pe pic): 1990 6 Chma 0 Tub(r ul s1sc1 e (per IOO,OOOpcoplc)· 1990 nl Urutcd Kmgdum 0 Mal.ma cases (per 100,000 pcoplt• exposed to Czecho,lm .rkril 0 na mnlarw anlectcd em1r nmcnt ): 1991 Nethcrlan~ 0 AID· c1'e~ (per 100,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 Swn::crland 0 0 o Fully immuni:cd l·')'car-old cbaldrcn: 1990-93 TB 94 Othe~ 0 01phthena, pcrtu 1,, tetanus 71 Poho 70 Mea,lc~ 84 % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 TctanU!> na DEFENSE EXPENDITURE (as of 1992) ORT u~c rare (% dwrrhea ca~c~ m children under na 5 treated w1th oral rehydrauon therapy): 1987-93 U.S.$ nulhon ( 1985 pnces/r,ltc~) 190 P1>puLmon per d1)Ctor: 1990 250 U.S. $per c.1pita 26 na P.; pulauon per nur,e: 1990 % ofGDP/GNP 1.9 .. ' ~urse' na ..,,,.,rce II'"· C..>mparl!(>n> "' llercn % of Population with accc~s to safe drmkmg \\,Iter: 1inal na 19 1'-93 Urban n.1 Rural na DISPLACED PERSONS tll ,\JCl)U Toral cxpenJtturc on health(% of GOP): 1991 4J External a1d flows to health (% ot total health expenditure): 1990 na ECONOMIC IND CATORS *The ~ rt "' cnroll rnl·nt r.H 11• '' thl' h•t.tl numh:r nf ch1IJn·n cnr,,lh.·d tn .t ~honlm1: lt.·,·c.· l "herher or n '' thl"\' ~loo~ 10 rheo rdc.·\.IOt l~l~ J...'t'nur f,lr rh 11 leH·I '-"xrrc,.... .,f .1!'1 a Gro DomC!illC Product (GOP), 1993 cstmMed. U.S. $15 5 h1llion J"t.'rcenl.tJ.:c.' <•I the. tot.tl numh..·r of ~..:htiJrc:n m the: rclc. \· mr 1$!'- l.'l\111(' h•r rh.u IC"vd S.>ur<''" LJN I C U ~ Th,· .'irur• of ell< IX<'url.f, Chrldw1 J•N~ (No\\ )nrk. t)xf<>r,l U11twr'111 GDP per caprta, 1993 c:>mn.lted: u.s. $2,040 Pre'' • 1'1<14). 06. 7l' UNIW, Hurrwn n,.. ,•lopm.·m Rc{' -43- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT BOSNIA, HERZEGOVINA ...... __.,. AUSTRIA THE CONFLICI' lncompabOility Warring Troop Total number of ~~ parties strength deaths in 1993 CROATIA Tern w ry Government of 60,000 10,000-30,000 Bomia • Herzegov 1n;1 v~. Serbian Rcpuhl1c 80,000 SERBIA of Bosnia·llcr.:egovma, Serbmn mcgular~, 136,500 Yugoslavia vs. Republtc of Herzcg· 50,000 Bosna, Croatia 103,500 rP!~ Sourer: C. Asbefl!, K. Axell, B. HeiJt. E. Mel.onJer, K. NorJ4uost, .mJ T Ohl .. m, "M·•Jor Anned Cmflocn., 1993," SJPRJ Yrarloook 1994 (Oxford: Ox(,JrdUnovcr. ot)' Pre», 1994), 88. ~ ...... , 1 tv Area: 51,233 sq. km. Population: 4,651.485 I Ethnic Divisions: ITALY MONTE~AO r Muslim 44% C roat 17% Serb 31% O ther % Adriatic ) Sea System of Government: Emcrgmg democracy 125 km. Languages: Se rbo·Croati~m 99% Other J% Religions: Musl1m 40% Protc~wm 4% Orthtxlox 3 1% Other \0% ar broke out in March 1992 after the govern Catholic I 5% Suurce: CIA, Tlot World Fcu:rbook 1994 (W;"hon~~,m. D.C .. Ccnrrallntcllo~ente A~enq . ment of Bosnia-Herzegovina held a referen 1994). 51-53. W dum, boycotted by the Serb population, in which independence from Yugo lavia wa upported. NUMBER OF Bosnian erbs ub equently launched military as ault WAR-RELATED DEATIIS 1945-92* de igned to divide the republic along ethnic lines. By Total Military Civilian May 1994, Bosnian Serb forces (BSA), seeking to join 120,000 na na erb-held lands to a "Greater Serbia" and supported by · · d h 70 t f B · B • Oam "(or ,,II confhcts wtthon thtslnc,tttnn forth~ yeaN n<>tcJ. S er b La, OCCUp te more t an percen 0 OSnta. Y Source: R. SovarJ, "Molotar)' TrcnJs." \l'lmld Moumry 11rul So.:ml Expc:ruluures J99.l. I StheJ. early 1995, fighting and "ethnic cleansing" had resulted (Wa,hon~nm, D.C.: WoriJ Pro ""''""· 1991), 21 in the death of more than 200,000 people. Half of Bosnia's pre-war popu lation of 4.4 million were living as refugees or displaced persons. Bo nian Muslims al o suffered from attacks by Croatian forces, which in 1993 conquered and declared an inde pendent state in the 10 percent of Bosnia they occupied. Localized fighting between the Bosnian Croat militia (HVO) and Mu lim force of the Bo nian Presidency (BiH ) turned into full-scale war. Bitter fighting lasted until March 1994, when the Bosnian government and Croat leadership signed an agreement in Washington, D.C., which created a Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. ln 1992, the U.N. Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was established to deliver humanitarian aid to five republics of the former Yugo lavia and was later mandated to protect six U.N.-patrolled" afe areas" in Bo nia. On March 31, 1993, the U.N. Security Council pa sed Re elution 816, which authorized North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) aircraft to enforce a "no-fly" zone over Bosnia, and enforcement began two week later. The United Natiom, the European Union, and a "Contact Group" consisting of representatives from France, Germany, Great Britain, Rus ia, anJ the United State tried toe tabli h peace in Bosnia, each with relatively little success. On Dec. 19, 1994, former U.S. President Jimmy Carter brokered a four-month cease-fire agreement between the Bosnian erb and Mu lim-led Bo nian governmem, which agreed to resume negotiations under the auspices of the Contact Group. The cease-fire remained largely in effect in early 1995, despite sporadic fighting between both sides, which threatened the rerum of a larger war. - 44- EUROPE II ...! TI-l PROFILE• -1" •tJV ..,. ~990 Und r 'i m rt I t) r 1 e (per 1.000 II\ e btnhs) 1993 2 Exporting U.S. $ million I n m rt h te (under I) O:>untr): ( 1990 prices/ (rer . h\e ) 199, I rate:;, rounded) Annu I number ,fbtrths (rh u ands). 1993 rn Total 559 Ltfc expc y 1 brth (years) 1993 72 Umrcd :=-tate 0 l I A c •n up cnr II d m pnmaf) school USSR/Ru' ta 559 ( r, ) 19t;6 9~ •• 94 France 0 'rc trs Lf htc lu~t w 1 rem ture death FRG/G.:rmun) 0 (per 1.000 r~oplc) 1990 na Chma 0 Tubcrcull 1 en (per 100,000 people). 1990 nn United Kmgdom 0 Malant ~ (('f'r 100,000 peopl<- exposed ro C:cchL~lo\'akia 0 malart 1 tnfccted cnvtronmcnts)~ 1991 na Nethe r land~ 0 AID ca e5 (per 100,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 % Fully immuni:ed 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swtt:erland 0 TB I Other.. 0 Dtrhthcrt.l, rcrtu ~~ ~ . tcmnu. 79 Pohu I Mca Popul.tt i<•n per nurse: 1990 na "''""<' ~~~~. "Comparr'<>n' nll'lcicn"' Expcndrnlfc rn,l Mrlll tl"\ ~l.mpowcr l Extemal .uJ flow' to health (% of tot.tl health expendnure): 1990 na ECONOMIC I ATORS • h~un;.s .w.ul.lf.!t.. lt'r h,nn.. · r Yl&i.!t'k•v•.• tmh. Gross Dome~tic Product {GDP). 1993: na ••Th~.· .:ms..'i t"Hwllmt·nl r.111o 1s rh~.: 10r.1l numh:r 0f ch1IJren enrolled m t ~h•"K'Iu·~ It\ d whl·thcr or nul lht..·~ h;J,,ng Ill I he rclc\.JOI .t).!e t;rnuf. iur th.u ll'\ rl -<"XJ~ret.SC\.1 .I .1 pc:rt.. r:llf.ll.tt" l't thl· h1t1l nurnhcr ot ~o.haklrcn an thl" rc C'\,tnl •..:~..· ~n,up tor th.u h.·\t'l GOP per captta, 1993. U.S. $3,001-10,000 Sourc<'' UNili:E Tht \r411C of rhe \\j,.IJ', Chddun J SLOVAKIA TilE CONFLICT Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of deaths in 1993 AUSTRIA parties strength Termory Govemmemof 103,500 L00-500 HUNGARY Croatia vs. Serbian 16,000 Republic of Krajina, Yugoslavia 136,500 Source: C. A.ber~. K. Axell. B. Heldt, E. Melander. K. NorJqUL>t, and T. Ohlt.on. "MaJOr Armed Conflicu.. 1993," SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (Oxford: Oxford Un&ver.my Press, 1994). 88. SERBIA Area: 56,538 sq. km. Population: 4,697,614 Ethnic Divisions: Croat 78% Hungarian 0.5% erb 12% Other 8.1% Muslim 0.9% ITALY System of Government: Parliamemary democracy Languages: Adriatic Serbo-Croarian 96% Sea Orher 4% Religions: Catholic 76.5% Protestant 0.4% Orthodox 11. 1% Other 10.8% Slavic Muslim 1.2% ollowing Croatia's declaration of independence Source: CIA, The World Facrbook 1994 (Washington, D.C.: Ccmrallntclligcncc Agency, from Yugoslav ia in 1991, fighting between 1994). 99·101. FCroatian government and rebel Serb forces, NUMBER OF wh ich won control of roughly one~ third of Croatia, WAR~RELATED DEATHS 1945-92* resulted in more than 10,000 people being killed and Total Military Civilian hundreds of thou ands displaced. Despite a general 25,000 na na cease ~fire in 1992, enforced by a U.N. Protection Force (UNPROFOR) that separated the warring • Data IS for all confl&cts w&rhm th&> locauon for the years noted. Source: R. Sl\·ard, "M&I&t.lry TrcnJs," World M•l•wry and Soaal Exp.:ndu&~rcs 1993. 15th eJ factions, tensions remained high throughout 1993~94. (Washm~ron, D.C.: World Pnonne>. 1993), 21. No progress was made in 1994 to implement a peace plan formulated by former U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance. In January 1995, Croatian President Franjo Tudjman, who accused the United Nations of cementing Serb territorial gains in Krajina (the Se rb~popu l ated region of Croatia), threatened to eject the 12,000 UNPRO FOR troops from Croatia. After meeting with U.S. Vice President Al Gore, however, Tudjman allowed 5,000 UNPROFOR troops to remain in Croatia. Tudjman made the agreement on the condition that a new U.N. mandate assured that U.N. forces patrolled the pre~1991 borders to prevent Serbs from entering Serb~he l d areas of Croatia. Even with this new mandate, the reintegration of Serb~h e ld Krajina into Croatia and the return of roughly 300,000 Croatians to their Krajina homes seemed extremely remote in early 1995. [n all, more than 500,000 refugees and internally displaced people remained in Croatia. The C roatian government and rebel Serbs made significant progress on confidence~ building and economic measures, including the opening of the Zagre b~ Belgrade highway to civilian traffic and an agreement to share electricity, oil, and other goods. -46- EUROPE II HEALTH PROFILE* , C'nnuPnhnn,.l a I po 990 4 Under-5 mortality rate (per 1,000 It' e hmhs): 1993 22 Exporting U.S. $ million Infant monality rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 ltve births): 1993 19 rates, rounded) Annual number of births (thousands): 1993 337 Total 559 L1fe expectancy at binh (years): 1993 72 Umtcd States 0 %of Age group enrolled in pnmaf) sch Ye.us <)f ltfe lost to premature death FRO/Germany 0 (per 1,000 people): 1990 na Chm Malnri.l cases (per 100.000 people l!Xposed to Czechoslovakia 0 malana· mfccted environments): 1991 na Netherlands 0 AIDS c.1ses (per 100,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 % Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Switzerland 0 TB 8 1 Others 0 Otphtheria, pertussis, tetanus 79 Poho 81 • F1gurcs .wailahle lm former Yugmlav1a ORT usc rate (% tliarrhea cases in children under U.S. $million (1985 prices/rates) 4,330 5 treated w1th oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 na U.S. $ per capita 913 Population per doctor: 1990 na %ofODP/ONP 24.1 Population per nurse: 1990 na S<> u rc~: IISS, "Compamon; of Odence Expcmhturc and lvhhtal'\ M:mrowcr J\)85·1992," 1v11/ua1') llulancc (Q'I.l-/994 (Lnndun: llr:.,,ev\ 1994).224 Nurses per doctor: 1990 na DISPLACED PERSONS % of Population with access (as of December 1994 ro safe dnnking water: Total na 1988-93 Urban na Total Internal External Host countries and Rural na number of refugees received to adequare sanitatllm: Total na 426,900+ 290,000 136,900+ (Refugees from Croatia) 1988-93 Urban na Germany 35,000 Rural n:l Macedonia 1,900 to Health services: Total na ~Refugees from former Yu~o~lavta) crhta/Montcncgro 00,000 1985-93 Urban na Italy 30,000 Rural na Hungaf)• I 0,000 France 8,400 Pubhc expenditure on health(% ofODP): 1990 na Czech Rep. 4,000 Spatn 2,500 Total expenditure on health (% of ODP): 1990 na <;outce: World Refi•gee Survey, /995 (Wa>h mgton, D.C.: lmm1grat1on and Refugee ServiCe> of Amenca. 1995), 42-44. External aid flows to health (%of coral healLh expenditure): 1990 na ECONOMIC lNDICATORS • Figu res ava1lable for fonner Yugoslavia only. **The gro:,~ enmllmenr ralH.l LS the total numher l')f chtldnm enrolleJ an,, ...chuo ll nl.! level Gross Domt•stic Product (GOP), 1992 estimated: U.S. $21.8 b1lhon whether t>r n<>l th~y belong m the relevant age grou/' fur that level expre"ed "'a rercentagc of the total number of chtlJ rcn l1l rhe rc ewmr age )!mur for th;\1 level. ODP per capita, 1992 estimated: U.S. $4,500 S,>urce" UNICEF, The Srace of the World\ Children /99.'i (New Yorke Oxf11rJ Un1vers1ty Pre''• 1994), 66, 70. UNDI', 1-fHman Dewlv(nn"" Report /994 (New Ynrkc OxfnrJ Un1vcrS1ty Pre -47- · STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT GEORGIA THE CONFLICT Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 RUSSIA Terri tory Government of 20,000 2,000 Georgia vs. Republic of 5,000 Abkhazia Source: C. Asberg, K. Axell, B. Heldt, E. Melander, K. Nordquist, and T. O hlson, "MaJor Anned Connicts, 1993," SlPRl Yearbook 1994 (Oxford: O xforJ U niversity Press, 1994 ), 89. Sea Area: 69,700 sq. km. Population: 5,681 ,025 Ethnic Divisions: Georgian 69% Azerbaijani 5% Armenian 9% Osserian 3% Russian 6% Abkhazian 2% Ajarian 6% System of Government: Republic Languages: TURKEY '', ARMENIA ( Georgian (official) 71% Azcri 6% \ AZERBAIJAN Russian 9% Other 7% Armenian 7% 125 km. Religions: "---<\ Georgian Orthodox 65% Armenian O rthodox 8% Muslim 11% O ther 6% Russian Orthodox 10% n 1992, the autonomous Republic of Abkhazia Source: C IA , The World Ftocrbook 1994 ( W::~>hmg t on , D.C.: Centrallntcllo!!cnce A~cn cy, declared its independence from Georgia. In an 1994), 146- 147. I attempt to keep the republic within Georgia, NUMBER OF government troops were deployed in Abkhazia in WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945,92* August of that year, triggering an intense yearlong war. By late 1993, Abkhazians, led by Vladislav Total Military Civilian 2,500 na na Ardzinba, had successfully overthrown and expelled the Georgian forces. Forty to 60 percent of the pre * Datn IS for all conflicts w1thm th i ~ locmion for rhe years no[ed. Source: R. Sovard, "Moli rary Trends," World lvfiluary and Social Ext>endiwre.< 1993, 15th cd. war population of Abkhazia fled, including virtually (Washington, D.C.: World Pnorirics, 1993), 2 1. the entire Georgian population of the region (230,000 people, or 45 percent of Abkhazia's total population), temporarily resettling in Georgia. An estimated 3,000 people have died throughout the course of the war. Russian peacekeeping troops were deployed in 1994 along the closed border between Abkhazia and Georgia to monitor the cease-fire agreement, discourage potential attacks, and assure the safe passage of refugees. Of the 300,000 refugees, fewer than 300 had been repatriated by February 1995, as Abkhaz violence and hostility toward Georgians continued with fatal attacks near the border. In November 1994, Abkh.azia declared its sovereignty with the adoption of a new constitution, which Georgia refused to recognize. Negotiations on Abkhazia's political status and the repatriation of refugees from Abkhazia resumed in February 1995 under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Russia, and the United Nations, but no agreement was reached. Relations between Georgia and Abkhazia re mained tense as of early 1995, with no consensus reached among Georgians on how to resolve the conflict. Sup porters of President Eduard Shevardnadze wanted to pursue peaceful, diplomatic negotiations over the reincorporation of the Abkhaz region into Georgia and the repatriation of refugees. Georgian nationalists, how ever, favored a more immediate military approach. -48- EUROPE II HEALTH PROFILE ·~• n .•.. • '"' '"· ' ur'.. ~ ~~'!"'' · ~ Under-5 m n hty rate (per 1,000 11\ e h1rths)· 1993 28 Exporting U.S. $ million lnfam m rt hry rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 price5/ (per 1,000 live b1nh ) 199) 24 rate~> , rounded) Annual num~r of h1rths (thousand ) 1993 83 Total na L1te expt:etanq at b1nh (year )· 199 3 73 Umted Srnt~'S na of Age-group enrolled m pnm tl) chool U ' " R/Ru 1a n:J (gr ) 19 6-92 na France na Yea ~; of Itt I ( ( pr m ttur dcmh FRG/Gcrntan) n,1 (per 1.000 people) 1990 na Chm.t n.t Tuhcrculos1s cases (pu 100,000 pL·ople). 1990 na Umted Kmgdt>m na Mal.ma ca'c~ (per 100,000 people exp<)S~ d tn Czecho>lovak•a na malana·tnf.:creJ cnvimnmcnts): 1991 na Netherland~ na AIDS C % Fully immunized l -year-old children: 1990-93 Switzerland na T B 63 Other~ na D1phthcmt, pe rtu~~ i s, tetanus 45 Polio 45 Measles 58 % Fully immuni:ed pregnant women: 1990-93 Temnus na DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ( f 1992) ORT usc rate(% diarrhea ca~~ in children under 5 treated w1th oral rehydrall<'n therapv ): 1987-93 na U.S.$ mtllton (1%5 pnc Population per nu~c: 1990 na %ofGOP/GNP 3.2 . ~ " ' ' Nur~es per de><: tor: 1990 na Source !ISS, C.m>p:m-.on-. ul £1ctcnce Expt·nJuurc .111d ~ltltt.tn· M:mpPw % of Population with acce~!> to ,afe dnnkm~ wmcr: T ro adequate ~.tnt ration: T to hen1th services: 1imll na 366,800 260,000 106,800 Russtan Fed. 101.000 1985-93 Urban na Armenta 5,800 Rural na Source: \\'luriJ /lcfugec .'itt!'ll<' /'1'15 (Wa>hlll!ll Total expenditure on health (% of GOP): 1990 na External aad Oows w health (%of total health expenditure): 1990 na "The gr<>'' enrollment r'..ltlo" rhe tmal numl-cr ul chtlJren enmlleJ tn a fc,•cl .,.;h,~•lmg Gros~ Domesttc Prodm:t (GDP).1993 e'tunatcd: U.S.$7.8 htlhon «·hethcr nr nut they bei.m~ tn the rclcv,ult ·•~c gruur fur th.u lc,·cl-.,xpre•..eJ .u. a pcranta~e of the total numhcr uf chtfJrcn In the rcle\'ant ,I!IC ~lllUf' f Sources: UNICEF. The Suuc ojrik \X'orld\ Chtldn'!l f S.ource: CIA. Tlw: W'mld FCJ North Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Atlantic NORWAY Ocean North / Territory Gm•crnmcnr of 274,800 86 SCOTLAND Sea the United ~ GIU~w Kmgdom • Edinburgh vs. Prov1s1onal 200-400 IRA &>urcc: C. A,he rg, K Axel I. B. Hclut. E. Melander. K. NorJyUJ ,t, anJ T. O hlson. "MaJnr Armed Confltcts, 1993.'' SI PRI Yearbook )994 (Oxford: Oxford U mvcrMI)' Pre», 1':194), 89. [Note: The following information is for Norrhem Ireland only.] Area: 14,122 sq. km. Population: [.620,000 Ethnic Divisions: Protestant~ 58% Catholics 42 % System of Government: Under authority and control of United Kingdom BELGIUM Language: -\ GERMANY English UIXEMBOURG Religions: Roman Catholic 42% McthoJists 4% 125 km. FRANCE Presbyterian 21% None 4% 1 Episcopalian 18% O ther II% Source: Europa Work/ ~em-book 1993. Vol. 2 (Lomlon: Europa Pubhcilllons Ltd.. 1993), 2959-70. NUMBER OF n Sept. 1, 1994, the Irish Republican Army WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-92* (IRA), a terrori t organ ization eeking to end Total Military Civilian 0 British rule in Northern Ireland, unilaterally 3,014** na na announced a "complete cessation of military operations." Although this cea e-fire declaration feLL short of the • Data "for all cunllttt> "'>thm th" lucau on lor the yeil"' n<>tcJ. ••These fi~u rcs are fur the mmt rcccnr Northern lrclanJ "troubl.,.;" from 196S-92. permanent ce ation of violence the British government Source: C. A, hel'):, K. Axcll, B. HciJ1, E. Mclandcr, K. Nmdqut>r, and T. O hl ... m, "M"J'" had wanted, it did stop the most recent round of violence A rmed Confltct<, 1993," SIPRI ~'.!arl>ook 1994 (OxklrJ: Oxfonl Umve,...try Pre..,, 1994 ), 89. in Ireland, which has claimed more than 3,100 lives since the conflict began in 1969. The IRA's announcement preceded a similar one from repre entatives of the Loyalist paramilitaries, terrorist groups committed to maintaining Northern Ireland's union with Britain. The recent "troubles" in Northern Ireland were touched off in 1968 by a civil rights movement that targeted discrimination against Catholics by the unionist government, which was supported by the Protestant majority created within Northern Ireland following Ireland's partition in 1920. The civil rights character of the conflict quickly shifted to being one of nationalist versus union ist, a battle over sovereignty that continued as of early 1995. For 25 years, loyalist and republican terrorist groups fought a guerrilla war against one another and against the British and Irish government. In addition, the British anny, sent to the province a peacekeepers, increasingly became entangled in the problem as local politicians and successive British governments failed to find a way through the political deadlock. Progress toward the current cease-fire began in September 1993, when the moderate nationalist politician John Hume began talks with the IRA's political wing, Sinn Fein, and its leader, Gerry Adams. Formal peace talks be tween the constimtional parties and the governments of Britain and Ireland also had small successes. These two tracks-coupled with a growing realization within the IRA that it could not militarily force the British out of Ireland, as well as increased pressure from the people of Northern Ireland on their politicians to find accommoda tion-Led to the eventual cease-fire declarations in August 1994. The peace continued to hold early in 1995, despite many unre olved is ues, foremost among them an agreement on how paramilitary repre entative could join all-party roundtable talks aimed at a lasting constitutional arrangement. -50- EUROPE II fEALni PROFILE rf'• I pon po 1990#94 Under 5 mortalaty rate (per 1,000 hvc b1rths) 1993 8 Exporting U.S. $ million Infant mortality rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per] ,000 hve h1rth ): 1993 7 rateli, rounded) Annual number l't h1rths {thousand ): 1993 803 Total 2.232 L1fc expt..-crancy at b1rth {years) 199 3 76 Un1tcd St,lte~ 2,094 of A •e·grnup enrolled m pnm r~ school USSR/ Russ ~a 3 ( r ) !986 92* 104 Fr-.mcc 0 ) e r ot !It~: lo t t l rr m ture d ath FRG/Gcm1any 29 (per l ,000 people) 1990 12 C hm,t 0 Tubacuil'IS I e m :; (per 100,000 pcopl<) . 1990 na Umtcd Kmgdnm 0 M ll.lfl,l c.l!'CS (per I 00,000 pc0ple cxpo~cJ to Czcchoslovakta 0 m<~lana · mtc..:tcd ennronmcnts ). !9()1 na Ne therland~ 13 AIDS ~.: Wics (per I 00,000 pc()plc): 1992 22 Italy 0 % Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 Switzerland 47 TB 75 Others 46 01phrhcria, pcrtussb, Wtilnus 92 pl,Jto 95 Mc % Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus n to ,ldequiltl! -,anit,Hion: Total na DISPLACED PERSONS (as of December 1994) 1988-93 Urban na Rural na Total Internal External Host counrrie~ and number of refugee.~ received to health SI.'I"\"ICCS: Total na !9b5-93 Urban na na na na Rural na na Puhlac expenJ1mrc on he.tlth (% of wtal pub l i~; expenditure): 1989-91 12.2 Total expenditure on health (% tlf GOP): 1991 6.6 ECO~OMIC LT'IIDICATORS External aid flows to health (% of total health expenditure): 1990 na Gro,, Ollme t1c ProJu~.:t (GDP), 1993: U.S. $9 0.2 h.Ihon •The ~"''' cnr.•llmcnt raun '' the t••ral number ol duiJrcn ctu.. UcJ m .1 ...:h ... ltn~ lc\'el· ,,·hcthcr ,lr n~~~ the.-)· l-tc l un~ an the rclcv.mt ·'J.tc f,!roup for th.u Jc,·cl~xrrc,,eJ ,,, ,, G OP per captta, 1993: U.S. $16,900 f'\.'rccnt.ll!i.' 1,t the r:ot.tl numh:r tll chtldr~n 111 tht..· n:lev.1nt ·ll.!t" f...'T\)ur ttlr that lt.:"d· ~ •urcc•. UNICEF. Th, StatC<>/ tit.• \Xi>rlJ', Chtldr.~• I'NS (Nc~< Y<~rk <)xt,.rJ Un.vcNt\ External deht,)une 1992: U.S. $16.2 billion l'rc"• 1 -51- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT IRAN THE CONFLICT UZBEKISTAN Incompatibility Warring Troop Toral number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government of 473,000 50-200 Iran vs. Mujahideen na SYRIA ( e-Khalq I Territory vs. KDPl na Source: C. Asberg, K. Axel I, B. Heldt, E. Melanucr, K. Nordqul\t, ond T Ohl;un, "M.oJ ur Armed ConOoct>," S1l'R1Yearbook 1994 (Ox(mJ: Ox(ord Unovcrsoty Press, 1994 ), 89. IRAQ • Esfahan A rea: l ,648,000 sq. km. Population: 65,615,474 Ethnic Divisions: Per:, ian 51 o/o Arab 3% Azerbaijani 24% Lur 2% • Shiraz Gilaki and 8% Baloch 2% Mazandarani Turkmen 2% Kurd 7% Other 1% SAUDI System of Government: Theocratic republic ARABIA Languages: Persian/Per:,ian dialects 58% Baloch 1% 125 km. Turkic(furkic dialects 26% Arabic 1% 1 1 Kurdish 9% Turkish 1% Luri 2% Other 2% Religions: Shi'a Muslim 95% he Mujahideen e-Khalq and Kurdish groups, Sunni Muslim 4% primarily the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran Zoroastrian, Jewi~h.. C h.r i~tian, and Baha'i [o/o Source: CIA, The \Vorld Foctbook 1994 ( W.~.>htngton, D.C.: Ccn trallntello~oence A~ency, T (KDPI), have battled the Iranian government 1994), 189·190. since the early 1970s. The Iranian government also has faced a diminished yet ongoing border dispute with Iraq. NUMBER OF In early 1995, the Kurds, who have been demanding WAR-RELATED DEATHS 1945-92* greater independence from the Iranian government, Total Military Civilian continued to be targets of torture, imprisonment, and 588,000 468,000 !20,000 execution. Thousands of Kurds fled to neighboring Iraq • Data 1$ (or all conOtclS wothtn thO' lncatonn ft>r the yea" noted. to seek refuge. Violent clashes between Mujahideen Source: R. SovarJ, "Molomry Trcmb," World Mobwry and Srx:oal Expendmores 1993, ISrh cJ. e-Khalq's military wing, the National Liberation Army (W.,hongtnn, D.C.: Wnrld Pronroue,, 1991 ), 21 (NLA), and the KDPI against the government resulted in 200 deaths in 1993 and an estimated 800 since 1991. As of early 1995, the iranian military continued to fire on Kurdish positions in Iraq, forcing Iranian Kurds to retreat further into the Iraqi countryside. Iran's hostilities with Iraq have not officially ended either. In 1988, the two countries accepted U.N. Security Council Resolution 598, which called for a cease-fire, the withdrawal of military forces to international bound aries, and the adoption of a mediated peace ettlement. The Gulf War, precipitated by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, served to expedite the Iran-Iraq peace proce s. Relations between Iran and Iraq deteriorated, however, after the conclusion of the Gulf War in early 1991. Al though the cease-fire remained in effect in early 1995, sporadic military engagements continued to occur along the Iran-Iraq border. Iran's internal unrest was compounded by its standing as host to the world's largest refugee population, including an estimated 2 million refugees from Iraq and Afghanistan. - 52- MIDDLE EAST II HE TH RO LE 1. 199o,94=•JVU:>" -r Under 5 mortnhcy rate (per 1,000 ll\c hmhs): 19~H 54 Exporting U.S. $million Infant mortaht) rate (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 hvc bmhs)· 1993 42 rate!\, rounded) Annual numher of htrths (thousand ). 1993 1.507 Total V'lu Ltle expectancy t bmh (years)· I 993 67 Unttcd St.ucs 0 of Age group enrolled m pnm try ch I USSR/Russia 1,202 (J.,'T s) !986QZ• 112 France 0 Yc rs ot ltte I t to premature d arh FRG/German) 0 (per 1,000 people)· 1990 32 Chm;1 731 Tuhcrculmt cases (per 100,000 people): 1990 8' Unttcd Kmgdl>m 0 M.tlnrm c,t,es (p~r 100,000 people ~XJ oscd to ('..;:cch• "lo\-akt<1 120 mal.ma-mtccted em tronments): 1':191 210 Netherland~ 66 AIDS ca~e> (per I 00,000 pcopk ): 1992 na Italy 0 o/o Fully immuni:ed 1-year-oid children: 1990-93 Swttzerland 0 TB 99 Other~ 700 Dtphrhena, pcrtus>ts, tetanu~ 99 Polto 99 Mc.:aslc> 99 % Fully immuni::ed pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 50 DEFENSE EXPENDilURE (3s of 1992) ORT u~c rate(% dtarrhea cases in children under 5 tremed wtth oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 85 U.S.$ milltt>n (1985 pncc>/mres) 4.270 Population per doctor: 1990 3,140 U.S. $ per capita 80 Population per nurse: 1990 8,570 %ofGDP/GNP 7.1 S.•urcc· l!SS. "Comr.m"m' ot ['\:fence ExrcnJuurc .mJ :O..hlot.•rv M.m['<•wcr 19H5·1'NZ,'' N urses per doctor: 1990 0.4 .\ltlUtln ft.Ii.lncr /'I % of Population with access to s.1fc dnnking water: Total 89 1988-93 Urban 100 s Rural 75 to ,tJc:!\.!UJtC sanll.\CKlO: Tm<~l 71 otal Internal External Host countrie:; and 1988-93 Urban 100 number of refugee~ received Rural 35 54,'i00 na 54,500 Iraq 44,000 to health >ervtccs: T.ltal 80 Turkey 10.000 1985-93 Urhan 95 lnJia 250 Rural 65 Paktsran 250 Pubhc cxpendtturc on hca1rh (% nfGDP): 1990 1.5 Souret: W'ciTld R41{14J:c?C SI'Y\!t'i, 199't (WashmJ,:ton, [) C'.... (mrna~r.ltUll'l ,lnJ Rcfu~Cl:' s~r\'ICt""o ••I i\menc.I,I9Q5),42-44 Total cxpcndtturc on health(% ofGDP): 1990 2.6 External aid flows ro health (%of total health expenJtture): 1990 na *Thegn>'> enrollment ranD" the tutu! numhcr ,,( chddrcn "'""lied tn ,, \Chmhn~ lcvcl U.S. $303 billion whcth~r or nut they beh.m,:: m the relevant ilf.:l' gruul, fllr lh;lt lt•vd-cxprc~~tcJ "'' a pen.. :c ntaJ.:l' ,,( rhc tutal numhcr \lf ch1klrcn 10 rhc rr t.•vam a..:c ~.:wur for th;u lt.·vcl. Sourct> UNICEI•, The Swte of 1/tc World', ( 'Jultlr,•n l Source: CIA, Th,· \\'lurid F<~cth<>ok 1<194 (W,"hmct<~n. n.C.: Conrmllnrdlt~cncc 1\~<'IK\. 1'194). 190. STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT IRAQ THE CONFLICT TURKEY Incompatibility Warrin~ Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 Government Government 350,000- na of lmq 400,000 Medit8"a!Jian SYRIA Terraory vs. SAIRI* 10,000** Sea t VS PUK 36,000"'** LEB~NON DPK IRAN • M 54- MIDDLE EAST II .r. • ..:. .I \lin~~~. HEALTii PROflLE ro:;.>!JUII!> 1.9'K)-94 Under· 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 lnre bmhs) 199 3 71 Exporting U.S. S mtllion lnf nt m ht} r te (Wlder 1) Country: ( 1990 price.-./ (per I ,000 hve h t rrh.~): 1993 i7 rates, roWlded) Annu I number of bmh (thousand~ ) . 1993 770 Total l,'l50 Ltfe expe ncy t btrth (years) 1993 66 Unated States 0 USSR/Ru II 1,594 fA up nr lied n pnm;: f) hool (gros~) 1 9 I Fran~e 121 ) rs t hti 1 [ [ pr m rur de rh FRG/Gcnn:.m} 26 (per I ,000 pe~..-.plc). 1990 na Chana 0 Tuherculo:>t c t es (per 100,000 people): 1990 Ill United KmgJom 0 Czecho~l AIDS c..1ses (per 100,000 people): 1992 na Italy 0 Switzerland 0 Wo Fully immunized 1-year-old children: 1990-93 TR 79 Others 84 Diphrhen.l, pertus~ts, teranu~ 32 :-.~>rL< SIPRI. Ann, Tndt 1\u.•h·•"• l 0 A.1 Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE Teran us 44 (as of 1992) ORT U'e r.ttc (% dtarrhea cases m chtldrcn under 5 rn:ated wuh oral rehydranon therapy): 1987-93 70 U.S.$ million (1985 pnccs/r:.Hc>) 7,490 P<•pulatton per dnctor: 1990 l,SIO U.S.$ per captt;l 381 p,,pulatll)n per nurse: 1990 t,6;o % ofGDP/GI':P 21.1 ~·urcc· II""· .. C.•mranson<<'ll\-kn<~- hrx-n,luurt· m,l ~!dual\ ~l.>nr-'"'" l•l'-'i·199Z" Nurse r~ r doctor: 1990 1.1 \l '}u of Population with access to 'aiL• drinking water: Total 77 19R8-93 Urhan 93 Rurnl 41 ro ,tdcquate s.mitauon: Ti.>tnl na Total lntc~•l E:r..'tcrnal Hn~t countric, and 1981'i·93 Urban 96 number of refu~ce:. received Rural n,t 1.635,900 1.000,000 6l'i,900 Iran 612.000 to health &'TVICCs: Ti.>tal 93 S;1ud1 Ar:1h1a 117.000 1985-93 Urh.m 97 Pakt~tan 1,200 Rum! 78 Turkey 450 Jordan 150 Pub he expenditure on healrh (% ,,( GDP): 1990 na S.tur.c· IX'orld Refug,•e .'iunt-., llJ External ;ud tlo"., to health (% of rnral health cxpendatun:): 1990 na •The.~ .:r~~ cnrollm.:nt raUtl '' rhe tnt.tl nurnhcr ot ,htiJn.:n c:nn•llc~~o.l 10 ·• ~ h~1o l.n.: lcovd htlhon "lu:rhcr or nc.11 the\ be lung m the rdc:\.mt h..,'C' J.!f'"'r h•r th.u lt:\el-..·xrre..... 4:t.f ! ,1 f"\."r~cnt.IL:C: l f rhc.· h..'t.ll numhcr ot 'hdJn:n m rhe r~lc.·\ 101 .Icc.• J!rnup tnr rh.at level s.. ur Incompatibility Warrin~ Troop Total number of parties strength deaths in 1993 LEB,lNON Territory Government of 176,000 na Medtterranean Israel Sea vs. PLO na SYRIA vs. Non-PLO na Groups S.1urce: C. A>herg, K. Axell. B. Hclu1 , E. Mdonder. K. Nolllqu'"· and T. Ohl... m. "~ I.IJ !No[C: The following informa[lon • ~ for the Wes[ B..·mk anJ Ga:a only.] Area: SAUDI We,[ Bank: 5,860 ~· km. Ga:a: 360 "'-1· km. ARABIA Population: West Bank: 1.443, 790 (not mcludmg the Jew1sh -e[tlcr;) Ga:a: 731,000 Ethnic Divisions: West Bank: Pale. Jordan in 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank, the Gaza • Data 15 for all confl>cts wnhm •I"' lo>c.>t um for rhc yeaN nmcJ Strip, Jerusalem's eastern ector, and d1e Golan Heigh ts. •• These figure. represent the 8.000 k11leJ m the 1941l Arah League v,. l;rael and the 16,000 k•llcJ on the 1973 Yom K•rrur W,~r. Thi led the PLO, founded in 1964 with Arab League S.ource: R. S1vard, "Mtlotar)' TremL.," IX'urld Molwn·-. und So.:ud Exf"!olduur"s 1993, 15th cd. (W,o;hmgron. D.C.: WoriJ Pnonuc,, 1991), 21 upport, to begin a long struggle for a Palestinian state. I rael achieved peace with Egypt in 1979 and signed the Camp David accords, mediated by then U.S. President Jimmy Carter. In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to expel PLO guerrillas, and in late 1987 became engaged in a series of fre~ quently deadly conflicts with the intifada, or "uprising," of Palestinian Arabs living in the West Bank and the Gaza trip. Concrete efforts at peace and reconciliation were made po ible in September 1993, when Israel and the PLO, with Norwegian mediation, igned the Declaration of Principles, which promised moving Israeli troops out of the We t Bank and opened the way for Pa le tinian elections. A May 1994 agreement led to thee tabli hment of a Palestinian Author~ ity (PA) in the Gaza Strip and Jericho area. In July, U .S. President Bill Clinton brought Jordan's King Hussein and Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin together to sign the "Washingron Declaration," which ended a 45 ~yea r state of war between the two countries. By early 1995, Syria and Lebanon remained the only neighbors of Israel without a peace agreement. - 56- j MIDDLE EAST Ill PKUFlLE Under 5 m nalat) rat (per 1,000 lt"e btnh )· 1993 9 Exporting U.S. $ million lntant m naht) ra e l under l) Coun~: (1990 prices/ (per 1,000 I ve banhs) 1993 7 rates, rounded) Annu I number of bmh (thousand ): 1993 112 Total 3.283 Lafc expe tancy at banh (years): 1993 77 UnttcJ States 3,164 ufA•e up enr lied n pnmary ch I USSR/Russ1a 0 ( 92* 95 ) 19 6 France 0 y I f Itt lost t prcm tur death FRC/Gennany 55 (per 1,000 pcnple): 1990 9 Chtna 0 Tuhcrculost ca es (per 100,000 people) 1990 n1 Un1 ted Kmgdom 0 Malana cases (per 100,000 people exposed to C:cchll:.lovak '•' 0 m Ian ·mfcctcd en\ aronmcnts): 1991 na Netherland, 63 AIDS case~ (per 100,000 people): 1992 0.5 lt.tly 0 % Fully immuni:cd 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 Swtt:erland 0 TB na Others 0 Dtphthena, rcnu SIS, tetanus 9Z r~>li o 91 Mo:a ~b 96 %Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tcwnu~ na U.S. $ million (1985 pnccs/r.ttcs) 3,984 O RT u~e rate (% dtarrhea ca~e:; in children under 5 treated with oral rehydranon therapy): 1987-93 na U.S.$ per cap1ta 783 Porulanon per doctor: 1990 350 %ofGDP/GNP ll.l Popula tion per nurse: 1990 na S.>urcc: llSS. "C,•mran"m' ,,f [)cfcnc<' bpcmlmorc .u,,l Mtltt.tl'\ M.mJ'<>wer I%S I % of Population with acce s to clle dnnkmg water. Tmal na 198S-93 Urban n.t Host countries and Rural na Total Internal External number of rcfugt.'Cli received ttl.tdequate sanit ation: Tmal n.t (Palcstmtans) 1988-93 Urb Total expendtture on health(% of GOP): 1991 4.2 External a1d flow~ to health (% of total health expenditure): 1990 na Cross Dom~tlc Product (GDP), 1993 csumatcd: U.:>. $65.i htlhon "Th~ ~,.,.., cnmllment ratu• "the tnt~! number ul clulJrcn cnr\111~ 1n • >eh THE CONFLICT MoJoovA UKRAINE Incompatibility Warring Troop Total number of ROMANIA ~1 RUSSIA partil!l> strength deaths in 1993 Termory Government of 600,000 3,000 Turkey vs. PKK 7,000- 10,000 Source: C. A,hcrg, K. Axcll, B. llciJr, E. Melander, K. Nordqu iSt, and T. OhiMHl, "MaJor A rmed Cu nl11~ ts , !993," S/PR/ Yemh Area: 780,580 sq. km . Population: 62,153,898 Ethnic Divisions: o Ankara Turkish 80% \ •lzmir Kurdish 20% System of Government: Republican parliamentary democracy •Malatya Languages: ~ntalya Turkish (official) 90% Kurdi>h 7% Other 3% Mediterranean Religions: ~.J--""'? Sea CYPRU~ SYRIA Muslim (mosd y unni) 99.8% IRAQ Christians anJ Jews 0.2% 125 km. Source.: CIA, The World Facrhook 1 99~ (Washmgron, D.C.: Ccnrml lntclligcncc• A~cnty, LEBANOIIV 1994). 401-403. Europa W()r/d Y"ari~XJk 1993. Vol. I. {London : Europa Publrcallun,, 19\l l ). 2835. NUMBER OF n 1984, the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK) WAR~RELATED DEATHS 1945~92* launched a guerrilla campaign against the govern Total Military Civilian I ment in an attempt to establish. an independent 10,000 na na state ofKurdistan in southeastern Turkey. In response • D.ua ~ ~ fo r dll con fl1 ct ~ wtrhm thas klCataon fur the years noted to the Kurdish uprising, the government imposed a Source: R. Scvard. "Mcluary TrcnJ, ," World Mllullry cmd Socud Expenduures 1993, 15th cd state of emergency in the troubled provinces of the ( Wa,h m~wn . D.C.; WurlJ Pr"'mcc,, 1993). 21. southeast. Security forces were dispatched to the area, where they arrested everal Kurdish leaders, attacked Kurdish strongholds, and committed numerous human rights violations. The PKK also engaged in acts of terrorism aimed not only at government officials but also at civilians, many of them Kurdish, who the PKK claimed were government informants. Following the government crackdown, the PKK established military bases in northern Iraq and attacked Turkish government troops in cross-border skirmishes. In 1992, the government started raiding and launching airstrikes against these bases, killing several Turkish and Iraqi Kurds and prompting the Iraqi government to bring the matter before the United Nations. Fighting also broke out between Turkish and Iraqi Kurds. In March 1993, the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire, which qu ickly deteriorated with renewed fighting. Since the conflict began in 1984, more than 10,000 people have been killed and thou ands of others di placed. A n estimated 3,000 people died from fighting in 1993 alone. Tansu Ciller became Turkey's first female prime minister in 1993 and, despite her administration's pledge to properly address charges of human rights violations, the Turkish armed forces began a new round of torture, arbitrary arrests, and human rights abuses the following year. A spate of disappearances and "mystery" murders were reported in the southeast throughout 1994, including violent intimidation tactics by the PKK, which con tributed to the government renewing a state of emergency decree in November. In early 1995, Turkey invaded lraq in pursuit of PKK rebels who were staging cross-border raids. -58- MIDDLE EAST II HEALTH PROFILE ' r~ ·'· n ; ...... I QQO. Q4 -r- UlliJUI""' Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000 hvc btrths) 1993 84 l ·- . Exportint: U.S.$ million lnf:mt morcaltt\ rue (under I) Country: ( 1990 prices/ (per 1,000 ltvc bmhs): 1993 67 rates, rounded) Annual number ofbmhs (thousands}: 199; 1.663 Total 6,890 L1fe expc..'Ctancy 1 l:>mh (years): 1991 67 Umrcd Stares 5,021 fA •e •n ur enr lied m pnmary sch I U~SR/Ru ,ta 20 (gr ). 19 6 91.* 113 Fmncc 61 Yeu 'fhfe I t to premature ,lc.lth FRG/Genn:1n\ 1,135 (per 1,000 pcupk) 1Q90 31 Chma 0 Tuberculum L:a~cs (per 100.000 pe< •pic ): 1~NO 57 United Kingdom 10 Malan 1 cn~cs (per 100,000 pl·oplc ~xposcd w Czechru;lovakia 0 ma1ari.•·mlcctcd enVIronments): 1991 20 Netherland~ 170 AIDS cases (rcr I 00,000 pc,1ple): 1992 na Italy 171 %Fully immuni.:cd 1-ycar-old children: 1990-93 SwitZerland 0 TB 63 Others 302 D1phthcna, pcrruss1s, tetanus 79 Poho 79 Measles 74 %Fully immunized pregnant women: 1990-93 Tetanus 22 DEFENSE EXPENDITURE ORT u e rate (% diarrhea ca:.es in ch1ldren under (as of 1992) 5 treated with oral rehydration therapy): 1987-93 57 U.S. $ m1lhon (1935 pnccs/rates) 3.423 Population per doctor: 1990 1,260 U.S.$ per capita 59 Population per nurse: 1990 970 %of GOP/GNP 4.7 Nu rse~ per doctor: 1990 1.3 !'-<'urtc· liSS, "C<>mran'<>n' "' l'lctcn to ade4uarc ~am tau on: Tmal na 1988-93 Urban na Rural na Total Internal External Host countric~ and number of rcfugeeb received to health .,crvices: Total na 1985-93 Urhnn na 2,013,000 2,000,000 13,000 Iraq 13,000 Rural na ~nur,c· \'\.frrld Re/us:eeSmvc,, llJY.'i (W.t... hmJ,!tnn, D.C . lmmu.:rJtllln .md Rchll.!i...'t' "'crnLc" "' t\ml'fJC,,, IQQS), 42·44 Publtc expenditure on health (%of GOP}: 1990 1.5 Total expenditure Extemnl aid flows ro health ECONOM C IND CATORS (% of total hcn lrh expenditure): 1990 0.5 *The J.!W"' enroll nH.·m rauo t ~ the towl numher 1ll children cnr,l\lcd m a 'ch~m lm ~.: level Omss Domestic Product (ODP), 1993 c~tnna t ed: U.S. $312.4 bdlion whether or nnt rhcy hclont,: Ill the relevant otMC grour fnr 1h.11 ln:l'l··l'Xprc,,t'J .t:-, .1 perccntt~ge nl rht: fol ,tl numhcr ~,,f ~;..haklren an lht· n:h:vam ·H!'-" ).!rnur lnr thar levd GDP pl'r cap1ta, 1993 estimated: U.S. $5,100 ~t>urce" UNICEF. Thr \r<1te oj rhr \1:\.,.ld's Cluldrrn ) :,..,.,,~e CIA, Th, \\;',rid Fru:U..,k /Q Conflict Total death~ Total di~placcd Major conventional Dcfen~c expenditure Undcr-5mortality Locati(m ( 1993) per,on' weapon' import~ (1992) rate ( 1993) (Dec. 1994) (1990-94) U .S. $ million (per 1,000 live births) "C.S. S million ( 19H5 prices/rate~)' ( 1990 price!>/ratc•, rounded)' Afghanistan 2,000-3,000 3,835,300 6,431 na 257 Algeria 1,100-2,400 na 1,600 1,599 68 Angola 20,000 2,344,000 882 2,732 (1991) 292 Azerbaijan <2,000 1,004,000 64 190 52 Bangladesh <25 na 948 234 122 Bosnia-Herzegovina 10,000-30,000 2,164,000 5596 na 227 Cambodia na 143,300 271 58 181 Colombia 1,5008 600,200 379 1,162 19 Croatia 100-500 >426,900 5599 4,330 2210 Georgia 2,000 366,800 na 333 28 Guatemala <200 245,050 na 144 73 lndia >3,000 >250,000 9,528 7,550 122 Indonesia <50 9,900 1,118 2,003 111 iran 50-200 54,500 2,828 4,270 (1991) 54 Iraq na 1,635,900 1,850 7,490 (1991) 71 Israel na 3,136,800 3,283 3,984 9 Liberia <2,000 1,884,000 na na 217 Myanmar (Burma) na 703,300-1 ,203,300 814 269 111 Peru <1,700 600,450 364 604 62 Philippines 52311 nail 234 831 59 Rwanda <1,000 2,915,000 na 101 141 Somalia na 958,700 na na 211 Sri Lanka >2,000 629,000 165 350 19 Sudan na 4,510,000 36 532 128 Tajikistan 16,000-20,000 165,000 na 203 83 Turkey 3,000 2,013,000 6,890 3,423 84 United Kingdom 86 na 2,232 20,726 8 I c. rubcrg, K. Axdl. B. Heldt. E. Mdanucr, K. NorJquiS[, and T. Ohlson. "MaJOr Armed Conflicts, 1993." SIPRI Yearbook 1994 (Oxford: Oxford Umversity Pre:.>, 1994), 9l : C IA. The World Factbook 1994 (Washmgtun, D.C.: Cenrrallnrelltgencc Agency, 1994), 6. 1 SIPRI, Anns Tmde Database, 1995. • l!SS, "Compamons of Defence Expcndtturc and Mtlttary Manpower 1985- 1992," Mililllry Balance 1993-1994 (London: Bms~y,, 1994), 225 1 UNICEF, The Scare of zhe World's Children 1995 (New York: Oxford Univcr>tty Pres.~. 1994), 66, 70. • Figures nvadnble for former Yugoslavm only. 7 !hid. ~ Figure represents military deaths only. '' Figure' nvA1 Iable for former Yugoslovia only. 10 lhtd. 11 Ftgurc represents first sbc months of 1993 only. 1· Stunatc' of displaced population vary too widely to cite spcctfic figures. -60- STATE OF WORLD CONFLICT REPORT Bibliography B.mb, Arthur"'·· ~J. Polmcal Handh.~Jkfar rht! \Vorld· /991. S1' ard, Ruth Lcger. \Vor/J Milcc..crv ,md Socwl Exf>t.7t..b!tlr.:' Jt}93 W,J,hmgtun, Bmghamt Europa W'ml..l 'tear Rook, 11}1.}3, 2 vok Lon~.J,,n; Eun>p;t Puhhwtt<>n' U.S. Commmec for Refugee~. World R.:[u~.:.: '>unt?y, 199'i. Wa.shmgrun, LrJ., 1993. D.C lmmlt;ranon ,mJ Retugel' S.:n·tce' pf Am.:nc;~, 1995. Glv/l(:d Hwn.:m1ranan Em,'TJ:t!nCie.\ 1994. 'J(;,l,hmgrnn, D.C.: Umtc'\.1 L S. Committee for RefuL!ee~. Wor/J R.:[u;:.:.: \tm<"\, 1994. \Vashmf..'t l ntemauon.ll l n,nrur~ for Srratl'glc Srudu;:,. ~11burn Bakmc ..·, /9\}J. US. Dcpartm~nr ot ~rare. Hunum Rr;:hr.s Pnu:nc.:~. 1994 [countl)· n:port' for /994. Londnn Rra-.,cy \, 1994. u mO tet area~ I Fehruary, 1995. Avadahle tn>m Dcparrm.:nr of~ rare Fnrctgn Aftarrs Nerwork (DCJSFAN), dPsfa n.hh.u~e.l.'du; Interne!. Pn>Jl'ct Plmlgh-.hare,. Anned Confl1ct..1 Reporc. W<~terloo, Onrano: Jn,murc of Pe;~ce anJ Conf!tcr Swd1c,, 1994. WrJYldwlde Humanicanan Aid: An ( )l'l'rt.'ICW of the Rebef s..,.,tl'm. W;u,hmgwn, D.C.: Narton Selected Readings Avmo.:h, Kc' m. Peter W. Rl.tck ..mJ Jo~ph -\ 'x 1mc"·'· ,.,J,. Cvnjlcl! l'nnrr, [\:;m, .mJ jcttr,·} Ruhm. Stli.U.II Conflccr. Esc,!kwon. Stalelntllt!, .nul R.:solucum ( To\\ Culwmii'(.'TSf'<:Cil1l'.\. Wc'it['l•rl. Cnnn · Grccnw Rurton. _h>hn ( onj7~~:r Hc,olwum and Prn.:nuon ~c\\ York· '-'1 ~t.mm·~ Rothman, j.J\. From ( 'onfrouuwnu 10 Cuo[:t..'Tdllon R.:sPiung ErhnK and Pre", 1990. RcJ.,~ona/ Confk-r. N,·\\ hul\ P.1rk, ( ',tl1t.: :-ACi[ l'uhJt,hmg, 1992. !'len~-:, Franu,, ,m,l Wdlram I. Z.mm.m, cJ,. Conj7Kr H..·,t•lrwon m.A/TI F1sher, Rug..:r, .md Willr.un Ury. l;,min;: ro \'rs Nc:J!rlfiarinJ! A,r~n·cm.:nr Ury, Wtl ltam Gercmg Pcm No: Nt•gntullllll.! \\;'irh D1ffrculr l'eopk. Nt·w W'crhow G1nng 1n P11"tun H<>ughtun·Mtfflm. 19H I Yurk: Rant un R..x>ks, 1991 I !an,en. l:mm.muel. Pcan and \eutnt'\' m A.(nca A Sc..rr~ of the Art R.:l>orr. Vnlkan, Van11k. Th.: N~.:d tu Han: l:nt'!Tlll's tlllll Allc.:s f·rum ClmKal Lundun Z<·ni\>Pb,lJnttcd '1\Jall<>n, Unl\·er'tt\, 19HH. l'wcncc w 1n«.'TllliCUmLII Re/auml.\hlf>s. Nt>rtlw.tll', N J Ar,,n.,Pn, 19Htl. H,·rtne, BJ••m. btrop.: -\lt~'TIUUtt.: P~,•npecm.:s rm \\'or/J P.:a..c. L,>n.J,m: Vnlbn, Vamrk. Dcmcrnu;. Julru,, .md j.N·ph 1\h>nr\ 1lk·. Th.: Zl•n F\x1b, Untted 1\;Hum' Unrvcr..rty, 19!:i7. PsychodynamiCs of /ncc'TTUltumal Rdanrm1. Lex mgt• m, Ma,., .. Lcxmgll m R..x>ks, 1990. Kdll.'nnan, Rtrhar..1, ,md Jeffrey Z. Ruhin, eJ,. Letd'T.'Iuf wd Nc~tulUtm m rk ,\Iiddle Eruc. New Ynrk: Prnl'g~r Puhlr,her-, 19R W.tlkcr, R., ,mJ W. Sutherland, eJ,, The Pac1ftc Peucc, 'icctmry and chi! Nuclt?ar hsu.:. LonJ,>n: Zen &x>b, Unnccl N,mon~ Unl\·er..rry, 1981:i. Kremenyuk, Vrcrur, cJ lnr..'TIU!tlonal "Je~onawm '\an Fr,mCI'l•>: J•>-e\ ·Ra" Puhlr,her.., I\}91. Weeb, Du,lle,. Tht! Ec;:hr ES\<'Tlllal StL'ps w Cunj1rcr Rcsoluwm. J...o, Angeb: Jcrl!my P. T,trthcr, ln..: .. 1992 Knc;.hcrg, Ln1 11'· lnrractable Con/Uctl and The1r Tmnsfomumon. ~yraLtN', N.Y: Syracu'c Un1versny Pre''· 1981}. Lmman, Will1am I. Hl/11! for R.:soluurm. OxforJ: Oxf,,rJ Unl\·er-.rry Pre~... 1985. M ()I About the International Negotiation Network he Conflict Resolution Program at The Lisbet Palme-Director of the Swedish Committee Carter Center is dedicated to the peaceful for UNICEF, Sweden T prevention and resolution of international conflicts, including civil wars. Through the creation Robert Pastor-Director, Latin American and of the International Negotiation Network (INN), a Caribbean Program, The Carter Center; Professor of flexible, informal network of eminent per ons, Political cience, Emory Univer ity conflict resolution practitioners, and diplomats, the Conflict Resolution Program has coordinated third Shridath Ramphal- former ecretary-General of the party as btance, expert analy is and advice, work- Commonwealth of Nations; Co-chair, Commi sian hops, media attention, and other appropriate mean on Global Governance to faci litate the constructive resolution of intra national conflicts in the Baltic , Ethiopia, Liberia, Kumar Rupesinghe-Secretary-General, Interna and udan, among others. The Conflict Re elution tional Alert Program and the INN have been supported by grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Harold Saunders-former U. . A i tant ecrerary John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. of State; Director, International Programs, The The INN consists of: Kettering Foundation Jimmy Carter-former President of the United Marie-Angelique Savane-Director, Africa Division, States; Founder and Chair, The Carter Center U.N. Population Fund Oscar Aria Sanchez- Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Desmond Tutu-Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Pre i former Pre idem of Co ta Rica; Founder, Aria dem, All Africa Conference of Churches Foundation for Peace and Human Progre s Brian Urquhart-fonner U.N. Under-Secretary Tahseen Basheer-former Egyptian Ambas ador; General for Peacekeeping; The Ford Foundation former Permanent Representative to the League of Arab States William Ury- A sociate Director, Program on Negotiation, Harvard Univer ity Javier Perez de Cuellar-former U.N. Secretary General Cyrus Vance-former U.S. ecretary of State; U.N. Special Envoy to the Former Yugo lav Republic of Hans Dietrich Genscher-former Vice Chancellor Macedonia and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany Vamtk Volkan-Director, Center for the tudy of Mind and Human Interaction, University ofVirginia Tommy Koh-former Singapore Ambassador to the United States Peter Wallensteen-Profe ·sor, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Upp ala Unh·ersity Christopher Mitchell-Professor, Institute fo r Conflict Analysi and Re elution, George Mason Elie Wiesel-Nobel Peace Prize laureate; Professor, University Bo ton University Olusegun Obasanjo-former President of Nigeria; Andrew Young-former U. . Ambassador to the Africa Leader hip Forum United Nations -62-