Rabiu and Aminu Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2(1) June 2016 pp 202 - 212

STUDIES OF ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION OF GADAR TAMBURAWA RIVER IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT, STATE

RABIU ADAMU and AMINU AHMAD Department of Biology, Federal College of Education (Technical) [email protected]/[email protected] – 08060299611/08065729161

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the Zooplankton Composition of Gadar Tamburawa river in Dawakin Kudu Local Government, . Monthly variation and composition of zooplankton parameters of the river were studied for a period of six months (July – December 2014). Result showed monthly variations of means (lowest-highest) values ranges between 0.00±0.00 in December to 1.33±0.88 in August and September for Protozoa, 2.00±0.00 in December to 8.33±3.84 in August for Rotifers, where Cladocera had 0.00±0.00 in July, October, November and December, and 0.33±0.33 in August and September respectively. Rotifers had the highest (73.50 and 60.50) mean square value by station and season, Protozoa had 3.72 and 2.72, the least values (0.22 and 0.22) were recorded from Cladocera. These results show significant association (p<0.05) between stations and seasonal variations in the river. Correlation matrix also showed there was significant positive correlation between zooplankton and some other physicochemical parameters in the river. The occurrence of Protozoa in the lake correlates positively with presence of Cyanophyta and Euglenophyta. The occurrence of Rotifers also correlated positively with Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta and Protozoa. Cladocera correlated positively with Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Protozoa and Rotifers . Adequate monitoring of the water quality and regulation of anthropogenic activities in and around the basin are recommended in order to slow down the aging process of the river and conserve it for a longer period. Keywords: zooplanktons, composition, river, water quality.

INTRODUCTION frequently affect the flora and fauna which The Gadar-Tamburawa River is located in the lead to the altering of their diversity (Verma south-eastern part of Kano state in Dawakin- and Agarwal, 2000). In addition the factors Kudu Local Government. This river lies that affect the biodiversity of aquatic between latitude 11°00′N to 12°00′N and ecosystem include pressure, density buoyancy, longitude 8°00′E to 8°44′E and mean altitude of temperature light, oxygen content, carbon 486.5′Meters above sea level. It has the height dioxide content, pH or hydrogen ion of 14.2m and crest length of 1402 meters. It is concentration (Verma and Agarwal, 2000). an aquatic ecosystem which covered an area of Furthermore, lentic water of lakes is also almost 100km 2. History testified that the water classified on the basis of the depth of light in the river has never dried up, only that the penetration enabling photosynthesis into volume of the water decreases during the dry trophogenic zone (including littoral plus sub- season. Gadar Tamburawa village is located littoral zones) and a tropholytic zone (upper along bank of the river is on latitude 12:62 0N part of profoundal zone). The former is often and longitude 8:37 0E. distinguished by abundant plant growth and Global aquatic ecosystem fall into two broad dependant fauna, while it connates general classes defined as Saline or non Saline in the absence of vegetation and habours mostly content, it may be freshwater or saltwater saprobes. In between two zones is the ecosystem. Freshwater ecosystem is aquatic compensation level which forms a boundary system with low or no percentage of dissolve between two zones. It exhibit perfect salt and is subjected to the influence of a wide equilibrium between respiration and array of physical and chemical factors. The photosynthesis (Wetzel, 2001). increase and decrease of these factors 202

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Quality of water can be described according to reservoir. These exhibited a bimodal pattern its physico-chemical and plankton diversity and with a major peak in December and a minor distribution. Planktons by definition are peak in August; also observed that among total organisms that are unable to swim against zooplanktonic population, Cladocera came water currents, most plankton are so small second in order of abundance in Gandhisagar they can only be seen with the aid of a reservoir, except Diaphanosoma and Daphnia , microscope. They are very numerous and form no Cladocerans could be recorded in the an important part of aquatic ecosystem. winter season. It may be due to low Phytoplanktons are producers, transforming temperature and other physico-chemical sunlight into food energy. Producers provide factors, while a peak was recorded in summer food for many different primary consumers. (Jana, Ahmad and Gerdeau, 2009). Chia and The species composition of the plankton when Bako (2008) reported Synechocystis in observed can provide an indication of Danmika pond (dry season) and Palladan pond environmental health, (Hassan, Kathim and (dry and wet seasons). Physicochemical Hussein, 2004). The classic example is algal parameters are known to affect the biotic blooms associated with eutrophication, components of an aquatic environment in especially during large phytoplankton blooms various ways (Abbasi, 1998). Adakole, Abulode known as “red tides”. During red tides, some and Balarabe (2008) observed the organism, organisms disappear completely as water which develops in a given aquatic habitat, is quality deteriorates, and the number of indicative of environmental conditions that species and total overall number of different have occurred during the organism's organisms found in the plankton decline, development. Balogun, Balarabe and Igberaese (Hassan et al ., 2004). (2005) reported composition of zooplankton of Ecologically zooplanktons are one of the most Makwaye as Cladocera was represented by important biotic components influencing all Daphnia and Diaphanosome species. Rotifers the functional aspects of an aquatic ecosystem were represented by Keratella and such as food chains, food webs, energy flow, Branchionus species with Keratella forming the and cycling of matter (Park and Shin, 2007). most abundant species. Copepoda was Therefore, for better understanding of life represented by Diaptomus species, Cyclops processes in any lentic or lotic water body, species and Nauplus larvae formed the most adequate knowledge of zooplankton abundant. communities and their population dynamics is The objective of the study is to evaluate the a major requirement (Achionye-Nzeh.and Zooplankton Composition of Gadar Tamburawa Isimaikaiye, 2010). Since eutrophication river in Dawakin Kudu Local Government, Kano influences both the composition and State. Monthly variation and composition of productivity of zooplankton and the latter are zooplankton parameters of the river were considered as indicators of environmental studied for a period of six months (July – quality and water contamination levels in lakes December 2014). The findings is hope to and rivers (Anil, Girish and Seema, 2014). The provide a baseline information on monitoring individual growth rate of copepods may of the water quality and regulation of depend on temperature alone in a global anthropogenic activities in and around the viewpoint; food condition is still considered to basin in order to slow down the aging process be an important factor affecting growth and of the river and conserve it for a longer period. reproduction of copepods in nature, especially MATERIALS AND METHODS in closed environment such as bays, lagoons The study was conducted at Gadar Tamburawa and lakes (Syuhei, 1994). located at Tamburawa village in Dawakin Kudu Usha (1997) observed that among total local government area of Kano State. The river zooplanktonic organisms, rotifers came third in was divided into three sampling stations A, B, the order of abundance in Gandhisagar and C, for the purpose of this study.

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Station A is the up shore of the river where Counting was done by shaking the preserved human activities, like bathing, washing and sample and pipetting 1ml of it into a Sedgwick irrigation farming are taking place. Station B is Rafter Counting Cell and then mounted on a the mid shore of the lake where there is less microscope. Identification was done using human activities. Station C is the down shore standard textbooks such as Needham and of the river and the deepest part of the river. Needham, (1975) and APHA (2005). Sampling Procedures Statistical Analysis Three samples were collected between 15 th One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and 20 th of every month from each of the three to compare the means of various parameters sampling station in Gadar Tamburawa river between months, when difference occurred. during morning hours (7:00am – 8:00am), for a Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to period of six months (July – December, 2013). separate the means. Pearson’s correlation was All the water samples were analyzed in the used to test the relationship between various Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department parameters. All the analyses were carried out of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Cool box using SAS software (20.0) version. containing ice was used in transporting the RESULTS samples from the sampling site to the Occurrence, Distribution and Relative laboratory for analysis. Precaution was taken Abundance of Zooplankton Species by sterilizing the sampling materials using Table 1 shows the Occurrence, distribution and Autoclaving Machine to avoid contamination. relative abundance of zooplankton species at Determination of zooplanktons the sampling station (July - August). A total of Zooplankton samples were collected with silk one hundred and eighty three (183) different plankton net of 25cm diameter of species were recorded. Rotifers group had the 70meshes/cm attached with a collection bottle highest occurrence of 92 and Cladocera had of 50ml capacity at the base. The net was sunk the lowest (38) occurrence at the three just below the surface and then towed through sampling stations. Paramecium sp had the a distance of 5m. The content of the collected highest (37) and Pelomyxa sp had the lowest vial was then poured into plastic bottle of (4) occurrence and abundance per individual 70ml capacity and preserved in 4% formalin. species.

Table 1: Occurrence, distribution and relative abundance of Zooplankton species at sampling stations (July – December) S/no Taxon Sampling stations Total A B C Protozoa 1. Paramecium sp 10 13 14 37 2. Pelomyxa sp 2 1 1 4 3. Acanthometron sp 5 2 5 12 Rotifers 1. Keratella sp 11 9 10 30 2. Branchionus sp 5 10 8 23 3. Monostyla sp 8 7 5 20 4. Euclanis sp 7 8 4 19 Cladocera 1. Daphnia sp 6 5 1 12 2. Microcyclop sp 10 8 2 20 3. Bosmina sp 3 1 2 6 Total 67 64 52 183

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Occurrence of Zooplankton in Gadar Protozoan and Rotifers (p<0.00) with the Tamburawa River in Relation to Station and station and season. The lowest mean square Season value (0.22) was recorded in Cladocerans and Table 2 shows the occurrence of zooplankton the highest (73.50) mean square value and in Gadar Tamburawa River in relation to frequency of occurrence (16.96) were recorded station and season. The result indicated in Rotifers. significant relationship (p<0.05) between

Table 2: Occurrence of Zooplankton in Gadar Tamburawa River in relation to station and season Source Dependent variable Df Mean square F P-value Station Protozoa 2 3.72 11.17 0.00 Rotifers 2 73.50 16.96 0.00 Cladocera 2 0.22 4.00 0.05 Season Protozoa 1 2.72 8.17 0.01 Rotifers 1 60.50 13.96 0.00 Cladocera 1 0.22 4.00 0.07 Station * Season Protozoa 2 1.06 3.17 0.08 Rotifers 2 24.50 5.65 0.02 Cladocera 2 0.22 4.00 0.05 NOTE: P < 0.05 is taken for significant

Mean Number of Zooplankton Population in value (2.00±0.00) in December. Protozoan and Gadar Tamburawa River Recorded at Cladocera were recorded with the least different Months frequency (0.00±0.00) Mean in December. Table 3 shows Rotifers had the highest Mean Cladocera however, had same Mean values number (8.33±3.84) in August and had lower (0.33±0.33) in August and September.

Table 3: Mean number of Zooplankton Population in Gadar Tamburawa River Recorded at different Months Zooplankton phyla Months Protozoa Rotifers Cladocera July 0.33±0.33 b 5.00±2.00 b 0.00±0.00 a August 1.33±0.88 a 8.33±3.84 a 0.33±0.33 a September 1.33±0.88 a 7.67±3.71 a 0.33±0.33 a October 0.33±0.33 b 4.67±1.76 b 0.00±0.00 a November 0.33±0.33 b 3.33±0.88 c 0.00±0.00 a December 0.00±0.00 c 2.00±0.00 c 0.00±0.00 a NOTES: Values are expressed as means ± SEM (Standard error of means). Means having same superscripted alphabets along columns are the same at P > 0.05.

Relationship between Zooplankton, parameters. Euglenophyta shows a significant Phytoplankton and some Physicochemical positive correlation with Cyanophyta and Parameters Chlorophyta while Bacillariophyta shows a Table 4 shows correlation matrix of negative significant correlation with relationship between zooplankton, Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta. phytoplankton and some physicochemical 205 Rabiu and Ahmad

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The occurrence of Protozoa in the lake Rotifers, and negative correlation with correlates positively with Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta. Biological oxygen demand Euglenophyta. The occurrence of Rotifers also showed a positive correlation with pH. correlated positively with Chlorophyta, Suspended solids show positive correlation with Euglenophyta and Protozoa. Cladocera conductivity and dissolved oxygen but negative correlated positively with Chlorophyta, correlation with temperature. Euglenophyta, Protozoa and Rotifers. The concentration of sulphate correlated Conductivity correlated negatively with positively with conductivity, dissolved solid Bacillariophyta. Temperature correlated and biological oxygen demand. The positively with Euglenophyta, Rotifers and concentration of phosphate had a positive negatively with conductivity. Dissolved oxygen correlation with pH, dissolved solids, biological correlated negatively with Bacillariophyta, pH oxygen demand and sulphate. Nitrate and temperature but positively with concentration correlated positively with conductivity. Dissolved solids show positive conductivity, biological oxygen demand, correlation with Chlorophyta, Protozoa, sulphate and negatively with Bacillariophyta .

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Table 4: Correlation matrix showing relationship between zooplankton, phytoplankton and some physicochemical parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 1 1 2 .408 1 3 .632 .912 1 4 -.368 -.708 -.636 1 5 .496 .779 .812 -.398 1 6 .377 .799 .815 -.399 .962 1 7 .447 .609 .595 -.289 .888 .882 1 8 .087 .276 .289 -.075 .267 .297 .231 1 9 .199 .066 -.026 -.501 -.152 -.230 -.140 -.075 1 10 .091 .291 .469 .053 .438 .537 .314 .396 -.787 1 11 .214 .089 -.038 -.543 -.222 -.309 -.205 -.472 .823 -.786 1 12 .401 .911 .903 -.581 .823 .841 .606 .454 .064 .366 -.095 1 13 .290 .245 .273 -.033 .277 .235 .194 .621 .348 -.021 -.092 .464 1 14 .214 .086 -.037 -.441 -.139 -.227 -.063 -.255 .840 -.751 .780 -.032 .227 1 15 .180 .359 .290 -.177 .309 .271 .188 .106 .547 -.400 .241 .471 .568 .417 1 16 .077 .453 .406 -.154 .421 .453 .304 .697 .142 .186 -.289 .643 .820 .085 .581 1 17 - - .378 .197 .311 -.092 .140 .070 -.052 .304 .007 .195 .047 .249 .297 -.320 .014 .010 1 18 - 0.66 - .296 .466 .356 6 .328 .277 .286 -.272 .641 -.409 .620 .402 .207 .722 .480 .210 .241 1

NOTE: Red fonts imply correlation is significant at 0.05 levels 1= Cyanophyta , 2= Chlorophyta , 3= Euglenophyta , 4= Bacillariophyta , 5=Protozoa, 6=Rotifers, 7=Cladocera, 8=pH, 9=Conductivity, 10=Temperature, 11=Dissolved oxygen, 12=Dissolved solids, 13=Biological oxygen demands (BOD), 14=Suspended solids, 15=Sulphate, 16=Phosphate, 17=Chemical oxygen, demands (COD), 18=Nitrate

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Figure 1 – 3 shows the mean monthly variation that the density of protozoa was highest during of Zooplankton in Gadar Tamburawa River in the month of August and no occurrence was relation to months and stations. The recorded in December (Fig. 1). The mean Zooplankton identified includes Protozoa, square occurrence of Protozoa was significantly Rotifers and Cladocera. associated with station and season. Station 1 Protozoa had the highest occurrence of Protozoa and Protozoa are represented by Pelomyxa sp, station 3 had the least occurrence. However, Paramecium sp and Acanthometron sp. The station and site jointly did not significantly mean monthly distribution of Protozoa shows affect the mean square occurrence of protozoa.

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5 Station 1 1 Station 2

Number of individuals individuals of Number(Proozoa) Station 3 0.5

0

Months

Figure 1: Mean monthly variation of Protozoa in Gadar Tamburawa River in relation to months and stations Rotifers significant association with station and station Rotifers are represented by Keratella, 1 had the highest occurrence while station 3 Branchionus, Monostyla and Euclanis sp. had the lowest. The mean square occurrence Rotifers had its highest monthly distribution in of Rotifers shows significant association with the month of August and least in December season. Station and season jointly affected the (Fig. 2). The occurrence of Rotifers showed occurrence of Rotifers significantly.

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18

16

14

12

10

8 Station 1 Station 2 6 Station 3 Number of Number individuals (Rotifers)

4

2

0

Months

Figure 2: Mean monthly variation of Rotifers in Gadar Tamburawa river in relation to months and stations.

Cladocera (Fig 3). The occurrence of Cladocera did not Cladocera are represented by Daphnia sp, show any significant association with station Microcyclop sp and Bosmina sp. The highest and season though, station 1 showed highest mean monthly distribution of Cladocera occurrence with stations 1 and 2 having no occurred in the months of August and occurrence at all. The combined effect of September and no occurrence was recorded station and season was not significant of the during the remaining months of the research occurrence of Cladocera.

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1.2

1

0.8

0.6 Station 1 Station 2

0.4 Station 3 Number of Number individuals (Cladocera)

0.2

0

Months Figure 3: Mean monthly variation of Cladocera in Gadar Tamburawa River in relation to months and stations

DISCUSSION observation is similar with the findings of Zooplankton population in Gadar Tamburawa Abdullahi, (1997) who researched on the river is characterized by Protozoa, Rotifers and Zooplankton community of Hadejia–Nguru Cladocera. The zooplankton is dominated by wetlands. The number of Cladocera in Gadar Rotifers represented by Keratella sp, Tamburawa river was relatively low; this may Branchionus sp, Monostyla sp and Euclanis sp be attributed to the absence of aquatic followed by Protozoa which was represented macrophytes, this might have accelerated the Pelomyxa sp, Paramecium sp and rate of predation by fish. As Surajat and Tapas Acanthometron sp . Cladocera was represented (1992) suggested that fish prefer open waters by Daphnia sp, Microcyclop sp and Bosmina sp , to feed on zooplankton. This was further having the least occurrence. Zooplankton had collaborated by Kemdirim, 2000; Jeppessen, its highest occurrence at the peak of the rainy Jensen, Skovgaard and Havidt, 2001 and season (August) and lowest in dry season Havens, 2002 who observed that the absence (December). Their abundance in rainy season of Cladocera and the low numbers of Copepoda could be due to availability of nutrients could be due to the effects of fish predation, (phytoplankton) and low transparency. Their which was found to be the major factor low number in dry season could have been due structuring zooplankton assemblages in several to high transparency which aid predation or studies. due to high temperature (WHO, 1996). This 210 Rabiu and Ahmad Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2(1) June 2016 pp 202 - 212

Protozoa showed a significant positive reservoir thereby reducing the water correlation with dissolved solids and Rotifers quality and making the reservoir water significantly correlated positively with unfit for human consumption. temperature and dissolved solids. Cladocera 2. Adequate monitoring of the water showed significant positive correlation with quality and regulation of anthropogenic dissolved solids. activities in and around the basin are recommended in order to slow down CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION the aging process of the river and In this study, the zooplankton community of conserve it for a longer period. the river was determined to be dominated by 3. There should be additional support for Protozoa, Rotifers and Cladocera. The research in key areas of aquatic compositions of zooplankton of this river were biology. This will generate new affected by seasonal variation and fluctuation fundamental knowledge and advanced in physico-chemical parameters of the river. technologies for developing and This study has revealed that Gadar Tamburawa improving bioremediation, cultivation River is still suitable for intended applications of aquatic species and expanding of irrigation, fisheries and aquatic life. biological processes in aquatic Recommendations ecosystem and their role in global 1. The presence of pollution indicator change. zooplankton species shows that the 4. The application of agro-climatic and reservoir is under pollution stress. limnological researches carried out in Immediate action needs to be taken to our universities and research institutes reduce the increasing levels of to solve day-to-day problems like anthropogenic activities which have eutrophication should be encouraged. resulted in the pollution of the

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